Tieu Luan Tai Chinh Cong

TI LIU THAM KHOCc trang Web [1] http://tintuc.xalo.vn [2] http://tuanvietnam.vietnamnet.vn [3] http://sbv.gov.vn [4] http://changevietnam.wordpress.com [5] http://luattaichinh.wordpress.com [6] http://vneconomy

MC LCTrang I. t vn v s cn thit ca vn ......................................................................................................01 II. N cng mt s vn l lun:.................................................................................................................01 a) Khi nim n cng...........................................................................................................................................................01 b) Bn cht ca n cng....................................................................................................................................................02 c) Phn loi n cng..............................................................................................................................................................02 d) Nhng tc ng ca n cng.................................................................................................................................03 III. Tnh hnh n cng Vit Nam....................................................................................................................03 1) Quy m n cng..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

04 2) C cu n cng...................................................................................................................................................................05 3) Tnh hnh s dng n cng......................................................................................................................................06 4) Tnh hnh tr n cng....................................................................................................................................................07 IV. Kt lun.................................................................................................................................................................................08

Mn: Ti chnh cng GVHD: PGS-TS. Nguyn Ngc V

TIU LUN MN TI CHNH CNG CH : THC TRNG N CNG CA VIT NAMI. t vn v s cn thit ca vn Kinh t th gii hin ang trong bi cnh tng trng chm li, khng hong n cng ang xy ra ti Chu u v in hnh nht l Hi Lp ang ng trc nguy c v n v nh hng lin i n khu vc ng tin chung Chu u Eurozone. Cc yu t ri ro ngy cng tng cng vi s hin hu nguy c suy thoi kp c cnh bo... dn n s cn thit phi ti c cu li nn kinh t ton cu v ci cch h thng ti chnh vi vic p dng cc tiu chun v an ton vn. Vic m bo tnh bn vng ca n cng v gim n xu l nhng thch thc chung i vi nhiu nc trn th gii. Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s i mi ca t nc th N cng vt qu cao so vi mc an ton nhng nn kinh t pht trin, v ang tr thnh ch nng hin nay bi l yu t c nguy c e da nhng du hiu phc hi ca nn kinh t ton cu, lm ngi ta lo ngi ti vin cnh nn kinh t mt ln na li ri vo tnh trng suy gim. N cng l mt phn quan trng v khng th thiu trong ti chnh mi quc gia. T nhng nc ngho nht chu Phi n nhng quc gia ang pht trin nh Vit Nam, Campuchia hay nhng cng quc giu c vi trnh pht trin cao nh M, Nht, EU th u phi i vay phc v cho cc nhu cu chi tiu v s dng ca chnh ph nhm cc mc ch khc nhau. N cng cn phi c s dng hp l, hiu qu v qun l tt, nu khng th khng hong n cng c th xy ra vi bt c quc gia no ti bt c thi im no v li nhng hu qu nghim trng. Trong khi , n cng ca Vit Nam hin ang mc 54,3% GDP vi tc tng trng n hng nm trn 15%. Vi tc ny, n cng ca Vit Nam s vt 100% GDP, mt con s ng bo ng i vi mt nn kinh t nh ang pht trin v ph thuc nhiu vo xut khu sn phm nng nghip th v cng nghip nh. Do , bi vit s nu ln nhng con s c th v tnh hnh n cng Vit Nam nhm phn nh r hn thc trng tnh hnh n cng ca Vit Nam hin nay. II. N cng mt s vn l lun: a) Khi nim n cng N cng l khon n m Chnh ph ca mt quc gia phi chu trch nhim trong vic chi tr khon n . Do thut ng n cng thng c s dng cng ngha vi cc thut ng nh n Nh nc hay n Chnh ph. Tuy nhin, n cng hon ton khc vi n quc gia. N quc gia l ton b khon n phi tr ca mt quc gia, bao gm hai b phn l n ca Nh nc v n ca t nhn (doanh nghip, t chc, c nhn). Nh vy, n cng ch l mt b phn ca n quc gia m thi.Hc vin: Nguyn An Sn K22 CH TCNH Trang 1


Theo cch tip cn ca Ngn hng Th gii, n cng c hiu l ngha v n ca bn nhm ch th bao gm: (1) n ca Chnh ph trung ng v cc B, ban, ngnh trung ng; (2) n ca cc cp chnh quyn a phng; (3) n ca Ngn hng trung ng; v (4) n ca cc t chc c lp m Chnh ph s hu trn 50% vn, hoc vic quyt lp ngn sch phi c s ph duyt ca Chnh ph hoc Chnh ph l ngi chu trch nhim tr n trong trng hp t chc v n. Theo quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam, n cng c hiu bao gm ba nhm l n Chnh ph, n c Chnh ph bo lnh v n chnh quyn a phng. b) Bn cht ca n cng - N cng l khon n rng buc trch nhim tr n ca Nh nc Trch nhim tr n ca Nh nc c th hin di hai gc trc tip v gin tip. Trc tip c hiu l c quan nh nc c thm quyn s l ngi vay v do , c quan nh nc y s chu trch nhim tr n khon. Gin tip l trong trng hp c quan nh nc c thm quyn ng ra bo lnh mt ch th trong nc vay n, trong trng hp bn vay khng tr c n th trch nhim tr n s thuc v c quan ng ra bo - N cng c qun l theo quy trnh cht ch vi s tham gia ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn - Mc tiu cao nht trong vic huy ng v s dng n cng l pht trin kinh t x hi v li ch chung c) Phn loi n cng C nhiu tiu ch phn loi n cng, mi tiu ch c mt ngha khc nhau trong vic qun l v s dng n cng. Vic phn loi n trong nc v n nc ngoi c ngha quan trng trong qun l n. - Theo tiu ch ngun gc a l ca vn vay th n cng gm c hai loi: n trong nc v n nc ngoi. N trong nc l n cng m bn cho vay l c nhn, t chc Vit Nam. N nc ngoi l n cng m bn cho vay l Chnh ph nc ngoi, vng lnh th, t chc ti chnh quc t, t chc v c nhn nc ngoi. - Theo phng thc huy ng vn, th n cng c hai loi l n cng t tha thun trc tip v n cng t cng c n. N cng t tha thun trc tip l khon n cng xut pht t nhng tha thun vay trc tip ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn vi c nhn, t chc cho vay. N cng t cng c n l khon n cng xut pht t vic c quan nh nc c thm quyn pht hnh cc cng c n vay vn. Cc cng c n ny c thi hn ngn hoc di, thng c tnh v danh v kh nng chuyn nhng trn th trng ti chnh. - Theo tnh cht u i ca khon vay lm pht sinh n cng th n cng c ba loi l n cng t vn vay ODA, n cng t vn vay u i v n thng mi thng thng. - Theo trch nhim i vi ch n th n cng c phn loi thnh n cng phi tr v n cng bo lnh. N cng phi tr l cc khon n m Chnh ph, chnh quyn aHc vin: Nguyn An Sn K22 CH TCNH Trang 2


phng c ngha v tr n. N cng bo lnh l khon n m Chnh ph c trch nhim bo lnh cho ngi vay n, nu bn vay khng tr c n th Chnh ph s c ngha v tr n. - Theo cp qun l n th n cng c phn loi thnh n cng ca trung ng v n cng ca chnh quyn a phng. d) Nhng tc ng ca n cng Nhng tc ng tch cc ch yu ca n cng bao gm: - N cng lm gia tng ngun lc cho Nh nc, t tng cng ngun vn pht trin c s h tng v tng kh nng u t ng b ca Nh nc. Mun pht trin c s h tng nhanh chng v ng b, vn l yu t quan trng nht. Vi chnh sch huy ng n cng hp l, nhu cu v vn s tng bc c gii quyt u t c s h tng, t gia tng nng lc sn xut cho nn kinh t. - Huy ng n cng gp phn tn dng c ngun ti chnh nhn ri trong dn c. Mt b phn dn c trong x hi c cc khon tit kim, thng qua vic Nh nc vay n m nhng khon tin nhn ri ny c a vo s dng, em li hiu qu kinh t cho c khu vc cng ln khu vc t. - N cng s tn dng c s h tr t nc ngoi v cc t chc ti chnh quc t. Ti tr quc t l mt trong nhng hot ng kinh t ngoi giao quan trng ca cc nc pht trin mun gy nh hng n cc quc gia ngho, cng nh mun hp tc kinh t song phng. Bn cnh nhng tc ng tch cc nu trn, n cng cng gy ra nhng tc ng tiu cc nht nh. N cng s gy p lc ln chnh sch tin t, c bit l t cc khon ti tr ngoi nc. Nu k lut ti chnh ca Nh nc lng lo, n cng s t ra km hiu qu v tnh trng tham nhng, lng ph s trn lan nu thiu c ch gim st cht ch vic s dng v qun l n cng. III. Tnh hnh n cng Vit Nam Vit Nam m ca kinh t c 25 nm v t c nhng bc pht trin vt bc. Ch trong vng 10 nm, GDP ca Vit Nam tng ln gp 3 ln, t 32,7 t USD nm 2001 ln 102 t USD nm 2010 (Biu 1). Tuy nhin, Vit Nam vn thuc nhm cc nc ang pht trin, quy m nn kinh t ca Vit Nam vn l nh so vi mt bng chung ca th gii; nn kinh t ph thuc nhiu vo xut khu sn phm nng nghip th v cng nghip nh l ch yu. Do , hin ti v trong tng lai gn, vic tng vay n chnh ph ni ring v n cng ni chung l mt nhu cu tt yu v Vit Nam vn rt cn s h tr v mt ti chnh (tc l vay n v vin tr pht trin chnh thc) t cc t chc n phng, a phng trn th gii pht trin nn kinh t hn na.Biu 1: Tng trng GDP thc v t l lm pht ca Vit Nam giai on 2001-2010

Hc vin: Nguyn An Sn K22 CH TCNH Trang 3


1) Quy m n cng

Theo The Economist Intelligence Unit, n cng ca Vit Nam nm 2001 mi l 11,5 t USD, tng ng 36% GDP, bnh qun mi ngi gnh s n cng xp x 144 USD. Nhng tnh n ht nm 2010, n cng tng ln 55,2 t USD, tng ng 54,3% GDP v hin ti, Vit Nam c xp vo nhm nc c mc n cng trn trung bnh. Nh vy, trong vng 10 nm t 2001 n nay, quy m n cng tng gp gn 5 ln vi tc tng trng n trn 15% mi nm (Biu 2). Nu tip tc vi tc ny th ch trong vng 5 nm na, n nm 2016, n cng ca Vit Nam s vt qu 100% GDP nh hai nc thnh vin EU mi lm vo khng hong n cng gn y l Hy Lp (133,6%), Ailen (129,2%). N cng t trn 100% GDP l mt con s khng nh i vi mt nn kinh t ang pht trin v quy m nh, ph thuc nhiu vo xut khu sn phm nng nghip th v cng nghip nh nh Vit Nam. Ngoi ra, cng theo The Economist, mc n cng tnh trn u ngi ca Vit Nam nm 2010 l 580,91 USD. Nu so snh vi 713,6 USD (Trung Quc), 743 USD (Indonesia), 4.184 USD (Malaysia), 1.071 USD (Philippines), 2.064 USD (Thi Lan) th y l con s khng cao. Tuy nhin, nu so mc n cng bnh qun u ngi ca Vit Nam vo nm 2001 xp x 112 USD; th trong vng 10 nm, con s ny tng gp 5 ln. Vi thc trng t l tit kim ni a khong 27% GDP trong khi mc u t ton x hi mi nm khong 42% GDP ti Vit Nam hin nay, th chc chn con s ny s tip tc gia tng trong nhng nm ti.Biu 2: Tnh hnh n cng v n nc ngoi ca Vit Nam nm 2001-2010



Trong bn tin n nc ngoi nm 2010 ca Vit Nam c B Ti chnh cng b chnh thc, n nc ngoi ca chnh ph v cc khon vay ca doanh nghip c chnh ph bo lnh ln n 32,5 t USD, tng 4,6 t USD so vi nm trc. So vi GDP, n nc ngoi chim 42,2%, cao hn con s 39% ca nm 2009 v tng cao nht k t nm 2006. iu ng ni l vi khon n ny, cn c vo thi im o hn th t nay n 2015 mi nm chng ta phi tr n gc v li cho nc ngoi gn 1,5 t USD v mc tr n cao nht s ri vo nm 2020 vi con s ln n 2,4 t USD.Cc Qun l n v Ti chnh i ngoi thuc B Ti chnh d kin trong nm 2011, n cng bao gm c vay nc ngoi ln trong nc s ln n mc 1.375 t ng, tng ng 58,7% GDP. Tnh ra t nm 2007 n cui nm 2011, n cng ca chng ta tng khong 25%, t mc trung bnh 5%/nm, v vi ny th trong vng tm nm na, n cng ca Vit Nam s ln 100% GDP theo cch tnh ca chng ta, nu tnh theo WB v IMF s cn cao hn na. y l mt thch thc ln v cng n trong tnh hnh nn kinh t vn cha vt qua kh khn do cc bin php kim ch lm pht vn cha pht huy tc dng. 2) C cu n cng

C cu n cng ca Vit Nam nm 2006 2010 gm n chnh ph chim 78,1%, cn li l n c chnh ph bo lnh v n chnh quyn a phng. Trong n chnh ph, n nc ngoi chim 61,9%; n trong nc chim 38,1%. Trong n nc ngoi, ODA chim t trng ln. Trong nm 2010, n ODA chim 75%, vay n khc l 19% v vay thng mi ch chim 7%. Trong , n ODA c thi gian vay di, li sut u i. Trong , cc khon n Ngn hng Th gii c thi hn vay 40 nm, n hn 10 nm v li sut 0,75%. Cc khon vay t ngn hng ADB c thi hn 50 nm, n hn 10 nm v li sutHc vin: Nguyn An Sn K22 CH TCNH Trang 5


l 1%. Cc khon vay ca Nht Bn c thi hn 30 nm, n hn 10 nm, li sut tng i n 2%.C cu n cng ca Vit Nam t nm 2006-2010

3) Tnh hnh s dng n cng Thng qua cc chng trnh u t cng, n cng ca Vit Nam c chuyn ti vo cc d n u t nhm ci thin c s h tng, to nn tng cho s pht trin kinh t bn vng. Tuy nhin, tnh hnh s dng n cng Vit Nam khng t hiu qu cao, th hin hai kha cnh sau: - Th nht, tnh trng chm tr trong gii ngn vn: Tnh trng chm tr trong gii ngn ngun vn u t t ngn sch Nh nc v ngun vn tri phiu Chnh ph din ra kh thng xuyn. Theo bo co ca Kho bc Nh nc, ht thng 10/2009, mi gii ngn c 26.586 trong s 64.000 t ng vn tri phiu Chnh ph, bng 47,5% k hoch nm. Theo s liu do B Ti chnh cng b cho thy rng trn 70% ngun vn ODA c s dng cho u t cng v cung ng vn thc hin cc d n sn xut kinh doanh ca cc tp on kinh t nh nc, nhng khu vc kinh t nh nc lm n thng khng hiu qu. Cc s liu thng k chnh thc cho bit rng khu vc kinh t nh nc chim 70% tng vn u t quc gia nhng ch ng gp khong 30% vo tng sn lng quc gia. iu c ngha l cc khu vc t v khu vc u t nc ngoi ch s dng 30% vn u t quc gia nhng li ng gp n 70% tng sn lng.Hc vin: Nguyn An Sn K22 CH TCNH Trang 6


Hiu qu s dng ngun vn ca khu vc kinh t nh nc nh vy l bn ln km hn cc khu vc kinh t khc, nng sut lao ng km hn v thu nhp lao ng bnh qun cng thp hn, trong khi khu vc ny ngoi nhng u i mang tnh chnh sch v ngun vn, v li sut cn c hng cc c quyn, cc u th kinh t vt tri m cc khu vc khc khng c. Mt khc, tnh trng lng ph trong vic s dng ng tin vay n ca u t cng cng ngy cng ng bo ng. Ngun vn vay thng c u t dn tri cho nhiu ngnh, nhiu a phng theo s i hi khng bao gi ca h tr nn mng v thiu, dn n tnh trng ph bin mi ngnh, mi ni l u t d dang, ko di, d n u t chm a vo hot ng, chi ph u t ngy cng tng. Trong khi hin tng tham nhng x xo ngun vn u t, c bit l ngun vn ODA c hai u: t pha ngi i vay ln ngi cho vay. - Th hai, hiu qu u t thp, th hin qua ch s ICOR (xem Biu 2): Nm 2009, trong khi tng mc u t ton x hi ln ti 42,2% GDP, th tc tng trng li ch t 5,2%. Ch s ICOR nm 2009 tng ti mc qu cao, trn 8 so vi 6,6 ca nm 2008. iu ny c ngha l, nu nm 2001 Vit Nam cn 5,24 ng vn to ra c 1 ng sn lng, th gi y cn phi u t thm gn 3 ng vn na.

Biu 3: Ch s ICOR ca Vit Nam t nm 2001-2009

4)

Tnh hnh tr n cng T nm 2006 n nay, tnh hnh tr n cng ca Vit Nam khng n nh v hu nh khng c s gia tng ng k v gi tr, trung bnh hng nm Vit Nam dnh ra trn 3,5%



GDP chi tr n v vin tr. T l tr n/tng n cng gim dn qua cc nm, t 9,09% nm 2006 xung cn 6,53% nm 2010. Trong khi , quy m ca cc khon n cng ngy cng tng ln vi tc chng mt vi gn 20%/nm; mt khc, tnh hnh s dng n cng Vit Nam cn ang tn ti nhiu bt cp nh chm tr trong gii ngn v s km hiu qu trong s dng vn vay vo cc d n u t. iu ny tc ng tiu cc ti kh nng tr n ca Vit Nam trong tng lai.Biu 4: Tnh hnh tr n v vin tr ca Vit Nam t nm 2006-2010

IV. Kt lun Trong bi cnh cuc khng hong n cng ti chu u ang din bin phc tp, vic bo m tnh bn vng ca n cng v gim n xu ang l nhng thch thc vi nhiu quc gia, trong c Vit Nam. N cng li nhng hu qu nng n v kh lng cho th trng ti chnh khng ch ring mt quc gia m c th trng ti chnh ton cu. Nhng cuc cu tr khng l m chu u ang p dng cho Hy Lp, Ireland, B o Nha v sp ti l Ty Ban Nha, Italia cho thy, khng hong n cng gy tn km chi ph khng km s tin m M phi b ra x l h thng ti chnh nc ny sau cuc khng hong ti chnh va qua. Ngoi ra khng hong n cng cn nh hng ti cht lng ti sn h thng ngn hng thng mi do phn ln tri phiu chnh ph pht hnh u c ngn hng nm gi, nh hng n th trng chng khon ton cu....Do vic huy ng, s dng v qun l n cng cn phi c kim sot cht ch. Tm li, vic ct gim u t cng chc chn s gip gim n cng, mt bc tin quyt nh hng n mc tiu ct gim bi chi ngn sch v gim thu v cn thay th n cng bng nhng phng thc khc hiu qu hn nh phng thc u t BOT trong lnh vc xy dng h tng. y mnh thc hin chng trnh c phn ho doanh nghipHc vin: Nguyn An Sn K22 CH TCNH Trang 8


nh nc cng s lm gim vic cp vn v b l, tit kim ngn sch, to mi trng cnh tranh lnh mnh, tng cng nng sut lao ng v nng lc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t quc dn.


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Tieu Luan Tai Chinh Cong