CHC CC BN N TP TOIEC TT NHA !!

Muc Luc PHAN 1 : GRAMMAR

1. Ch ng (subject) ................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

1.1 Danh t m c v khng m c. .............................................................................................................................................................. 6

1.2 Qun t a (an) v the ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

2- The ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

1.3 Cch s dng Other v another. ................................................................................................................................................................... 12

1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few ....................................................................................................................................................... 13

1.5 S hu cch ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14

1.6 Some, any ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

2. ng t ( verb) ................................................................................................................................................................................. 15

2.1 Hin ti (present) ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

2.1.1 Hinti n gin (simple present) .......................................................................................................................................................... 16

2.1.2 Hin ti tip din (present progressive) .................................................................................................................................................... 16

2.1.3 Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh) ..................................................................................................................................................... 16

2.1.4 Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect progressive) ..................................................................................................................... 17

2.2 Qu kh ( Past) ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 18

2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past) ............................................................................................................................................................ 18

2.2.2 Qu kh tip din (Past progresive). ........................................................................................................................................................ 19

2.2.3 Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect). .......................................................................................................................................................... 20

2.2.4 Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect progressive). ........................................................................................................................ 20

2.3 Tng lai ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21

2.3.1 T ng lai n gin (simple future) ...................................................................................................................................................... 21

2.3.2 Tng lai tip din ( future progressive) ................................................................................................................................................... 21

2.3.3 T ng lai hon thnh (future perfect) ................................................................................................................................................... 22

3. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t. .................................................................................................................................................... 22

3.1 Ch ng ng tch khi ng t. .................................................................................................................................................................. 22

3.2 Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it. ........................................................................................................................................ 23

3.3 Cch s dng none, no ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 23

3.4 Cch s dng cu trc either ... or v neither ... nor......................................................................................................................................... 24

3.5 Cc danh t tp th .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 24

3.6 Cch s dng A number of/ the number of ........................................................................................................................................................ 26

3.7 Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu. .............................................................................................................................................................. 26

3.8 Cch dng cc thnh ng There is, there are .................................................................................................................................................... 26

4. i t .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 27

4.1 i t nhn xng ch ng (Subject pronoun) ...................................................................................................................................................... 27

4.2 i t nhn xng tn ng ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29

4.3 Tnh t s hu ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 30

4.4 i t s hu ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30

4.5 i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun) .................................................................................................................................................................. 31

5. ng t dng lm tn ng ......................................................................................................................................................................... 31

5.1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng ..................................................................................................................................................................... 31

5.2 Ving dng lm tn ng ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 33

5.3 3 ng t c bit ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 35

5.4 Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t .................................................................................................................................................................... 35

5.5 Vn i t i trc ng t nguyn th hoc Ving lm tn ng. ..................................................................................................................... 39

6. Cch s dng ng t bn khim khuyt need v dare .......................................................................................................................... 41

6.1 need ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 41

6.2 Dare ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 41

7. Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive ................................................................................................................................................. 42

8. Cu hi ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42

8.1 Cu hi yes v no .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 43

8.2 Cu hi thng bo ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 43

8.2.1 who v what lm ch ng. .................................................................................................................................................................... 43

8.2.2 Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi................................................................................................................................................. 43

8.2.3 Cu hi dnh cho cc b ng (when, where, why, how) ..................................................................................................................... 44

8.3 Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions) ........................................................................................................................................................... 44

8.4 Cu hi c ui ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 46

9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh. ........................................................................................................................................... 46

9.1 Li ni ph ho khng nh. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 46

9.2 Li ni ph ho ph nh ............................................................................................................................................................................. 48

10. Cu ph nh ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 49

11. Mnh lnh thc ................................................................................................................................................................................. 50

11.1 Mnh lnh thc trc tip. ................................................................................................................................................................................. 50

11.2 Mnh lnh thc gin tip. ................................................................................................................................................................................. 50

12. ng t khim khuyt. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 52

12.1 Din t thi tng lai. ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 52

12.2 Din t cu iu kin. ................................................................................................................................................................................... 52

12.2.1 iu kin c th thc hin c thi hin ti. ............................................................................................................................... 52

12.2.2 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi hin ti. ............................................................................................................................. 54

12.2.3 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh. ............................................................................................................................ 54

12.2.4 Cc cch dng c bit ca Will, would v sould trong cc mnh if ....................................................................................... 55

13. Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though. ........................................................................................................................................ 56

13.1 Thi hin ti ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 56

13.2 Thi qu kh. ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 56

14. Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish. .......................................................................................................................................... 57

14.1 Thi tng lai. ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 57

14.2 Thi hin ti .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58

14.3 Thi qu kh. ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 58

15. Cch s dng thnh ng used to v get/be used to ............................................................................................................................... 58

15.1 used to. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 59

15.2 get / be used to. .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 59

16. Cch s dng thnh ng Would rather ................................................................................................................................................ 59

16.1 Loi cu c mt ch ng. ............................................................................................................................................................................... 60

2. Thi qu kh. ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 60

16.2 Loi cu c 2 ch ng .................................................................................................................................................................................... 60

1. Cu gi nh ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 60

2. iu kin khng thc hin c hin ti (ngha ca cu tri vi thc t). .............................................................................................. 61

3. iu kin khng th thc hin c trong qu kh ( Ngha ca cu l tri vi thc t.) ............................................................. 61

17. Cch s dng Would Like .................................................................................................................................................................... 62

18. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng th i hin ti. ...................................................................................... 63

18.1 Could/may/might. .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 63

18.2 Should ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 63

18.3 Must ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64

19. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi thi qu kh. ............................................................................................ 65

20. tnh t v ph t (adjective and adverb). .............................................................................................................................................. 66

21. ng t ni. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 67

22. So snh ca tnh t v danh t ......................................................................................................................................................... 67

22.1 So snh bng. ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 67

22.2 So snh hn, km ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 70

22.3 So snh hp l .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 73

22.4 Cc dng so snh c bit............................................................................................................................................................................... 73

22.5 So snh a b ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 75

22.6 So snh kp (cng ....th cng) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 76

22.7 No sooner ... than (va mi ... th; chng bao lu ... th) ................................................................................................................................ 77

23. Dng nguyn, so snh hn v so snh hn nht. ................................................................................................................................... 77

24. Cc danh t lm chc nng tnh t ....................................................................................................................................................... 80

25. Enough vi tnh t, ph t v danh t ......................................................................................................................................................... 80

26. Cc t ni ch nguyn nhn ................................................................................................................................................................. 82

26.1 Because/ because of ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 82

26.2 Mc ch v kt qu (so that- ) ................................................................................................................................................................... 82

26.3 Cause and effect ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 84

27. Mt s t ni mang tnh iu kin ....................................................................................................................................................... 86

28. Cu b ng ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 88

29. ng t gy nguyn nhn .................................................................................................................................................................... 90

29.1 Have/ get / make ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 90

29.2 Let ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 91

29.3 Help ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 92

30. Ba ng t c bit ........................................................................................................................................................................... 92

31. Cu trc phc hp v i t quan h thay th ................................................................................................................................. 92

31.1 That v Which lm ch ng ca cu ph ........................................................................................................................................................ 93

31.2 That v wich lm tn ng ca cu ph ........................................................................................................................................................... 94

31.3 Who lm ch ng ca cu ph ....................................................................................................................................................................... 94

31.4 Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph ..................................................................................................................................................................... 94

31.5 Mnh ph bt buc v mnh ph khng bt buc .................................................................................................................................. 94

31.6 Tm quan trng ca du phy trong mnh ph .......................................................................................................................................... 96

31.7 Cch s dng All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom / which. .................................................................................................................. 96

31.8 What v whose ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 96

32. Cch loi b cc mnh ph ............................................................................................................................................................ 97

33. Cch s dng phn t 1 trong mt s trng hp c bit ..................................................................................................................... 97

34. Cch s dng nguyn mu hon thnh .................................................................................................................................................. 98

35. Nhng cch s dng khc ca that .................................................................................................................................................... 100

35.1 That vi t cch ca mt lin t (rng) ..................................................................................................................................................... 100

35.2 Mnh c that ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 100

36. Cu gi nh ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 101

36.1 Cu gi nh dng would rather that .............................................................................................................................................................. 101

36.2 Cu gi nh dng vi ng t trong bng. ............................................................................................................................................................. 101

36.3 Cu gi nh dng vi tnh t ................................................................................................................................................................................ 103

36.4 Dng vi mt s trng hp khc ................................................................................................................................................................ 103

36.5 Cu gi nh dng vi it is time.................................................................................................................................................................... 105

37. Li ni bao hm ............................................................................................................................................................................... 105

37.1 Not only ... but also (khng nhng ... m cn) ............................................................................................................................................... 105

37.2 As well as (cng nh, cng nh l) .................................................................................................................................................................. 105

37.3 Both ... and ( c ... ln ) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 106

38. Cch s dng to know v to know how .......................................................................................................................................................... 106

39. Mnh nhng b .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 107

39.1 Despite / in spite of (mc d) .................................................................................................................................................................... 107

39.2 although, even though, though ..................................................................................................................................................................... 107

40. Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln ...................................................................................................................................................... 108

41. Mt s ng t c bit khc. ........................................................................................................................................................... 111

PHN II TING ANH VIT. ............................................................................................................................................................. 112

I. Cc li thng gp trong ting Anh vit. ............................................................................................................................................ 112

42. S ho hp ca thi ng t. ......................................................................................................................................................... 112

43. Cch s dng to say, to tell. .............................................................................................................................................................. 114

44. T i trc gii thiu ..................................................................................................................................................................... 115

45. i t nhn xng one v you ............................................................................................................................................................ 116

46. Cch s dng phn t m u cho mnh ph ............................................................................................................................... 117

46.1 V+ing m u mnh ph .......................................................................................................................................................................... 117

46.2 Phn t 2 m u mnh ph ch b ng ............................................................................................................................................. 119

46.3 ng t nguyn th ch mc ch m u cho mnh ph ......................................................................................................................... 119

46.4 Ng danh t hoc ng gii t m u mnh ph ch s tng ng. ........................................................................................................... 119

47. Phn t dng lm tnh t .................................................................................................................................................................. 119

47.1 Dng phn t 1 lm tnh t ....................................................................................................................................................................... 119

47.2 Dng phn t 2 lm tnh t .......................................................................................................................................................................... 119

48. Tha (redundancy) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 120

49. Cu trc cu song song ..................................................................................................................................................................... 123

50. Thng tin trc tip v thng tin gi n tip ........................................................................................................................................... 123

50.1 Cu trc tip v cu gi n tip ....................................................................................................................................................................... 123

50.2 Phng php chuyn i t cu trc tip sang cu gi n tip .......................................................................................................................... 123

50.3 ng t vi tn ng trc tip v tn ng gin tip. ........................................................................................................................................ 125

51. Ph t o ln u cu ..................................................................................................................................................................... 127

52. Cch chn nhng cu tr li ng. ................................................................................................................................................ 128

53. Nhng t d gy nhm ln ................................................................................................................................................................ 129

54. Cch s dng gii t. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 138

54.1 During - trong sut (hnh ng xy ra trong mt qung thi gian) ................................................................................................................ 139

54.2 From (t) >< to (n). ............................................................................................................................................................................... 139

54.3 Out of (ra khi) >< into (di vo) .................................................................................................................................................................. 139

54.4 by ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 139

54.5 In ( trong, ti) - ngha xc nh hn at .................................................................................................................................................... 140

54.6 on ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 141

54.7 at - ti (thng l bn ngoi, khng xc nh bng in) ........................................................................................................................... 142

55. Ng ng t. ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 143

56. S kt hp ca cc danh t, ng t v tnh t vi cc gii t ......................................................................................................... 144

GRAMMAR REVIEW

Cu trc cu ting Anh

Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier. Ch ng ng t v ng tn ng b ng

1. Ch ng (subject) ng u cu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t.

Ch ng c th l 1 cm t, 1 ng t nguyn th (c to), 1 V+ing, song nhiu nht vn l 1 danh t v 1

danh t c lin quan ti nhng vn sau:

1.1 Danh t m c v khng m c.

- Danh t m c c th uc dng vi s m do c hnh thi s t, s nhiu. N c th dng c dng

vi a (an) v the.

- Danh t khng m c khng dng c vi s m do n khng c hnh thi s nhiu. Do , n

khng dng c vi a (an).

- Mt s cc danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit v d:

person - people woman women

mouse - mice foot feet

tooth - teeth man - men.

-Sau y l mt s danh t khng m c m ta cn bit.

Sand soap physics mathematics

News mumps Air politics

measles information Meat homework

food economics advertising* money

* Mc d advertising l danh t khng m c, nhng advertisement li l danh t m c.

V d:

There are too many advertisements during television shows.

There is too much advertising during television shows.

- Mt s danh t khng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water, i lc c dng nh cc danh t

m c ch cc dng khc nhau ca loi danh t .

V d:

This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.

(ch ra mt loi thc n c bit no )

He studies meats

( chng hn pork, beef, lamb. vv...)

Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi danh t m c v khng m c.

- Danh t time nu dng vi ngha thi gian l khng m c nhng nu dng vi ngha s ln hoc thi i

li l danh t m c.

V d:

We have spent too much time on this homework.

She has been late for class six times this semester.

1.2 Qun t a (an) v the

1- a v an

an - c dng:

- trc 1 danh t s t m c bt u bng 4 nguyn m (vowel) a, e, i, o

- hai bn nguyn m u, y

- cc danh t bt u bng h cm.

v d: u : an uncle.

h : an hour

- hoc trc cc danh t vit tt c c nh 1 nguyn m.

V d: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP

a : c dng:

- trc 1 danh t bt u bng ph m (consonant).

- dng trc mt danh t bt u bng uni.

a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.

- trc 1 danh t s t m c, trc 1 danh t khng xc nh c th v mt c im, tnh cht, v tr

hoc c nhc n ln u trong cu.

Danh t m c (with count noun) Danh t khng m c (with non-count noun)

a (an), the, some, any this, that, these, those, none,one,two,three,... many a lot of plenty of a large number of a great number of, a great many of. (a) few few ... than more ... than

the, some, any this, that non much (thng dng trong cu ph nh hoc cu hi a lot of

a large amount of

a great deal of (a) little less ... than more ... than

hoc c nhc n ln u trong cu.

- c dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh.

V d : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.

- dng trc nhng s m nht nh, c bit l ch hng trm, hng ngn.

V d: a hundred, a thousand.

- trc half khi n theo sau 1 n v nguyn vn.

V d: a kilo and a half v cng c th c l one and a half kilos.

Ch : 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( khng c a trc half).

- dng trc half khi n i vi 1 danh t khc to thnh t ghp.

V d : a half-holiday na k ngh, a half-share : na c phn.

- dng trc cc t s nh 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one fifth

.

- Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l.

V d: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.

- Dng trong cc thnh ng trc cc danh t s t m c, dng trong cu cm thn.

V d: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!

Nhng: such long queues! What pretty girls.

- a c th c t trc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tn h (surname):

V d: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.

a Mr Smith ngha l ngi n ng c gi l Smith v ng l ng ta l ngi l i vi ngi ni.

Cn nu khng c a tc l ngi ni bit ng Smith.

2- The

- c s dng khi danh t c xc nh c th v tnh cht, c im, v tr hoc c nhc n ln th 2

trong cu.

- The + noun + preposition + noun.

V d : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America.

- The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph

V d: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.

- Trc 1 danh t ng ch mt vt ring bit.

V d: She is in the garden.

- The + tnh t so snh bc nht hoc s t th t hoc only way.

V d : The first week; the only way.

- The + dt s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt th c th b the v i danh t sang s nhiu.

V d: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes.

Nhng i vi danh t man (ch loi ngi) th khng c qun t (a, the) ng trc.

V d: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.

- The + danh t s t ch thnh vin ca mt nhm ngi nht nh.

V d: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.

- The + adj i din cho 1 lp ngi, n khng c hnh thi s nhiu nhng c coi l 1 danh t s nhiu v

ng t sau n phi c chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

V d: the old = ngi gi ni chung; The disabled = nhng ngi tn tt; The unemployed = nhng ngi tht

nghip.

- Dng trc tn cc khu vc, vng ni ting v mt a l hoc lch s.

V d: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.

- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.

- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.

V d: the East/ West end.

The North / South Pole.

Nhng khng c dng the trc cc t ch phng hng ny, nu n i km vi tn ca mt khu vc a l.

V d: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.

- The + tn cc hp xng, cc dn nhc c in, cc ban nhc ph thng.

V d: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.

- The + tn cc t bo ln/ cc con tu bin/ khinh kh cu.

V d: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.

- The + tn h s nhiu c ngha l gia nh h nh ...

V d: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cn gi l gia nh nh Smith.

- The + Tn s t + cm t/ mnh c th c s dng phn bit ngi ny vi ngi khc cng tn.

V d: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter.

- Khng dng the trc 1 s danh t nh

Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, college,

university khi n i vi ng t v gii t ch chuyn ng (ch i ti lm mc ch chnh).

V d: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.

to bed ( ng)

to church ( cu nguyn)

to court ( kin tng)

We go to hospital (cha bnh)

to prison (i t)

to school / college/ university ( hc)

Tng t

in bed

at church

We can be in court

in hospital

at school/ college/ university

We can be / get back (hoc be/ get home) from school/ college/university.

leave school

We can leave hospital

be released from prison.

Vi mc ch khc th phi dng the.

V d:

I went to the church to see the stained glass.

He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.

Student go to the university for a class party.

Sea

Go to sea (thy th i bin)

to be at the sea (hnh khch/ thu th i trn bin)

Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : i tm bin, ngh mt.

We can live by / near the sea.

Work and office.

Work and office.

Work (ni lm vic) c s dng khng c the trc.

Go to work.

nhng office li phi c the.

Go to the office.

V d:

He is at / in the office.

Nu to be in office (khng c the) ngha l ang gi chc.

To be out of office - thi gi chc.

Town

The c th b i khi ni v th trn ca ngi ni hoc ca ch th.

V d:

We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.

We were in town last Monday.

Go to town / to be in town - Vi mc ch chnh l i mua hng.

Bng dng the v khng dng the trong mt s trng hp c bit.

Dng the Khng dng the

Trc cc i d ng, sng ngi, bin, vnh v

cc h s nhiu.

V d:

The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian

Gulf, the Great Lackes.

Trc tn cc dy ni.

V d:

The Rockey Moutains.

Trc tn 1 vt th duy nht trn th gii hoc

v tr.

V d:

The earth, the moon, the Great Wall

Trc School/college/university + of + noun

V d:

The University of Florida.

The college of Arts and Sciences.

Trc cc s th t + noun.

V d:

The first world war.

The third chapter.

Trc cc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu

kin tn cc khu vc phi c tnh t ho.

V d:

The Korean war.

Trc tn cc nc c t 2 t tr ln. Ngoi tr

Great Britain.

V d:

The United States, the United Kingdom, the

Central Africal Republic.

Tr c tn 1 h (hay cc h s t).

V d:

Lake Geneva, Lake Erie

Trc tn 1 ngn ni

V d:

Mount Mckinley

Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc cc chm sao

V d:

Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.

Trc tn cc tr ng ny khi tr c n l 1 tn

ring.

V d:

Coopers Art school, Stetson University.

Trc cc danh t m sau n l 1 s m.

V d:

World war one

chapter three.

Khng nn dng trc tn cc cuc chin

tranh khu vc nu tn khu vc nguyn.

Trc tn cc n c c 1 t nh

: Sweden,

Venezuela v cc nc c ng trc bi new

hoc tnh t ch phng hng.

V d: New Zealand, South Africa.

Trc tn cc nc c coi l 1 qun o.

V d: The Philipin.

Trc cc ti liu hoc s kin mang tnh lch

s.

V d: The constitution, the Magna Carta.

Trc tn cc nhm dn tc thiu s.

V d:

The Indians, the Aztecs.

Nn dng trc tn cc nhc c.

V d:

To play the piano.

Trc tn cc mn hc c th.

V d:

The applied Math.

Trc tn cc lc a, tiu bang, tnh, thnh

ph, qun, huyn.

V d: Europe, California.

Trc tn bt c mn th thao no.

V d:

Base ball, basket ball.

Trc tn cc danh t mang tnh tru tng tr

nhng trng hp c bit.

V d: Freedom, happiness.

Trc tn cc mn hc chung.

V d:

Mathematics, Sociology.

Trc tn cc ngy l, tt.

V d:

Christmas, thanksgiving.

The theoretical Physics.

1.3 Cch s dng Other v another.

Hai t ny tuy ging nhau v mt ng ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ng php.

- Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi the other l xc nh. Nu danh t hoc ch ng trn -

c hiu hoc c nhc n, ch cn dng another v other nh 1 i t l .

V d:

I dont want this book. Please give me another.

Dng vi danh t m c Dng vi danh t khng m c

2 another + dt s it = 1 ci na, 1 ci khc, 1

ng i na, 1 ng i khc. V d: another pencil

2 other + dt s nhiu = my ci na, my ci

khc, my ng i na, my ng i khc. V d: other pencils = some more.

2 the other + dt s nhiu = nhng ci cui

cng, nhng ng i cui cng cn li. V d: the other pencils = all remaining pencils

2 the other + dt s t = ng i cui cng, ci

cui cng ca 1 b, 1 nhm. 2

other + dt khng = 1 cht na. V d: other water = some more water.

other beer = some more beer. 2

the other + dt khng = ch cn st li. V d: The other beer = the remaining beer. (ch bia

cn li)

- Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu th other c s dng theo 1 trong 2 cch (other + nouns hoc others)

m khng bao gi c s dng (others + DTSN).

- C th dng i t thay th one hoc ones cho danh t sau another, the other v other.

Lu rng this v that c th dng vi i t one nhng these v those tuyt i khng dng vi ones.

1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few

- Little + dt khng m c : rt t, hu nh khng.

V d:

There is little water in the bottle.

I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.

- A little + dt khng m c: c 1 cht, dng.

V d:

V d:

I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.

- few + dt m c s nhiu : c rt t, khng .

V d:

She has few books, not enough for references.

- a few + dt m c s nhiu : c mt t, .

V d:

She has a few books, enough to read.

- Nu danh t trn c nhc n th di ch cn dng (a) few v (a) little nh 1 i t l .

V d:

Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.

- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh nhiu.

- only a few = only a little = c rt t ( nhn mnh).

1.5 S hu cch

The + nouns + noun.

- Ch c dng trong cc danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng cho bt ng vt.

V d:

The students book.

The cats legs.

- Nu c 2 danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s mang du

s hu.

V d:

Tom and Marks house.

- i vi nhng danh t s nhiu c s th ch cn t du l .

V d:

The students books.

- Nhng i vi nhng danh t c s nhiu c bit khng c s ti ui vn phi dng nguyn du s hu.

V d:

The childrens toys.

- N c dng cho thi gian (nm thng, th k, thin nin k.)

V d:

The 1980 events.

The 21 st centurys prospect.

- N c dng cho cc ma trong nm ngoi tr ma Xun v ma Thu. Nu dng s hu cch cho ma

Xun v ma Thu tc l ta ang nhn cch ho ma .

V d:

The summers hot days.

The winters cold days.

The springs coming back = Nng Xun ang tr v.

The autunms leaving = s ra i ca Nng Thu.

Trng hp ny hin nay t dng. i vi mt s danh t bt ng vt ch dng trong 1 s trng hp tht c

bit khi danh t nm trong cc thnh ng.

V d:

A stones throw.

A stones throw.

- i khi i vi nhng danh t ch ni chn hoc a im ch cn dng s hu cch cho danh t m

khng cn danh t theo sau.

V d:

At the hairdressers

At the butchers

1.6 Some, any

some v any ngha l 1 s hoc 1 lng nht nh. Chng c s dng vi (hoc thay th) cc danh t s

nhiu hoc danh t khng m c.

+ Some l dng s nhiu ca a/an v one:

V d: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates.

+ some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ i t ring/ i t s hu.

V d: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.

Did any of your photos come out well?

+ some c s dng vi :

- Cc ng t th khng nh.

V d:

They bought some honey.

- Trong cc cu hi m c cu tr li l yes.

V d:

Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ngi ni ch i cu tr li l yes)

- Trong cc cu ngh v yu cu:

V d:

Would you like some wine?

Could you do some typing for me?

+ any c s dng:

- Vi ng t th ph nh

V d:

I havent any matches.

- Vi hardly, barely, scarely ( cc ph t ny u mang ngha ph nh)

V d:

I have hardly any spare time.

- Vi without khi without any ... = with no ...

V d:

He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.

- Vi cc cu hi

Have you got any fish?

Did he catch any fish?

- Sau if/ whether cc thnh ng mang tnh nghi ng.

V d:

If you need any more money, please let me know.

I dont think there is any petrol in the tank.

2. ng t ( verb)

ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh:

- Qu kh.

- Hin ti.

- Tng lai.

Mi thi chnh li chia ra lm nhiu thi nh xc nh chnh xc thi gian ca hnh ng.

2.1 Hin ti (present)

2.1.1 Hinti n gin (simple present)

Khi chia ng t ngi th 3 s t, phi c s ui v vn phi c c ln.

V d:

John walks to school everyday.

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra thi im hin ti, khng xc nh c th v mt thi gian v

hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh quy lut.

- N thng dng vi 1 s ph t nh: now, present day, nowadays. c bit l1 s ph t ch tn sut hot

ng: often, sometimes, always, frequently.

V d:

They understand the problem now.

Henry always swims in the evening. (thi quen)

We want to leave now.

Your cough sounds bad.

2.1.2 Hin ti tip din (present progressive)

am

Subject + is + [verb +ing ]...

are

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra thi hin ti. Thi gian c xc nh c th bng cc ph

t nh now, right now, presently.

- N dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn.

V d:

He is learning in the US.

Lu : phn bit tng lai gn v hnh ng ang xy ra cn cn c vo ph t trong cu)

V d:

The committee members are examining the material now. ( hin ti ang kim tra)

George is leaving for France tomorrow. (tng lai gn - s ri ti Php vo ngy mai)

2.1.3 Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)

Have + P2

- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trong 1 qu kh ko di v chm dt hin ti. Thi gian trong

cu hon ton khng xc nh.

- Ch 1 hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh ko di ti hin ti.

- Dng vi 2 gii t for v since + thi gian.

- Dng vi already trong cu khng nh, already c th ng sau have nhng n cng c th ng cui

cu.

have

have

Subject + + already + P2

has

V d:

We have already written our reports.

I have already read the entire book.

Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.

- Dng vi yet trong cu ph nh v cu nghi vn ph nh, yet thng xuyn ng cui cu, cng thc

sau:

have

Subject + not + P2 ...+ yet ...

has

V d:

John hasn t written his report yet.

The president hasn t decided what to do yet.

We haven t called on our teacher yet.

- Trong 1 s trng hp yet c th o ln ng sau to have v ng php c thay i. Not mt i v phn t 2

tr v dng nguyn th c to.

have

Subject + + yet + [verb in simple form] ...

has

V d:

John has yet to learn the material. = John hasnt learned the material yet.

We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We havent decided what to do with the money yet.

Ch : Cn thn s dng yet trong mu cu ko nhm vi yet trong mu cu c yet lm t ni mang ngha

nhng

V d:

I dont have the money, yet I really need the computer.

My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something on Saturday nights.

2.1.4 Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect progressive)

Have been + verbing.

- Dng ging ht nh present perfect nhng hnh ng khng chm dt hin ti m vn ang tip tc xy

ra. N thng xuyn c dng vi 2 gii t for, since + time.

V d:

John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in the same house for ten years.

Mt s th d

Jorge has already walked to school. (thi gian khng xc nh)

He has been to California three times. (hn 1 ln)

Mary has seen this movie before. (thi gian khng xc nh)

Mary has seen this movie before. (thi gian khng xc nh)

They have been at home all day.

We haven t gone to the store yet. (thi gian khng xc nh).

John has worked in Washington for three years.

Hoc

John has been working in Washington for three years.

(vn cha kt thc - John vn ang lm vic Washington).

Phn bit cch dng gia 2 thi

2.2 Qu kh ( Past)

2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)

Verb + ed

- Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c qu kh c bit v ng thi cng c phn t 2 c bit.

- Mt s cc ng t c c 2 dng:

V d:

Light - lighted - lighted

lit - lit

Ngi Anh a dng qu kh thng khi chia ng t v phn t 2 c bit.

V d:

He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.

N thp ngn nn trn chic bnh sinh nht

Nhng

I can see the lit house from a distance.

Ti c th nhn thy t xa ngi nh sng nh in.

N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra dt im trong qu kh, khng lin quan g ti hin ti.

Thi gian hnh ng trong cu l rt r rng, n thng dng vi mt s ph t ch thi gian nh:

yesterday, at that moment, last + thi gian nh:

Last night

month

week vv...

Lu : Nu thi gian trong cu l khng r rng th phi dng present perfect.

V d:

Present perfect Present perfect progressive

Hnh ng chm dt hin ti, do c kt qu r rt.

V d:

I have waited for you for half an hour (now I stop waiting)

Hnh ng vn tip tc tip din hin ti d

o

vy khng c kt qu r rt.

V d:

I have been waiting for you for half an hour.

(and continue waiting hoping that you will come)

John went to Spain last year.

Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.

Maria did her homework last night.

Mark washed the dishes after dinner.

We drove to grocery store this afternoon.

George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.

2.2.2 Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).

Was / were + Ving

- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra vo 1 thi im nht nh trong qu kh khng lin

h g ti hin ti. Thi im trong cu c xc nh bng cc ph t ch thi gian nh:

At + thi gian qu kh.

V d:

He was eating dinner at 7 P.M Last night.

- N c dng kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua 2 lin t When v while ch 1 hnh ng ang xy ra

trong qu kh th 1 hnh ng khc t ngt xen vo (tng ng vi cu Ting Vit Khi ang ... th

bng).

*

Subject1 + simple past + while + subject 2 + past progressive.

V d:

Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car.

Subject1 + past progressive + when + subject 2 + simple past.

V d:

He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head.

Lu : Mnh c when v while c th ng bt k ni no trong cu nhng sau when nht thit phi l 1

simple past v sau while nht thit phi l 1 past progressive.

- Dng din t 2 hnh ng song song cng 1 lc, ni vi nhau bng lin t while.

Subject1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 + past progressive.

V d:

He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner in the kitchen.

( Mnh khng c while c th c chuyn sang simple past nhng him khi v s nhm ln vi *)

V d:

Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke.

While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more information.

When Mark arrived, the Johnsons was having dinner, but they stopped in order to talk to him.

2.2.3 Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).

Had + P2

- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra tr c 1 hnh ng khc trong qu kh. (trong cu bao gi cng c 2

hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.

- Dng kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua 2 gii t ch thi gian before v after.

Subject + past perfect + before + subject + past simple

V d:

I had gone to the store before I went home.

The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.

Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family.

George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired.

The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed the medication.

Subject + past simple + after + subject + past perfect

V d:

John went home after he had gone to the store.

After the committee members had considered the consequences, they voted on the proposal.

- Mnh c before v after c th ng u hoc cui cu nhng sau before nht thit phi l 1 simple past

v sau after nht thit phi l 1 past perfect.

- Before v after c th c thay bng when m khng s b nhm ln v trong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh

ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.

V d:

The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away.

( trong cu ny when c ngha l after v sau when l past perfect.)

2.2.4 Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect progressive).

Subject + had + been + [Verb + ing]...

N c dng ging ht nh past perfect nhn g hnh ng khng dng li m tip tc tip din cho n thi

im simple past. N thng c kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua ph t before. Trong cu thng c

since hoc for + thi gian.

- Thi ny hin nay t dng v c thay th bng past perfect.

V d:

Henry had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to California.

George had been working at the university for forty-five years before he retired.

2.3 Tng lai

2.3.1 T ng lai n gin (simple future)

Will / shall

+ [ Verb in simple form ]

Can / may.

- Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l M dng will cho tt c cc ngi cn shall ch c dng trong cc

trng hp sau:

Mi mc ngi khc 1 cch lch s.

V d:

Shall we go out for lunch?

Shall I take your coat?

ngh gip ngi khc 1 cch lch s.

V d:

Shall I give you a hand with these packages.

Dng ng gi khi mua bn, mc c.

V d:

Shall we say : fifteen dollars?

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra vo thi im nht nh trong tng lai. Thi im ny khng

c xc nh r rt. Cc ph t thng dng l tomorrow, next + thi gian, in the future.

Near future. (t ng lai gn)

To be going to do smth - sp lm g.

- Dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra trong 1 tng lai gn, thi gian s c din t bng 1 s ph t

nh : in a moment (lt na), tomorrow.

V d:

We are going to have a meeting in a moment.

We are going to get to the airport at 9 am this morning.

- Ngy nay, c bit l trong vn ni ngi ta thng dng Present progressive thay th.

- Dng din t 1 s vic chc chn s xy ra d rng khng phi l tng lai gn.

V d:

Next year we are going to take a TOEFL test for the score that enables us to learn in the US.

2.3.2 Tng lai tip din ( future progressive)

Will / shall

+ be + [ verb + ing ]

Can / may.

- N din t 1 hnh ng s ang xy ra 1 thi im nht nh ca tng lai. Thi im ny c xc nh

c th bng ngy, gi.

V d:

I will be doing a test on Monday morning next week.

- N c dng kt hp vi 1 present progressive din t 2 hnh ng song song xy ra, 1 hin ti, 1

tng lai.

V d:

Now we are learning English here but by the time tomorrow we will be working at the office.

2.3.3 T ng lai hon thnh (future perfect)

Will have + P2

- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng s phi c hon tt 1 thi im no trong tng lai. Thi im

ny thng c din t bng : by the end of, by tomorrow.

V d:

We will have taken a TOEFL test by the end of this year.

Lu : Thi ny phi c l do c bit mi s dng.

3. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t. Thng thng th ng t ng lin ngay vi ch ng v phi chia theo ngi ch ng. Song c nhng trng

hp khng phi nh vy.

3.1 Ch ng ng tch khi ng t.

- ng xen vo gia ch ng v ng t l 1 ng gii t ( 1 gii t m u kt hp vi cc danh t theo

sau). Ng gii t ny khng quyt nh g n vic chia ng t. ng t phi chia theo ch ng chnh.

Subject + [ng gii t] + verb

V d:

The study of languages is very interesting.

Singular subject singular verb

Several theories on this subject have been proposed. Plural subject plural verb

The view of these disciplines varies from time to time. Singular subject singular verb

The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly. Singular subject singular verb

The effects of that crime are likely to be devastating. Plural subject plural verb

The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities. Singular subject singular verb

- Cc thnh ng trong bng d i y cng vi cc danh t i ng sau n to nn hin tng ng ch ng.

Cm ng ch ng ny phi ng tch bit ra khi ch ng chnh v ng t bng 2 du phy v khng c

nh hng g ti vic chia ng t.

Together with along with

accompanied by as well as

The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight. Singular subject singular verb

Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.

Singular subject singular verb

Lu : - Nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin t and th ng t lp tc phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu

(they).

V d:

The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight.

- nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin t or th ng t s phi chia theo danh t ng

sau or. Nu l danh t s t th phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.

V d:

The actress or her manager is going to a party tonight.

3.2 Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it.

l cc ng t trong bng sau:

any + danh t s t no + danh t s t Some + danh t s t

anybody nobody somebody

anyone no one someone

anything nothing something

every + danh t s it each + danh t s t

everybody

everyone either*

everything neither*

* Either v either l s t nu n khng c s dng vi or v nor.

Lu :

- either (1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3 vt tr ln phi dng any.

V d:

If either of you takes a vacation now, we wont be able to finish this work.

If any of students in this class is absent, he or she must have the permission of the instructor.

- Neither (khng 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3 vt tr ln phi dng not any).

V d:

Neither of two his classes gets an c

Not any of those pairs of shoes fits me.

3.3 Cch s dng none, no

none of the : c s dng ty theo danh t ng ng sau n.

- nu danh t l khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

None + of the + non-count noun + singular verb

V d:

None of the counterfeit money has been found.

None of the counterfeit money has been found.

- nu sau none of the l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

None + of the + plural noun + plural verb

V d:

None of the students have finished the exam yet.

No c s dng cng tu theo danh t ng sau n.

- nu sau no l danh t s t hoc khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

Singular noun

No + + singular verb

non-count noun

V d:

No example is relevant to this case.

- nhng nu sau no l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

No + plural noun + plural verb

V d:

No examples are relevant to this case.

3.4 Cch s dng cu trc either ... or v neither ... nor.

iu cn lu nht khi s dng cp thnh ng ny l ng t sau phi chia theo danh t sau or hoc nor.

Nu danh t l s t th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.

Neither nor

+ noun + singular noun + singular verb

either or

V d:

Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today.

Singular noun singular verb

Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.

Singular noun singular verb

Neither nor

+ noun + plural noun + plural verb

either or

V d:

Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today. Plural plural

Lu :

Khi ch ng l 1 verbing th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

3.5 Cc danh t tp th

l nhng danh t trong bng d i y dng ch mt nhm ng i hoc 1 t chc. Cho d vy, chng vn

c xem l danh t s t v do , cc ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s t.

congress family group committee class

organization team army club crowd

government jury majority* minority public

- Nu ng t ng sau nhng danh t ny chia ngi th 3 s nhiu th n m ch cc thnh vin ca t

chc hoc nhm ang hot ng ring r.

V d: The congress votes for the bill.

The congress are discussing the bill (some agree but some dont).

(TOEFL khng bt li ny)

* Majority

Danh t ny c dng tu theo danh t i ng sau n.

The majority + singular verb

The majority of the plural noun + plural verb.

V d: The majority believes that we are in no danger.

The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.

Lu : Danh t police lun c coi l danh t ngi th 3 s nhiu do vy ng t ng sau n phi chia

ngi th 3 s nhiu.

V d:

The police come to the crime scene at good time and arrested a suspect.

Mt s th d:

The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.

The family was elated by the news.

The crowd was wild with excitement.

Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.

The organization has lost many members this year.

Our team is going to win the game.

Cc cm t trong bng di y ch mt nhm gia sc ng vt cho d danh t ng sau gii t of c s

nhiu th ng t sau vn phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

flock of birds, sheep herd of cattle pack of dogs school of fish pride of lions

V d:

The flock of birds is circling overhead.

The herd of cattle is breaking away.

A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.

Lu : Tt c cc danh t tp hp ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u i hi cc ng t - i t - b ng i

cng n phi ngi s t.

(TOEFL bt li ny).

(TOEFL bt li ny).

V d:

He has contributed $50 and now he wants to contribute another fifty.

Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.

Fifty minutes isn t enough time to finish this test.

Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder.

Two miles is too much to run in one day.

3.6 Cch s dng A number of/ the number of

a number of + danh t s nhiu + ng t s nhiu

- a number of : mt s l ng ln nhng... . i vi danh t s nhiu v ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s

nhiu.

- the number of : mt s.... i vi danh t s nhiu nhng ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

the number of + danh t s nhiu + ng t s t

V d:

A number of applicants have already been interviewed.

The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small

3.7 Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu.

Cc danh t sau y lun phi dng dng s nhiu.

Trousers eyeglasses tongs - ci kp

shorts scissors- ci ko tweezers- ci nhp

Jeans pants- qun pliers - ci km

V d:

The pants are in the drawer.

A pair of pants is in the drawer.

Cc danh t trn thng xuyn dng s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th, do vy cc ng t v i t i

cng chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.

V d:

The pliers are on the table.

These scissors are dull.

- Nu mun bin chng thnh s t dng a pair of ... v lc ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi

ngi th 3 s t.

V d:

This pair of scissors is dull.

The pair of pliers is on the table.

3.8 Cch dng cc thnh ng There is, there are

Thnh ng ny ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti 1 ni no . Phi phn bit chng vi ng t to have.

There is

There is

There are ch s tn ti (existance)

To have ch s s hu (possession)

To possess (get, hold instinctively).

- Ch ng tht ca thnh ng ny i ng sau ng t to be. Nu danh t l s nhiu th ng t chia

s nhiu v ngc li.

- Mi bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be cn phn t 2 th da vo tr ng t to have/ has

been.

there is

there was + singular subject ...

there has been ( hoc non-count)

there are

there were + singular subject ...

there have been ( hoc non-count)

V d:

There is a storm approaching.

singular singular

There have been a number of telephone calls today.

Plural plural

There was an accident last night.

singular singular

There were too many people at the party.

Plural plural

There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.

Plural plural

There was water on the floor where he fell.

Plural non-count

4. i t

i t trong ting Anh chia 5 loi c cc chc nng ring bit.

4.1 i t nhn xng ch ng (Subject pronoun)

Gm :

I we

you you

he they

she

it

Chc nng:

- ng u cu lm ch ng trong cu v quyt nh vic chia ng t.

- ng ng sau ng t to be.

V d: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Batty.

- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as. Tuyt i khng c dng i t nhn xng tn ng trong

trng hp ny.

V d: He is taller than I (am) - khng c dng me.

She is as beautiful as my girlfriend.

- i vi cc i t nhn xng ch ng nh we, you v i t nhn xng tn ng nh us c th dng 1 danh t s

- i vi cc i t nhn xng ch ng nh we, you v i t nhn xng tn ng nh us c th dng 1 danh t s

nhiu ngay sau .

V d: We students, you teachers, us workers.

Cc i t nh all, both c th c dng theo li ny vi cc ngi s nhiu.

we

you all/ both

they

V d:

I am going to the store.

We have lived here for twenty years.

It was she who called you. (sau ng t be)

George and I would like to leave now.

We students are going to have a party.

4.2 i t nhn xng tn ng

me us

you you

him them

her

it

- n ng ngay sau ng t hoc cc gii t lm nhim v ca mt tn ng.

- i vi cc ngi i t nhn xng tn ng s nhiu c th dng all hoc both ngay sau .

us

you all / both

them

V d:

They called us on the phone.

complement

The teacher gave him a bad grade. complement

John told her a story. complement

The policeman was looking for him. sau gii t

To us, it seems like a good bargain sau gii t

Lu : Nn nh rng nhiu gii t c th c chc nng nh cc thnh phn khc trong cu, chng hn nh

ph t hoc lin t. V vy, ta cn phi xc nh cc xem chng ng vai tr g - cn da vo ng cnh ch

khng phi da vo s hiu bit bnh thng v chc nng ca chng.

V d:

Janet will make her presentation after him.

preposition complement pronoun

Janet will make her presentation after he finishes his speech.

conjunction subject pronoun

clause

( mt mnh (clause) gm 1 ch ng v 1 ng t. Trong mnh trn, he l ch ng v finishes l ng

t).

4.3 Tnh t s hu

my our

your your

his

her their

its

- N ng ngay trc danh t v ch s s hu ca ngi hoc vt i vi danh t ng ng sau.

V d:

John is eating his dinner.

This is not my book.

The cat has injured its foot.

The boy broke his arm yesterday..

She forgot her homework this morning.

My food is cold.

Lu : Its khc vi Its. Its c ngha l it is hoc it has.

4.4 i t s hu

mine ours

yours yours

his

hers theirs

its

- Dng thay th cho tnh t s hu v danh t c nhc n trn.

possessive pronoun + possessive adjective + noun

- N c th c ng lm ch ng trong cu.

- ng ng sau ng t to be.

- N c th lm tn ng khi i sau 1 ng t hoc sau 1 gii t.

Do you remember to take your money?

- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as.

Your book is as good as mine.

Mt s th d:

This is my book = This is mine.

Your teacher is the same as his teacher = Yours is as the same as his.

Her dress is green and my dress is red = Hers is green is green and mine is red.

Our books are heavy = Ours are heavy.

Their coasts are too small. Theirs are too small.

I forgot my homework = I forgot mine.

I forgot my homework = I forgot mine.

4.5 i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun)

myself ourselves

yourself yourselves

himself themselves

herself

itself

Lu : cc ngi s nhiu, ui - self bin thnh - selves.

Chc nng:

- Ch ch ng lm vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong trng hp ny n ng ngay sau ng t hoc ng

cui cu sau gii t for hoc to.

V d:

He sent the letter to himself.

You can see the differences for yourselves.

- Ch ch ng t thn lm ly 1 vic g. Trong tr ng hp ny n ng ng sau ch ng hoc cui cu khi

ni.

V d:

I myself believe that the proposal is good.

He himself set out to break the long distance flying record.

She prepared the nine-course meal herself.

The students themselves decorated the room.

You yourself must do this homework.

John himself bought this gifts.

By + one-self = alone.

V d:

John washed the dishes by himself = John washed the dishes alone.

5. ng t dng lm tn ng

- Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng i hi 1 danh t hoc i t theo sau n lm tn

ng. C mt s ng t li yu cu tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia lm 2 loi sau:

5.1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng

Bng sau l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng tun theo mu cu nh

sau:

agree to do something.

desire to do something.

decide to do something.

agree

desire

hope

plan

strive

attempt

expect

intend

prepare

tend

claim

fail

learn

pretend

want

decide

forget

need

refuse

wish

demand

hesitate

offer

seem

V d:

V d:

John expects to begin studying law next semester.

Mary learned to swim when she was very young.

The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.

The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next your years.

The soldiers are preparing to attack a village.

Cynthia has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries.

5.2 Ving dng lm tn ng

- Bng sau l 1 s cc ng t i hi tn ng sau n l 1 Ving theo cc mu cu sau:

admit doing something (th nhn lm g)

V d: He admitted having done wrong.

Enjoy doing something (thch th khi lm iu g)

admit

delay

miss

report

suggest

appreciate

deny

postpone

resent

avoid

enjoy

practice

resist

cant help

finish

quit

resume

consider

mind

recall

risk

Lu : Trong bng trn c mu ng t:

cant help

cant resist + (against) doing smth : khng th dng c, khng th nhn c ...

V d:

With such good oranges, we cant help (resist) buying 2 kilos at a time.

Lu : Nu mun t ph nh cho cc trng hp ny t not trc nguyn th b to hoc Ving. Tuyt i

khng c cu to dng ph nh ca ng t chnh.

V d:

John decided not to by the car.

We regretted not going to the party last night.

Mt s th d:

John admitted stealing the jewels.

We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.

You shouldnt risk entering that building in its present condition.

Michael was considering buying a new car until the price went up.

The Coast Guard reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits.

Would you mind not smoking in this office?

* Cc ng t bng sau l nhng ng t m tn ng ca chng c th l ng t nguyn th hay Ving

m ng ngha ca chng khng thay i.

V d:

begin to do smth = begin doing smth.

begin cant stand continue dread

hate

regret

like

start

love

try

prefer

Lu : Trong bng trn c mu ng t :

to do smth

cant stand doing smth ( Khng th chu ng c khi phi lm g)

V d:

waiting such a long time.

I cant stand to wait such a long time.

I hate to ride her bicycle to school = I hate riding her bicycle to school.

5.3 3 ng t c bit

l cc ng t m ng ngha ca chng thay i khi tn ng sau n l 1 nguyn th hoc 1 Ving.

Stop to do smth : dng li lm g.

V d:

He stops to get gasoline.

Stop doing smth : dng vic g ang lm li.

V d:

He stops writing and goes out.

Remember to do smth : nh s phi lm g.

V d:

I remember to send a letter at the post office.

Remember doing smth : nh lm g.

V d:

I remember locking the door before leaving but I cant find the key.

Forget to do smth : qun s phi lm g.

V d:

He forgets to call his friend this afternoon.

Forget doing smth : qun lm g.

V d:

I forget doing the homework yesterday.

Lu : ng t forget trong mu cu mang ngha ph nh.

I forget getting to the airport to meet my girl-friend this morning.

5.4 Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t

- Tt c cc ng t ng ng sau gii t u phi dng Ving.

verb

adj. + preposition + Ving

noun

ng t + gii t + Ving

Bng sau gm cc ng t + gii t.

approve of: tn thnh be better off: keep on = continue

incapable of doing smth unable

approve of: tn thnh

give up: t b

rely on: ph thuc vo

worry about: lo lng v

be better off:

insist on: ni n

succeed in: thnh cng trong

count on = rely on

keep on = continue

think about

think of

depend on

put off: tr hon

Danh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)

possibility of

choice of

method of

intention of

method for

excuse for

reason for

V d:

George has no excuse for dropping out of school.

There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.

There is no reason for leaving this early.

Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.

Tnh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)

accustomed to

intent on

afraid of

interested in

capable of

successful in

fond of

tired of

V d:

Mitch is afraid of getting married now.

We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.

Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament.

Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.

Craig is fond of dancing.

We are interested in seeing this film.

- Khng phi bt c tnh t no trong ting Anh cng i hi ng sau n phi l 1 gii t, c mt s tnh t

li i hi ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th (xem bng sau).

anxious

eager: ho hc

pleased

usual

boring

easy

prepared

common

dangerous

good

ready

difficult

hard

strange

able*

eager to do smth: ho hc lm g.

hard to do smth : kh lm g.

* able :

able capable

to do smth =

V d:

These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.

These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.

Mt s th d:

Mohammad is eager to see his family.

It is dangerous to drive in this weather

We are ready to leave now.

It is difficult to pass this test.

It is difficult to pass this test.

It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country.

Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.

Lu :

- Mt s cc ng t ting Anh thng c gii t i km pha sau. Khng c nhm ln gii t vi to

ca ng t nguyn th. Chng hn mt s ng t trong bng sau:

object to: phn i look forward to : mong i confess to : th nhn lm g

V d:

John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice.

Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.

Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.

We are not looking forward to going back to school.

Henry is thinking of going to France in August.

You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.

5.5 Vn i t i trc ng t nguyn th hoc Ving lm tn ng.

- ng trc 1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng th dng ca i t phi l tn ng.

Pronoun

Subject + verb + complement form + [ to + verb] ...

noun

Sau y l bng cc ng t i hi i t (hay danh t ) i sau n phi dng tn ng.

allow

invite

remind

ask

order

urge

beg

permit

want

convince

persuade

expect

instruct

prepare

promise

V d:

Joe asked Mary to call him when he woke up.

We ordered him to appear in court.

I urge you to consider your decision.

They were trying to persuade him to change his mind.

The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late.

You should prepare your son to take this examination.

Tuy nhin, ng trc 1 Ving lm tn ng th dng ca danh t hoc i t phi dng s hu.

dng s hu ca danh t

Ch ng + ng t + + [verb + ing] ...

tnh t s hu

V d:

We understand your not being able to stay longer.

He regrets her leaving.

We are looking forward to their coming next year.

We dont approve of John s buying this house.

We resent the teachers not announcing the test sooner.

We object to their calling at this hour.

6. Cch s dng ng t bn khim khuyt need v dare

6.1 need

ng t ny c s dng ra sao cn ph thuc vo danh t ng ng sau n l ng vt hay bt ng vt.

- khi ch ng l ng vt (living thing)

Subject as a living thing + need + to + verb

(cn phi lm g)

V d:

I need to clean my house.

John and his brother need to paint the house.

My friend needs to learn Spanish.

He will need to drive alone tonight.

-Tuy nhin khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt (unliving thing) th ng t sau need s i khc.

Subject as unliving thing + need + [Verb + ing]

to be + P2

V d:

The grass needs to be cut. Hoc The grass needs cutting.

The television needs repairing. Hoc The television need to be repaired.

The composition needs rewriting. Hoc The composition needs to be rewritten.

Lu :

need = to be in need of + noun

to be in need of + noun c th thay th cho c 2 cng thc trn.

V d:

Jill is in need of money = Jill needs money.

The roof is in need of repair = The roof needs to be repaired.

The organization was in need of volunteers = The organization needed volunteers.

6.2 Dare

- Dare khng c dng nhiu khng nh. N ch c dng ph nh v nghi vn. ng t sau n theo

l thuyt l c to nhng trn thc t thng b to. N c th dng vi tr ng t to do hoc dng trc tip.

He doesnt dare (to) say anything

= He dares not (to) say anything.

Does he dare (to) say anything = Dares he (to) say anything.

- Dare khng c dng th khng nh tr trng hp - I dare say mang 2 ngha:

- Dare khng c dng th khng nh tr trng hp - I dare say mang 2 ngha:

- Ti cho l.

V d: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train.

- Ti cng nhn l.

V d: I dare say you are right. Ti tha nhn l anh ng.

- How dare (dared) + subject ... (sao dm).

V d:

How dare you open my letter? Sao cu dm bc th ca ti ra th ?

- Dare cn c dng nh 1 ngoi ng t mang ngha dm, thch theo mu cu sau:

To dare smb to do smth

(thch ai lm g)

They dare the boy to swim across the river in the cold weather.

7. Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive BE + INFINITIVE

- N c dng truyn t nhng mnh lnh hoc nhng ch dn tt ngi th nht qua ngi th 2 ti ngi

th 3.

V d:

No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.

(khng ai c php ri to nh ny m khng c php ca cnh st).

He is to stay here until we return.

(n phi li y cho ti khi bn tao quay li).

- Dng vi mnh if mang tnh bt buc hoc mnh lnh.

V d:

Something must be done quickly if extinct birds are to be saved

He said if he fall asleep at the wheel, we were to wake him up.

- truyn t mt d nh.

V d:

She is to be married next month.

(c y s ci vo thng ti)

The expedition is to start in a weeks time.

Cu trc ny rt thng dng trong bo ch v nu n l ta bo th ngi ta b be i tit kim ch.

V d:

The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow.

= The Prime Minister to make a statement tomorrow.

- Was/ were + infinitive

din t 1 tng v s mnh.

V d:

They said good bye without knowing that they were never to meet again.

(h chia tay nhau m khng bit rng s chng bao gi h gp li nhau)

- To be about to + verb = near future = to be in the point of Ving.

8. Cu hi

8.1 Cu hi yes v no

S d gi l nh vy v trong cu tr li c th dng yes hoc no u cu. Nn nh rng:

Yes + positive verb

No + negative verb.

Khng c nhm ln dng cu tr li ting vit.

auxiliary

be + subject + verb ...

do, does, did

Is Mary going to school today?

Was Mary sick yesterday?

Have you seen this movie before?

Will the committee decide on the proposa