What is ecology?
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
Key words scientific interactions environment
Fields of study in ecology
Physiological Ecology
Population Ecology
Community Ecology
Ecosystem Ecology
1. (Physiology ecology)
2. (Population ecology)
3. (Community ecology)
4. (Ecosystem ecology)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nfDM1eSzMo
(Levels of biological
organization)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nfDM1eSzMohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nfDM1eSzMohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nfDM1eSzMohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nfDM1eSzMohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nfDM1eSzMo
Ecology
Ecology organization
(Population)
(Community)
( population )
Ecosystem = Community + Physical factors
Ecosystem I Ecosystem II Ecosystem III Ecosystem
BIOSPHERE
(Ecosystem)
(Ecosystem)
(Community)
(Habitat) = +
(Energy flow)
(Nutrient cycle)
(Food chain)
(Food web)
3
1. (open ecosystem)
E
N
-
(E)
(N)
2. (closed ecosystem)
-
3. (isolated ecosystem) (E)
(N)
5
1. Fresh water ecosystem 2. Marine ecosystem 3. Estuary ecosystem 4. Mangrove ecosystem 5. Terrestrial ecosystem
Trophic structure = Trophic structure
Autotroph Heterotroph
Consumer Decomposer
Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis - Plants - Algae - Green and Purple sulfur bacteria
- Hydrogen bacteria - Nitrifying bacteria
Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Detritivore
Scavenger
Organisms in ecosystems
Autotrophs (primary producers)
Photosynthetic organisms
Chemosynthetic organisms
(photosynthesis)
6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
(Chemosynthesis) H2S H2O
Consumer heterotroph 1. herbivore
2. carnivore
3. Omnivore omnes "all" or "everything"
4. Detritivore->An organism that feeds on detritus; a saprophage
Scavenger-> An animal that feeds on decaying matter such as carrion.
Decomposer (saprotrophs)
Decomposer Vs Detritivore
Detritus feeders Decomposer
Decomposition
food chain
Trophic level 1
Trophic level 2
Trophic level 3
Trophic level 4
Trophic level 5
1. Grazing food chain Predator food chain
2. Detritus food chain Saprophytic food chain
3. Parasite food chain 4. mixed food chain
1. (Predator chain Grazing chain)
(Trophic level) 1 2 3 4 5
1
1 2
2 3
3
(Phy
topl
arkt
on)
(Zoo
plar
kton
)
2. (parasitic food chain)
(Host) (Parasite) (Hyperparasite)
filamentous bacteria
Nematode
Plant
(fungivore)
(mite)
3. Detritus food chain Saprophytic food chain
4. (mixed food chain)
?
Debris Waste
Open System
primary productivity
primary productivity
NSP ->Net secondary productivity
GSP ->Gross secondary Production
R -> respiration
secondary productivity
Lindeman trophic level 10-20%
80-90% Metabolism
ten percent law
100% 10% 1% 0.1% ---->
(100 kg)
(10 kg)
(1 kg)
4 5
(100 kg)
(10 kg)
(0.1 kg)
(1 kg)
(Food Chain & Food Web)
1. - 4 5
-
open chain
closed chain (Complex food chains)
()
2.
3.
4.
Ecosystem Pyramid
Diagram (Ecological pyramid)
trophic level 3 1. (pyramid of number) / 2. (pyramid of biomass) g/ 3. (pyramid of energy) cal/
1. Pyramid of Number
(m2) (m3 )
?
2. Pyramid of Mass
(g) (m2) (m3 )
Pyramid of Mass (invert)
3. Pyramid of Energy
kcal/m2/year
Pyramid of Energy Pyramid of Number
(unidirection) (Cyclic)
Biomagnification
DDT (Biomagnification)
Biomagnification
Bioaccumulation; Biomagnification
Bioaccumulation; Biomagnification
Ten percent law
Biomagnification
Keystone species
https://thisisnoordinaryworld.wordpress.co
m/tag/keystone-species-2/
http://cbc.amnh.org/crisis/foodweb.html
Keystone species
Keystone species
http://www.live58.org/an-introduction-to-
keystone-species
Keystone species
https://thisisnoordinaryworld.wordpress.co
m/tag/keystone-species-2/
Through their feces, bears also distribute tens of thousands of seeds from huckleberries, chokecherries, currants, mountain ash and pine nuts. And grizzlies that scavenge carcasses and those that learn to fish for trout or salmon spread around natural fertilizers.
Keystone species
Keystone species
Gray Wolves: A Case Study of Keystone Species Removal and Restoration
Keystone species
Exotic species (Alien species)
Red fox
myrtle
brown tree snake
Exotic species (Alien species)
