الدرس الجديد 2

Present by: Eetelaf Mohammed Surati

Instructor:Dr.Shadia Banjar

Grammar Eng142

CONNECTORS

CONNECTORS But

Although

Whereas On the other hand

so

Because

Therefore

While In

contrast

Nevertheless

since

Even though As a result

However

Connector = Transition signal

We will talk about three kinds of connectors :

Subordinating conjunctions . Coordinating conjunctions . Transitions ( conjunctive adverbs ) .

Connector is a word that is joining two: words , phrases or clauses

together.

connectors help you write clear sentences by connecting words or group of words in a sentence.

Ali and Omar are beautiful.

The short boy and the tall girl

are student .

It was raining hard , and there was a

strong wind.

1- Subordinating conjunctions :

Subordinating conjunctions make the clause dependent .

Subordinating conjunction is the first word in a dependent

clause.

e.g. (Reem is still hungry even though she ate a large

dinner ).

We find subordinating conjunction in a complex sentence .

A complex sentence is:

( one independent clause + one (or more) dependent

clause ).

( complete ) ( fragment ) ( incomplete )

(Subordinate clause ) ( Adverb clause)

(adverbial)

The general role in Subordinating conjunctions is this:

Put a comma after a dependent clause but not in front of one .

When I was doing my homework , the phone rang .

The phone rang when I was doing my homework .

An adverb clause is a dependent clause

that acts as an adverb .

These are introduced by subordinating

conjunctions.

I read because I love stories. ( adverb of

reason )

That adverb clause is modifying the

verb read.

2 -Coordinating conjunctions:

Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically

equal parts of a sentence . The parts can be words ,

phrases or clauses.

We find Coordinating conjunction in a compound

sentence .

A compound sentence is ( two independent clause

joined

together by coordinating conjunction ).

e.g. The soup was good , but it wasn’t hot .

Rana and Maha are beautiful.

The tall boy and the short girl are student.

It was raining hard , and there was a

strong wind.

Coordinating conjunctions come in the middle .It is

preceded by a comma .( main clause+( , )+ coordinating conjunction + main clause )

e.g. The soup was good , but it wasn’t hot .

3 -Transition signal : ( conjunctive adverb )To improve your writing you need to make sure that your ideas, both in sentences and paragraphs, stick

together or have coherence . Transition words will make your sentences and paragraphs together.

The general role is this : They connect two ideas ( independent clauses).

( ( ; ) + transition signal + ( , ) ) ’ don t capitalize it. e.g. Ahmad is rich ; on the other hand , Ali is poor.

Or : ( Transition signal + ( , ) ) capitalize it. e.g. Ahmad is rich . In contrast , Ali is poor .

Connectors give us several meaning , such as:

Connectors of contrast : A concession

B opposition

Connectors of reason and result

Connectors = Transition signals

Contrast is to show point of dissimilarity or difference between two things.

Connectors of contrast : A concession

B opposition

A concession : ( unexpected result ).Concession signal words indicate that the information in one clause is not the result you expect from the information given in the other clause.

e.g. Although I studied all night , I failed the exam .

B opposition : ( to introduce an opposite idea ).The second group of contrast signal words shows that two things are direct opposites .e.g. He is tall , whereas his brother is short .

Connectors of contrast

Unexpected result

e.g. I t was cold , but I went swimming. But

Coordinating conjunction

e.g. Although it was cold , I went swimming.

or: I went swimming even though it was cold.

Although

Even though

Subordinatingconjunction

e.g. It was cold . However , I went swimming.

e.g. It was cold ; nevertheless , I went

swimming .

However

neverthelessTransitions

Connectors of contrastA - concession

e.g. Ahmad is rich , but Ali is poor .

But Coordinating conjunction

e.g. While Ahmad is rich , Ali is poor.

e.g. Ahmad is rich whereas Ali is poor .

While

Whereas

Subordinating

conjunction

e.g. Ahmad is rich . In contrast , Ali is poor .

e.g. Ahmad is rich ; on the other hand , Ali is poor

In contrast

On the other hand

Transitions

Connectors of contrastB - opposition

Connectors give us several meaning , such as:

1 -Connectors of contrast : A concession

B opposition

2- Connectors of reason and result

Connectors = Transition signals


e.g. He was hungry , so he sat and started to eat.

So Coordinating conjunction

e.g. He's thin because he hasn’t eaten enough.

e.g. Since we live near the sea , we often go sailing .

Because

Since

Subordinating

conjunction

e.g. You have an exam . Therefore , you must work hard. e.g. You have an exam ; as a

result , you must work hard .

Therefore

As a result Transitions

REFERENCES:

Interactions ( 2 ) Grammar book.

Betty Schrampfer Azar . UNDERSTANDING AND USING ENGLISH GRAMMER . 3rd Edition.

Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. Writing Academic English,4th edition, Pearson Education Inc, New York, 2006.

Keith S. Folse. Great Essays , 2nd edition , Heinle , Cengage Learning 2002 .

http://www.english-grammar revolution.com/subordinate-clause.html

http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/subordinate-clause.html

http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/subordinate-clause.html

But

(But ) comes in the middle of the sentence and is usually preceded by a comma.

e.g. I t was cold , but I went swimming.

1 -Coordinating conjunction

2 - Subordinatingconjunction

3 - transitions


Although Even though

Although and even though can begin a sentence or come in the middle. Notice the position of the comma.

e.g. Although it was cold , I went swimming.

or: I went swimming even though it was cold.



3 - transitions


Like other transitions however and nevertheless usually begin the second sentence and are followed by a comma .

Howevernevertheless

e.g. It was cold . However , I went swimming.

e.g. It was cold ; nevertheless , I went swimming .

semicolon + conjunctive adverb + comma

Transitions may also be preceded by a semicolon. In this case, don’t capitalize the transitions .




3 - transitions

But

e.g. Ahmad is rich , but Ali is poor.



3 - transitions

(But ) comes in the middle of the sentence and is usually preceded by a comma.


Whereas while

e.g. While Ahmad is rich , Ali is poor.

e.g. Ahmad is rich whereas Ali is poor .

Whereas and while can begin a sentence or come in the middle. Notice the position of the comma.



3 - transitions


Like other transitions On the other hand and in contrast usually begin the second sentence and are followed by a comma.

On the other handIn contrast

e.g. Ahmad is rich . In contrast , Ali is poor .

e.g. Ahmad is rich ; on the other hand , Ali is poor .

Transitions may also be preceded by a semicolon. In this case, don’t capitalize the transitions.




3 - transitions

so

(So ) . comes before the result It is preceded by a comma.

e.g. He was hungry , so he sat and started to eat.




3 - transitions

Because since

Because and since are used with the reason. They may be placed either at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. However, notice the

difference in punctuation .e.g. He's thin because he hasn’t eaten enough.

main clause + Ø + subordinate clause.

e.g. Since we live near the sea , we often go sailing .

subordinate clause + ( , ) + main clause .




3 - transitions

ThereforeAs a

resultThese transitions are used before the result. Like all transitions, they normally begin a sentence and are followed by a comma .

e.g. You have an exam. Therefore , you must work hard.

e.g. You have an exam ; as a result , you must work hard .


Transitions may also be preceded by a semicolon. In this case, don’t capitalize the transition.



3 - transitions