No Slide Title

:

1-1- 1-2- 1-2-1- 1-2-2- - 1-3- :1 :

2-1- 2-1-1- 2-1-2- 2-1-3- 2-2- 2-2-1- 2-2-2- 2-3- :22-4- 2-4-1- 2-4-2- 2-5- 2-6- :3 : 3-1- 3-2- 3-3- DuraPGULF

:4- .- .- 150 16/6 .- . : : 5 :

. : 6

7

8

9

10

111-2-1- 1-2- : 12

131-2-2-

: 1-2- 14

( / ) 180430400420450K+190410430470430Ca++6001500133017801460Mg++12502540278030602720So4--49809950110501156012400Na+896017830198902138021450Cl -1620032600359003870038900 :15- - :

( ) 6/266/215/31 8/304/252/365/335/284/385/345/303/382/345/309/378/324/282/378/293/242/355/248/182/307/19145/251/18132/237/199/145/242/232/181/28 :16 :

16 36 .

:17 % 66 2/622/6569697/66675/595/59657/695/675/64

- :18- - . - cm/year 124 . . :

19 : - . 1998 (Work shop) NIST/ACI/ASTM . :1- 2- ( )3- 4-

20 :1- ACI 365 Michael Thomas .2- .3- .

21- . . . . . 22 ...... ( )

23 : : . : .2-1- () : C3A.CaCl2.10H2O24 : .

- . .

2-1- 25 .- :1- :Tutti 1982 :

Arya. :

2-1-1- :26

2-1-1- :27 : Pereira & Hegedus

( ) Freundlich :

Xu :

2-1-1- :2- :28

2-1-1- :29- :

- 2-1-2- 30- :- .

2-1-2- 31- :- Roberts(1962) & Larsson(1995) .- ( ) .- :

2-1-2- 322-1-3-

33 2-2- : :

34 (Diffusion)

(Capillary Suction)

(Absorption)

(Permeation)

(Migration)

2-2-1- ()

35

W/C

2-2-2- 36-

Wind37

(Diffusion function)2-3- Fick : : :38

`

2-3- : Fick:39 : =0 ci:

.

2-3-

40

2-4- Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 4Fe(OH2) + O2 + 2H2 O 4Fe(OH)3

2Fe(OH)3 Fe2 O 3 . H2O + 2 H2O 2-4-1- 41

2-4- 2-4-1- - - 42 Andrade et al. micron 10 . : 1/2Fe3O48/3Fe(OH)22/4 Fe(OH)34/6Fe(OH)3 3H22-4- 432-4-2-

( ...)

2-4- 44- AASHTO T259: Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ion Penetration (Salt Ponding Test)

2-5- 45: . .: Absorption (Wicking ) . 90 . :2-5-

46- AASHTO T277 ( ASTM C1202): Electrical Indication of Concretes Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration (Rapid Permeability Test)

2-5- 47 :: (6 ): 2-5-

48- The Rapid Migration Test (CTH Test)

2-5- 49 :: (8 )

:

2-5-

50- Bulk Diffusion Test (Nord Test NTBuild 443)

2-5- 51 :: : ( 35 )2-5-

52- Resistivity Techniques

2-5- 53- Pressure Penetration techniques

2-5- 54- Sorptivity

2-5- 55 Other Test Methods

Propan -2- ol Counter diffusion

Gas Diffusion2-5-

56

2-5- 572-6- :- Tutti

582-6- :: C(x,t)= Csa erf (x / 2(Dat) 0.5) : , Csa Da Collepardi Dp(t)=Dp0(t0/t)b Da(t)=Da0(t0/t)a a , b M.Maage59 Bamforth:

- - Cs W/C De .

Saetta : - .- Di,ref : Di= Di,ref . f1(T) . f2(h) . f3(te)2-6- :60 Oh :2-6- :Dc= DcR. fT(T). ft(t) . fh(h)

: Fick61 ClinCon :2-6- :: Fick : 622-6- : Duracrete ( Rostam ) 0 t b = - f-1(pf)CIKS ( Bentz ) D=D(W/C, Vagg, %CSF, a)63 DoEPiT : .

DuCOM ( ):- - - .2-6- :642-6- : Life 365 ( ACI 365) W/C%SF Dura Net : 653-1-

138066 : . : ( 3 5 ) . : .

3-1- 6768