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微观 经济学 Macroeconomics. 主讲 : 汪秋菊. 此幻灯片献给你们 我心中的太阳。. 经济学课题组. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 13313651517. 第一章 导论. 第一节 经济学的定义 美国著名经济学家保罗 · 安东尼 · 萨缪尔森的 《 经济学 》 定义是: “ 经济学是研究社会如何使用 稀缺资源 来生产有价值的产品,并在不同集团之间分配这些产品 ” 这里所说的 “ 生产 ” 与 “ 分配 ” 正是无限欲望满足的问题,而无限欲望满足的手段是 “ 稀缺资源 ” 。. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Macroeconomics
: E-mail: [email protected]: 13313651517
Land LaborMental Talents LaborPhysical Labor Entrepreneurship
whatHow?For whom
Opportunity CostKABC500600700A
1.1AF
11.811108
5
BCDEFA 1 2 3 4 51.1
1.2
Allocation of Resources
Microeconomics Macroeconomics
2 1
what ought to bethe way things are
Equilibrium Analysis Unequilibrium Analysis
(1) A B C D (2) A B C D B D
3 A.B.C.D.A
Perfect Competition MarketMonopoly MarketMonopolistic Competition MarketOligopoly Market
Demand willing needswantsdesires able
Demand FunctionQd=fabc
PQd
Qd=abP abab
The Law of DemandPQPQ0
P
Q Dab
1.0
P
QDabP0Q0P1Q1
2.
PQD
ABA A.A B.A C.B D.BD
1 --- --- Supply
2
Supply Function QS=fbc QS=abP
PQ PQ 0
P
QSab
OOPQPQ PQO
1.
2.
:
A B C D D A
Price controls 1.Price floor
PQDSP0OQ0P1Q1Q2 excess supplyE
2.Price ceiling PQDSP0OQ0P1Q1Q2excess demandE
1.
2. A Supply ShiftS1
S2S3Q3P2P1PDQ1Q2Q
P3E1
E2E3O
DS QP1DD1P SPQD2DD2 P3DD3 P3. S S1P
()
1EQ3P1P3P2
PPEPtOQQEQ2OSDQ1
2.EP1SDQEPEQO
PQ4P3Q3P2Q2Q1tOP
3SDEQePeQOPP1Q3P2Q2Q1tOP
O
PQDPDQOO
elasticity
1. Ed
2.
ab544008005445
abba QPPQ
3 PQ
4. E = 0 perfect inelastic
E = perfect elasticPQD2O
E = 1 unitary elastic = D3OPQ
E > 1 elastic D56%9%POQ
5.dQ/dP
CCO
PQF
CGQd=f(P)A
BdPdQ
ABCDB
3.1.2.4.
5.
TR = P * Q 3101.(Total revenue
2. E > 1Ed=2P1=500/Q1=100 10% 10%20% P2=500 500*10%=450/ Q2=100+100*20%=120 TR2=P2Q2=450120=54000 TR1=50000 TR2 TR1=54000 50000=4000 TR2 >TR1
E > 1,,; ,,1QOP
ABC
10%10%5%P3=0.2 +0.2*10%=0.22/Q3=100 -100*5%=95 TR3=P3Q3=0.2295=20.9TR3 TR1=20.9 20= 0.9TR3>TR1Ed=0.5P1=0.2/Q1=100
E < 1,,;,,
1.10%5%0.5
2. 5A. Em1superior goods Em0 B. Em1 C. 0 Em1essential necessary goodsnormal goods
D. Em =0 E. inferior goodsGiffen goodsEm0
3./
Sheet1
%
52
30
35
16
16
11
13
Sheet2
Sheet3
Sheet1
%
30
30~40
40~50
50~60
60
Sheet2
Sheet3
1. 1
2.
3.Ec0 YP XQXY Ec0 YP XQ XY Ec =0
1. A
P
QO
2.
Es=1Q ES=P ES=04. OQOSP
Q ES1PEs1QOS(a)QOS(b)PP
5.
O
1.U12 = Utility
123 2.cardinal utility
1012345201018242830
TUMUTU Total UtilityMU Marginal Utility MU TU 0 0 0 1 30 30 2 20 50 3 10 60 4 0 60 5 -10 50
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
TUMUMU > 0, TU ;MU < 0, TU ; MU = 0, TU TUQTUMUQMUPPOO
1.
1212P88 3\4
QQ0ABP0OPP=f(Q)P0Q0
ordinal utility
indifference curves1 X2X1UX1X2O
X2X1U0ADX1X2 X2X1X1X212U0 O
X1
X2
a
1
4
b
2
3
c
3
2
d
4
1
24.3.2.5.
U1U2U3X1X2U4O
MRS Marginal Rate of Substitution of Commodities 1.
X-1
2
3 X1X2X1dX1X2dX2dU=0
4MRSMRS121:1
U1U2 0 1 2 3 4210
budget line1X20ABX1AX1X2BX2X1X1X2
2IX1X2P1P2 BAOX2X1P1X1+P2X2=I
31IP 2 IP X2X1O
3IPX2X1X1X1X2X2X1X1X2X2OO
E12 X1X2OAB
UABCD,U2EU3U1MNBACDOMNABU2U1U2X1X2
1
2 Px2Py1I20
-E1E2E3OAX2X1U3U1U212B3
E1 E2 E3P1X1-X1
IC2X3X2X1
OPCYXOAD4.16
P(b)(a)P1P2P3X3X2E2E3E1B3B1B2IC3IC1X
M1ABA1B1
M2ABA2B2A1B1YXBAEM0
1 O
n i=12n
product function2030
short runlong run
21
TPAPMPTPtotal product APaverage product AP = TP/QMPmarginal product
QLTPAPEL2GMPOL3L1FAB
law of diminishing marginal productivitylaw of diminishing marginal productivity
QLTPAPEL2GMPOL3L1FAB
A.B.C.A. B.C.0 D. E.
3MPAPLK
QLTPAPEL2GMPOL3L1FAB
1.
Q LK12345120405565752406075859035575901001054658510011011557590105115120
2.A.
B.
C.
Q1Q2Q3LKQ4
D.Q1Q2ACB
3. 1;0 ABCK1L
2KOLq3q1q2ABCACB
AB
KLQ2EQ3Q1MNBACDE O
Q=fLK=LK-0.5L2-0.32K2QKLK=10123APLAPL=MPL=2
Expansion path
1. accounting cost opportunity cost
2. explicit cost implicit cost +
3normal profiteconomic profitexcess profit
4
C=F[Q]=F[ fLK]
0QLQCbSTCTVCTFC0TP
C=3Q3+2Q2+5681STC2Fixed cost 3 (Variable cost) STC = SVC + SFC TC = VC + FC = (Q) + b (Q) VCbFC
QCbSTCTVCTFC0
SAC SMC1SAC AC = TC/Q=VC/Q+FC/Q=AVC + AFC 2SMC SMC = dTC/dQ = d(VC+FC)/dQ = dVC/dQ = '(Q)
TC=Q3-12Q2+60Q+40AC=MC=
3. MCTC TVCCC0 0FCQQTCVC40MC ACAVCAFC 1 4 6 7 1 4 6 7 aabcbbcdd
4ACMCAVCMC 1) MCAC,QAC 2) MC = AC , ACmin 3) MCAC , QAC
MCACAVCQC0minBAPQB QATR
LTCLACLMC
1LTC)2(LAC)3(LMC)
LTCLTC
B2B1B30QE1E2E3Q1=50A2Q2=100Q3=150A1A3OKRLCLTCwOB3+rOA3wOB1+rOA110050ba150wOB2+rOA2
E150A1B1wE1wOB1+rOA1
E1bLACE1LTCE1E2E3
LTC Q3 Q1 Q2PRSLTCSTCLTCSTCLTCSTC
Q1Q2Q3LACPSRLACSACLACLACSACLACLACSACLACLACSACLACSAC
TCQOACMCQOLMC
SMC3SMC2SMC1LMCminE1E2E3COQ1QQ2Q3SAC1SAC2SAC3LAC LMCSMCLACLMCSMCLACSAC
1200400A B C 200D A
2LAC=SACLAC>LMCALACBLACCSACDSMC=SACB
3200100A B 0.5C C
12 SACsSACmSACL minminLACC0Q
Perfect Competition1234
1DPQ
2
1TRARMR TR(Q)=PQ AR(Q)=TR(Q)/Q=P MR(Q)= dTR(Q) / dQ=P2TR3ARMRdMRARP
QOPQOPdMRARPTR
PabQ TR=PQaPbQ2AR=PabQMRa2bQ
MR=MCTRTC
P,QOMRMCQOMR=AR=PQ1Q*
PQd1d2d3d4d5SACSMCAVCOE1E2E3E4E5p1p2p3p4p5q5q4q3q1q2
1E1ARSAC2E2ARSAC3E3AVCARSAC4E4ARAVC5E5ARAVC
STC=0.1Q32Q2+15Q +10P=551 2
PQSMCAVC0E1E2p1p2p5q2q1Qs = f ( p )SMC
MR = LMC = SMC = LAC = SACMRARP
PQOSACLACSMCLMCPQODMR=LMC=LAC=SMC=SAC
(constant-cost industry )LSd1P1D2P1E1QT1E2QT2P2d2P2AFQ2S2QT2E2
(increasing-cost industry )
(decreasing-cost industry )
S(LMC)S(LMC)S(LMC)P0QP0Q 0PQ
Complete Monopoly
1 2 3 4
12
1TRARMR1ARP2AR=2MR
TC=10+5QMC=dTC/dQ=52.04MR=MC MC=5=P1-1/2.0=MRP=5/0.5=10 E=4.0 P=5/0.75)=6.67/
Q=50-2PA 15B C P=25D A
TCTR
1P>AC
2P=AC
STC=0.3Q3 +6Q2+140Q=1402P
SMC = MR
MR=MC
MR=LMC=SMC
MR=LMC=SMCGLMCLACBQ2ASAC2SMC1SAC1FSMC2E2Q1MRPQOdARE1
1TR100QQ2TC106QMRMCQ47 PARP532MC602QQ100PMRMCMR1002QQ10
Price Discrimination
MC=MRP=MC
= HPmF= HEF
HIDeadweight LossJ= PmIEF= HIE
HIJP=MC= HIG= 0I
Q1P1Q1QmPmQmQcPcP=MC
PQOn
MCHIGEJKL
MRa=MRbMC
EaEbPaPbEaEbPaPbEaEbPaPb PaABPbQbQaMRaMRbDaDbEaEbOMRa=MRbMCMRP11/Ed Pa11/Ea= Pb11/Eb
1 23
CBAQ0 Q1 Q2 Q3 DEdQd1d2P0P1P
1.
abMCAR0AR1MR0MR1DQP,R,C0TCP,R,C0P0PCMCACAR(d)MRQQ0acbDP0Q0
2.SMC=MR > 0 , AR > AC = 0 , AR = AC < O , AR < ACP,R,CP,R,CP,R,C(1)(2)(3)MCACAR(d)MR0Q0P0PCacbDQ 0MRQ 0MCACAR(d)MRMCACAR(d)QDD- Q0Q0P0PC
:A.B.C.D.C
MR=LMC=SMC AR=LAC=SAC D=d
ESACHMRPQdARPeDLMCOSMCLACAR = SAC = LACMR = SMC = LMCD = dQePQ
: A.MR=MC B.MR=LMC=SMC=LAC=SAC C.MR=LMC=SMCAR=LAC=SAC D.MR=LMC=AMC
oligopoly1234
1
1
2P=60QQQ=Q1+Q2MC1=MC2=01R1R1=PQ1=60QQ1 =60Q1Q12 Q2Q1MR1=302Q1Q2MR1=MC1602Q1Q2=0 2Q2=30Q1/2
1933DAOQ3BQ3Q1OQ1OP1ABOQ1EPl
SMCMR
cDMRMRMCEQPMC1MC2E1E2Q1Q2 EMC2MC1POPPE1Q1AC1(a) AE2Q2AC2(b) BMRDMC=MC1+MC2(c) OOQ
1950195119651967-19681965Kreps Wilson(1982)Fudenberg Tirole(1991)
123A B
-8-80-10-100-1-1
A B-8-100-1-8-100-1
-8-80-10-100-1-1
-
51449-100
MUDLRMR RLD DMLUM
10120301
0120
MSXLR
102201130122
12
A B
-8-80-10-100-1-1
MTMLRFBAR3C3
044053400453353566
5050-20004000400
5050-20004000400
-
04005050-200
50x+-201-x>0x2/3
100100-5000000
100100-5000000
--
AgentPrincipal
1000-5000300030001000-300015001500
Max X=fX SfX S[fX] CXU0
=RKLCKL d RKL/dK=d CKL/dK d RKL/dL=d CKL/dL d RL/dL=d CL/dL
d RL/dL=d RL/ dQ/d Q/ dL=MRMPL=MRPL 1 2VMPLVMPL VMPL =PMPL=MRPL
3 MR = P = MCX MPL P=MR VMP=MRP1 18 10 1802 16 10 1603 14 10 1408 4 10 40MRP/VMP0LMP MRP/VMP
3 MRP0LMRP MRP L TP MPL P MR VMP MRP1 10 --- 10.0 --- --- --- 2 19 9 9.5 8.9 * 85.5 80.53 27 8 9.0 7.8 72.0 62.54 34 7 8.5 6.6 59.5 46.0 5 40 6 8.0 5.2 48.0 31.0MRP=19*9.5-10*10=80.5 MR=MRP/MPP=80.5/9=8.9VMP=MPP*P=9*9.5=85.5
1 SL=MFCL =W
WSL=MFCL=AFCLW0LW.MFCMFCS=AFC=W0L2
W L TC MFC30 10 300 -- 32 11 352 52 34 12 408 56 36 13 468 60
1.,:W.VMPE S=MFC=W0VMP=MRP=DW00LL0
W0(MFC)=VMP(MRP)
2.,:W.MRPE S=MFC=W0MRP=DW00LL0
VMP
W0(MFC)=MRP
3.,
VMP(MRP)=MFC
C()MFCS=AFC=WVMP=DFEW00L0L
4.:
VMP(MRP)=MFC
C()MFCS=AFC=WVMPMRP=DW00L0EF
Da03.62.82SaDa1Da2Qa0Qa1Qa*0Dp01.31.00.8Sp0Dp*Sp1Qp0Qp*Qp10//ab
1. 2. (MRSAXY = MRSBXY)
OAEUA2
CHUA3
FUA1OBUB3
UB1
UB2
XYXYOAXYOBCXBYAXAYBUA1UA2UA3UB1UB2UB3E1E2E3X=XA+XB Y=YA+YB E
1. LK 2. (MRTSXLK = MRTSYLK)
LKLKLKLYLXKXKYOXOYE1E2E3CQX1QX2QX3QY3QY2QY1L=LX +LY K=KX +KY
4.
3. (Production contract curve)
0YXE1E2E3E4Y3Y2Y1X1 X2 X3YYXX
1.MRTXY = MRSXY 2. MRTXY < MRSXYYX3. MRTXY > MRSXYXY Y EM1Y1X1XO MRTXY < MRSXY Y/X Y/X
0.5/1 1/1 1/2 2/2
1 MRSAXY=MRSBXY 2 MRTSCLK=MRTSDLK 3 MRSXY=MRTXY
CDEOAOAOBA
Social Welfare Function
W{u1xu2xunx}=MAX{ u1xu2xunx}
3abc3xyzax > y > zby > z > xcz > x > y
Externalities
Q1OOQ*p1P*DMECMECS=MCMSCMCq1q* MSCp1(a)(b)DQ1Q*P1P*MECQ1DMSC=MC+MEC
MSB=D+MEB q*MSBMCq1q*
500800600
(public goods)(private goods)(nonexclusive)(nonrival)
(pure public goods)(quasi-public goods)(public resource)
ABRABOLONRAB OL+ON=OTEGHOCFQDODADBTNLTRMDbaDADB
FC\F*