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CCggjjhhnn vvΔΔ;;ttnn bbppvvttyy∫∫nnmm ;;bbppyymm.. BB llƒƒ;;tt [[ffhhƒƒrrnntthh.. GGjj yyttllƒƒddyyjj jjcceeoottccnnddkk==yyyyssvv bbcccckk††lljjddffyybbzzvv dd ÏÏyyuukkbbbbaabbpp∫∫xxttccrrffzz rreekkmmnnééhhff vvjjuukkƒƒ ,,ss gghhjjllkk∫∫nnmm ;;bbppyymm dd cchh††llyyttvvyyff 1100 kkttnn.. RRnnjj ll††kkffttnn ggjjccnnjjΩΩyyyyjj aabbpp∫∫xxttccrrbbtt eegghhff;;yy††yybbzz>>nnjjnn ,,ΔΔkktttt llbbyyffvv∫∫xxttyy bb lljjddΔΔkkttyy ;;∫∫ppyymm//>> xxttvv nnjjnn>> rrnnjjgghhttllff==nncczz kk††yybb¡¡.. BBcccckk††lljjddffyybbzz dd ……nnjjqq ΔΔ,,kkffccnnbb nnttgg††hhmmee;;†† ggjjllnnddtthh;;llƒƒ//nn gghhzzvvéé// ccddzzppmm vv††;;llee aabbpp∫∫xxttccrrjjqqll††zznnttkkmmyyjjccnnmm// bb éévvccnnddttyyyyssvv ccjjccnnjjΩΩyybbttvv%% mens sana incorpore sano !!dd pplljjhhΔΔddjjvv nn††kktt -- pplljjhhΔΔddssqq llee[[@@ uujjddjjhh∫∫kkbbkkffnnbbyyΩΩyytt^̂ BB ddjjnn yyƒƒiitt vvssiikk††yybbtt nnΔΔ;;tt ggjjkkeexxƒƒttnn ggΔΔkkmmppee¡¡jjnn eehhffddyyjjdd††iittyyyyjjuujj bb gghhƒƒddbbkkmmyyjjuujj ccnn∫∫kkzz ;;∫∫ppyybb.. GGΔΔcckkttnnjjuuΔΔ>> rrffrr vvss dd nnttxx††yybbbb yyttll††kkbb yyttvvyyΔΔuujj ggjjlldd∫∫uuffkkbbccmm>> vvss ccggjjrrΔΔqqyytttt bb xxééddccnnddeettvv cctt,,ΩΩ dd kkééxxiittqq aaΔΔhhvvtt..

F rfr ns jnyΔcbimcz r cgΔhne* Dßcrf;b ndj= vy†ybt.

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CCggjjhhnn vvttyyΩΩttnn vvssiikk††yybbtt**

VVjjqq ,,kkjjuu

HHttuueekkΩΩhhyyjjtt ppffyyΩΩnnbbtt ccggΔΔhhnnjjvv gghhbbyyΔΔccbbnn ggΔΔkkmmppee

nn††kkee bb lléé[[ee%%

erhtgkΩtn jhufy∫pv b ghtljndhfoƒtn¡ ,jk†pyb&

hfpdbdƒtn b gjvjuƒtn gjll†h;bdfnm pljhΔdsv

rΔcnysq fggfhƒn&

gjvjuƒtn gjll†h;bdfnm gjcnjΩyysq dtc n†kf&

gjvjuƒtn gjy∫pbnm rjk∫xtcndj ;∫hf d n†kt

b rhjdzyΔt lfdk†ybt&

gjyb;ƒtn cnhtcc> nhtdΔue> ltgh†ccb/ b

joeo†ybt jlbyΔxtcndf&

ekexiƒtn ecgtdƒtvjcnm¡ e irΔkmybrjd&

gjvjuƒtn lth;ƒnm gjl rjynhΔktv y†rjnjhst

dh†lyst ghbdßxrb b jgƒcyst pfd∫cbvjcnb rfr

reh†ybt> yfhrjvƒybz> ytghƒdbkmyjt gbnƒybt

b ∫vgekmcs r yfc∫kmcndtyysv l†qcndbzv.

AAhhffyyxx††ccrrjj>> BBnnƒƒkkbbzz%% ,kfujlfhΩ cgΔhne z gΔyzk> xnjnthg†ybt b nhel xƒcnj ghbyΔczn nt,† yfuhƒle¡. Rjulƒ znhtybhé/cm> b vyt rƒ;tncz> xnj z ,Δkmit yt vjué> zcnfhƒ/cm lévfnm j w†kz[> rjnΔhst cvju ,s ljcn∫xm. Njulƒz e;† yt xédcnde/ ,Δkmit ecnƒkjcnb> f nΔkmrj ,jkmiΔt;tkƒybt bln∫ dgth=l.

LL;;jjyy>> DDttkkbbrrjj,,hhbbnnƒƒyybbzz%% z lévf/> xnjpfybvƒnmcz gjcnjΩyyj cgΔhnjv - Δxtym gjk†pyjlkz nhtybhΔdrb n†kf b evƒ. Gjrƒ z eghf;yΩ/vßiws> z pfl†qcnde/ nƒr;t b vjpu∫> gjcrΔkmree vtyΩ tcnm wtkm> rjnΔhe/ z [jxé ljcn∫uyenm. B yt nΔkmrj abp∫xtcrfz c∫kf bv†tn pyfx†ybt> yj b c∫kf dΔkb. Dc= gjkéxbncz> yƒlj nΔkmrjΔxtym pf[jn†nm.

10

Gth

tgtx

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vfn

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UUtthhvvƒƒyybbzz%% byjulƒ ckexƒtncz> xnj z pk/cm ∫kb vyt uhécnyj¡. Rfr hti∫nm ghj,k†ve* Jltdƒ/ cgjhn∫dysq rjcn÷v> rhjccΔdrb¡ b blé ,†ufnm. GΔckt vyt cnfyΔdbncz k†uxt> b z dyjdm cgjrΔqyf.

Jnd†ns yf cnh. 15

kkttyymm - jncéncndbt ;tkƒybz l†qcndjdfnm>nhel∫nmcz> crkΔyyjcnm r ,tpl†kb/&ggΔΔkkmmppff !!ppllttccmm@@ - gjkj;∫ntkmyjtdjpl†qcndbt> [jhΔibt htpekmnƒns&uuhhééccnnyyjj !!yyffhh††xxbbtt@@ - gtxƒkmyj&rrhhjjccccΔΔddrrbb - cgjhn∫dyfz Δ,edm lkz ,†uf&yyffuuhhƒƒllff - gh†vbz> ,kfujlƒnyjcnm>djplfΩybt pf xnΔ-kb,j&

uukkjjccccƒƒhhbbqq

HHfféékkmm>> FFhhuuttyynn∫∫yyff%% lΔk;ty crfpƒnm> xnΔ vj= jnyji†ybt r cgΔhne - …nj y†yfdbcnm b k/,Δdm. D ghΔikjv rfr∫vbnΔkmrj d∫lfvb cgΔhnf z yt pfybvƒkcz> yj vyt ytelfdƒkjcm yfqn∫ njn - `vjq$ dbl cgΔhnf. Nfr b cdj†q;∫pym/ z yt ,sk Δxtym eljdktndjh=y> xtuΔ-nj vyt yt[dfnƒkj. Ntg†hm> rjulƒ z yfi=k cgjhn vj†q ;∫pyb> z xédcnde/ ct,Ω cxfcnk∫dtt.

11

Gth

tgtx

fnrf

vfn

thbf

kjd

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yfkf

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DDjjnn aahhƒƒppff>> gghhjjbbppyyttcc==yyyyffzz llbbhh††rrnnjjhhjjvv??YYBBCCTTAA ""yyyy DDttyyttvvƒƒyy.. PPffrrΔΔyyxxbb aahhƒƒppee>> ddccnnffddkkΩΩzz gghhƒƒddbbkkmmyysstt cckkjjddƒƒ..

Abp∫xtcrfz rekmnéhf __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __> nthg∫vjcnm b __ __ __.

GGJJJJOOHHZZTTNN VVBBHH

K∫xyst> ghbnz;ƒntkmyst> djpdhƒnyst>erfpƒntkmyst b jnyjc∫ntkmystvtcnjbv†ybz

YYTTYYFFCCBBKKBBTT

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GGjjkk>> YYΔΔddffzz PPttkkƒƒyyllbbzz%% cgjhn dƒ;ty> gjnjvé xnj éxbn nfr∫v w†yyjcnzv> rfr lhé;,f> cjkblƒhyjcnm> xédcndjkΔrnz¡> cfvjedf;†ybt> d†hf d ct,Ω b d lheu∫[> edf;†ybt lheu∫[> ytghbnzpƒntkmyjcnm¡> k∫lthcndj>cgjcΔ,yjcnm htiƒnm ghj,k†vs b lƒ;t pfd∫cbvjcnm lheu jn lhéuf.

RR……nnbb>> CCIIFF%% cgjhn ,sk Δxtym dƒ;ty lkz vtyΩ. Jy ltqcnd∫ntkmyj bpvty∫k vjq [fhƒrnth. Z dctulƒ ,skƒcntcy∫ntkmyjq¡ l†deirjq> yj c nt[ gjh rfr z pfybvƒ/cmcgΔhnjv> e vtyΩ gjzd∫kjcm vyΔuj yΔds[ lhep†q. Vs dv†cnt nhtybhétvcz> f d rjywt ytl†kb ghjdΔlbv dv†cnt dh†vz. B ntg†hm z e;† yt nfrƒz cntcy∫ntkmyfz.

VVttccnnƒƒ

12

Gth

tgtx

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vfn

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VVffhhiihhéénn `̀ uulltt hhffccggjjkkjj;;∫∫kkbbccmmppƒƒuujjhhjjllyyßßtt hhttppbbll††yywwbbbb hhééccccrrbb[[wwffhh††qq.. YYffii†† ggeennttii††ccnnddbbtt yyffxxbbyyƒƒttnncczzccjj CCnnhh††kkmmyybb..

GG††hhddsstt eeggjjvvbbyyƒƒyybbzzCdj= ∫vz Cnh†kmyz gjkex∫kf jn h†xrb Cnh†krb> rjnΔhfz d…njv v†cnt dgflƒtn d A∫ycrbq pfk∫d. Rjulƒ G=nh Dtk∫rbqpfrkƒlsdfk¡ yf ,jkΔnbcns[ ,thtuƒ[ Ytdß yΔde/hjcc∫qcre/ cnjk∫we> jy pfukΩlsdfz d ,éleott> jcΔ,tyyjpf,Δnbkcz j, j,ecnhΔqcndt¡ cfyrn-gtnth,éhucrb[ghbvΔhcrb[ ujhjlΔd. Cnh†kmyz ,skƒ pflévfyf rfrhtpbl†ywbz vjhcrƒz. D gtnhΔdcrbt dhtvtyƒ Cnh†kmyz ,skƒ e;† j,;bnßv¡v†cnjv - t= dßujlyjt gjkj;†ybt to= d XV d†rt jwty∫kbyjdujhΔlws> jcyjdƒdibt pltcm yt,jkmiΔt gjctk†ybt. D1707 ujlé d Cnh†kmyt gjcnhΔbkb `gjgényst¡ [jhΔvs$> drjnΔhs[ wfhm yt hfp jcnfyƒdkbdfkcz> f xth†p nhb uΔlf pltcmgjzd∫kcz jlyj'nƒ;ysq lthzdΩyysq ldjh†w - jy cj[hfy∫kczlj yƒib[ lytq gjxn∫ d gthdjplƒyyjv¡ d∫lt.

G=nhghbrfpƒk pfujhjl∫nm gkjn∫yjq¡ htré Cnh†kre b cjjhel∫nmj,i∫hysq djlj=v - yßyt …nj JhkΔdcrbq ghel. D 1716 ujlé djpukƒdbdibq gΔckt Hfcnh†kkb cnhj∫ntkmcndjhtpbl†ywbb> cdzpƒk rfyƒkjv dct dΔlyst vfubcnhƒkb dtl∫ye/ cbcn†ve> f d w†ynht rfyƒkf cjplƒk rhéuksqbcréccndtyysq Δcnhjd> yƒpdfyysq GtnhΔdcrbv. W†ynhjvrΔvgktrcf cnfk rƒvtyysq ldjh†w> r cnhj∫ntkmcnderjnΔhjuj ghbcneg∫kb d 1720 ujlé. G=nh jcnfyjd∫kcz yfghj†rnt bnfkmΩycrjuj fh[bn†rnjhf Y. Vbr†nnb.

GGΔΔcckktt ccvv††hhnnbb GGttnnhhƒƒPf cjjhe;†ybt ldjhwƒ dpzk∫cm hmΩyj¡> yj x†htp ujl n†vgshf,Δn pfv†lkbkbcm> f gΔckt cv†hnb Gtnhƒ cnhj∫ntkmcndjCnh†kmybycrjuj ldjhwƒ b dΔdct¡ jcnfyjd∫kbcm. Pfdthi∫nm jnwΔdcrbq pƒvsctk hti∫kf bvgthfnh∫wfTkbpfd†nf> gjhex∫difz hf,Δne cßye Ajh†kbtdsq> Gjlk∫gcrbq !WdtnyΔq@ bV†kmybxysq. D yb[ gjctk∫kb ,kfujhΔlys[ rƒhgjd bwƒhcre/ hß,e - ajh†km.

JJhhffyybbttyy,,ƒƒeevv

GGttnntthhuuΔΔaaCCnnhh††kkmmyyzz

WWƒƒhhccrrjjtt CCttkkΔΔ

GGƒƒddkkjjddccrr

UUƒƒnnxxbbyyff

CCffyyrrnn--GGttnntthh,,ééhhuu

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uukkjjccccƒƒhhbbqq13

Gth

tgtx

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PfkΔujdst aΔhvs ukfuΔkf

CCnnhh††kkmmyyzz yyff hhee,,tt;;†† XVIII-XIX ddttrrΔΔddD rjyw† XVIII d†rf Cnh†kmyz cnƒkf dtkbrjryΩ;tcrbvdkfl†ybtv% d 1797 ujlé bvgthƒnjh Gƒdtk I gjlfh∫k t=cdjtvé dnjhΔve cßye - dtk∫rjve ryΩp/ Rjycnfyn∫yeGƒdkjdbxe. Njn ghbukfc∫k fh[bn†rnjhf Djhjy∫[byf>rjnΔhsq cnfk gthtl†ksdfnm ldjh†w cjjnd†ncndtyyj drécfvyΔdjuj dkfl†kmwf. Dtk∫rbq ryzpm> ,élexb utythƒk-bycg†rnjhjv héccrjq udfhl†qcrjq rfdfk†hbb> ghjdjl∫k dCnh†kmyt cvΔnhs b vfy=dhs gjli†ays[¡ gjkrΔd.Ghzvß[ yfck†lybrjd e Rjycnfyn∫yf Gƒdkjdbxf y† ,skj> bgΔckt tuΔ cv†hnb bvgthƒnjh Ybrjkƒq I gjlfh∫k ecƒlm,ecdjtvé cßye> dtk∫rjve ryΩp/ Rjycnfyn∫ye Ybrjkƒtdbxe.Bvtyyj c …njuj dh†vtyb Cnh†kmybycrbt gfhr b ldjh†wcnƒkb jabwbƒkmyj bvtyjdƒnmcz Rjycnfyn∫yjdcrbvb.Dtk∫rbq ryΩpm ghtdhfn∫k Cnh†kmy/> dshf;ƒzcm ckjdƒvb

tuΔ cjdhtv†yybrjd> d `ltqcnd∫ntkmyjdjc[bn∫ntkmyjt¡ vtcnjght,sdƒybt$. Pltcmecnhƒbdfkbcm rjyw†hns> cgtrnƒrkb b,fkß> yf rjnΔhs[ ,sdƒkb nfr∫tpyfvty∫njcnb> rfr B. Inhƒec> Y.H∫vcrbq-RΔhcfrjd> F. He,byin†qy> V. d,éleotv bpd†cnysq gj…n b gthtdΔlxbr.

Dc/ ;bpym jy [hfy∫k n=gkst xédcndf r hjljdΔve `uytplé$.D 1892 ujlé> gΔckt cv†hnb Rjycnfyn∫yf Ybrjkƒtdbxf>ldjh†w gthti=k r dtk∫rjve ryΩp/ Lv∫nhb/Rjycnfyn∫yjdbxe> rjnΔhsq dkfl†k bv dgkΔnm lj 1918 uΔlf.

.

RRffrr yyffppssddƒƒttnncczz llddjjhh††ww yyffnntthhhhbbnnΔΔhhbbbb CCnnhh††kkmmyybbyyccrrjjqqhhttppbbll††yywwbbbb**%%

Jnd†ns yf cnh. 15

a. GtnhΔdcrbq,,. Rjcnfyn∫yjdcrbqB. Ybrjkƒtdcrbq

DD uuΔΔllss hhttddjjkk÷÷wwbbbb bb II vvbbhhjjddΔΔqq ddjjqqyyßßHtdjk÷wbtq ldjh†w ,sk yfwbjyfkbp∫hjdfy. D uΔls IIvbhjdΔq djqyß djqyß Cnh†kmyz ,skƒ pf[dƒxtyf afi∫cnfvb>[jpΩqybxfdibvb nfv c ctynz,hΩ 1941 ujlƒ gj zydƒhm 1944-uj.R jrjyxƒyb/ djqyß jn dtk∫xtcndtyyjuj¡ plƒybz jcnƒkcznΔkmrj rƒvtyysq Δcnjd¡> dßcbdibqcz chtl∫ hfpjh=yys[¡cflΔd b gƒhrjd.

CCnnhh††kkmmyyzz ccttuuΔΔllyyzzGΔckt djqyß Rjcnfyn∫yjdcrbq ldjh†w htcnfdh∫hjdfkcz> yjΔxtym v†lktyysvb n†vgfvb. D ltrf,h† 1990 uΔlf yf XIVc†ccbb Rjvbn†nf ?YTCRJ ldjhwΔdj-gƒhrjdsq fycƒv,km dCnh†kmyt ,sk dytc=y d cg∫cjr gƒvznybrjd Dctv∫hyjujyfck†lbz. D 2001 ujlé ghtpbl†yncrbv erƒpjv ,ßdifzwƒhcrfz htpbl†ywbz ,skƒ j,(Ωdktyf UjcelƒhcndtyysvrΔvgktrcjv `Ldjh†w rjyuh†ccjd$> b pltcm yfxfk∫cm,jkmi∫t htcnfdhfwbΔyyst hf,Δns. HtrjycnhérwbzgjpdΔkbkf Cnh†kmyt yt nΔkmrj dthyénm t= ,ské/ rhfcjné bdtk∫xbt> yj b vyjujrhƒnyj ghbevyΔ;bnm b[. Nfr> dxƒcnyjcnb> x†htp nhb cnjk†nbz jceotcnd∫kfcm vtxnƒ GtnhƒDtk∫rjuj j gfhƒlyjv¡ d(†plt dj ldjh†w c djlß. Yfd†hyjt bcbvdjk∫xyj> xnj g†hdsq d bcnΔhbb cƒvvbn `,jkmiΔqdjcmv=hrb$ yf hjcc∫qcrjq ptvk† cjcnjΩkcz d b÷yt 2006uΔlf rfr hfp d njv v†cnt> ult G=nh Dtk∫rbq `ghjhe,∫kjryΔ d TdhΔge$> jnrhßd cdj÷ lth;ƒde¡ v∫he.

14

Jnd†ns yf cnh. 15

Jnd†ns yf cnh. 15

Gth

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1. YouTube ,sk cΔplfy ldevΩ rjkk†ufvb gj hf,Δnt d 2005 ujlé.

2. Rƒ;lsq ltym ghjcvƒnhbdftncz 20 vbkkbΔyjd dbltjc(=vjr.

3. YouTube - …nj dbhneƒkmyfz dbltjn†rf> rjnΔhfzcjl†h;bn dct n∫gs dbltjpƒgbctq.

4. VΔ;yj pfhtubcnh∫hjdfnmcz yf cƒqnt bujkjcjdƒnm pf gjyhƒdbdibqcz dbltjvfnthbƒk.

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8. MySpace - cƒvjt ,jkmiΔt dbhneƒkmyjtcjΔ,otcndj d v∫ht.

9. Bynthy†n gjzd∫kcz d 1991 ujlé.

10. VyΔubt cƒqns Bynthy†nf yfxbyƒ/ncz ,érdfvbwww.

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BBuuhhƒƒqq cc yyƒƒvvbb^̂

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