Bi ging P1 Chng 2 - Cc hc thuyt Thng mi quc t

Mc tiu chng:

MT1- Hiu c ti sao cc nc thng mi ln nhau

MT2 - Hiu c s khc bit gia cc hc thuyt thng mi

MT3 - Bit c ti sao 1 h thng thng mi t do s gip cc nc gia tng li ch hn

MT4 - Nhn ra c hm ca cc hc thuyt i vi thc tin kinh doanh

MT5 - Phn bit 2 loi u t quc t

MT6 - Hiu c cc khi nim lin quan n FDI

MT7 - Gii thch c cc vn ca FDI v cc hc thuyt lin quan

MT8 - nh gi c u & nhc im ca FDI vi nc xut FDI v nc nhn FDI

I. T do thng mi(free trade)?

L 1 ngi dn Vit Nam, cc bn c bao gi t hi ti sao chng ta s dng qu nhiu hng ha nhp khu t nc khc v d nh: m phm, dc phm, thc phm, qun o, phn bn, ha cht?

Cu tr li c th l do trnh khoa hc k thut ca chng ta cha c th sn xut ra hng ha c cht lng tt.

Cn yu t no khc khng?

Nhn xa hn ra 1 th trng khc ln v phc tp hn, v d nh th trng M, nhiu cng ty M c th sn xut c qun o cht lng tt nhng ti sao ngi tiu dng M li mc qun o sn xut Trung Quc, Vit Nam hay n ? Ti sao hng xe hi Ford li lp rp xe hi cho th trng M ti Mehico trong khi hai hng xe khc l BMW (c) v Nissan (Nht) li lp rp xe hi cho th trng M ngay ti M?

Nhng cu hi trn lin quan n nhng vn ca thng mi v nhng nh kinh t hc c gng trong nhiu nm xy dng nn nhng l thuyt gii thch cho nhng vn thng mi ny.

u tin, chng ta xem xt nh ngha T do thng mi(free trade). T do thng mi cp n mt hnh nh v thng mi m chnh ph khng gy nh hng hoc to sc p thng qua cc chnh sch nh thu, hn ngch nhm hn ch s trao i, mua bn hng ha v dch v vi mt nc khc.

T nhiu th k trc, cc nh kinh t hc tranh lun nhiu v gi tr ca t do thng mi. Bi ging chng 2 s bt u vi l thuyt v ch ngha trng thng. Mt l thuyt ca th k th 16, 17 khuyn khch cc quc gia gia tng xut khu, hn ch nhp khu. Sau , chng ta s tho lun cc hc thuyt c xut bi Adam Smith v David Ricardo, nhng ngi khuyn khch thng mi t do; chnh ph phi cho th trng t n hot ng, chnh ph khng c can thip bng cc chnh sch thu hay hn ngch HH&DV gy nh hng n qu trnh mua, bn ca ngi dn nc ny vi 1 nc khc.

Smith v Ricardo a ra tng thng mi quc t cho php 1 quc gia chuyn mn ha sn xut v xut khu 1 sn phm no m n mang li hiu qu sn xut nht ng thi nhp khu cc sn phm m n c sn xut hiu qu cc nc khc.

Thuyt ca Smith v Ricardo sau c m rng, b sung bi Eli Heckscher v Bertil Ohlin

Chng ta chc chn s khng cn bt k l thuyt no gii thch ti sao ti sao A- rp - x - t xut khu du th, Ghana xut khu cacao, v Braxin xut khu c ph. Nhng s kh khn hn khi gii thch ti sao Thy S li xut khu hng u th gii v ng h, thit b khoa hc k thut, n trang cao cp hay Nht li xut khu t, hng in t gia dng

Ray Vernon ngi xut l thuyt v vng i sn phm cp n vic sn xut 1 sn phm no trong 1 giai on s gip chng ta gii thch c mt s vn .

Paul Krugman cng gip c chng ta vi l thuyt mi v thng mi (new trade theory). ng ta cho rng, 1 vi ngnh cng nghip, th trng th gii ch h tr cho 1 vi doanh nghip m nhng DN ny xy dng c v th cnh tranh t rt sm. V d in hnh l Beoing v Airbus, trn th gii ny dng nh ch c hai cng ty hot ng trong lnh vc ny, rt kh c th c k th 3 xm nhp.

Cui cng, Michael Porter m rng l thuyt ca Krugman thnh thuyt li th cnh tranh quc gia. ng cho rng kh nng 1 quc gia thnh cng trong 1 vi ngnh cng nghip nht nh khng ch ph thuc vo yu t ngun lc m cn ph thuc yu t khc nh cu ni a v cnh tranh ni a (domestic demand and domestic rivalry)

Cc nc giao thng vi nhau th s mang li li ch cho nhau. Nh vy th chnh ph ng vai tr g trong l thuyt thng mi?

N ty thuc cch tip cn ca tng quc gia, tng chnh ph ca quc gia .

Nhng ngi theo ch ngha trng thng (Mercantilism) cho rng chnh ph s can thip thng mi bng cc chnh sch khuyn khch xut khu, hn ch nhp khu. Trong khi , Smith, Ricardo v Heckscher-Ohlin li cho rng chnh ph nn ng ngoi, khng nn can thip vo thng mi v th trng.

L thuyt thng mi mi v thuyt ca Porter li xut s can thip c cn nhc ca chnh ph vo th trng v thng mi h tr cho 1 s ngnh cng nghip nht nh no .

II. S khc bit gia cc hc thuyt thng mi

Phn tng quan va gii thiu cho cc bn cc l thuyt mt cch s lc. By gi chng ta s i su hn vo n. Bt u l thuyt v ch ngha trng thng.

ng ng sau tng chnh ca thuyt ny n t trit l ca cc nh trng thng vo khong gia th k 16, thi im m vng v bc c xem nh l ti sn cn thit, ngun lc qu bu ca 1 quc gia.

Vi tng ny, 1 quc gia s quan tm n vic thu v nhiu nht vng bc thng qua vic khuyn khch xut khu v hn ch nhp khu.

Cu hi t ra l: lm sao cc quc gia thc hin c iu ny?

Cc QG s gii hn nhp khu HH thng qua hng ro thu v hn ngch, v khuyn khch xut khu thng qua chnh sch tr gi.

L hng ca trit l ny nm ch y l mt tr chi c tng bng 0 (zero-sum game). 1 quc gia ch c th t ti a ha mc tiu xut khu bng cch hn ch ti thiu nhp khu, iu ny dn n kt qu l nc xut s ngy cng gi nhiu vng bc, nc nhp s ngy cng mt nhiu vng bc. Mt khi quc gia ngy cng mt nhiu ca ci, n s b suy yu v l thuc quc gia khc.

Thuyt li th tuyt i (absolute advantage) Adam Smith?

Adam Smith, trong cun sch cc k ni ting ca ng nm 1776 cho rng t do thng mi, khng c s can thip ca chnh ph s mang li nhiu li ch cho cc quc gia nu mi quc gia ch sn xut v xut khu nhng sn phm m n sn xut hiu qu nht. y chnh l li th tuyt i (absolute advantage). Smith cho rng, nu cc quc gia tp trung vo sn xut nhng sn phm m n c li th tuyt i th nn xut khu nhng mt hng ny sang nc khc v sau nhp nhng hng ha l li th tuyt i ca nhng nc .

V d:

Chng ta gi nh c hai nc , Vit Nam v Nht, c hai nc u c 200 n v ngun lc sn xut go hoc xe my. Vit Nam mt 10 n v ngun lc lm ra 1 tn go, 20 n v ngun lc lm ra 1 chic xe my. Vi 200 n v ngun lc, VN c th sn xut 10 tn go hoc 10 chic xe my. Hoc VN c th cn nhc c th va sn xut go va sn xut xe my.

Nht th sao? sn xut ra 1 tn go, Nht phi mt 40 n v ngun lc, nhng sn xut 1 chic xe my Nht ch tn 5 n v ngun lc. S la chn trong trng hp ca Nht l th nht: sn xut 5 tn go hoc 40 chic xe my hoc phn b ngun lc va sn xut go v c xe my.

Thng tin cung cp cho chng ta thy c rng VN c li th sn xut v go nu tp trung vo sn xut go th hiu qu s tng cao hn so vi Nht. Nht c li th sn xut xe my, do hiu qu sn xut ca Nht s tng cao hn nu Nht tp trung vo xe my.

Nh vy, ta c th d dng tnh c, vi 200 n v ngun lc VN sn xut c 10 tn go v 5 xe my, Nht sn xut c 2,5 tn go v 20 xe my. iu g xy ra nu VN v Nht khng trao i, mua bn HH vi nhau?

Nu chuyn mn ha sn xut, theo Smith, VN s ch sn xut mt hng th mnh, Nht cng tng t. Kt qu l VN sn xut c 20 tn go, Nht sn xut 40 xe my. Vi gi nh l 5 xe my tng ng 2,5 tn go, VN v Nht c th trao i hng ha ln nhau. VN c th ly t Nht 5 chic xe my giao li 2,5 tn go.

Sau qu trnh thng mi ny, hai nc c li ch g khng?

VN cn 17,5 tn gao v 5 xe my. Nht c 2,5 tn go v 35 xe my. R rng sn lng go VN v xe my Nht cao hn so vi trng hp t sn xut. C hai nc u c li.

Thuyt Li th so snh ca David Ricardo?

Nhng 1 quc gia khng bao gi ch sn xut 1 hoc 2 loi hng ha. Chnh v vy m nm 1817, David Ricardo t ra nhng cu hi:

iu g s xy ra nu 1 quc gia c li th so snh trong sn xut vi tt c cc sn phm?

Lc liu thng mi c cn mang li li ch?

Nhng cu hi ny thc y ng cho ra i l thuyt v li th so snh. Ricardo cho rng hon ton hp l khi 1 quc gia chuyn mn ha sn xut nhng loi hng ha m nc sn xut hiu qu nht, v mua hng ha m n sn xut km hiu qu t nc khc, thm ch cn c th nhp hng ha t nhng nc sn xut hng ha hiu qu hn

V d:

Gi s chng ta xem xt 2 nc Ghana v Hn Quc. Ghana c th sn xut hiu qu va cacao v go. Ghana mt 10 n v ngun lc sn xut 1 tn cacao, 13,3 n v ngun lc sn xut 1 tn go. Ghana c th sn xut hon ton 20 tn cacao hoc 15 tn go. Hn Quc mt 40 n v ngun lc sn xut 1 tn cacao v 20 n v ngun lc sn xut 1 tn go. Nh vy, Hn Quc c th sn xut 5 tn cacao hoc 10 tn go. Ghana c li th tuyt i hn Hn Quc c hai sn phm.

Vy ti sao phi thng mi vi Hn Quc ?

Ricardo cho rng Ghana vn c li trong trng hp xy ra thng mi gia Ghana v Hn Quc v Ghana c li th so snh trong sn xut cacao. Ni cch khc, Ghana c th sn xut nhiu cacao v go hn Hn Quc, Ghana c th sn xut cacao nhiu hn 4 ln v go nhiu hn 1,5 ln.

Khi qu trnh thng mi din ra gia 2 nc, Ghana c th xut 4 tn cacao sang Hn Quc i ly 4 tn go (Ghana s dng 150 ngun lc sn xut 15 tn cacao v 3,75 tn go. Hn Quc lc ny dn ht ngun lc sn xut go, HQ sn xut c 10 tn). Nh vy, sau khi thng mi gia 2 nc xy ra, Ghana cn 11 tn cacao v 7,75 tn go. Hn Quc c 4 tn cacao v 6 tn go. C hai nc u c li.

Cu hi t ra l: Liu t do thng mi c lun lun tt?

Cu tr li l khng bi v m hnh li th so snh c nhiu gi nh qu n gin v hon ho. Mt quc gia khng th quyt nh n gin chuyn t sn xut mt hng A sang mt hng B mt cch d dng v n ph thuc rt nhiu yu t.

Nhng gi nh phi thc t l:

1. Th gii ch c 2 quc gia v 2 loi hng ha

2. Chi ph vn chuyn bng 0

3. Gi c cc ngun lc bng nhau

4. Cc ngun lc sn xut c th di chuyn gia cc ngnh

5. Hiu sut khng i theo qui m

6. Ngun lc sn xut khng i v hiu qu s dng ngun lc khng i

7. Khng c s tc ng ca thng mi ln s phn phi thu nhp

Thuyt Heckscher-Ohlin

Eli Heckscher v Bertil Ohlin m rng thuyt ca Ricardo, ng cho rng li th so snh ca 1 quc gia bt ngun t s khc bit ca cc yu t cc ngun lc ca quc gia (factor endowments)

Hai ng cho rng cc quc gia ch xut khu nhng hng ha m hng ha sn xut t nhng ngun lc di do nh t ai, lao ng, vn.

Ngc li, cc quc gia ch nhp khu hng ha no khi n khan him cc ngun lc sn xut ra loi hng ha .

V vy, chng ta c th gii thch c tai sao Trung Quc da vo ngun lao ng chi ph thp sn xut v xut khu nhng sn phm c s dng lc lng lao ng ny chng hn nh dt may, giy dp...v M li nhp khu hng dt may t TQ v thiu ngun lao ng gi r.

Cu hi tho lun: im khc bit trong m hnh thng mi ca H-O v m hnh ca Ricardo.

TL: M hnh H-O da trn yu t cc ngun lc khc nhau gia cc quc gia, trong khi m hnh R da trn kh nng sn xut khc nhau

Nghch l Leontief

Wassily Leontief kim tra l thuyt H-O nm 1953 vi k vng rng M s xut khu nhng hng ha c sn xut da trn ngun vn di do v nhp khu nhng hng ha c sn xut da trn ngun lao ng.

Tuy nhin, ng khm ph ra rng M xut khu nhng hng ha s dng t vn hn l nhng hng ha s dng nhiu vn. Kt qu iu tra ca ng c bit n vi tn gi: Nghch l Leontief

Thuyt H-O khng th tr li hon chnh c cho cu hi: Ti sao mt s sn phm tng c sn xut ti 1 quc gia sau li i nhp khu t cc quc gia khc, c bit t cc quc gia km pht trin hn?

Trong mt s trng hp, thuyt Vng i sn phm ca Vernon gii thch tt hn cho cu hi ny.

Nm 1960, Vernon pht trin thuyt vng i sn phm, ng cho rng khi sn phm t n giai on trng thnh, a im sn xut v a im bn hng u thay i, v iu ny dn n lung thng mi gia cc quc gia cng thay i theo. Ni cch khc, cc sn phm u phi tri qua cc giai on ca vng i, mi giai on n u c bn v sn xut nhng ni khc nhau.

Nhng quan st ca Vernon ch yu tp trung vo nhng hng ha c sn xut bi cc cng ty M. giai on u, cc cng ty ny sn xut v bn sn phm th trng M, l do l cc cng ty ny hiu th trng ni a v cc quyt nh qun tr cng c thc thi d dng hn. Trong gia on tng trng, nhu cu ca khch hng thu nhp cao cc th trng pht trin khc cng bt u hnh thnh v cc cng ty M bt u xut khu sn phm sang cc th trng .

Sau , khi nhu cu v sn phm tng nhanh cc th trng nc ngoi, cc nh sn xut nc ngoi bt u sn xut p ng nhu cu. Cc nh sn xut ca M, s tham gia vo qu trnh ny bng cch xy dng nh my sn xut th trng nc ngoi.

Kt qu l xut khu t M s gim dn. Khi sn phm t n giai on trng thnh th trng M v nc ngoi, gi sn phm tr thnh yu t quan trng. Mt vi nh sn xut nc ngoi vi chi ph lao ng thp s c li th v gi v cc cng ty ny bt u xut khu sn phm vo th trng M sut giai on ny. Cui cng, qu trnh sn xut s dch chuyn hon ton sang cc nc ang pht trin tn dng hon ton li th v lao ng gi r, M tr thnh nc nhp khu sut giai on ny

Thuyt vng i sn phm ch ng trong mt vi trng hp in hnh M sut thp nin 60, 70 ca th k trc. Trong giai on ton cu ha v hi nhp nh hin nay, thuyt PLC khng cn kh nng gii thch c na.

V d nh: nhiu sn phm c thit k v gii thiu khp th gii bi cc DN M ngay t giai on hnh thnh & pht trin sn phm.

Thuyt Thng mi mi New trade

Nhng nh nghin cu ca thp nin 70 tm kim nhng l l khc nhau gii thch cho nhng hot ng thng mi ang xy ra m thuyt PLC khng th gii quyt c.

Thuyt thng mi mi, da trn quan im v qu trnh gim chi ph sn xut da trn qui m sn xut c hnh thnh. Vic gim chi ph ny cui cng c gi lkinh t theo qui m.

i vi 1 vi cng ty nh Microsoft, sn xut theo qui m rt quan trng trang tri chi ph pht trin phin bn Windows mi cho hng triu my tnh.

Nu khng c thng mi, th trng nh b ca cc quc gia khng th tiu th ni lng hng ha c sn xut hng lot vi s lng ln ca cc cng ty.

Khi xy ra thng mi gia cc quc gia, th trng c m rng gp nhiu ln v c th hp th c lng hng ha sn xut theo qui m. Do , thng mi c bit hu dng v n cho php chuyn mn ha sn xut, sn xut hng lot vi s lng ln hng ha vi gi cc thp.

Tuy nhin, i vi 1 vi ngnh cng nghip, t li ch kinh t theo qui m, DN phi nm c cc th trng chnh ca th gii.

V d trong ngnh sn xut my bay, chi ph sn xut 1 my bay cc cao, v vy DN trong lnh vc ny phi ginh ly th trng mc tiu.

Vai tr ca li th ngi i u (first mover advantages ): to ra ro cn cho cc DN cnh tranh khc mun tham gia vo ngnh

Chng ta c th hc c g t thuyt thng mi mi?

Cc quc gia c th hng li t thng mi ngay c khi khng c s khc bit v cc ngun lc hay k thut cng ngh. Mt quc gia c th chim u th v xut khu v n c nhng cng ty i u trong 1 lnh vc no .

Thuyt TMM mu thun vi thuyt H-O im thuyt H-O cho rng cc quc gia s sn xut v XK cc HH s dng cc yu t sn xut di do.

Nhng thuyt TMM khng mu thun vi thuyt LTSS v n xc nh c ngun LTSS.

V vy, cc chnh ph s s dng thng tin ny ban hnh cc chnh sch thng mi nui dng v bo v cc ngnh cng nghip v cc DN c li th l ngi i u v c li th trong sn xut theo qui m

Thuyt li th cnh tranh quc gia M hnh kim cng ca M.Porter

Tt c cc hc thuyt va trnh by u gii thch c phn no cc hin tng ca TMQT. Tuy vy, vn cn nhng cu hi khng th tr li 1 cch hon chnh c chng hn nh:

Ti sao mt vi quc gia c nhng ngnh cng nghip ni tri hn nhng quc gia khc? V d nh, ti sao Nht chim v th hng u trong lnh vc t? Ti sao Thy S lun ng u trong cng nghip dc.

Nhng nghin cu ca Porter, v c bit l thuyt li th cnh tranh quc gia c gng gii thch ti sao 1 quc gia c th thnh cng vi 1 ngnh cng nghip ni tri no .

Porter nh dng 4 yu t c th to ra li th cnh tranh trong 1 ngnh cng nghip. ng gi m hnh 4 yu t ny l m hnh kim cng v li th cnh tranh

Yu t u tin, yu t cc ngun lc (factor endowments), cp n cc ngun lc ca 1 quc gia c th dn n li th cnh tranh. M rng hn so vi yu t ngun lc trong thuyt H-O; y M.Porter cp n cc ngun lc c th nh lao ng c k nng, c s h tng l nhng ngun lc quan trng t li th cnh tranh trong mt ngnh cng nghip c bit. ng chia cc ngun lc thnh 2 nhm, nhm ngun lc c bn(ti nguyn thin nhin, kh hu, a im), ngun lc cao cp(lao ng c k nng, c s h tng, k thut cng ngh)

Yu t th hai, ng gi l cc iu kin v cu (demand conditions) l nhu cu ca ngi dn trong 1 nc i vi HH&DV ca 1 ngnh. Porter cho rng cc nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng c tha mn s gy p lc i vi cc DN phi c gng to ra li th cnh tranh

Yu t th ba, cc ngnh cng nghip lin quan v b tr(Relating and supporting industries), cp n s tn ti hay khng ca cc nh cung cp v ngnh cng nghip lin quan m nhng ngnh ny c ng gp cho nhng ngnh khc v nhng ngnh ny phi c nng lc cnh tranh quc t.

Yu t cui cng - chin lc ca DN, cu trc v s cnh tranh (firm strategy, structure, and rivalry) cp n nhng iu kin bn trong 1 quc gia c th l cch thc qun l ca quc gia vi s hnh thnh, t chc hot ng , pht trin ca cc DN v s cnh tranh gia cc DN bn trong quc gia . Khi s cnh tranh ny mnh, cc DN chu p lc phi sng to, ci tin cht lng, gim chi ph v u t vo nhng sn phm cao cp.

III. ngha ca l thuyt li th cnh tranh quc gia?

S thnh cng ca 1 quc gia trong 1 ngnh cng nghip l s kt hp ca 4 yu t trong m hnh kim cng ca Porter. ng ngh:

Vai tr ca chnh ph:

1. Tc ng n nhu cu ca ngi dn thng qua vic ban hnh cc chnh sch lin quan n cht lng/tiu chun sn phm.

2. Tc ng n cnh tranh gia cc DN thng qua cc qui nh, lut chng c quyn

3. a ra cc chnh sch v gio dc (o to i ng lao ng c nng lc) v chnh sch xy dng c s h tng( h thng cu ng, giao thng ng thy, b, hng khng)

M hnh Porter c th c dng d bo cc m hnh thng mi ngy nay. Tuy vy, n vn cha c kim chng.

IV. Hm ca hc thuyt thng mi i vi nh qun l?

3 im quan trng cn nh

1. V tr (location): 1 DN pht trin hot ng sn xut phi chn cc quc gia m c iu kin thun li qu trnh sn xut t hiu qu nht

2. Ngi tin phong (First mover): li th ca ngi tin phong c th gip 1 DN thng lnh thng mi ton cu i vi 1SP (HH/DV no )

3. Chnh sch: Cc DN nn khuyn khch cc chnh sch ca chnh ph phi h tr cho t do thng mi; lm c iu ny cc DN nn vn ng hnh lang cc chnh ph ban hnh cc chnh sch tc ng ln tng thnh phn ca m hnh kim cng.

V. u t quc t

L hin tng di chuyn vn t nc ny sang nc khc nhm mc ch kim li nhun

Hai hnh thc ca u t quc t

+ u t trc tip nc ngoi (FDI)

+ u t gin tip nc ngoi (FII)*

Foreign direct investment (FDI):

Khi bn chy xe dc quc l 20 ngang tnh ng Nai hoc i ngc v hng Bnh Dng, hng lot cc KCN mc ln nh KCN Amata, KCN Bin Ha 1, Bin Ha 2, KCN Vit Sing, KCN Sng Thn cc KCN hin din nhng cng ty ln nh Nestle, Unilever, P&G

y l nhng cng ty nc ngoi, u t xy dng nh my sn xut VN. Nhng cng ty ny sn xut ra sn phm bn cho ngi dn chng ta v c th xut khu ra cc nc khc.

Nh vy, u t trc tip nc ngoi - Foreign direct investment(FDI), l hnh thc 1 DN u t trc tip cho hot ng sn xut v/hoc tip th SP&DV ca n th trng nc ngoi.

Khi 1 DN thc hin FDI, n c gi l 1 DN a quc gia (multinational enterprise ) - MNE.

C 2 dng FDI.

Loi th 1: u t mi hon ton (greenfield investment) lin quan n vic thnh lp 1 c s hot ng mi nc ngoi. V d nh Nestle, 3M, Bayer...

Loi th 2 ca FDI l hnh thc mua li hoc sp nhp(acquisition or merger) vi 1 cng ty no th trng nc ngoi .

Dng vn FDI l lng vn FDI c thc hin trong 1 khong thi gian nht nh. Lung vn ra ca FDI (outflows) l lung vn FDI ra khi 1 quc gia, lung vn FDI vo(FDI inflows) l lung vn FDI nhp vo 1 t nc.

FDI n t u?

Sau Chin tranh TG ln 2, Hoa K l nc cung cp ngun FDI ln nht th gii, nhng nc khc ng vai tr quan trng khng km l Anh, H lan, Php, c, Nht.

T nm 1998 n 2010, 6 nc trn cung cp hn 60% tng lng FDI ton th gii

Cu hi tho lun: hu ht cc DN chn phng thc u t no sau y: u t mi (greenfield investments) hay mua li(acquisition)?

Cu tr li theo tng kt ca Hill: Hu ht cc DN u chn hnh thc sp nhp(mergers) v mua li thay v u t mi.

Nguyn nhn:

1) So vi u t mi, M&A gip DN nhanh chng xm nhp th trng hn

2) D hn v t ri ro hn

3) Cc DN tin rng h c th gia tng hiu qu HKD ca n v sp nhp/ mua li bng cch chuyn vn, cng ngh v k nng qun l

Ti sao cc DN li chn hnh thc u t trc tip(FDI) 1 quc gia khc? Ti sao cc DN khng chn hnh thc xut khu hoc k tha thun cho php s dng cng ngh ( thng gi l li xng licensing) khi cc DN ny mun bn sn phm ca h ti th trng nc ngoi?

tr li cc cu hi trn, cc bn phi bit nhng hn ch ca XK v li xng.

Xut khu: sn xut hng ha ti 1 nc, sau mang bn sang 1 nc khc. XK b hn ch do chi ph vn chuyn v cc ro cn thng mi (thu nhp khu v hn ngch)

Li- xng: hnh thc cng ty A k tha thun cho php cng ty B ( th trng nc ngoi) sn xut v bn sn phm vi iu kin cng ty B phi tr li 1 khon ph tha thun.

Li- xng khng hp dn cc DN v 3 l do chnh: 1) d b mt b quyt cng ngh vo i th cnh tranh, 2) DN khng kim sot c qu trnh sn xut, marketing v chin lc ca i tc c cp li xng, 3) Nu li th cnh tranh ca 1 DN da vo qun l, marketing, kh nng sn xut hn l s ni tri v sn phm th li xng khng hp dn ( v d - Toyota khng th li xng vi 1 DN khc v vn ha Toyota ch trng n cc k nng

Li ch ca FDI i vi nc nhn u t(host country)?

Cc li ch chnh ca FDI i vi nc nhn u t l nh hng n chuyn giao ngun lc, vic lm, cn cn thanh ton, s cnh tranh v tng trng kinh t

1. Chuyn giao ngun lc: FDI mang li li ch cho nc nhn u t nh vn, cng ngh, k nng qun l iu ny gip quc gia gia tng tc tng trng kinh t

2. Vic lm: r rng tng trng kinh t s to ra nhiu vic lm hn, y chnh l li ch th 2

3. Cn cn thanh ton: FDI c th gip 1 quc gia ci thin cn cn thanh ton thng qua hot ng kinh doanh ca n( v d nh gip 1 quc gia hn ch nhp khu)

4. S cnh tranh v tng trng kinh t: FDI thng qua hnh thc u t mi hon ton gip gia tng mc cnh tranh trn th trng, h gi thnh sn phm v ci thin phc li ca ngi tiu dng.

Chi ph ca FDI mang li vi nc nhn u t?

1. Tc ng tiu cc ln s cnh tranh i vi cc DN ni ti nc nhn u t

2. nh hng tiu cc ln cn cn thanh ton (v d nh cc chi nhnh FDI nhp khu ton b cc ngun nguyn liu sn xut)

Tc ng tch cc ca FDI i vi nc u t (home country)?

1. nh hng tch cc ln ti khon vn v li nhun m cc DN FDI to ra c chuyn v v 1 phn t hot ng nhp khu ca chi nhnh DN FDI ti nc nhn u t

2. Lng vic lm tng ln

3. Hc hi kinh nghim t th trng nc ngoi

Tc ng tiu cc ca FDI i vi nc u t?

1. Cn cn thanh ton: b nh hng ban u do lung vn di chuyn ra nc ngoi; b nh hng nu mc ch ca FDI ch l phc v cho th trng ni a ( hot ng FDI ch yu nhm vo th trng lao ng gi r bn ngoi)

2. Vic lm: nu FDI nhm vo mc ch thay th lc lng lao ng ti nc u t th nc u t s gia tng tnh trng tht nghip

Tc ng ca chnh ph ln FDI?

V FDI mang li nhng tc ng tch cc v tiu cc, do cc chnh ph phi can thip theo cch m h cho l c li cho ngi dn v t nc.

1. Chnh sch khuyn khch dng u t ra nc ngoi: thng qua cc chng trnh cho vay c bit nu cc DN u t sang cc nc ang pht trin, u i v thu, khuyn khch nc nhn u t tho g dn cc ro cn

2. Chnh sch khng khuyn khch dng u t ra nc ngoi: qui nh v lng vn ti a/ ti thiu, u i thu cho hot ng kinh doanh trong nc, cm u t vo mt s quc gia

3. Chnh sch thu ht dng u t vo: m ca th trng, h thng lut php cht ch, cng bng, u i thu, u i ph s dng t

4. Chnh sch hn ch dng u t vo: i x khng cng bng, chi ph s dng t cao, thu cao, cm u t vo 1 s ngnh

ngha ca FDI i vi HKDQT?

Khi quyt nh m rng hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh ra th trng nc ngoi, cc DN cn nhc: nn chn cc hnh thc xm nhp no ( XK, Li xng hay u t trc tip . Mi hnh thc u c u, nhc khc nhau.

Ngoi ra, cn ch nghin cu k cc l thuyt thng mi, cc chnh sch ca cc quc gia

Bi ging P1 Chng 3 - Hi nhp kinh t khu vc

Mc tiu chng:

MT1: Hiu c cc cp hi nhp khc nhau

MT2: M t c lch s hnh thnh, mc ch ca 1 s khu vc kinh t quan trng MT3: Bit c tc ng ca cc khu vc kinh t n qu trnh hot ng kinh doanh quc t ca cc DN

I. Hi nhp kinh t khu vc l g?

Vit Nam, cc bn tng nghe n cc cm t nh WTO, APEC, AFTA, EU v thi gian gn y l TPP.

WTO, PAEC, AFTA, EU hay TPP l cc dng khc nhau ca s hi nhp kinh t khu vc (regional economic integration ) l cc tha thun gia cc quc gia trong 1 khu vc a l nhm lm gim cc ro cn thu quan/ phi thu quan to iu kin cho hng ha, dch v v cc yu t sn xut lu thng t do trong khu vc .

Ni cch khc, cc tha thun ny nhm mc ch xc tin t do thng mi v s t do ny ph thuc vo cc mc hi nhp.

Cu hi tho lun: Hy cho bit, vic hi nhp vo cc khu vc kinh t mang li li ch v bt cp g i vi 1 quc gia?

Cc mc hi nhp

C 5 mc hi nhp kinh t

1. Khu vc thng mi t do (Free trade area)

2. Lin hp thu quan (Customs union)

3. Th trng chung (Common market )

4. Lin hp kinh t (Economic union)

5. Lin hp chnh tr (Political union)

Khu vc thng mi t do: loi b tt c cc ro cn thng mi i vi hng ha v dch v gia cc nc thnh vin. Xc nh cc chnh sch ca tng nc khc nhau i vi cc nc ngoi khu vc.

V d: AFTA, EFTA, NAFTA,

AFTA: Khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN (ASEAN Free Trade Area) gm: Brunei, Indonesia, Philippine, Thailand, Malaixia, Singapore (k nm 1992), Vietnam(1995), Laos & Myanmar(1997), Cambodia(1999)

EFTA(European Free Trade Area) Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland.

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area).

Lin hp thu quan(customs union) : loi b cc ro cn thng mi gia cc thnh vin, chnh sch thng mi chung vi cc nc khng phi l thnh vin

V d: Adean Pact gm c Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru.

Th trng chung (common market): gm cc iu kin ca lin hp thu quan, s dch chuyn t do cc yu t sn xut gia cc thnh vin. Cc thnh vin phi hp tc cht ch vi nhau v chnh sch ti kha, chnh sch tin t, lao ng.

V d: EC, MERCOSUR

Lin hp kinh t: Bao gm cc iu kin ca th trng chung, thng nht chnh sch thng mi, ng tin chung(hoc t gi chung), thng nht chnh sch tin t, ti kha, hi ha cc mc thu sut. V d: European Union

Lin hp chnh tr: gm 1 h thng chnh tr chung ra cc quyt nh hp tc v kinh t, x hi, chnh sch i ngoi ca cc thnh vin

Cu hi tho lun: Ti sao cc nc ng tham gia vo cc khu vc kinh t?

L do kinh t: v li ch kinh t. Mc d WTO rt n lc nhng cc ro cn thng mi vn tn ti rt nhiu. Hi nhp kinh t khu vc l gii php cho cc nc gn nhau tin ti 1 khu vc t do thng mi mc nh hn nhng thc hin hn, l trnh thc hin nhanh hn.

L do chnh tr:

Th nht: mt khi cc nc kin kt vi nhau, n s ph thuc ln nhau t hnh thnh nn 1 cu trc m c th loi b dn cc mi e da ca bo lc, chin tranh.

Th hai: tham gia vo 1 khu vc chung, cc nc khi m phn quc t (v mi lnh vc) s c ting ni mnh hn

Nhng vn bt cp ca hi nhp kinh t khu vc?

1. Mt vi quc gia c th hng li, nhng 1 vi quc gia c th gp bt li ( v d: khi gia nhp NAFTA, tnh trng mt vic lm M tng ln v cc cng ty dch chuyn hot ng sn xut sang Mehico, quc gia c chi ph lao ng r hn)

2. Quyn quyt nh ca 1 quc gia v cc chnh sch ti kha, tin t, v thng mi c th b nh hng

II. Lch s hnh thnh, mc ch ca 1 s khu vc kinh t

Chu u c 2 khi thng mi: Lin hp Chu u (Lin minh Chu u) : c 27 nc thnh vin

Khu mu dch t do Chu u (European Free Trade Area ): c 4 thnh vin ( Iceland,Liechtenstein, Norway v Switzerland)

Lin hp Chu u (EU)

Cc nc t vng trn bn (6 thnh vin nm 1957 gm Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, v Netherlands), nm 1973 m rng thm Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark. Nm 1981, Greece tham gia, nm 1986 c thm Spain v Portugal ,Austria, Finland, Sweden. n 2013 c tng cng 28 thnh vin

Lch s Lin hp Chu u - EU(EU l trng hp c bit ca lin hp kinh t - Economic Union):

Tin thn l cng ng Than & Thp Chu u (1951) mc ch: xa b cc ro cn thng mi gia cc quc gia (B, Php, Ty c, Luxembourg v H Lan) v Than, St, Thp v Kim loi ph liu.

Nm 1957: tr thnh Cng ng kinh t Chu u (European Economic Community ) vi mc ch nhm hng ti 1 th trng chung (Common Market)

Nm 1994: EC tr thnh EU( European Union)

Nm 2012: 28 thnh vin, dn s gn 508 triu dn, GDP khong 16,3 ngn t

Lut Mt Chu u (Single European Act) c cc thnh vin thng qua thng 12/1992 hng n 1 th trng duy nht vi cc mc tiu:

1. Xa b bin gii gia cc quc gia thnh vin

2. Xy dng h thng nhn bit tiu chun sn phm chung v tiu chun ny phi c cc nc thnh vin chp nhn.

3. Mua sm cng cho php cc nh thu khng c quc tch (ca quc gia ch thu) tham gia.

4. Ro cn cnh tranh trong lnh vc ngn hng v bo him phi c g b.

5. G b cc iu lut hn ch, ngn cn qu trnh trao i ngoi t

Nhng thay i ny nhm mc ch cui cng l mang li hng ha, dch v vi chi ph thp nht c th.

ng tin chung Chu u Euro

Hip c Maastricht nm 1991 gp phn hnh thnh nn ng tin chung Chu u nm 1999. y l ng tin gp phn to ra khu vc tin t ln th 2 sau ng $. ng Euro c s dng bi 16/ 27 nc thnh vin ( 3 nc ln nh Anh, an mch, Thy in khng tham gia)

Li ch ca ng Euro:

Gim chi ph giao dch trong TMQT

Tng nng lc cnh tranh gia cc DN( cc DN phi sn xut sn phm tt hn nhng c gi thp hn hoc bng i th cnh tranh).

Tng tnh thanh khon ca th trng vn.

Gia tng u t

Bt li: cc quc gia khng th kim sot kinh t thng qua chnh sch tin t

Mt s khu vc kinh t khc Chu M

Ln nht l Khu t do thng mi Bc M(North American Free Trade Area - NAFTA)

Nh hn l Cng ng Adean (gm Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia v Peru k nm 1969, Venezuela 1997), hin ti cng ng Adean c xem nh l 1 lin hp thu quan v MERCOSUR (gm Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela, Bolivia)

Mt s thng tin v khu vc NAFTA

L tha thun thng mi c k kt gia cc nc Hoa K, Canada v Mexico nm 1994

Thu quan ca 99% hng ha giao thng gia cc nc trong khu vc c bi b.

Tha thun cng ch trng n quyn s hu tr tu, bi b cc hn ch v FDI gia 3 nc

Cho php mi nc duy tr cc tiu chun v mi trng

o hai y ban c thnh lp can thip khi cc tiu chun mi trng hoc php lut c lin quan n an ton sc khe, mc lng ti thiu, hoc xm phm lao ng tr em

Nhng li ch m NAFTA mang li?

Nhng ngi ng h cho rng cc thnh vin trong khu vc u c li

o i vi Mexico: quc gia ny s hng li do to c cng vic cho ngi dn t vic cc cng ty Hoa K v Canada chuyn dch nh my sn xut sang Mexico tn dng ngun lao ng gi r

o i vi Hoa K v Canada: ngi dn HK v Canada s c s dng nhng sn phm c gi r hn. Cc cng ty ngoi vic gim c chi ph sn xut cn xm nhp v m rng c th trng rng ln y tim nng.

Nhng ngi phn i cho rng:

o Tnh trng tht nghip v mc lng gim s xy ra Hoa K v Canada

o nhim mi trng Mexico s gia tng do cc cng ty tn dng trit cc lut l lng lo v mi trng ca 1 quc gia ang pht trin.

o Mt s kin tiu cc cn cho rng Mexico s mt t ch v kinh t v cc DN Hoa K ch tn dng li th lao ng r sn xut ch khng tht s gip Mexico tng trng kinh t

Quan im no ng?

Sau 10 nm u tin NAFTA i vo hot ng, nhng nh quan st, nghin cu, nh gi nhn nh rng qu cng iu khi ni v nhng tc ng tiu cc cng nh tch cc. V d nh, nhng nghin cu ch ra rng tht nghip khng phi l vn ln nh d kin. Thm ch, chnh tr ca Mexico cn n nh hn nh vo nhng tc ng tch cc ca pht trin kinh t.

Tng lai ca NAFTA?

o C th s m rng hn, Chile l quc gia rt mun gia nhp nhng vn cn ch Hoa K v Canada xem xt

Chng ta i qua Chu u v Chu M. Chu th sao? C l ngi Vit Nam chng ta qu quen thuc vi t ASEAN. Vy ASEAN l g?

ASEAN vit tt ca Association of South East Asian Nations hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam

ASEAN c thnh lp nm 1967 gm Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, v Vietnam.

Mc ch ca Asean l xc tin thng mi gia cc quc gia thnh vin, t tha thun hp tc v thng nht chnh sch cng nghip. Tuy nhin iu ny vn cha c nhiu tin trin.

AFTA:ASEAN Free Trade Area c thnh lp t 6 thnh vin ban u ca ASEAN (Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippine, Singapore v Thailand)

Din n hp tc kinh t Chu Thi Bnh Dng (Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation) - APEC, c thnh lp nm 1990 vi 21 thnh vin trong gm (Hoa K, Nht, Trung quc). Mc ch ca APEC l gia tng hp tc a phng gia cc nc thnh vin. C gng tr thnh 1 th trng chung (common market). Nu iu ny tr thnh hin thc th APEC s th khu vc kinh t ln nht th gii

Chu Phi th sao?

V danh ngha, c n 9 khu Chu Phi. Tuy nhin, nhng khu ny vn mang tn gi m cha tht s th hin bt c hnh ng g chng minh cho qu trnh hp tc kinh t v cc nc vn duy tr cc ro cn thng mi bo v nn kinh t ca quc gia, trnh cnh tranh t nc ngoi

III. Hm i vi nh qun tr

Hi nhp kinh t khu vc

o C hi m ra th trng mi

o DN tit kim chi ph nh u i v thu, v tr t phn xng, nh my, nhn cng gi r

Tuy nhin

o Mi trng kinh doanh tr nn cnh tranh hn

o Gp ri ro do b cc p t v chnh sch ( V d: EU bt buc cc cng ty gia nhp phi thng qua mua li hoc sp nhp)

Bi ging P2 Chng 4 - Mi trng vn ha

Mc tiu chng:

MT1: Gii thch ngha ca vn ha

MT2: Hiu cc yu t to nn vn ha

MT3: Hiu c 5 khuynh hng vn ha ca Hofstede

MT4: Nm c ngha ca vic nghin cu vn ha i vi nh qun tr

I. Nhng khc bit v VH nh hng n KDQT nh th no?

S hiu bit v thch ng vi vn ha a phng rt quan trng i vi cc cng ty quc t

Hiu bit a vn ha (cross-cultural literacy) mt s hiu bit v s khc bit vn ha bn trong v gia cc quc gia c th nh hng n cch thc thc hin kinh

hiu bit a vn ha l yu t quan trng doanh kinh doanh thnh cng

C mi quan h gia vn ha v chi ph thc hin kinh doanh 1 quc gia hay 1 khu vc

Cc MNE c th l tc nhn lm thay i vn ha

V d: McDonalds

Vn ha

Vn ha l mt h thng cc gi tr v tiu chun c chia s bi mt nhm ngi. Con ngi biu hin nn vn ha ca mnh thng qua cc gi tr, chun mc, thi , hnh vi.

Gi tr: l nhng nim tin v chun mc chung c cc thnh vin trong x hi chp nhn.

Cc chun mc: l nhng qui tc x hi dng kim sot hnh ng ca ngi ny vi ngi khc

Gi tr v chun mc

Gi tr cung cp bi cnh m trong cc chun mc c hnh thnh t to nn nn tng ca vn ha.

Chun mc gm:

Phong tc tp qun(folkways) - nhng qui c ca cuc sng hng ngy.

Tc l/tp tc(mores) - nhng tiu chun ca hnh vi, l nhng qui tc c coi l trng tm trong vic thc hin cc chc nng x hi v i sng x hi

Gi tr v chun mc ca mt nn vn ha pht trin theo thi gian

II. Nhng yu t cu thnh vn ha

Cc yu t hnh thnh nn gi tr&chun mc gm

1. Cu trc x hi(social structure)

2. Tn gio(religion)

3. Ngn ng(language)

4. Gio dc(education)

5. Trit l v kinh t & x hi (political and economic philosophies)

Cu trc x hi(Social structure) mt t chc x hi c bn trong ch n

cp phn chia thnh cc nhm, c nhn

cp phn chia thnh cc giai cp hoc cc tng lp (classes or castes)

S khc bit gia nhm v c nhn?

Mt nhm (group) l mt mi quan h gia 2 hoc nhiu ngi cng nhau chia s chung mt bn sc v tng tc ln nhau trn c s nhng cch thc c da trn nn tng chung ca cc hnh vi tng c nhn

Nhng c nhn kt hp li hnh thnh nn cc gia nh, nhm lm vic, nhm x hi, nhm gii tr(vd: nhm bn b, fanclub)vv

Cc nhm khc nhau to ra cc gi tr khc nhau

Trong XH phng Ty, ngi ta ch trng vo tng c nhn

S thnh cng ca c nhn l iu thng thng

Vd: s nng ng ca nn kinh t Hoa k, da trn s pht trin ca cc cng ty t nhn

Nhng, n cng to nhng bt cp(vd: thiu lng trung thnh vi t chc)

Cc c nhn cnh tranh nhau thay v lm vic nhm vi nhau

Mng li lin lc c nhn ln nhau trong 1 cng ty pht trin yu km

nhiu x hi Chu , cc nhm c hnh thnh nh l mt phn cp ca t chc x hi

Khng khuyn khch thay i cng vic gia cc cng ty.

Khuyn khch h thng lm vic sut i

Hng n s hp tc trong vic gii quyt cc vn kinh doanh

NHNG, c th kim hm s sng to, cc sng kin ca c nhn

S phn tng x hi

Mi x hi u phn tng trn c s phn cp thnh cc tng lp x hi

Cc c nhn c sinh ra trong mt tng lp c bit no ( vd: qu tc/dn en, thng lu/h lu, giu/ngho)

Ch :

S dch chuyn gia cc tng lp

Vai tr ca phn cp tng lp trong bi cnh kinh doanh

S dch chuyn (Social mobility) kh nng m cc c nhn ra khi tng lp m h c sinh ra

H thng ng cp(caste system) - h thng phn cp ng, v tr x hi c xc nh bi gia nh ca ngi c sinh ra

Him khi thay i sut i sng ca 1 c nhn

H thng phn lp (class system) - h thng x hi m

V tr x hi ca mt c nhn c th thay i nh nhng thnh qu t c hoc nh may mn

S phn tng x hi v mi quan h kinh doanh

thc ng cp(class consciousness) mt tnh trng m mt ngi c khuynh hng nhn thc bn thn thuc v mt tng lp no , v iu ny nh dng mi quan h ca h vi ngi khc.

Mt mi quan h i lp s lm tng chi ph sn xut cc quc gia m c s khc bit ng k v giai cp/ tng lp

Tn gio(Religion) - l mt h thng cc tn ngng v nghi thc c lin quan n thn thnh

5 tn gio ln trn th gii:

1. o Thin cha(Christianity)

2. o Hi (Islam)

3. o Hindu(Hinduism)

4. o Pht(Buddhism)

5. o Khng(Confucianism)

o Thin cha(Christianity)

Ln nht th gii

Tp trung nhiu Chu u, Chu M v mt s nc thuc a bi ngi Chu u

o c lm vic ca ngi theo o Tin lnh (theo nghin cu ca Max Weber, 1804)

Lm vic chm ch, mong mun s giu c, sng tit kim, thanh m

Hi gio(Islam)

Tn gio ln th 2 th gii c nin i t nm 610 sau cng nguyn

C nim tin duy nht vo Thng

Thng c truyn thng phng Ty nhc n vi s quan h phc tp gia cc chin binh, khng b, nhng mi quan h phc tp.

NHNG, hi gio truyn dy chnh nhng thng ip ha bnh, cng l v lng khoan dung

Lin quan n quyn lc chnh tr, li cho phng Ty v nhiu vn x hi

T tng khng s hu ti sn, ch l ngi i in qun l/phc v gip cho Thng

H tr hot ng kinh doanh, nhng trong gii hn c qui nh.

o Hindu (Hinduism)

Tn gio chnh n

Ch trng vo tm quan trng ca s pht trin v trng thnh ca tinh thn khng cn n s i hi v vt cht, sc lc

Vi ngi theo o Hindu, gi tr th hin qua tinh thn ca h hn l nhng thnh qu v vt cht

Trong kinh doanh, s thng tin v bt thm chc v, trch nhim c th khng quan trng vi ngi theo o Hindu, hoc khng kh thi v s phn bit ng cp

Pht gio(Buddhism)

C khong 350 triu ngi tn ngng

Ch trng nhiu vo cuc sng ci nit bn (cuc sng sau khi cht) v i sng tinh thn hn l nhng thnh qu t c trong th gii thc.

Khng cp n vic to ra nhiu ca ci vt cht

Khng nhn mnh n hnh vi kinh doanh

Khng cao h thng giai cp, cc c nhn c th t do lm vic, giao lu vi cc c nhn khc khng cng ng cp

Khng Gio(Confucianism)

T tng thc hnh chnh ca ngi Trung quc

Ging dy con ngi v tm quan trng ca vic t cu ly mnh thng qua nhng hnh ng chun mc

o c cao, nhn mnh s trung thnh

Lng trung thnh, c qua c li, tnh trung thc l 3 t ct li khi nh qun tr thc thi hot ng kinh doanh nhng quc gia ly t tng Khng gio lm nn tng vn ha

Ngn ng(Language) - cp n giao tip khng li v giao tip bng li

Ngn ng l ci ngun ca ton b hnh vi v vn minh ca loi ngi.

Ngn ng c nhiu ngi s dng nht nh ting m l ting Trung quc, th hai l ting Hinu, th ba l ting Anh.

Cc quc gia c nhiu ngn ng thng c nhiu hn 1 nn vn ha

Vd: Canada, Belgium, Spain

Ting Anh l ngn ng c s dng thng dng nht trn th gii

Trong kinh doanh quc t, ting Anh l ngn ng chnh

NHNG, c kin thc v ngn ng a phng vn l u im, trong mt vi trng hp, n mang li s thnh cng trong kinh doanh

Khng hiu ngn ng ca nhau c th dn n s tht bi v giao tip

Gio dc: Gio dc ng vai tr ch cht trong x hi; thng qua gio dc, cc c nhn c th hc c rt nhiu k nng cn thit v ngn ng, nhn thc, cc ngnh khoa hc

Vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh li th cnh canh quc gia

S thnh cng ca Nht bn sau chin tranh nh vo s thnh cng xut chng ca h thng gio dc

Trnh hc vn ni chung l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng khi nh qun tr thc thi HKD mt quc gia, n nh hng n quyt nh sn phm no c bn ra

III. 5 khuynh hng vn ha ca Hofstede

Mi quan h gia vn ha v ni lm vic

Nghin cu ca Hofstede v 5 khuynh hng vn ha

ng thu thp d liu t nm 1967 n 1973 trn 100.000 ngi lm vic ca cng ty IBM

ng phn loi ra 5 khuynh hng vn ha khc bit gia cc quc gia

5 khuynh hng vn ha ca Hofstede

1. Khong cch quyn lc(Power distance)

2. S lng trnh ri ro(Uncertainty avoidance)

3. Ch ngha c nhn/ ch ngha tp th(Individualism versus collectivism)

4. Nam tnh/ N tnh(Masculinity versus femininity)

5. nh hng ngn hn/ di hn

Khong cch quyn lc (PD)

M t cch mt x hi ng x vi s bt bnh ng v quyn lc gia con ngi trong x hi

Mt x hi c s chnh lch v quyn lc ln th mc bt bnh ng tng i cao.

S phn cp x hi l yu t c nh hng n khong cch quyn lc

Khong cch quyn lc THP Khong cch quyn lc CAO

Phn quyn l ph bin

ng ch l tng l ngi dn ch

H thng ng cp trong t chc ch th hin s khc bit v vai tr gia cc thnh vin

Khong cch tin lng gia cp cao v thp thng hp

Tp trung quyn lc l ph bin

.. l ngi chuyn quyn, tt bng

H thng ng cp trong t chc th hin s khc bit v quyn lc

Khong cch tin lng gia cp cao v thp thng cao

S lng trnh nhng iu khng chc chn

Th hin mc chp nhn s khng chc chn trong cuc sng ca mt con ngi

Ch : khng c nhm ln khi nim lng trnh nhng iu khng chc chn(Uncertainty Avoidance) v khi nim lng trnh ri ro(Risk Avoidance)

X hi c UA yu X hi c UA mnh

t ngi cm thy khng hnh phc

t lo lng v sc khe v tin bc

Gio vin c th tr li ti khng bit

Khi i mua sm, tm kim s thun tin

Mua xe hi c, t sa nh

Chp nhn nhanh chng cc pht kin mi nh smartphone, email, internet

S hi hc trong cc on qung co

Nhiu ngi cm thy khng hnh phc

Nhiu lo lng v sc khe v tin bc

Gio vin ngh mi ngi trong lp cng gip tr li cu hi

Khi i mua sm, tm kim s thun khit, sch s

Mua xe hi mi, thu th sa cha nh

C s do d khi chp nhn sn phm mi hay k thut mi

S xut hin ca cc chuyn gia trong cc clip qung co

Nam tnh/ N tnh

Ni ln nh hng ca x hi da trn gi tr ca nam tnh v n tnh.

Nn vn ha nam tnh c xu hng coi trng s cnh tranh, s quyt on, tham vng v s tch ly ca ci.

Nn vn ha n tnh ch trng vo vic duy tr vai tr, s ph thuc ln nhau, quan tm n nhng ngi km may mn

X hi nam tnh

nh gi cao gio vin thng minh

Thi rt l thm ha

La chn cng vic da trn c hi ngh nghip

Ph n mua sm thc phm, n ng mua xe hi

Hai ngi yu nhau cn 2 chic xe hi

Nhiu sn phm c nhn c bn

Thch c sch phi tiu thuyt

Internet s dng cho tm kim thng tin

Thch lm vic trong cc cng ty ln

Sng lm vic

Thch nhiu tin hn thch thi gian ngh dng

Ngh nghip n nh l bt buc i vi nam gii, ty chn vi n gii

X hi n tnh

nh gi cao gio vin thn thin

Thi rt l s c nh

La chn cng vic da trn quan tm ni ti.

Ph n v n ng cng nhau mua thc phm v xe

Hai ngi yu nhau cn mt chic xe hi

Nhiu sn phm cho gia nh c bn

Thch c sch tiu thuyt

Internet s dng cho mc ch xy dng mi quan h

Thch lm vic trong cng ty nh

Lm vic sng

Thch ngh dng hn l nhiu tin

Ngh nghip n nh l ty chn vi c hai gii

Ch ngha c nhn / ch ngha tp th

Cc x hi theo ch ngha c nhn c xu hng quan tm n li ch c nhn.

Ngc li, trong cc x hi theo ch ngha tp th, mi quan h gia cc c nhn ng vai tr quan trng.

Ch ngha tp th Ch ngha c nhn

ng c ngh nghip thp

Quyt nh qun tr theo nhm

Mi quan h ln t cng vic

ng c ngh nghip cao

Quyt nh qun tr da trn c nhn

Cng vic ln t mi quan h

nh hng ngn hn/ di hn

Cc doanh nghip v con ngi trong cc nn vn ha nh hng di hn c xu hng nhn v lu di khi lp k hoch v cuc sng.

Kha cnh di hn c th hin r nht trong cc gi tr o c ca ngi Chu (Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Singapore)

Hofstede b sung kha cnh vn ha th 5 gi l nh hng di hn(long-term orientation)

Thi nm bt hng v thi gian, tnh bn b, phn hng da trn a v, tnh s din, tn trng truyn thng, p tr tnh cm thng qua nhng mn qu v s u i.

Japan, Hong Kong, v Thailand c mc im kh cao kha cnh ny

U.S. v Canada c mc im thp

nh hng ngn hn nh hng di hn

Gi tr chnh ca cng vic gm: s t do, s ng n, s thnh t, suy ngh cho bn thn

Thi gian ngh ngi rt quan trng

Trng dng ngi ti, khen thng theo kh nng

Vt cht v tinh thn tch bit nhau

Nu A ng, B i nghch vi A phi sai

C nhng hng dn chung v ci g gi l tt, ci g xu

T duy phn tch

Gi tr chnh ca cng vic gm: hc hi, chn tht, trch nhim v k lut

Thi gian ngh ngi khng quan trng

S khc bit kinh t, quan h x hi rng khng c a thch

Vt cht v tinh thn ha quyn vo nhau

Nu A ng, B i nghch vi A c th ng

Ci g tt, ci g xu ph thuc vo tng trng hp

T duy h thng

Hofstede c ng khng?

Nghin cu ca Hofstede b ch trch v

Mt quc gia c th c nhiu nn vn ha. Vn ha ti ni lm vic cng phc tp hn kt qu ca Hofstede xut rt nhiu

i nghin cu ca ng l ngi M v Chu u c nhng khong chch trong thu thp, phn tch v nh gi vn ha

Ch s dng IBM l ngun duy nht ly thng tin

Vn ha khng ng yn, n lun pht trin

NHNG, cng trnh ca ng l im bt u cho s hiu bit v khc bit vn ha v mang li ngha cho cc nh qun tr

IV. ngha ca khc bit vn ha i vi NQT?

1. Rt quan trng pht trin s hiu bit v a vn ha

Cc cng ty thiu hiu bit v thng l ca cc nn vn ha khc s khng th thnh cng trong nn vn ha

hn ch vic thiu kin thc v vn ha:

Cn nhc vic thu ngi a phng

Chuyn gim c iu hnh ra cc a im khc nhau nc ngoi thng xuyn

Cc nh qun tr cng phi phng chng li ch ngha v chng (ethnocentrism)

Nim tin v tnh u vit v mt nn vn ha ca mt ngi.

2. C mt mi lin h gia vn ha v li th cnh tranh quc gia

xut nhng quc gia to ra nhng i th cnh tranh c kh nng t tn ti cao nht

nh hng n s la chn v tr, a im sn xut v kinh doanh.

Bi ging P2 Chng 5 - Mi trng Chnh tr, Lut php, Kinh t

Mc tiu chng:

MT1: Nm bt c cc khi nim lin quan n h thng chnh tr, h thng lut php, kinh t

MT2: Hiu c cc ri ro trong kinh doanh quc t xut pht t ch chnh tr

MT3: Hiu c cc ri ro trong kinh doanh quc t xut pht t h thng php lut ca 1 quc gia

MT4: Hiu c cc ri ro xut pht t mi trng kinh t

MT5: Vn dng cc gii php qun l ri ro lin quan n MT Chnh tr - Lut php Kinh t vo thc tin hot ng ca DN

I. H thng chnh tr

H thng chnh tr l mt tp hp cc t chc khc nhau, gn kt/tng tc vi nhau to nn mt chnh ph.

Do , h thng chnh tr ca 1 quc gia l l h thng chnh ph ca quc gia . C 2 xu hng phn loi h thng chnh tr. Th nht xu hng nhn mnh vo ch ngha tp th (collectivism) hoc ch ngha c nhn(individualism). Th hai, xu hng dn ch (democratic) hay chuyn ch(totalitarian). Hai xu hng ny thng tng quan ln nhau. H thng tp th c khuynh hng chuyn ch v h thng c nhn c khuynh hng dn ch.

Ch ngha tp th (collectivism)

cp n h thng chnh tr m t tng nhn mnh n nhng mc ch ca tp th. Ni cch khc, trong 1 x hi mang tnh tp th mi nhu cu, quan im u hng v tp th hn l t do c nhn. Ngy nay, ch ngha tp th c nh ng vi ch ngha x hi(xut pht t t tng ca Karl Marx). Nhng quc gia theo ui ch ngha x hi thng c xu hng nh nc phi s hu, qun l sn xut, phn phi v trao i hng ha trong nn kinh t

Ch ngha c nhn (Individualism)

Ch ngha c nhn da vo 2 gi thuyt mu cht:

1. Phi m bo quyn t do c nhn v quyn th hin bn thn

2. Con ngi c php theo ui nhng li ch c nhn m nhng li ch ring ny mang li nhng iu tt nht cho x hi

i vi cc cng ty quc t, ch ngha c nhn v quan im kinh t hc v th trng t do l hai yu t quan trng to ra 1 mi trng kinh doanh thun li

Hng th 2 ca h thng chnh tr, mc h thng dn ch hay chuyn ch

H thng chnh tr dn ch

L HTCT m chnh ph thuc v ngi dn, c hnh thnh thng qua bu c bi ngi dn. Trong khi , HTCT chuyn ch l h thng chnh tr ch do 1 ngi lnh o hoc duy nht 1 ng lnh o; nhng quan im i lp chnh tr hon ton b cm trong h thng chnh tr chuyn ch (c ti)

HTCT dn ch thng lin quan n ch ngha c nhn. HTCT chuyn ch thng lin quan n ch ngha tp th.

Tuy vy, mt s nc nh Trung Quc l 1 trong nhng nc c bit TQ tn ti 1 HTCT chuyn ch nhng eo ui 1 nn kinh t th trng c khuynh hng lin quan n CN c nhn

Mt vi c im d nhn thy ca ch dn ch l quyn t do c by t, t do ngn lun, bu c thng xuyn, h thng ton n minh bch, t do truy cp v tm kim thng tin. Ngc li, nhng quyn ny khng tn ti trong ch chuyn ch. (V d minh ha: Ngi dn Hng Kng biu tnh i dn ch, hn 500.000 ngi biu tnh i c t do bu c ngi lnh o ca h)

H thng chnh tr chuyn ch.

c 4 loi c bn

1. Chuyn ch cng sn(Communist totalitarianism) : trit l i ln ch ngha x hi thng qua con ng ton tr. Trit l ny ngy nay ch cn tn ti 1 vi nc nh Vit Nam, Cuba, Bc Triu Tin

2. Chuyn ch thn quyn (Theocratic totalitarianism ) HTCT c hnh thnh bi 1 ng, 1 nhm hoc 1 c nhn m trong trit l lnh o da trn nim tin v mt tn gio no . Iran, Saudi Arap l nhng v d in hnh cho trng hp ny.

3. Chuyn ch kiu b lc (Tribal totalitarianism ): H thng ny ch tn ti 1 s nc km pht trin Chu Phi nh Zimbabwe v Tanzania.

Chuyn ch cnh hu (Right-wing totalitarianism ): HTCT ny mang trit l ca ch ngha cng sn, do t do v chnh tr b cm hon ton. Tuy vy, ngi dn c t do v kinh t. Nhng nc c chnh quyn qun s iu khin thng ri vo dng ny. T nm 1980 h thng chnh tr dng ny suy gim dn. Nhng quc gia tng theo ui quan im chnh tr ny nh Sing, Philipine, Hn Quc, Indo hin nay u tr thnh nhng nc c ch dn ch.

H thng kinh t

H thng chnh tr ca 1 quc gia c quan h vi h thng kinh t ca quc gia .

cc nc m mc ch c nhn c coi trng hn mc ch tp th th cc h thng th trng t do tn ti. cc nc m mc ch tp th chim u th th th trng b hn ch bi hng lot cc lut l v cc DN thng thuc quyn kim sot ca nh nc.

C 3 loi h thng kinh t:

1. Kinh t th trng: Tt c cc hot ng sn xut u c t hu ha v vic sn xut c quyt nh bi s tng tc ca cung cu. Chnh ph khuyn khch cnh tranh t do v cng bng gia cc nh sn xut

2. Kinh t tp trung: Chnh ph lp k hoch sn xut v cung ng HH-DV, Cp quyt nh sn lng v gi c. Tt c cc c s kinh doanh u thuc s hu nh nc. Nn kinh t tp trung thng ko theo ca 1 nn kinh t yu km, tr tr v n thiu cnh tranh, thiu ng c kim sot chi ph v hiu qu

3. Kinh t hn hp: s kt hp gia hai h thng kinh t trn. Chnh ph thng s hu cc doanh nghip m h cho l quan trng vi an ninh quc gia. Php, Anh , Thy in l nhng nc theo ui nn kinh t hn hp

II. H thng php lut

H thng php lut ca 1 quc gia cung cp b khung php ch cc qui nh v qui tc iu chnh mi quan h hnh vi gia con ngi vi con ngi, con ngi v t chc ng thi a ra cc hnh pht cho cc hnh vi vi phm qua khc phc tnh trng tranh chp, khiu kin

Cu hi tho lun: Ti sao cc nh qun tr kinh doanh quc t phi quan tm n h thng php lut ca cc quc gia khc nhau?

TL: Bi v lut php ca 1 quc gia qui nh ngnh ngh c php kinh doanh, xc nh cch thc giao dch kinh doanh, t ra cc qui nh v quyn v ngha v i vi cc bn tham gia vo hot ng kinh doanh. V vy, h thng lut php s tc ng n s hp dn ca 1 quc gia i vi u t hoc thng mi

H thng php lut ca 1 quc gia b nh hng bi h thng chnh tr. Do , cc quc gia theo ui ch chuyn ch mang tnh tp th s ban hnh cc iu lut cm cn s hot ng ca cc Dn t nhn, ngc li cc nn kinh t th trng( lnh o bi cc t tng ch ngha c nhn) s khuyn khch cc DN t nhn hot ng

C 3 kiu h thng php lut:

1. Thng lut (Common law )- lut php da trn nn tng truyn thng, tin l, tp tc

2. Dn lut(Civic law) da trn b lut c t chc, lit k chi tit thnh cc iu, khon c th

Dn lut c hn 80 nc p dng, c c c, Nht, Nga

3. Thn lut(Theocratic law )- da trn nhng iu rn dy, ch bo ca tn gio

Cu hi tho lun: Ti sao cc cng ty quc t phi ch n h thng php lut ca nc s ti?

TL: L do c bn l mi nc tip cn 1 cch khc nhau vi vic k kt hp ng

Hp ng: l bn tha thun cc iu kin cho mt s trao i xy ra trong th hin chi tit quyn v ngha v hai bn

Php lut hp ng: l lut qun l/iu chnh vic thc thi hp ng

H thng thng lut c khuynh hng lit k cc tnh hung khng lng trc khi son hp ng H thng dn lut son hp ng ngn hn v b lut nu kh chi tit

Cu hi: nu nh qun tr n t 1 quc gia theo thng lut, i tc n t quc gia dn lut, hp ng nn k theo lut no?

TL: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods - CIGS (cng c LHQ v mua bn hng ha quc t - CIGS)

Hn 70 quc gia tham gia k hip c (c c Hoa k), nhng thiu Nht, Anh quc

Quyn s hu v tham nhng

Quyn s hu (Property rights) cp n quyn li hp php s dng 1 ngun ti nguyn v quyn s dng tt c cc thu nhp c c t ti nguyn

Quyn s hu c th b vi phm bi:

1. Cc hnh vi c nhn (Private action) n trm, n cp bn quyn, tng tin

2. Cc hnh vi cng cng(Public action) - hp php (cc loi thu qu mc); bt hp php (hi l, tham nhng)

Mc tham nhng cng cao th cng gim mc u t nc ngoi, thng mi quc t, tc tng trng kinh t ca mt quc gia

Bng xp hng cc nc tham nhng

Tham nhng thng gn lin vi cc nc c h thng php lut yu

Cu hi tho lun: Ti sao cc DN phi nm bt php lut v quyn s hu tr tu v tham nhng?

Lm th no s hu tr tu c bo v?

S hu tr tu (Intellectual property) s hu nhng sn phm ca hot ng tr tu.

S hu tr tu c bo v bi

Bng sng ch (Patents) quyn duy nht c sn xut, s dng, bn sng ch trong mt thi gian nht nh

Bn quyn/ quyn tc gi (Copyrights) quyn hp php duy nht ca tc gi, nh son nhc, nh bin kch, ngh s v nh xut bn pht hnh, phn phi cc tc phm ca h

Nhn hiu hng ha (Trademarks) thit k, tn m cc nh sn xut thit k to s khc bit cho cc sn phm ca h

Vic bo h ti sn tr tu khc nhau gia cc nc

T chc ti sn tr tu th gii (World Intellectual Property Organization)

Cng c Paris v bo h ti sn cng nghip Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial

Property

trnh b n cp bn quyn, DN nn

Trnh xa cc nc m php lut v bo h ti sn tr tu cn lng lo

Kin co

Vn ng chnh ph k kt v thc thi cc hip c quc t

Trch nhim v an ton sn phm

Lut An ton sn phm (Product safety laws) thit lp hng lot cc tiu chun m mt sn phm phi tun th

Trch nhim sn phm (Product liability) qui nh cc cng ty v c nhn lin quan phi chu trch nhim khi sn phm ca n gy ra thng tt, cht, hoc tn hi ngi s dng

Ph thuc vo lut an ton sn phm c nghim khc hay khng v trch nhim sn phm c lng lo hay khng m cc MNC s quyt nh ni sn xut u

III. Mi trng kinh t

Nhng yu t xc nh mc pht trin kinh t ca 1 quc gia

Mi trng kinh t, chnh tr, lut php ca 1 quc gia cc th tc ng ng k ln s pht trin kinh t, v s pht trin kinh t l yu t hp dn v l th trng mc tiu y tim nng cc cng ty u t

S pht trin kinh t ca 1 quc gia c o lng bi cc ch s nh GNI/ ngi. Ch s ngang gi sc mua (PPP)

iu ny c ngha g i vi cc cng ty?

Nhn vo h s PPP c iu chnh cho GNI ca n nm 2007 ngi ta c th kt lun rng n ni chung ch tiu dng trung bnh khong 6% HH&DV so vi lng HH&DV c tiu dng trung bnh bi ngi dn M. Tuy nhin, chng ta khng nn nhn con s ny kt lun rng n l th trng thiu tim nng v nu nghin cu su hn, chng ta s thy rng th trng n ni ln mt tng lp trung lu vi khong 100 triu ngi, y chnh l th trng tim nng ca cc cng ty quc t.

Nh vy, c cch no khc o lng s pht trin kinh t ca mt quc gia khng?

Nh kinh t hc tng ot gii Nobel ngi n Amartya Sen cho rng s pht trin kinh t nn c o lng thng qua qu trnh ni rng cc quyn t do thc s m con ngi ng c hng. Sen tin rng qu trnh pht trin kinh t phi bao gm nhng vic c th nh: loi b hon ton cc cn tr i vi s t do nh: ch c ti, s ngho i, s b b ca chnh ph i vi cc cng trnh cng cng, s dn ch ha cc cng ng chnh tr ngi cng dn ca mt quc gia c ting ni trong cc quyt nh ca chnh ph. Sen cho rng vic cung cp cc gii php chm sc sc khe c bn v cc gii php nng cao cht lng gio dc ca chnh ph cho ngi dn l cc yu t cn thit cho pht trin kinh t.

Nhng yu t xc nh mc pht trin kinh t ca 1 quc gia?

T chc LHQ ly tng ca Sen a ra ch s pht trin con ngi - Human Development Index vit tt HDI, o lng cht lng cuc sng ca ngi dn cc quc gia khc nhau. HDI da trn cc ch s nh tui th trung bnh, trnh gio dc, thu nhp trung bnh p ng cc nhu cu c bn ca cuc sng trong mt quc gia

Bng III.1: Bng so snh mt vi ch s gia cc nc:

Bng III.2 Bng so snh mt vi ch s gia cc nc (http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries)

IV. Mi quan h gia kinh t chnh tr v tng trng kinh t a s cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v cc nh nghin cu u cho rng s sng to v tinh thn doanh nhn l cc c my nn kinh t pht trin di hn, hai iu ny ch c th n t mt nn kinh t th trng. Ni cch khc, s hiu qu ca lao ng v ngun vn th hin qua s pht trin khng ngng ca sn phm mi v tin trnh kinh doanh. V d nh s sng to khng ngng ca Microsoft v Apple, hai cng ty ny u c iu hnh bi cc doanh nhn. Nhng con ngi ny khng ch thay i cch thc kinh doanh m cn thay i cch thc sng ca con ngi. Nu khng c nn kinh t th trng, chng ta khng th c Bill Gates v Steve Jobs, khng nh nn kinh t th trng, nhng cng ty ny v sc sng to ca chng s khng bao gi c to ra. V. Mi quan h gia v tr a l, gio dc v tng trng kinh t Adam Smith l ngi u tin cho rng v tr a l ca mt quc gia c th nh hng n tng trng kinh t ca quc gia . Jeffery Sachs, nh kinh t hc H Harvard m rng tng ca Smith, ng cho rng cc quc gia c v th a l thun li s d dng xy dng v pht trin nn kinh t th trng. Nhng quc gia c nhiu t lin s kh khn hn trong giao thng v pht trin thng mi vi nhng quc gia c nhiu din tch b bin. Nhng quc gia c khi hu bt n, t ai t mu m s kh khn hn trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t.Tng t, chng ta xem xt n h thng gio dc. Gio dc cng pht trin th kinh t cng pht trin. V. Xu hng thay i ca kinh t chnh tr ton th gii

Nn dn ch s cng pht trin mnh m thay th dn nn chnh tr chuyn ch. Kinh t th trng theo s pht trin mnh m thay th nn kinh t tp trung v kinh t hn hp. Tuy nhin, nn kinh t th trng ,kinh t t do khng nht thit phi tn ti mt nn chnh tr t do. Hng Kong, Singapore l v d in hnh.

Bn cht ca nn kinh t th trng

1. Bi b cc lut l: bi b cc lut l gy cn tr th trng t do, t nhn ha hot ng kinh doanh,

2. T nhn ha: t nhn ha cc hot ng kinh doanh ca chnh ph, nh nc. L do: cc doanh nghip t c ng c hot ng kinh doanh hiu qu, mang li li nhun.

3. H thng php lut: xy dng b lut bo v quyn s hu tr tu, lut hp ng mnh m, cng c thi hnh lut mnh m v nghim khc.

VII. Hm i vi qun tr vin quc t?

Trung quc v n l hai th trng y hp dn i vi cc cng ty quc t vi dn s 1,2 t v 1,1 t dn. Tuy nhin, dn s ln khng c ngha l li nhun mang li ln. Cc nh qun tr cn quan tm n sc mua ca ngi tiu dng th trng mc tiu.

Trong di hn, nh qun tr cn ch n li th ca ngi khai ph th trng. Li ch tim nng cc th trng mi ni rt ng k nhng cng cn ch n cc ri ro tim n.

Mi trng chnh tr, kinh t, lut php lun lun l nhng yu t nh hng mnh m n chi ph hot ng ca cc DN

Cn nhc, nh gi cc ri ro

Qun tr vin phi nh gi, cn nhc:

1. Ri ro v chnh tr - nhng thay i, p lc ca chnh tr s nh hng trc tip n mi trng kinh doanh ca mt quc gia, t s nh hng n li nhun v cc mc tiu khc ca doanh nghip. DN c nn u t vo nhng quc gia ang c nhng bt n x hi v chnh tr hay khng?

2. Ri ro v kinh t - s qun l yu km nn kinh t l 1 thm kch thc s cho mi trng kinh doanh ca 1 quc gia ni chung v hot ng kinh doanh ni ring ca 1 DN.

V d nh cuc khng hong ti chnh Chu , s tng trng v lm pht VN

3. Ri ro v lut php - cp n nhng ri ro c th gp phi khi i tc ph v hp ng hoc tnh trng vi phm bn quyn, quyn s hu tr tu b xm hi m khng c php lut bo v. Liu th trng mc tiu c cn hp dn hay khng nu lut php qu lng lo v lc hu .

VIII. Lm sao nh qun tr c th xc nh c s hp dn ca 1 th trng quc t? S hp dn c th hin qua 3 t: li ch chi ph ri ro. Th trng cng hp dn khi li ch trong hot ng kinh doanh ln hn nhiu so vi chi ph v ri ro. Nhn chung, li ch ny s ln, chi ph v ri ro s nh khi xm nhp 1 quc gia c nn chnh tr pht trin n nh, c h thng kinh t th trng vi lm pht v n ca khu vc t nhn thp

Bi ging P2 Chng 6 - Mi trng ti chnh

Mc tiu chng

MT1: Nm c cc thng tin c bn v t gi hi oi v cc loi tin t MT2: C ch xc nh t gi hi oi MT3: Bit c cc thng tin v h thng tin t v h thng ti chnh

I. Tin t v t gi hi oi

C hn 150 loi tin khc nhau c s dng trn th gii ngy nay. Mi quc gia khc nhau u c khuynh hng s dng ng tin ring ca quc gia mnh pht hnh dn n vic hon i ngoi t tr nn rt phc tp trong kinh doanh quc t. T gi hi oi chnh v vy cng bin i lin tc. Cc nh qun l cn ch iu ny trong hot ng kinh doanh quc t.

T gi hi oi (TGH): l gi ca 1 ng tin t khi qui i sang 1 n v tin t khc.

Cu hi tho lun: TGH bin ng s nh hng nh th no n hot ng kinh doanh?

TGHD thay i nh hng t nhiu n chi ph kinh doanh, doanh s

Bng 7.1 TGH ca 1 s ng tin so vi $ U.S

4 loi ri ro chnh trong KDQT(ch phn ri ro ti chnh)

V d minh ha v ri ro ti chnh trong KDQT:

Cng ty bn, 1 cng ty chuyn nhp khu thit b KHKT phc v th trng ni a. Thng 10 nm 2014, cng ty bn u thu 1 gi thit b tr gi 20 t ti 1 bnh vin ln TpHCM. Thit b cho hng trong gi thu c nhp hng t nhiu nc khc nhau nhng ch yu thanh ton bng $, Euro v ng Yn Nht, ng $ chim 60% t trng. Ti thi im tham gia u thu t gi qui i 20500 VND = 1 $ US. Thng 12 nm 2014, cng ty bn trng thu nhng t gi lc ny tng ln 21500 = 1$ US. Nh vy, cng ty bn phi chiu thit hi t l do chnh l TGHD bin ng

II. Th trng ngoi hi

Foreign exchange: bao gm tt c cc dng tin c s dng trong thng mi quc t gm: ngoi t, cc loi tin gi, sc, chuyn khon in t. Ngoi hi gip gii quyt vn thanh ton quc t, u t quc t, vay mn gia cc DN, cc ngn hng, cc chnh ph.

Cc ng tin t nh $ U.S, Euro, Yn, CHF c trao i trn 1 th trng gi l th trng ngoi hi. y chnh l ni trao i, mua bn cc ng tin t ca cc quc gia. Th trng ny khng c v tr c nh. N tn ti thng qua qu trnh mua&bn gia cc ngn hng, cc nh kinh doanh tin t, cc chnh ph v cc th ch c lin quan n tin t khc trn ton th gii.

V d v TGHD bin ng: nm 2007, TGHD gia ng Yn v $ c giao dch mc 1 $ i c 116 Yn. Nm 2009, 1 $ ch i c 86 Yn. Ngi ta ni rng ng Yn t hn so vi ng $ v ng $ r hn so vi ng Yn.

Nm ngoi TG trao i mc 1 = $1, u nm nay 1.50 = $1. S bin i ny nh hng nh th no n ngi dn chu u?

Doanh nghip Chu u: s phi tr nhiu tin hn nhp hng ha t M. Gi c hng ha & dch v t M s tr nn t hn nhu cu tiu dng ca ngi Chu u s gim Doanh s bn hng ca DN Chu u gim li nhun c th gim. TGH bin ng s nh hng n c i bn.

i vi ngi tiu dng Chu u:

Hng ha & Dch v t M tr nn t hn nhu cu tiu dng t i.

i vi nhu cu khng th thay th th chi ph s tng.

V d: t ngi Chu u s i du lch n M hn. Du hc sinh Chu u s t chn i hc M lm ni du hc hn.

Xc nh TGH?

T gi trao i ngoi t c xc nh da trn qui lut cung cu tin t. Cng c nhiu nhu cu i vi 1 ng tin th n cng tr nn c gi v ngc li.

Lng cung 1 ng tin cng ln, gi ca n cng thp

Lng cung 1 ng tin cng thp, gi ca n cng cao

Lng cu 1 ng tin cng ln, gi ca n cng cao

Lng cu 1 ng tin cng thp, gi ca n cng thp.

Cc yu t nh hng n cung cu tin t gm : lm pht, li sut, tm l th trng

a) Lm pht: cp n tnh trng tng gi chung ca cc loi hng ha & dch v. Lm pht v li sut c mi quan h ng bin. nhng quc gia c lm pht cao, li sut thng tng cao tng ng gi gi tr ca ng tin.

V d: Lm pht ca VN hin gi khong 7% li sut tin gi NH trung bnh khong 8%.

Lm pht xut hin khi no?

Khi (1) lng cu v tin tng nhanh hn lng cung tin, (2) NHTW gia tng lng cung tin ca 1 quc gia ln hn sn lng HH&DV lm ra.

Lm pht tc ng trc tip n gi tr ng tin ca 1 quc gia. Ni cch khc, khi lm pht tng, gi tr qui i ra 1 ng ngoi t no s gim cn nhiu ng ni t hn mua 1 ng ngoi t.

b) Mi lin h gia li sut v lm pht, gia lm pht v gi tr tin t, hm rng c mi quan h gia li sut thc (real interest rates) v gi tr tin t.

V d: khi li sut tin gi ng Yn Nht cao, cc nh u t nc ngoi s c c hi kim li nhun t ng Yn bng cch mua c phiu v gi ng Yn cc NH Nht.

Hoc u t nc ngoi vo Nht c th lm gia tng lng cu ng Yn.

c) Tm l th trng: cp n nhng tc ng phi ti chnh khc

Tm l by n (Herding): ha theo m ng, bt chc kiu u t ca ngi khc hoc 1 nhm ngi khc

Tm l lt sng (momentum): mua khi gi tng, bn khi gi gim (Momentum buying when prices rise & selling when they begin to fall)

Thng d, thm ht & cn bng cn cn thng mi

Thng d thng mi (trade surplus) tnh trng m t lng XK nhiu hn NK. ng ngoi t thu v > ng ngoi t mt i

Thm ht thng mi (trade deficit) m t tnh trng lng NK > lng XK. Ngoi t mt i ln hn lng ngoi t thu v chnh ph c th ph gi ng tin ca quc gia mnh iu chnh thm ht thng mi

o Cn bng cn cn thng mi (trade balance) XK = NK

Chnh ph Trung Hoa thng can thip vo th trng ngoi hi gi ng nhn dn t (Yuan/renminbi) di gi tr thc ca n (undervalued), mc ch ca vic lm ny l thc y cc DN Trung Hoa xut khu. ng tin ca mt quc gia di gi tr thc c th dn n thng d thng mi (trade surplus), tnh trng m t lng xut khu nhiu hn nhp khu. ng ngoi t thu v > ng ngoi t mt i. Ngc li, thm ht thng mi (trade deficit) m t tnh trng lng nhp khu > lng xut khu. Ngoi t mt i ln hn lng ngoi t thu v chnh ph c th ph gi ng tin ca quc gia mnh iu chnh thm ht thng mi. Cn bng cn cn thng mi (trade balance): khi lng xut cn bng lng nhp tnh trong 1 nm dng lch. Nhiu trng phi kinh t hc cho rng thm ht thng mi ko di s dn n tn hi cho nn kinh t ca 1 quc gia. S pht trin ca h thng TGH hin i Sau thi k i suy thoi(Great Depression) v chin tranh TG ln 2, nn kinh t TG ri vo tnh trng v cng m m

Nm 1944, 44 quc gia hp li vi nhau bn cch thc y TM quc t v a ra mt b khung gp phn hnh thnh nn h thng tin t quc t v ti chnh ton cu n nh. Hip nh Bretton Woods (Bretton Woods Agreement) ra i sau .

H Bretton Woods neo gi tr ng $ US vo gi tr ca vng, vi t l qui i $35 per ounce cng iu kin chnh ph Hoa K phi ng mua v bn 1 lng vng d tr khng gii hn duy tr h thng t gi c nh ni trn.

Tri qua gn 30 nm, Bretton Woods gi 1 t gi c nh ph thuc vo vng v ng la

S ph v ca H Bretton Woods

Nhng nm cui ca thp nin 60, chnh ph Hoa K ri vo tnh trng thm ht ngn sch trm trng do ti tr cho chin tranh Vit nam v cc chng trnh chi tiu cng tn km.

thc y tng trng kinh t, cc chng trnh chi tiu ca Cp Hoa K buc phi duy tr. Ngi dn M giai on ny cng chung tiu dng hng ha nhp khu hn thm ht thng mi xy ra gia M v cc quc gia khc nh c, Nht v cc nc thuc Chu u khc cn cn thanh ton ca Hoa K thm ht nghim trng

Thi gian tri qua, nhu cu ng la dn vt qu kh nng cung cp, CP Hoa K lc ny khng th duy tr lng vng d tr. Kt qu l mi rng buc gia ng la v vng sp vo nm 1971, li cam kt i vng thu v la ca M cng b thu hi. iu ny dn n s kt thc ca hip nh Bretton Woods.

Di sn ca Bretton Woods

Bretton Woods li nhng di sn v l thuyt v th ch hu ch cho n tn ngy nay. u tin , n gi m ra nhng khi nim lin quan n s hp tc v tin t quc t. Th hai, n gp phn xy dng nn nhng h thng lin quan n t gi c nh trong mi quc gia ti thiu ha ri ro lin quan n tin t. Th ba, n l tin to ra Qu tin t quc t IMF(International Monetary Fund) v Ngn hng th gii (World Bank)

IMF c vai tr thc y s n nh ca h thng t gi hi oi, gim st h thng t gi, cho vay pht trin kinh t cc quc gia ang pht trin.

Word bank: cung cp cc khon vay v h tr k thut cho cc nc c thu nhp thp v trung bnh , vi mc tiu xa i gim ngho.

I. H thng t gi hi oi ngy nay

Ngy nay, c hai h thng t gi tn ti : h thng t gi th ni v h thng t gi c nh.

Cc quc gia pht trin nh Hoa K, Anh, Nht v mt s quc gia thuc Chu u th ni ng tin trn th trng t do, n t xc nh bi qui lut cung cu.

Ngc li, cc quc gia mi ni v ang pht trin s dng h thng t gi hi oi c nh. Trong h thng ny, ng tin ca 1 quc gia c neo vo 1 ng tin ca quc gia khc hoc 1 r cc ng tin ca cc quc gia khc 1 t gi no .

II. H thng tin t v ti chnh quc t

H thng tin t quc t:

bao gm cc khun kh th ch , quy tc v th tc qun l cch thc ng tin 1 quc gia c trao i ln nhau. Thng qua cch cung cp mt khun kh cho cc hot ng trao i tin t v hot ng ngoi hi ca cc doanh nghip v cc chnh ph trn ton th gii , h thng tin t quc t to iu kin cho thng mi v u t quc t.

H thng ti chnh ton cu:

gm cc nh ch ti chnh vi vai tr thc y v iu tit dng chy vn v u t trn ton th gii. Nhng th ch quan trng trong h thng gm ngn hng trung ng, ngn hng thng mi, ngn hng thanh ton quc t (the Bank for International Settlements), ngn hng th gii, IMF, cc b ti chnh ca tng quc gia, cc y ban chng khon quc gia.

Ton cu ha hot ng ti chnh v tin t

So vi FDI, TCH gip cc dng vn lu thng linh hot hn gia cc th trng. Cc nh u t d dng gp vn hoc rt vn ra khi 1 th trng no .

iu ny cng mang li nhiu ri ro. 1 nn kinh t ca 1 quc gia no bt n s d dng ly lan sang nhng nc khc. S bt n ti chnh tr nn ti t khi cc chnh ph khng iu tit v gim st ngn hng v cc khu vc ti chnh mt cch hiu qu

Mi quan h gia cc DN, h thng tin t, ti chnh

Ngun: Cavusgil v cgs, 2012

Bi ging P3 Chng 7 - Chin lc Kinh doanh quc t ca cc MNC

Mc tiu chng 7

MT1: Hiu c cc khi nim c bn ca chin lc

MT2: Bit c cch thc gia tng li nhun khi DN m rng th trng

MT3: Hiu c p lc gim chi ph v p lc p ng nhu cu a phng(local responsiveness) nh hng nh th no n vic la chn chin lc ca DN

MT4: Bit c 4 chin lc c bn m cc DN s dng trong KDQT

MT5: Hiu c 3 quyt nh quan trng ca 1 DN khi quyt nh xm nhp vo 1 th trng.

MT6: Hiu v so snh cc cch thc khc nhau m DN s dng xm nhp. MT7: Cc yu t nh hng n s la chn phng thc xm nhp

I. Chin lc l g?

Khi chng ta tho lun v chin lc, c bit l chin lc kinh doanh quc t - chng ta s tp trung vo cc DN v cc nh qun l ca cc DN vi cu hi ln: h s lm g t hiu qu ti a trong mi trng kinh doanh quc t?

Chin lc ca mt Doanh nghip: l chui cc hot ng ca nh qun l phi lm t c mc ch ca DN

Chin lc ca DN phi gip cho DN gia tng li nhun v li nhun tng trng qua cc nm

DN phi nh rng c ng lun k vng li nhun cao v tc tng trng li nhun cao. Cc nh qun l phi t c nhng mc ch ny.

gia tng li nhun v li nhun tng trng bn vng, DN c th:

1. Nng cao gi tr gia tng

2. H thp chi ph

3. Tng doanh s th trng hin ti

4. Pht trin th trng quc t

Hnh 1: Minh ha gi tr ca DN

I.1 To ra gi tr( Value Creation)

Cc DN c th va t li nhun cao va t tc tng trng cao hn thng qua vic to ra gi tr. Gi tr ca 1 SP mang li cho khch hng cng nhiu th h cng sn sng tr cho SP cng nhiu. Vic to

ra gi tr c o lng bi s khc bit gia gi ca sn phm DN a ra v chi ph sn xut sn phm .

Li nhun gia tng bng cch:

1. S dng chin lc khc bit ha: Tp trung vo vic khai thc s hp dn ca SP so vi i th cnh tranh.

2. S dng chin lc chi ph thp: tp trung vo vic h thp chi ph

M hnh to gi tr:

Ngun : Hill, 2011

T chc b my hot ng ca 1 DN trong chui gi tr

1 DN hot ng c c th bao gm 1 chui cc phng ban chc nng lin kt nhau gm: sn xut, tip th, qun tr ngun nguyn liu, R&D, ngun nhn lc, h thng thng tin. Nhng hot ng ny c th chia lm 2 phn

1. Phn hot ng c bn: Sn xut, Tip th & Bn hng, R&D, dch v khch hng

2. Hot ng h tr: h thng thng tin, logistics, ngun nhn lc

Cc thnh phn ca chui gi tr:

Ngun : Hill, 2005

I.2 Cch thc gia tng li nhun

Cu hi tho lun: Lm th no 1 DN c th gia tng li nhun?

Doanh nghip c th gia tng/to ra li nhun bng cch:

1. M rng th trng bn hng th trng quc t

2. Nhn bit cc v tr thun li phn tn cc hot ng to ra gi tr n cc a im m

c th gip DN sn xut hiu qu nht

3. Khai thc li ch t ng cong kinh nghim(experience effects) kinh nghim sn xut cng

nhiu th chi ph sn xut cng gim

4. Khai thc hiu qu kinh t nh quy m v li ch hc hi

C th

1. M rng th trng thng qua vic bn hng ra nc ngoi:

V d in hnh y l P&G, cng ty ni ting ton cu vi t giy Pampers, du gi Head&Shoulder, bt git Tide, nhng sn phm ny c nghin cu v pht trin th trng M, ngy nay n c mt hu ht cc th trng trn th gii.

bn c hng ra nc ngoi, cc DN phi to ra cc nng lc ct li(core competencies)m cc i th cnh tranh khng th bt chc. Nhng nng lc ct li ny s gip cc DN gim chi ph v/hoc to ra gi tr thng qua vic bn hng vi gi cao.

V d v McDonalds (McDonalds l h thng ca hng thc n nhanh s 1 th gii vi 34.500 ca hng, phc v hn 69 triu khch hng ti hn 120 quc gia mi ngy), cng ty ny c mt VN vo u nm 2014. Nng lc cnh tranh ct li ca Mc Donald chnh l h thng iu hnh qun l thc n nhanh rt thun tin v nhanh chng cho khch hng.

Hoc nng lc ct li ca Toyota chnh l h thng iu hnh qun l dch v chm sc khch hng rt hon ho.

2. Khai thc v tr thun li:

Mi quc gia c mt v tr a l khc bit, kinh t, chnh tr, lut php v vn ha khc bit. Mi DN phi nhn ra c quc gia no (v tr no) gip DN gia tng gi tr thng qua qu trnh sn xut v kinh doanh hiu qu.

Cu hi tho lun:

Ti sao cc Cng ty phn mm, lp trnh chn thung lng Silicon lm tr s hot ng? Ti sao cc cng ty ln trn th gii chn Thy s l ni giao dch ti chnh? Ti sao cc VN c chn l ni gia cng hng may mc, giy dp?

3. Khai thc li ch t ng cong kinh nghim(experience curve effects - ECE)

Khi DN cng c kinh nghim trong sn xut hng ha dch v th chi ph sn xut cng gim. DN cng sn xut nhiu, phc v nhiu th trng th cng nhanh chng tip cn ng cong kinh nghim. Matshushita mt cng ty hng u ca Nht v sn xut hng in t gia dng, y t(thng hiu Panasonic, Sanyo) p dng iu ny vo thp nin 70 80. Hai khi nim c s dng gii thch cho ECE l: learning effects & economies of scale (hiu qu hc hi & kinh t theo qui m)

4. Hiu qu hc hi (learning effects ): cng lm nhiu th DN s tit gim c nhiu chi ph . V d nh cng nhn c kinh nghim lu nm s sn xut hiu qu hn ngi mi hc vic. Nh qun l lu nm s c kinh nghim x l cc ri ro v iu hnh sn xut tt hn hn nh qun l mi c b nhim

Biu minh ha ng cong kinh nghim:

Trc tung biu din chi ph sn xut, trc honh minh ha sn lng tch ly

Ngun: Hill, 2011

Kinh t theo quy m(Economies of scale), cp n vic gim chi ph to ra sn phm nh qu trnh sn xut khi lng ln. Kinh t nh quy m c th t c thng qua vic gim chi ph c nh t qu trnh u t my mc thit b sn xut hng lot. V d, trong ngnh cng nghip t, mt nh my t hiu qu khi n sn xut 200.000 chic / nm. Vi s lng ln t c sn xut nh th th r rng th trng ni a tr nn qu nh b v DN phi tm cch pht trin, m rng th trng tiu th t nc ngoi

Ngoi ra, lin quan n hiu qu hc hi l vn chuyn giao k nng gia cc th trng. Cc nh qun tr phi nhn ra rng cc k nng phi c chuyn giao qua li gia cc th trng; t th trng trong nc chuyn ra nc ngoi v ngc li. V d in hnh l McDonalds, nhng tng v xy dng ca hng, thit k thc n thng n t cc chi nhnh nc ngoi. ng thi, phi khuyn khch s sng to, chp nhn ri ro vi nhng sng to mang tnh t ph ca nhn vin

II. Hai loi p lc cnh tranh tn ti trong th trng ton cu

1. p lc gim chi ph: chi ph cng thp cng tt

2. p lc phi p ng nhu cu ni a (local responsiveness): i hi DN phi thch nghi vi nhu cu ca khch hng tng th trng ring bit iu tr tru l chin lc ny s lm gia tng chi ph

V d: trong th trng smart phone, ngi tiu dng M c khuynh hng thch s thay i v mu m, thit k kiu dng, mu sc trong khi th trng Chu u, Chu thch s thay i v cu hnh, chc nng. V vy cc DN phi nm bt iu ny p ng nhu cu th trng. Mt khi tp trung cho R&D th chi ph sn xut s gia tng

Biu minh ha p lc gim chi ph v p lc p ng nhu cu ni a. Cc DN ng ph vi nhng p lc ny khc nhau ph thuc vo cch la chn chin lc khc nhau:

Ngun: Hill, 2011

Cu hi tho lun: p lc gim chi ph xut hin nhng ngnh no ln nht?

Cu hi tho lun: Nhng ngnh no c p lc p ng nhu cu a phng cao?

Di p lc mu thun nhau va k trn, DN c 4 chin lc dng cnh tranh ti cc th trng nc ngoi. Bao gm: chin lc tiu chun ho ton cu( global standardization), a phng ho (localization), xuyn quc gia(transnational) v quc t ho(internalization). Mi chin lc DN dng ng ph vi nhng tnh hung nht nh xy ra di cc p lc m DN phi i mt[1]

III. Bn chin lc quan trng trong Kinh doanh Quc t

a. CL tiu chun ho ton cu tp trung vo qu trnh gia tng li nhun v tc tng trng ca li nhun thng qua vic gim chi ph nh vo hiu ng hc hi(learning effects), li th a im (location economies) v kinh t theo qui m( economies of scale)

Khi no Dn s dng chin lc tiu chun ho ton cu?

Khi p lc gim chi ph cao nhng tnh p ng vi nhu cu a phng (local responsiveness) thp. DN no s dng chin lc ny s tm cch gim chi ph xung mc ti thiu, DN s tm kim 1 vi v tr sn xut ti u nht sn xut ra sn phm phc v th trng ton cu. Nhng DN ang p dng chin lc ny l: Samsung, Apple, Roche, Siemens, Intel

b. CL a phng ho(localization strategy) tp trung gia tng li nhun bi qu trnh iu chnh cc sn phm ca DN sao cho ph hp vi nhu cu v s thch ca tng a phng ni m DN ang khai ph.

Khi no CL a phng ho c s dng?:

khi p lc gim chi ph thp v th hiu tiu dng ti cc th trng ang xm nhp khc nhau. DN s dng chin lc a phng ho gia tng gi tr sn phm i vi th trng mc tiu, phc v tt hn nhu cu khch hng. DN lc ny khng quan tm n chi ph tng thm.

c. Chin lc xuyn quc gia(transnational strategy) : DN va phi lo gim chi ph da vo v th thun li, kinh t theo qui m v hiu ng hc hi cng lc phi lm sao to s khc bit ho sn phm phc v nhu cu khc bit ca khch hng.

Khi no CL xuyn quc gia c s dng?

Khi DN phi ng ph cng lc 2 p lc p lc gim chi ph v p lc p ng vi nhu cu a phng

Nhng cng ty s dng chin lc ny thnh cng in hnh nh Ford, Caterpillar, Toyota

d. Cui cng l chin lc quc t ha (internationalization strategy), DN s dng chin lc ny thng sn xut sn phm ti nc mnh sau xut khu sang th trng nc ngoi.

Khi no cc Dn s dng CL quc t ha?

Khi DN gp p lc gim chi ph thp v p lc p ng nhu cu a phng thp . P&G tng s dng chin lc ny. Microsoft hin nay ang s dng chin lc ny

Hnh minh ha 4 chin lc trong KDQT:

Ngun: Hill, 2005

[1] Bn khi nim lin quan n chin lc c cng b bi 2 tc gi Bartlett&Ghoshal (1989) trong cun sch rt ni ting Managing across border, Harvard Business Press. K t tr v sau cc tc gi vit v kinh doanh quc t (nh Hill, Cavusgil, Peng, Cullen) khi vit v chng chin lc u trch dn li t 2 tc gi ni trn. Ging vin lu hc vin cch dng t khc nhau gia cc gio trnh.

S dng cc chin lc nh th no?

Lun nh rng, cc chin lc c cc DN s dng linh hot theo tng giai on khc nhau. Mt DN c th khi s bng chin lc quc t nhng sau chuyn dch sang chin lc tiu chun ho ton cu. Tng t, mt DN khc c th bt u bng chin lc a phng ho nhng sau phi chuyn dch sang chin lc xuyn quc gia v p lc chi ph xut hin.

M hnh chuyn dch chin lc trong KDQT ca cc DN

Ngun: Hill, 2005

IV. Chin lc xm nhp th trng

Sau khi DN xc nh c rng sn phm, dch v cu mnh c tim nng vn ra th trng quc t, cc DN s phi xc nh c th:

Th trng no s xm nhp? Xm nhp bng cch no? Sn lng d kin sn xut? V hng lot cu hi quan trng khc cn phi gii quyt .

C nhiu phng thc 1 DN xm nhp vo 1 th trng. DN c th chn xut khu, cp php(licensing), nhng quyn(franchising), lin doanh (joint venture) hoc xy dng 1 c s hot ng mi (wholly own subsidies) th trng nc ngoi. Mi phng thc u c nhng u& nhc im. Vic la chn phng thc no cng l mt cu hi cn cn nhc ca mi DN

1. Th trng no phi xm nhp?

Ph thuc vo li nhun c th t c trong di hn

Th trng t do, chnh tr n nh, lm pht thp, n cng thp

Cu hi tho lun: Ti sao phi nh vy?

2. Khi no v qui m xm nhp?

Thi im xm nhp, phi cn nhc yu t:

Thun li v kh khn ca ngi khai ph th trng

Qui m xm nhp

Cn nhc cc chin lc

3. Phng thc xm nhp (Xm nhp bng cch no?)

Xut khu

Li xng hay nhng quyn thng hiu( licensing or franchising)

Lin doanh(joint venture) vi 1 cng ty nc s ti

Thnh lp chi nhnh mi

Sp nhp & mua li 1 doanh nghip nc s ti

6 cch thc DN thng s dng xm nhp:

1. Xut khu cch thc n gin v d dng nht

Sau giai on ny, DN s chuyn sang hnh thc khc

2. D n cha kha trao tay (turnkey projects) nh thu x l ton b 1 d n cho khch hng nc ngoi bao gm c o to v hun luyn. Khi kt thc H, khch hng nc ngoi c kh nng vn hnh d n 1 cch c lp

3. Li xng(licensing): nh cp li xng cp quyn cho ngi mua quyn s dng trong 1 khong thi gian nht nh. Cc quyn c th gm: bng sng ch, pht minh, cng thc, qui trnh sn xut, thit k, bn quyn, nhn hiu.

4. Nhng quyn thng hiu(Franchising) mt hnh thc c bit ca li xng, - nh cp quyn(franchisor) va bn ti sn v hnh ( thng hiu) cho ngi mua, va bt ngi mua phi tun th cc iu kin cht ch trong qu trnh h kdoanh. Nhng quyn c s dng ch yu bi cc cng ty dch v

5. Lin doanh(vi 1 cng ty nc s ti)

6. Xy dng chi nhnh mi: s hu 100% vn:

o Xy dng 1 chi nhnh hot ng mi

o Thit lp 1 cng ty mi bng cch mua li/sp nhp

V. So snh u&nhc ca cc phng thc xm nhp

1. Xut khu

u im Hn ch

Khng tn chi ph xy dng c s hot ng ta TT nc ngoi

Gip DN nhanh chng t ng cong kinh nghim (experience curve) v li th a l

Mt c hi sn xut hng ha vi chi ph thp ni khc

Chi ph vn chuyn v thu cao

Khng kim sot, iu khin c i din nhp khu th trng nc ngoi

2. D n cha kha trao tay

u im Hn ch

Cho php cc cng ty kim c LN t cc b quyt cng ngh, qui trnh vn hnh lp rp phc tp

t ri ro hn FDI

Khng tn ti lu di

To ra i th cnh tranh

Vic bn k thut cng ngh thng qua d n cha kha trao tay c th dn n vic mt li th cnh tranh.

3. Cp php(licensing)

Tha thun cp php l mt s sp xp theo ngi cp php(licensor) cp quyn s dng ti sn v hnh cho bn nhn quyn (licensee) trong mt thi gian nht nh, ngc li ngi cp php s nhn li mt khon ph. Ti sn v hnh gm: bng sng ch, pht minh, cng thc, qui trnh, thit k, bn quyn, thng hiu/nhn hiu

V d: xm nhp th trng Nht, Xerox nh pht minh my photocopy cp php b quyt sn xut my photo cho Fuji. Ngc li, Fuji tr cho Xerox khon ph tng ng 5% doanh s rng hng nm

u im Hn ch

Trnh c gia tng chi ph v ri ro t pht trin th trng

Trnh c cc ro cn ca u t

Tn dng c c hi th trng

Khng th kim sot c h marketing, sn xut, chin lc ca i tc dn n khng tn dng c ng cong kinh nghim v li th v tr

Gii hn kh nng phi hp chin lc ton cu

C th b r r thng tin c quyn/ b quyt cng ngh

4. Nhng quyn (franchise)[1]

Nhng quyn l hnh thc tng t nh licensing, l trng hp c bit ca licensing. Nh nhng quyn(franchiser) khng ch bn ti sn v hnh(thng l thng hiu) cho franchisee m cn bt buc franchisee phi tun th cc qui nh kht khe nh hot ng kinh doanh nh th no. Franchiser nhn c 1 khon ph, mt t l % nht nh t li nhun ca franchisee. Nhng quyn thng c p dng trong lnh vc dch v.

V d: McDonald

Thng s dng chin lc ny xm nhp

p dng cc iu lut kht khe trong hp ng kinh doanh nh: a im m nh hng, thc n chun, phng php nu n, chnh sch nhn vin, thit k &trang tr nh hng

T chc chui cung ng cho cc franchisee

Hun luyn k nng qun l, gii php ti chnh cho franchisee

u im Nhc im

Trnh c gia tng chi ph v ri ro t pht trin th trng

Nhanh chng hin din trn th trng quc t

Rt kh kim sot cht lng HH&DV

5. Lin doanh:

Lin doanh l hnh thc thnh lp mt doanh nghip mi t 2 hoc 3 doanh nghip c lp. Fuji Xerox l v d ca lin doanh, cng ty ny c thnh lp da trn hnh thc lin doanh gp vn c phn gia Xerox (M) v Fuji Photo(Nht). y l hnh thc ph bin ca cc cng ty khi n mun xm nhp th trng nc ngoi. Thng gp nht l hnh thc lin doanh 50/50, mi bn s nm gi 50% c phn ca doanh nghip v cng nhau ng gp i ng qun l qun l mi hot ng. Nm 2001, Fuji- Xerox cng nhau chia s 50/50. Hin nay t l ny l 75/25. Mt s doanh nghip mn hnh thc lin doanh trong n chim a s c phn v t d dng kim sot mi hot ng ca doanh nghip

u im Nhc im

Tn dng c nhng im mnh, nhng hiu bit ca i tc v th trng, vn ho, ngn ng, h thng chnh tr

Chia s ri ro v chi ph vi i tc

Tho mn mc ch chnh tr ca nc bn a

Gp ri ro trong vic nm gi quyn iu khin k thut cng ngh v phi chia s vi i tc

Khng th kim sot c h marketing, sn xut, chin lc ca i tc dn n khng tn dng c ng cong kinh nghim v li th v tr

Chia s quyn s hu c th dn n mu thun v quyn kim sot nu nh mc tiu 2 bn khc bit nhau

6. Thit lp chi nhnh mi

a. Xy dng 1 chi nhnh hot ng mi hon ton

b. Thit lp 1 cng ty mi bng cch mua li/sp nhp

u im Nhc im

Gim thiu ri ro t vic mt kim sot

D dng thc hin chin lc ton cu v c quyn kim sot cht ch cc chi nhanh cc quc gia khc nhau

D tip cn ng cong kinh nghim v tn dng c li th v tr

DN phi ng u vi ri ro v chi ph xy dng c s hot ng th trng quc t

Cu hi tho lun: Chin lc no tt hn u t mi hay thu tm?

[1] Nhc hc vin bi tp nhm lin quan(tnh hung franchise ca Subway Trung quc)

VI. Phng thc xm nhp thng qua lin minh chin lc (strategic alliances):

Lin minh chin lc cp n tha thun hp tc gia cc i th cnh tranh thc s hoc i th cnh tranh tim nng.

gm cc lin doanh v cc tha thun hp tc trong ngn hn.

s lng cc lin minh chin lc khng ngng tng ln trong thi gian gn y.

V d: FPT v Microsoft

K tha thun lin minh chin lc trong vng 3 nm

Hai Cty c th hp tc cht ch nhm cung cp nhng gii php cht lng cao cho cc doanh nghip ti Vit Nam v khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng.

Microsoft gip pht trin i ng k s FPT c o to bi bn, trang b nhng k nng hon ho trong lnh vc chuyn i gii php doanh nghip.

Microsoft gip FPT xy dng nhng k nng v qun l h tng

Gip FPT lm vic vi cc i tc v khch hng khc ti chu Thi Bnh Dng

u v nhc ca lin minh chin lc:

u im Nhc im

To iu kin cho vic xm nhp vo th trng nc ngoi.

Chia s ri ro v chi ph c nh xut pht t

Hn ch: DN cn cn nhc cn trng v nhiu khi cho i nhiu nhng nhn li t.

qu trnh nghin cu sn phm mi

B sung ln nhau cc k nng v ngun lc

Gip 1 Dn xy dng cc tiu chun k thut cho ngnh cng nghip m iu ny s mang li li ch cho Dn

Cu hi tho lun: iu g lm cho lin minh chin lc thnh cng?

Bi ging P3 Chng 8 - Cu trc t chc ca cc MNC

Mc tiu chng:

MT1: Tm hiu cu trc t chc ca cc MNC

MT2: Hiu v mi quan h gia c cu t chc v cc chin lc

MT3: Gii thch c cch kt hp t chc v chin lc ci thin hiu qu ca t chc

MT4: Hiu c cch thay i t chc tr nn tt hn

I. Cu trc t chc (Organizational architecture)

Cu trc t chc (Organizational architecture) l ton b cc yu t hnh thnh nn t chc gm: c cu t chc(organizational structure), h thng kim sot v ng vin(control system & intensives), cc qui trnh, vn ha t chc, nhn lc

C cu t chc(Organizational structure)

Phn chia cc b phn ca t chc thnh cc phng, ban(subunits)

C cu da theo hng tp quyn hay phn quyn (centralized versus decentralized)

Gn kt hot ng: cc phng/ban trong t chc s phi hp vi nhau nh th no

H thng kim sot v ng vin (Control systems and incentives)

Cc h thng kim sot cc s liu o lng dng nh gi hiu qu ca cc phng, ban

H thng ng vin cc cng c c dng khen thng

Qui trnh, vn ha t chc v nhn lc (Processes, organizational culture, and people)

Qui trnh Cch thc m cc quyt nh c thc hin v cc cng vic c tin hnh trong t chc

Vn ha t chc - cc chun mc v gi tr c chia s ln nhau gia cc thnh vin trong mt t chc

Nhn s - khng ch cp n nhn vin ca DN m cn ni n chin lc c s dng tuyn dng, tr lng, v gn gi ngi c k nng, gi tr v nh hng

t li nhun cao nht, DN phi c 3 iu kin:

Cc yu t trong thnh phn cu trc t chc phi nht qun

Cu trc t chc phi ph hp vi chin lc ca n

Chin lc v cu trc phi ph hp ln nhau, v phi ph hp vi cc iu kin cnh tranh

II. Cc kha cnh ca c cu t chc

1. Kha cnh khc bit dc (Vertical differentiation) s thit lp h thng quyn lc tp trung hay phn quyn trong mt c cu t chc

2. Kha cnh khc bit ngang(Horizontal differentiation) s phn chia t chc thnh nhiu phng/ban

3. Kha cnh c ch tch hp(Integrating mechanisms) - c ch hp tc gia cc phng/ban

S khc bit dc:

Khc bit dc xc nh quyn lc tp trung hay phn quyn t chc

Quyt nh tp trung(Centralized decision-making)

To iu kin cho s phi hp cc hot ng ca DN

m bo cc quyt nh ban hnh ph hp vi mc tiu ca DN

Cho php nh qun tr c quyn thay i c cu khi cn

Trnh cc hot ng trng lp

Quyt nh phn quyn (Decentralized decision-making)

lm gim gnh nng i vi qun l

dng ng vin s n lc ca c nhn

linh hot hn

c th cho nhng quyt nh tt hn

c th gip gia tng s kim sot

S khc bit ngang:

Khc bit ngang(Horizontal differentiation): s phn chia t chc thnh nhiu phng/ban

da vo chc nng, loi hnh kinh doanh, khu vc a l

Hu ht cc DN mi khi s c c cu khng r rng, nhng khi pht trin hn, n bt u phn chia thnh nhiu b phn vi cc chc nng c trng khc nhau c cu chc nng(functional structure)

Cc b phn c iu hnh v kim sot bi cc cp qun l trn cng

Cc quyt nh thng tp trung

Cc cng ty c nhiu dng sn phm thng pht trin kha cnh khc bit ngang

Tm quan trng ca khc bit ngang?

Cc DN c th chuyn sang p dng c cu t chc n v sn phm (product divisional structure)

Mi n v chu trch nhim mt dng sn phm ring bit

Tr s chnh gi quyn kim sot tng th chin lc ca doanh nghip v kim sot ti chnh mi n v

C cu theo dng sn phm

iu g xy ra khi cc DN kinh doanh ton cu?

Cc DN thng gp cc phng chc nng vo 1 phng/ban mi phng quc t (international division)

Theo thi gian, hot ng sn xut c th chuyn sang cc th trng nc ngoi

Cc DN c c cu theo chc nng c khuynh hng lp li c cu ny th trng nc xm nhp

Cc DN c c cu dng sn phm s lp li c cu ny th trng nc ngoi

C hai trng hp, u c th xy ra xung t v vn hp tc gia hot ng ni a v hot ng nc ngoi

C cu phng quc t - international division

iu g xy