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Chapter 10 Warehousing and Material Handling
仓储和物料搬运
AIMS OF THE CHAPTER
■ APPRECIATE the purpose and aims of warehouses
■ DESCRIBE the main activities in a warehouse
■ COMPARE the benefits of private and public warehousing
■ APPRECIATE the purpose of packaging
10.1 PURPOSE OF WAREHOUSES
10.1.1 definition of warehouse
A WAREHOUSE is any location where stocks of material are held on their journey through supply chains.
As well as storage, warehouses can be used for a number of other activities
10.1 PURPOSE OF WAREHOUSES
10.1.1 definition of warehouse When we talk about warehouses storing materials, this is
really only part of the story. Many organizations are using warehouses as convenient locations for doing a range of related jobs.
For example, labeling, packaging, making products ‘store ready’ for retailers, doing other aspects of postponement, servicing vendor managed inventories, and so on.
The overall trend is for warehouses to do more tasks
10.1 PURPOSE OF WAREHOUSES
10.1.2 Fitting into the logistics strategy Important factors you have to consider when
choosing size for warehouse:
the number of products using the warehouse
the type of demand for each product, how much it varies, average order size, and so on
physical features of the products, particularly size and weight
10.1 PURPOSE OF WAREHOUSES
special storage conditions, such as climate control, packaging, and so on
target customer service level lead times from suppliers and promised to
customers economies of scale type of material handling equipment layout of storage and related facilities.
10.2 ACTIVITIES IN WAREHOUSE
10.2.1 Basic activities receiving goods from upstream suppliers identifying the goods, matching them to orders and
finding their intended use unloading materials doing checks on quantity, quality and condition labelling materials (usually with bar codes) sorting goods as needed moving goods to bulk storage area holding them in stock until needed
10.2 ACTIVITIES IN WAREHOUSE
10.2.1 Basic activities moving materials from bulk storage to a
smaller picking store picking materials from this store to meet
orders moving the materials to a marshalling area assembling materials into orders packing and packaging loading delivery vehicles and dispatching
the order controlling all communications and related
systems
10.2 ACTIVITIES IN WAREHOUSE
10.2.2 other activities
sorting materials,
packing
consolidating deliveries.
YOU KNOW WHAT?
A computer manufacturer, for example, might collect in a central warehouse a keyboard from Brazil, software from the USA, a monitor from the UK, speakers from Taiwan and the main box from Japan, and so on. The warehouse assembles the components into final systems and delivers them to customers.
10.2 ACTIVITIES IN WAREHOUSE
•10.2.12 other activities
10.2 ACTIVITIES IN WAREHOUSE
10.2.2 other activities
•The consolidation can go further than simply
bringing together materials from different sources. It
might add the final packing and packaging to
present a single product, or even do a limited
amount of final manufacturing. This is the basis of
postponementpostponement
10.2 ACTIVITIES IN WAREHOUSE
Warehouses are increasingly places for
sorting and doing work on materials rather
than storing them. In the extreme they do
these associated jobs, but the materials are
never put into storage. This is the basis of
cross-docking.cross-docking.
10.3 OWNSHIP
Private warehouses are owned or leased by an
organization as part of its own supply chains. The
organization runs its own warehouses to support its main
operations. This gives greater control over a central part
of logistics, and allows integration of warehousing with
the broader activities of logistics
10.3 OWNSHIP
A public warehouse is run as an independent business,
which makes money by charging users a fee. There are
many types of public warehouse, including bonded
warehouses, cold stores, bulk storage, tankers and
various specialty stores.
Comparison:
Private warehouses have higher fixed costs but lower
unit operating costs, while public warehouses have low
fixed costs but potentially higher variable costs,
10.3 OWNSHIP
The move towards contracting out warehousing means that the most common arrangement for warehousing is probably a mixture of private and public. An organization uses private warehouses for basic, core needs.
a warehouse with enough capacity to meet peak demand will only work at full capacity for 75–85% of the time. So :
private warehouse :75–85% of the time, public warehouses : the rest of the time.
USE THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC TOGETHER
10.4 LAYOUT
10.4.1 General layout
One of the most important decisions when running a
warehouse is its layout.
This describes the physical arrangement of storage
racks, loading and unloading areas, equipment, offices,
rooms, and all other facilities.
10.4 LAYOUT
WHY Layout decisions are important ?
(1) they require substantial investments of both money and
effort,
(2) they involve long-term commitments …
(3) they have significant impaction the cost and efficiency
of short-term operations.
10.4 LAYOUTWHAT are essential elements in a warehouse ?WHAT are essential elements in a warehouse ?
●an arrival bay, or dock, where goods coming from
suppliers are delivered, checked and sorted
● a storage area, where the goods are kept as stock
● a departure bay, or dock, where customers’ orders
are assembled and sent out
● a material handling system, for moving goods around
● an information system, which records the location of
all goods, arrivals from suppliers, departures to
customers, and other relevant information..
10.4 LAYOUT
10.4 LAYOUT 10.4.2 Locating materials on shelves
When there are thousands of items in store, small differences in the way they are arranged can give markedly different service and costs.
The location of products of GuoGuang supermarket? Why did they design the layout like that?
10.5 MATERIALS HANDLING
What is materials handling?
MATERIALS HANDLING is concerned with the movement of materials for short distances generally within a warehouse, or between storage areas and transport.
10.5 MATERIALS HANDLING
Aims of materials handling?Aims of materials handling?
moving materials around a warehouse as required moving materials quickly, reducing the number and
length of movements increasing storage density, by reducing the amount of
wasted space reducing costs, by using efficient operations making few mistakes, with efficient material
management systems..
10.5 MATERIALS HANDLING
3 kind of warehouse for materials handling
Manual warehouses Mechanized warehouses Automated warehouses
10.5 MATERIALS HANDLING Manual warehouses: People go
around and pick items from the shelves, and put them into some sort of container for movement – like a supermarket trolley.
Mechanized warehouses replace some of the muscle power of manual warehouses by machines. Typical examples of mechanized equipment are:
reach trucks,( 堆高机 ) order-picking machines (电动拣料机) forklift trucks (叉车) cranes, (起重机) towlines, (拖链) conveyors, (输送装置) tractors or trains(牵引机) carousels, (传送装置)
10.5 MATERIALS HANDLING
10.5 MATERIALS HANDLING
•电动拣料机 叉车
10.5 MATERIALS HANDLING•传送装置 牵引机
10.5 MATERIALS HANDLINGAutomated warehouses
● storage areas that can be accessed by automatic
equipment; these often use narrow aisles up to, say, 40 m
tall to get a high density of materials and minimize the
distances moved.
● equipment to move materials around the warehouse; these
are usually automated guided vehicles (AGVs) which use
guide wires in the floor, but might include conveyors,
tractors, or a range of other moving equipment.
● equipment to automatically pick materials and put them into
storage, including high-speed stacker cranes that can
reach any point in the narrow aisles very quickly.
10.6 PACKAGE
We have already mentioned pallets (the standard wooden trays about four feet square that materials are put on to ease movement) and containers (the 20- or 40-foot metal boxes that are used to move a huge variety of goods around the world).
Collecting together materials into these standard packages is called unitization to form unit loads. It is much easier to move standard loads than it is to move a variety of different sizes and shapes.
Another benefit of standard packages is that they can increase the density of storage.
See you