ekonomika da biznesi 2-2012+.pdf · ekonomika da biznesi marti-aprili MARCH-APRIL МАРТ-АПРЕЛЬ 2012 ECONOMICS and BUSINESS ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑ ISSN 1987-5789

ekonomika da biznesi

marti-aprili

MARCH-APRILМАРТ-АПРЕЛЬ

2012

ECONOMICS and BUSINESSÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑ

ISSN 1987-5789

2

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso referirebadi

da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli JurnaliÌåæäóíàðîäíûé

ðåôåð

International refereed and reviewed scientifi c and practical journal of the Faculty of Economics and Business,

Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåðèðóåìûé è ðåöåíçèðóåìûé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêèé æóðíàë ôàêóëüòåòà Ýêîíîìèêè è Áèçíåñà Òáèëèññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè Èâ.

Äæàâàõèøâèëè

gamodis 2008 wlis ianvridan, or TveSi erTxel

Published since January, 2008 once in two monthÂûõîäèò ñ ßíâàðÿ 2008 ãîäà ðàç â äâà ìåñÿöà

redaqciis misamarTi: Tbilisi, universitetis q., #1,

Tsu maRlivi korpusi, me-13 sarT., tel. 230-36-68, 599-10-38-16

e-mail: [email protected]

3

saredaqcio kolegia

revaz gogoxiarevaz gogoxia – mTavari redaqtori

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr–korespon-

dentebi, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi: vladimer papava, avTandil vladimer papava, avTandil

silagaZe, leo Ciqava.silagaZe, leo Ciqava.

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: iuri anan-iuri anan-

iaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani, nugzar Todua, iaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani, nugzar Todua,

irakli kovzanaZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia margvelaSvili, irakli kovzanaZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia margvelaSvili,

qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, nugzar paiWaZe, sergo qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, nugzar paiWaZe, sergo

sanaZe, murman turava, mirian tuxaSvili, eTer xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe, sanaZe, murman turava, mirian tuxaSvili, eTer xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe,

roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaZe, Temur Sengelia, emzar jger-roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaZe, Temur Sengelia, emzar jger-

enaia.enaia.

EDITORIAL BOARDEDITORIAL BOARD

Revaz GogokhiaRevaz Gogokhia – Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences, professor. – Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences, professor.Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doc-Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doc-

tors of Economic Sciences: tors of Economic Sciences: Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo Chikava.Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo Chikava.Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abe-Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abe-

sadze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Eka sadze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Eka Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Murman Tura-Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Murman Tura-va, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, va, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.

ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈßÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß

Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ – ãëàâíèé ðåäàêòîð, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð.

×ëåíû-êîððåñïîíäåíòû Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè – Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, Ëåî ×èêàâà. Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, Ëåî ×èêàâà.

Äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìåñõèÿ, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Ìåñõèÿ, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Серго Санадзе, Серго Санадзе, Ìóðìàí Òóðàâà, Ìèðèàí Ìóðìàí Òóðàâà, Ìèðèàí Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Акаки Хеладзе, Акаки Хеладзе, Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ. Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ.

4

saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.

volfgang vengi – berlinis (germania) univer-

sitetis profesori, harald kunci – branderburgis

(germania) universitetis ekonomikuri Teoriis kaT-

edris gamge, kim taqsiri – ruseTis mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis akademikosi, jozef xasidi – pireusis (saber-

ZneTi) universitetis ekonomikuri fakultetis dekani,

profesori, tomas haldma – tartus (estoneTi) uni-

versitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis administrirebis

fakultetis dekani, profesori.

FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:

Wolfgang Weng – Professor at Berlin University (Germany), Harald Kunz – Head of department of Economic theory at Brander-burg University (Germany), Kim Taksir – Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Joseph Hassid - Dean of the Faculty of Eco-nomics Piraeus University (Greece), Professor, Toomas Haldma – Tartu University’s Dean Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, professor (Estonia).

ÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:

Âîëôãàíã Âåíã - Ïðîôåññîð Áåðëèíñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êóíö Ãàðàëä – çàâ. êàôåäðîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òåîðèè Áðàíäåðáóðãñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êèì Òàêñèð – Àêàäåìèê Ðîññèéñêîé Àêàäåìèè Íàóê, Äæîçåô Õàññèä – äåêàí ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Ïèðåéññêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãðåöèÿ), Òîîìàñ Õàëäìà - äåêàí ôàêóëüòåòà ýêîíîìèêè è àäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèÿ áèçíåñà Óíèâåðñèòåòà Òàðòó (Ýñòîíèÿ), ïðîôåññîð.

5

SinaarsiSinaarsi

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

iaSa (iakob) mesxia. iaSa (iakob) mesxia. transnacionaluri korufcia – saer-transnacionaluri korufcia – saer-

TaSoriso ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis muqara ................ .11TaSoriso ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis muqara ................ .11

mamia QWumburiZe. mamia QWumburiZe. makroekonomikis sagnis, kvlevis meT-makroekonomikis sagnis, kvlevis meT-

odologiisa da miznebis Sesaxeb ............................................... 50odologiisa da miznebis Sesaxeb ............................................... 50

simon gelaSvili. simon gelaSvili. ganaTlebidan miRebuli sargebeli da ganaTlebidan miRebuli sargebeli da

misi statistikuri gazomvis meTodebi ......................................65misi statistikuri gazomvis meTodebi ......................................65

jemal xaritonaSvili. jemal xaritonaSvili. devid rikardo (1772-1823) – ekono-devid rikardo (1772-1823) – ekono-

mikuri mecnierebis korife (dabadebidan 240 weli) ......81mikuri mecnierebis korife (dabadebidan 240 weli) ......81

mikro-makroekonomikamikro-makroekonomika

eTer xaraiSvili. eTer xaraiSvili. fermerul meurneobaTa diversifika-fermerul meurneobaTa diversifika-

cia aRmosavleT evropisa da centraluri cia aRmosavleT evropisa da centraluri

aziis qveynebSi ...................................................................................................95aziis qveynebSi ...................................................................................................95

manana nanitaSvili. manana nanitaSvili. samomxmareblo qcevis fsiqologi-samomxmareblo qcevis fsiqologi-

uri aspeqtebi ................................................................................................. 109uri aspeqtebi ................................................................................................. 109

loid qarCava, eTer sarjvelaZe. loid qarCava, eTer sarjvelaZe. integrirebuli market-integrirebuli market-

inguli komunikaciebi biznesSi .......................................................123inguli komunikaciebi biznesSi .......................................................123

menejmenti. marketingi. turizmimenejmenti. marketingi. turizmi

ioseb masuraSvili. ioseb masuraSvili. teqnologiebis menejmentis aqtua-teqnologiebis menejmentis aqtua-

luri sakiTxebi ...............................................................................................133luri sakiTxebi ...............................................................................................133

sergo cagareiSvili, eka deviZe. sergo cagareiSvili, eka deviZe. turizmi imereTis re-turizmi imereTis re-

gionSi: realoba da perspeqtivebi ................................................143gionSi: realoba da perspeqtivebi ................................................143

mariam niqabaZe. mariam niqabaZe. konkurentuli bazari saqarTvelos mo-konkurentuli bazari saqarTvelos mo-

biluri komunikaciebis seqtorSi .................................................149biluri komunikaciebis seqtorSi .................................................149

6

finansebi da sabanko saqmefinansebi da sabanko saqme

xaTuna barbaqaZe. xaTuna barbaqaZe. likvidobisa da rentabelobis maCven-likvidobisa da rentabelobis maCven-

eblebis dabalansebis Sesaxeb ..........................................................155eblebis dabalansebis Sesaxeb ..........................................................155

nato kakaSvili. nato kakaSvili. sadazRvevo kompaniebis fuladi nakade-sadazRvevo kompaniebis fuladi nakade-

bis marTvis principebis realizacia misi dagegmvisa da bis marTvis principebis realizacia misi dagegmvisa da

prognozirebis procesSi ..................................................................... 165prognozirebis procesSi ..................................................................... 165

konstantine sulamaniZe. konstantine sulamaniZe. axali sabanko produqtebis axali sabanko produqtebis

danergvis procesSi riskebis marTvis kontrolisa da danergvis procesSi riskebis marTvis kontrolisa da

mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis SefasebismmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis Sefasebis

principebi .............................................................................................................179principebi .............................................................................................................179

axali wignebi: axali wignebi:

rogoria profesional-recenzentTa azri?rogoria profesional-recenzentTa azri?

elguja meqvabiSvili. elguja meqvabiSvili. makroekonomikis bestseleri makroekonomikis bestseleri

saxelmZRvanelo qarTul enaze .......................................................192saxelmZRvanelo qarTul enaze .......................................................192

nodar WiTanava, amiran jibuti, murman carciZe.nodar WiTanava, amiran jibuti, murman carciZe. saintereso saintereso

monografiuli gamokvleva ..................................................................194monografiuli gamokvleva ..................................................................194

7

CONTENTS

ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLICY

IASHA (JACOB) MESKHIA. Transnational Corruption – Threat to International Economic Security …….....................11MAMIA CHUMBURIDZE. Regarding the Methodology and Goals of Macroeconomic Subject Research ……......................50SIMON GELASHVILI. Benefi t from Education and Statistical Measurement Methods .................................................................65JEMAL KHARITONASHVILI. David Ricardo (1772-1823) – the Coryphaeus of Economic Thinking (240 years since his birth) ............................................................................................81

MICRO-MACROECONOMICS

ETER KHARAISHVILI. Diversifi cation of Farms in Eastern European and Central Asian Countries ……............................95MANANA NANITASHVILI. Psychological Aspect of Consumer Behavior .....................................................................................109LOID KARCHAVA, ETER SARDJVELADZE. Integrated Marketing Communications in Business ….............................123

MANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISM

IOSEB MASURASHVILI. Conceptual Issues in Technology Management ............................................................................. 133SERGO TSAGAREISHVILI, EKA DEVIDZE. Tourism in Imereti Region: Reality and Perspectives ...............................143

8

MARIAM NIKABADZE. Competitive Market in the Mobile Communications Sector of Georgia ....................................... 149

FINANCE AND BANKING

KHATUNA BARBAKADZE. Regarding the Balance between Liquidity and Profi tability Indicators .....................................155NATO KAKASHVILI. Management of Insurance Company Cash Flow in Planning and Forecasting ...................................165KONSTANTINE SULAMANIDZE. The Principles of Risk Management Control in Development of new Banking Products and Evaluation of Managerial Decisions .................................179

NEW BOOKS: WHAT ARETHE VIEWS OF PROFESSIONAL - REVIEWERS

ELGUJA MEKVABISHVILI. The Bestseller Macroeconomic Textbook in Georgian ................................................................ 192NODAR TCHITANAVA, AMIRAN JIBUTI, MURMAN TSARTSIDZE. An Interesting Monographic Research ......................................................................................194

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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА

ЯША (ЯКОВ) МЕСХИЯ. Транснациональная коррупция - угроза международной экономической безопасности ......... 11МАМИЯ ЧУМБУРИДЗЕ. О предмете, методологии исследо-вания и целях макроэкономики...............................................50 СИМОН ГЕЛАШВИЛИ. Выгода, полученная от образова-ния и методы её статистического измерения.........................65ДЖЕМАЛ ХАРИТОНАШВИЛИ. Девид Рикардо (1772-1823) – Корифей экономической науки ........................................... 81

МИКРО- МАКРОЭКОНОМИКА

ЭТЕР ХАРАИШВИЛИ. Модификация фермерских хозяйств в странах Восточной Эвропы и Центральной Азии......................................................................95МАНАНА НАНИТАШВИЛИ. Психологические аспекты по-требительского действия.........................................................109ЛОЙД КАРЧАВА, ЭТЕР САРДЖВЕЛАДЗЕ. Интегрирован-ные маркетинговые коммуникации в бизнесе .....................123

МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ. МАРКЕТИНГ. ТУРИЗМ

ИОСИФ МАСУРАШВИЛИ. Актуальные вопросы менед-жмента технологии....................................................................133

10

СЕРГО ЦАГАРЕЙШВИЛИ, ЭКА ДЕВИДЗЕ. Туризм в ре-гионе Имерети: реальность и перспективы.........................143 МАРИАМ НИКАБАДЗЕ. Конкурентный рынок в секторе мобильных коммуникаций Грузии........................................149

ФИНАНСЫ И БАНКОВСКОЕ ДЕЛО

ХАТУНА БАРБАКАДЗЕ. О сбалансировании показателей

ликвидности и рентабельности............................................. 155

НАТО КАКАШВИЛИ. Реализация принципов управления

денежных потоков страховых компаний в процессе его пла-

нирования и прогнозирования.............................................. 165

КОНСТАНТИН СУЛАМАНИДЗЕ. Принципы оценки кон-

троля управления рынков и управленческого решения в про-

цессе внедрения новых банковских продуктов...................179

Новые книги:

Каково мнение професионалов-рецензентов?

ЭЛГУДЖА МЕКВАБИШВИЛИ. Бестселер учебника макро-

экономики на грузинском языке........................................... 192

НОДАР ЧИТАНАВА, АМИРАН ДЖИБУТИ, МУРМАН

ЦАРЦИДЗЕ. Интересное монографическое исследование...............................................................................194

11

transnacionaluri korufcia - transnacionaluri korufcia -

saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso

ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis muqaraekonomikuri usafrTxoebis muqara

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

iaSa (iakob) mesxia iaSa (iakob) mesxia

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

sruli profesori, sruli profesori,

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premiis laureatisaqarTvelos saxelmwifo premiis laureati

problemis aqtualuroba.problemis aqtualuroba. Mmsoflio ekonomikis

mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebis erT-erT Zlier

muqaras warmoadgens korufcia, romelic ukanasknel

wlebSi Tavisi gamovlenis mravalferovnebiT da

dinamikurobiT xasiaTdeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

ekonomikuri globalizaciis gaRrmavebis process

Tan sdevs korufciis rogorc rTuli socialuri

fenomenis internacionalizacia, rac misi eqsportiT

da, Sesabamisad, sivrciT-geografiuli gafarToebiT

gamoixateba. amaze miuTiTebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

saerTaSoriso organizacia `Transparenty International~ - is mier gamoqveynebuli angariSi `msoflio korufciis

barometri~, romlis Tanaxmad, 2011 wels msoflioSi

yoveli meoTxe adamiani qrTams iRebda1.

miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflios yvela QqveyanaSi

korufcias aqtiurad ebrZvian, misi masStabebi ki

ar mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba kidevac. ufro metic,

korufcia gascda calkeuli qveynebis erovnul

1 http://www.corrupcia.net/articles/fact-3948.html

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sazRvrebs da man saerTaSoriso, globaluri xasiaTi

miiRo. Tanamedrove etapze korufciis kidev erT

damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebaa misi rogorc erovnul,

aseve saerTaSoriso biznesSi SeWra da Sesabamisi

negatiuri efeqtebis warmoqmna. ukanasknel wlebSi

korufciam iseTi arnaxuli saerTaSoriso masStabebi

miiRo, rom igi aRmoCnda kacobriobis usafrTxoebis

winaaRmdeg mimarTul iseTi danaSaulobebis

CamonaTvalSi, rogoricaa agresia, genocidi, aparteidi,

Zaladobrivi gziT koloniuri batonobis damkvidreba,

birTvuli iaraRis gamoyeneba, rasizmi, terorizmi da

a.S.

korufciis globalizaciam seriozuli safrTxe

Seuqmna saerTaSoriso ekonomikur usafrTxoebas da

msoflio ekonomikis mdgrad da stabilur ganviTarebas.

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis erT-erTi

organuli Semadgeneli nawilia saerTaSoriso biznesis

usafrTxoeba, romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva qveynis

biznes-urTierTobebisaTvis iseTi pirobebis Seqmnas,

romelic xelsayreli iqneba TiToeuli monawile

mxarisaTvis da im negatiuri pirobebisa da faqtorebis

nivelirebas an minimumamde dayvanas, rac safrTxes

uqmnis saerTaSoriso bazrebis efeqtian da optimalur

funqcionirebas.

dRevandel etapze Camoyalibebul tendenciebs

politikaSi, ekonomikaSi, finansebsa da adamianuri

saqmianobis sxva sferoebSi, romlebic asocirdeba

termin `globalizaciasTan~, garkveuli koreqtivebi

Seaqvs usafrTxoebisa cnebis gansazRvraSi, upirveles

yovlisa, misi Sinaarsis gafarToebis mimarTulebiT.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis usafrTxoeba gaxda

sayovelTao cneba, radgan igi moicavs TiToeuli

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adamianisaTvis xelSesaxeb yvelaze mwvave procesebs,

dawyebuls teroristuli aqtidan da damTavrebuls

samuSaos dakargviT an saxlSi energiis gaTiSviT,

anu usafrTxoebis qveS igulisxmeba yovelive is, rac

arRvevs adamianis normalur sasicocxlo riTms. am

kuTxiT, transnacionaluri danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi da,

maT Soris, korufcia ukanaskneli aTwleulis manZilze

saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier ganixileba rogorc

erT-erTi globaluri problema, romlis gadaWra

moiTxovs yvela saxelmwifos erToblivi Zalisxmevis

gaZlierebas.

problemis aqtualurobaze aSkarad miuTiTebs is

garemoeba, rom G-20 kanis samitze dRis wesrigis erT-erT

mTavar sakiTxad iqca globaluri korufcia. erTxmad iqna

aRiarebuli, rom dRevandeli saerTaSoriso institutebi

ver umklavdebian am socialur borotebas, ris gamoc

saWiro xdeba maTi transformacia da axali finansuri

wesrigis damyareba. samitze gacxadda, rom msoflio

Crdilovani bazris moculobam 60 trln aSS dolars

miaRwia, romelic danaSaulebrivi spekulaciuri gziT

korumpirebulTa xelSi aRmoCnda.1 eqspert-ekonomistebis

didi nawilis azriT, swored es fuli gaxda finansur

bazrebze derivatebis (warmoebuli qaRaldebis) gabervis

mizezi. msoflio bankis specialistebis gaangariSebiT

korufciam wliuri ekonomikuri zrda 1%-iT Seamcira,

xolo saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis eqspertebis

monacemebiT korumpirebul qveynebSi investireba 5%-iT

mcirea im qveynebTan SedarebiT, sadac korufciis done

SedarebiT dabalia.

korufciasTan dakavSirebuli socialur-

ekonomikuri problemebi da masTan brZolis

1 http://segodnya.novostimira.com/n_1700558.html

14


strategiebi didi xania mecnieruli kvlevis sagania

mTel msoflioSi1, maT Soris, saqarTveloSi2. Tumca,

korufciis globalizaciis kompleqsurad Seswavlis

kuTxiT fundamenturi kvlevebi jerjerobiT naklebad

mimdinareobs. winamdebare naSromis mizania, sagareo

ekonomikur urTierTobebSi, da kerZod, saerTaSoriso

biznesSi korufciis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis zogadi

analizis, Sefasebisa da ganzogadebis safuZvelze,

problemis aqtualurobis wina planze wamowevis

mcdeloba da zogierTi konceftualuri xasiaTis

mosazrebebis SemoTavazeba.

zogierTi dazusteba. korufciis cnebis

gagebis sxvadasxva koncefcia arsebobs. klasikuri

gagebiT, korufcia miCneulia rogorc samsaxurebrivi

mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba piradi sargeblis

misaRebad3. Cveni azriT, es yvelaze viwro, mSrali da

dReisaTvis moZvelebuli ganmartebaa. Tanamedrove

etapze korufciam, rogorc ukanono (an korufciuli

1Corrupnion, Global Securety, and Wold order/Robert I. Rotberg(ed), Washington: BrooKings Institution Press, 2009; Richard Duncan., The Corruption of Capital-ism: A strategy to rebalance the global economy and restore sustainable growth: CLSA, 2009; Кузовков Ю. В., Мировая история коррупции. –М.: Издательство Анима-Пресс, 2010.2papava v., aratradiciuli ekonomiksi, Tb., 2011; Папава В., Об экономике коррупции в посткоммунистических странах. Общество и экономика, 2001, №9; Papava V., Economic Approach to the Restriction of Corruption in Grorgia. Georgian Economic Trends, 2000, #3-4; oTinaSvili r., Crdilovani ekonomika.Kko-

rufcia, Tb., 2001; gociriZe r., kandelaki o., gavleniani jgufebi da

korufcia: saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis muqara, Tb., elfi,

2001; mesxia i., korufciis evolucia: axali formebi da saxeebi, bi-

znesi da kanonmdebloba, 2008, #10; mesxia i., korufcia saqarTveloSi:

mizezebi da daZlevis gzebi, gadasaxadebi, 2001, #2; Ciqava l., ComaxiZe

d., kvaracxelia m., ilia WavWavaZe korufciis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, ekonomikis seria, t.10, #1-2 da sxv.

3Епифанова Н., Исследование коррупции на основе методов экономической тео-рии, журн. «Вопросы экономики», 2007, № 1, с. 33 – 44; Олик Ю.В., Карасаев В.И., Коррупция как механизм социальной деградации. – СПб.: Издательство Р. Асланова «Юридический центр Пресс», 2005.

15


“xvrelebis” Semcveli kanonis farglebSi) qmedebam,

axali Tvisebebi da formebi SeiZina, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

igi globalizaciis paralelurad ganviTarda, ufro

`srulyofili~ da mravalwaxnagovani gaxda. migvaCnia,

rom yvela is qmedeba, rac mimarTulia daumsaxurebeli,

ukanono nebismieri saxeobis ekonomikuri da

inteleqtualuri sargeblis miRebisaken, korufciad

unda CaiTvalos. aseT qmedebebad unda iqnes miCneuli

qrTamis aReba da micema, nepotizmi, lobizmi, interesTa

konfliqti, amomrCevelTa xmebis mosyidva, politikuri

partiebis ukanono dafinanseba, gamoZalva, saxelmwifo

moxeleebze SeRavaTiani kreditebis gacema, saxelmwifo

Sesyidvebi da saxelmwifo struqturebSi dasaqmebis

uzrunvelyofa nefotizmis niSniT, gaumWvirvale

biujetis miReba da misi xarjva moqalaqeTa mosyidvis

mizniT, agreTve yvela sxva saxeobis saqmianoba, romliTac

SesaZlebeli xdeba materialuri, inteleqtualuri

da sxva sargebelis miReba kanonis darRveviT an

calkeuli pirebisa da gjufebisaTvis xelSesawyobad

specialurad miRebuli kanonebis gamoyenebiT.

dReisaTvis specialur ekonomikur da politikur

literaturaSi ZiriTadad korufciis oTx saxeobas

ganixilaven1: pirveli – sayofacxovrebo korufcia,

romelic gulisxmobs rigiTi moqalaqeebisa da sajaro

moxeleebis urTierTobas, gamoxatuls Tanamdebobis

pirebisaTvis fulisa da sxvadasxva materialuri

faseulobis gadacemasa da momsaxurebis gawevaSi.

Aamgvari korufciis TvalsaCino magaliTia sagzao

moZraobis wesebis darRvevisaTvis policielis mier

qrTamis (fulis) aReba; meore – saqmiani korufcia,

1Гриб В. Г., Окс Л. Е., Противодействие коррупции.-М.: Московская Финансово-Промышленная Академия, 2010; Бинецкий А. , Коррупция.-М. : Из-во «Известия», 2005.

16


romelic warmoiqmneba xelisuflebasa da bizness

Soris da sadavo an arasadavo sakiTxi korufciuli

garigebis Sedegad biznesis sasargeblod wydeba;

mesame – umaRlesi xelisuflebis korufcia, romelic

gulisxmobs saxelisuflebo umaRlesi struqturebis

(sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo)

mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebas piradi interesebis

sasargeblod da mosaxleobis sazianod. mas

xSirad elitarul korufciasac uwodeben; meoTxe

– politikuri korufcia, rac Tavisi SinaarsiT

mravalwaxnagovania. upirveles yovlisa, igi gulisxmobs

calkeuli saxelmwifoebis imperiuli gavlenis

gafarToebas msoflioSi, rac, erTi mxriv, praqtikulad

vlindeba cxovrebis stilis, ideologiis, kulturis

sxva qveyanaSi ZaliT an nebayoflobiT danergviT

sakuTari erovnuli interesebis uzrunvelsayofad,

xolo, meore mxriv, Zaladobrivi gziT ucxo qveynebis

okupaciis gamarTlebas sxvadasxva korufciuli sqemis

gamoyenebiT (magaliTad, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos

teritoriebis okupacia da moqrTamvis gziT maTi

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRiarebis iZuleba

sxva saxelmwifoebis mxridan). Ggarda amisa, specialur

literaturaSi ganixileba korufciis dargobrivi,

seqtoruli da sxva kriteriumebiT klasifikacia,

romlebsac faqtobrivad adgili hqonda kacobriobis

ganviTarebis sxvadasaxva etapze daDdResac axali

formebiT vlindebian calkeul qveyanaSi, dargebsa da

sferoebSi1.

Cveni azriT, korufciis mocemuli klasifikacia

Semdgom srulyofas da transformacias saWiroebs.

1 Коррупция в мире и муждународная стратегия борьбы с ней. Отв. ред. В. А. Полюков. –Владивосток, 2004.

17


saqme isaa, rom msoflio ganviTarebis Tanamedrove

etapze sul ufro izrdeba saerTaSoriso safinanso-

ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi organoebis da

transnacionaluri kompaniebis roli da mniSvneloba

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis formirebisa da

dacvis saqmeSi. globalizaciis Tanamedrove etapze

mimdinare transnacionalizaciis, anu Warbi kapitalis

mqone qveynebidan mis deficitur qveynebSi gadaadgilebas

Tan sdevs orive mxaris swrafva maqsimaluri mogebis

miRebisaken. es Cveulebrivi da sabazro ekonomikisaTvis

misaRebi procesia, Tumca misi praqtikuli realizacia

dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva egzogenur da endogenur

winaaRmdegobriv faqtorebsa da pirobebTan, romlis

gadasaWrelad xSir SemTxvevaSi orive mxare mzadaa

mimarTos korufciul garigebebs.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi calkeul qveynebs

resursebs unawileben maTSi dasaqmebuli Cinovnikebis

meSveobiT, romlebic ar arian am resursebis mesakuTreebi,

da Sesabamisad, naklebad arian dainteresebulni maT

samarTlian ganawilebasa da ekonomiur da miznobriv

xarjvaze. amasTan biurokratia saerTaSoriso

organizaciebSi araa iseTi mudmivi monitoringis

qveS, rogorc nacionalur organizaciebSi, radgan

ar arsebobs saerTaSoriso profesionaluri

makontrolebeli organo, xolo, arsebuli saerTaSoriso

safinanso-ekonomikuri da sxva organizaciebi, romelTa

erT-erT funqcias Seadgens maT mier ganawilebuli

resursebis miznobriv xarjvaze kontroli, an ver

umklavdebian am kuTxiT saqmianobas an Tavad arian

Cafluli korufciul garigebebSi. yovelive es iwvevs

saerTaSoriso xasiaTis korufciis masStabebis zrdas.

Cveni azriT, korufcias, romlis eqsportireba SeiZleba

18


saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da transnacionaluri

korporaciebis mier msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi,

SeiZleba vuwodoT transnacionaluri anda globaluri

korufcia. igi vlindeba ucxouri kapitalis

monawileobiT sawarmoebis Seqmnisas, investiciuri

proeqtebis realizaciisa da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis

privatizaciis dros, sabanko tranzaqciebis da ormagi

dabegvridan gadasaxadebis qveynebs Soris danawilebis

dros, bazarze monopoliuri mdgomareobis mopovebisa

da SenarCunebisaTvis brZolaSi, lobisturi jgufebis

saqmianobisas, saerTaSoriso daxmarebebisa da grantebis

ganawilebisa da moxmarebis dros. globalur-

internacionaluri xasiaTisaa calkeuli qveynebis

korumpirebuli liderebis, maRali Tanamdebobis

Cinovnikebisa da top-menejerebis mier korufciuli

gziT mopovebuli fulis msxvil saerTaSoriso bankebSi

ganTavseba, korufciisaken orientirebuli sawarmoebis

ofSorul zonebSi registracia da a.S. saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi monawile arc erTi qveyana araa daculi

globaluri korufciisagan. am problemis aqtualuroba

msoflio Tanasazogadoebam cxadad daadastura

ukanasknel wlebSi G-8 da D-20–is farglebSi Catarebul

saerTaSoriso samitebze.

GSeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom globalizaciis

gaRrmavebis kvaldakval korufcia SeiWra

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi: politikaSi,

ekonomikis realur seqtorSi, sabanko saqmeSi,

vaWrobaSi, samarTaldamcav organoebSi, aRmasrulebel,

sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi,

finansuri kontrolisa da auditis samsaxurebSi,

ganaTlebaSi, medicinaSi, masmediaSi, sportSi, religiaSi,

saerTaSoriso struqturebSi da a.S. amasTan, rogorc

19


saerTaSoriso gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, msoflioSi

yvelaze korumpirebuli sferoebia politikuri partiebi,

sakanonmdeblo organoebi, policia da sasamarTlo

sistema.

GCveni azriT, globaluri korufciis gavrcelebis

areali mokled SeiZleba Semdegnairad davajgufoT:

korufcia transnacionalur kompaniebSi, korufcia

biznesis politizebiT, korufcia mmarTvelobis

umaRles eSelonebSi, anu elituri korufcia, korufcia

saerTaSoriso sareitingo kompaniebSi, korufcia

saerTaSoriso finansur instituciebSi, korufcia

lobistur jgufebSi, korufcia ucxour investiciebSi.

korufcia transnacionalur kompaniebSikorufcia transnacionalur kompaniebSi .

ukanasknel wlebSi korufciam farTod gaidga fexi

transnacionalur kompaniebSi, rac did safrTxes uqm-

nis msoflio ekonomikas. transnacionaluri korufcia

vlindeba Tanamdebobrivi pirebis mosyidvaSi, romlis

mizania SesaZleblobebis miReba ganaxorcielon an

gaagrZelon ekonomikuri saqmianoba romelime qveyana-

Si, an miiRon garkveuli arakanonieri upiratesobebi.

transnacionalur korufcias ZiriTadi gamoyenebis ori

sfero gaaCnia: saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri TanamSrom-

loba da transerovnuli organizebuli damnaSaveoba1.

transnacionaluri kompaniebi korufciuli

sqemebis sarealizaciod gansakuTrebiT farTod

iyeneben ofSorul momsaxurebas. Bbolodroindeli

globaluri finansuri krizisebis gamomwvev mizezebs

1Игры экономических убийц. Тайный мир международных махинаций и сеть глобальной коррупции , Под редакцией Стивена Хайата, Перевод с англ.-М.: Инфра-М, 2009; Тимофеев Л. М., Институциональная коррупция.- М.: РГГУ,2009; Галицкий Е., Левин М. Коррупционные взаимоотношения бизнеса и власти (опыт эмпирического анализа), журн. «Вопросы экономики» 2007, № 1, с. 19 – 32.

20


Soris ganviTarebul qveynebSi korufciuli fulis

mozRvavebas asaxeleben. amasTan, msoflios wamyvani

qveynebis liderebi darwmundnen, rom fuladi

nakadebis stabiluroba da gamWvirvaloba gacilebiT

mniSvnelovania, vidre gaumWvirvale ofSorebidan

mozRvavebuli `ruxi~ investiciebis swrafi zrda.

imisaTvis, rom minimumamde iqnes dayvanili Crdilovani

finansebi, upirveles yovlisa, saWirod CaiTvala misi

anonimurobisadmi ukompromiso omis gamocxadeba:

nomriani, umisamarTo-usaxelo sabanko angariSebi,

romliTac sargebloben korumpirebuli biznes-

struqturebi da fizikuri pirebi, saWiroebs likvidacias

da am meqanizmis akrZalvas. nominaluri angariSebi da

aqtivebis mflobelebi gamWvirvaled unda `miemagros~

maT realur mflobelebs. ofSorebma, rogorc

`sagadasaxado samoTxem~, unda Sewyvitos saidumlo

TavSesafris funqciis Sesruleba. saerTaSoriso da

erovnul bazrebze funqcionirebadma biznes-subieqtebma

unda miiRon unikaluri Ria nomrebi, rac uzrunvelyofs

maTi saqmianobis saerTaSoriso gamWvirvalobas.1.

ra Tqma unda, am grandiozuli cvlilebebis

ganxorcieleba rTuli da droSi gawelili amocanaa,

misi xelis erTi mosmiT realizacia praqtikulad

SeuZlebelia. ufro metic, aseTma siswrafem ukuefeqtic

SeiZleba mogvces. Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am

mimarTulebiT samuSaoebi ukve dawyebulia. mag.,

Sveicaria, rogorc sabanko saidumloebis mesaWe, pirvel

teqnikur nabijebs dgams sabanko angariSebis Riaobis

uzrunvelsayofad. ufro metic, evropuli ofSorebi

1 Kimberly Ann Elliot., Corruption and the Global Ekonomy Institute for Econom-ics, Washington: BrooKings Institution, 2009. Сьюзан Роуз-Аккерман., Корруп-ция и государство: причины, следствия, реформы, пер. с английского._ М.: «Логос», 2003.

21


praqtikulad emzadebian ekonomikis gamWvirvalobis

uzrunvelsayofad. amerikis fasiani qaRaldebisa da

birJebis komisiam (Securenties and Exchange Commission – SEC) Tanamemamuleebi daiyolia bahamis da britaneTis

virjiniis kunZulebze daregistrirebuli kompaniebis

faqtobrivi mflobelebis Sesaxeb informaciis gaxsnis

Taobaze. magram es mxolod dasawyisia, radgan mTeli

rigi msxvili saxelmwifoebi (mag., CineTi, ruseTi da sxv.) ar

Cqaroben ofSorebTan saeWvo finansuri urTierTobebis

SeCerebas. Tumca, korumpirebul saxelmwifoTa anonimur

kapitals Tavisufali gadadinebis SesaZlebloba

TandaTanobiT ezRudeba. amaze miuTiTebs bermudis

kunZulebze ofSoruli zonis `Seryeva~, romelic

dakavSirebulia rusuli kriminaluri kapitalis

moZraobis gaxmaurebasTan. mokled rom vTqvaT,

Tanamedrove msoflio Tanamegobroba erTsulovania

ZalisxmevaSi, romlis mizania msoflio finansebis

gawmenda im `Crdilebisagan~, romelic formirdeba im

qveynis korufcionerebis, reiderebis, TaRliTebis da

sxva kriminalebis mier, romlebsac jerjerobiT myari

poziciebi ukaviaT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT

aRmosavleT evropisa da dsT-s qveynebis korumpirebuli

politikosebi da biznesmenebi farTod iyeneben

ofSorebs fulis gasaTeTreblad, gadasaxadis Tavidan

asacileblad, agreTve iaraRisa da narkotikebis

kontrabandisaTvis.

ofSorebidan korumpirebuli firmebis gamoyvana

saxelmwifosaTvis aranair problemas ar warmoadgens.

amisaTvis saWiroa xelisuflebis politikuri neba, raTa

saxelmwifom ofSorebSi daregistrirebul firmebs

gauwyvitos saxelmwifo SekveTebi anda SemoiRos iseTi

22


sagadasaxado regulaciebi, rom maT TavianTi nebiT

gawyviton kavSiri ofSorebTan. msoflio praqtika

adasturebs, rom ofSorul zonebSi daregistrirebuli

firmebi saxelmwifo biujetidan miRebul Tanxebs

metwilad korufciuli sqemiT gankargaven.

korufcia transnacionalur kompaniebSi

ZiriTadad vlindeba ucxouri kapitaliT erToblivi

sawarmoebis Seqmnis, saxelmwifo qonebis privatizaciisa

da investiciuri proeqtebis realizaciis dros, agreTve,

saqonlis gasaRebisaTvis bazris danawilebis problemis

gadawyvetis procesSi. eqspertebis SefasebiT, ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciaSi

(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development – OECD)

Semaval qveynebSi, sadac iwarmoeba msoflio mTliani

Siga produqtis daaxloebiT 60%, yovelwliurad

ucxoeli Cinovnikebis mosasyidad ixarjeba 30 mlrd-

mde dolari, xolo iaraRiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobisas

qrTamis saxiT gaicema 2,5 mlrd dolaramde1.

meore, ufro saSiS sferos, romelTanac

dakavSirebulia transerovnuli korufcia,

warmoadgens organizebuli transerovnuli danaSauli.

swored aseTi korufcia qmnis pirobebs zemogebis

misaRebad transnacionaluri organizaciebis mier

danaSaulebrivi operaciebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad.

ramdenadac aseTi kompaniebis Svilobili sawarmoebi

da filialebi bazirebulia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, Znelia

maTi gakontroleba saerTaSoriso instituciebisa da

adgilobrivi samarTaldamcavi organoebis mier.

korufcia biznesis politizebiT.korufcia biznesis politizebiT. dRevandel

etapze msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi mimdinareobs

1Международные финансовые институты начали борьбу с корупцией. журн.,»Финансист», 1998, №1, с.66.

23


msxvili biznesis politizebis procesi. transnaciona-

luri kompaniebi da msxvili erovnuli biznes-struq-

turebi TandaTanobiT Seezarda saxelmwifo organoebs.

warmoiqmna ̀ politikuri biznesmenebis~ kasta, romlebic

mmarTveli partiebisaTvis arCevnebSi Tanadgomisa da

fuladi daxmarebis sanacvlod, maTi xelisuflebaSi

mosvlis Semdgom sargebloben sxvadasxva saxeobis

saxelmwifo preferenciebiT da loialuri damokideb-

ulebiT. Tanamedrove etapze saerTaSoriso masStabiT

yvelaze politizebulia energetikuli biznesi, gansa-

kuTrebiT navTobisa da gazis mopovebisa da eqsportis

sfero. rac dro midis, miT ufro izrdeba energomatare-

blebis, maT Soris, navTobisa da gazis moxmareba, xolo

maTi mopovebis da gadamuSavebis potenciali saerTa-

Soriso moTxovnas CamorCeba. ganviTarebuli da ganvi-

Tarebadi qveynebis, maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT CineTisa

da indoeTis swrafma ekonomikurma zrdam msoflioSi

energoresursebze deficiti Seqmna. adre mdidari saba-

doebi TandaTanobiT iwureba, xolo axali sabadoebis

dazverva da amuSaveba, geologiuri sirTuleebis gamo,

sul ufri Zviri jdeba.Aamas emateba revoluciebi da

samoqalaqo omebi afrikis navTobmompovebel qveynebSi,

nacionalizaciis politika venesuelaSi, diversiuli

qmedebebi nigeriaSi, daZabuloba iranis birTvuli pro-

gramis irgvliv, agreTve ruseTis mier politikuri miz-

nebiT gazis eqsportirebaSi ganxorcielebuli “poli-

tikur-zewoliTi” qmedebebi rogorc evropis, aseve

dsT-s qveynebis (ukraina, belarusi, adre saqarTvelo)

mimarT. energomatareblebis biznesSi Seqmnilma kriz-

isulma situaciam farTo gasaqani misca korufciul

garigebebs saerTaSoriso doneze. Aamis mkafio maga-

liTia sul axlaxan libiis axali xelisuflebis mier

24


navTobis mopovebasa da gadamuSavebaze wina xelisu-

flebis mier ruseTTan dadebuli korufciuli kon-

traqtebis gauqmeba.

korufcia mmarTvelobis umaRles eSeloneb-korufcia mmarTvelobis umaRles eSeloneb-Si, anu elituri korufcia.Si, anu elituri korufcia. Migi gavrcelda saxelm-

wifo mmarTvelobis umaRles eSelonebSi da miiRo

saerTaSoriso xasiaTi. elituri korufciis uamravi

magaliTebia msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveynaSi. saer-

TaSoriso doneze gaxmaurebuli msxvili internacio-

naluri korufciis faqtebis ubralo CamoTvlac ki

teqnikurad SeuZlebelia. sul axlaxan korufciasTan

dakavSirebiT gamowveuli xmauris gamo Tanamdebobi-

dan gadadga germaniis prezidenti qristian vulfi.

safrangeTis eqs-prezidenti Jak Siraqi gaasamarTles

q. parizis merobis dros misi korufciuli saqmiano-

bisaTvis, xolo ukrainis eqs premier-ministri iulia

timoSenko gasamarTlda korufciuli garigebisaTvis.

unikalur magaliTad unda iqnas miCneuli aSS-s isto-

riaSi udidesi finansuri piramidis Semqmneli bernard

medofis korufciuli saqmianoba, romelsac miesaja 150

wliani patimroba. msoflioSi yvelaze korumpirebu-

li 10 lideris CamonaTvali Semdegnairad gamoiyureba

(cxrili 1):

Eelitaruli korufciis uamravi magaliTia TiTqmis

yvela ganviTarebul, ganviTarebad da gardamaval

qveynaSi. dReisaTvis yvelaze korumpirebulad iTvleba

ruseTisa da CineTis biurokratia. Tumca, aSS-ic

sakmaod liderobs am mxriv. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom

am bolodroindeli krizisis pirobebSi aSS-is kerZo

korporaciebSi ganxorcielebul aferaze aRZrulia

600-ze meti sisxlis samarTlis saqme, xolo 1300-mde

afera dafiqsirda fasian qaRaldebTan dakavSirebiT.

korufciuli garigebebs hqonda adgili erayis omTan

dakavSirebiT samxedro Sesyidvebze. fulis garecxvasa

25


da korufciaze dakavebul iqna 44 top-menejeri1.

msoflios yvelaze korumpirebuli 10 Cinovniki2

cxrili 1

saxeli, gvari Tanamdebobrivi

mdgomareoba

miTvisebuli

Tanxa (aSS

dolari)

muhamed suharto indoneziis prezidenti

(1967-1998)

15-35 mlrd

ferdinand

markosi

filipinebis prezidenti

(1972-1986)

5-10 mlrd

mobutu sese-

sarko

zairis prezidenti (1965-

1977)

50 mln

sani abaCa nigeriis prezidenti (1993-

1998)

2-5 mlrd

sloboda

miloSeviCi

serbeTis prezidenti (1989-

2000)

100 mll

Jak-klod devlie haitis prezidenti (1971-

1986)

300-900 mln

alberto

fuximori

perus prezidenti (1990-

2000)

60 mln

pavle kazarenko ukrainis premier ministri

(1996-1997)

114-200 mln

arnoldo alemani nikaraguas prezidenti

(1997-2002)

100 mln

Jozef estrada filipinebis prezidenti

(1998-2001)

78-80 mln

korufcia saerTaSoriso sareitingo kom-paniebSi. msoflioSi saerTaSoriso reitingebisadmi

ndobis xarisxi dabalia. saerTaSoriso saretingo

1 http://www.osp.ru/news/2011/1214/13010685/2http://www.10samih.ru/lyudi/top-10-samyx-korrumpirovannyx-chinovnikov-mira.html

26


saagentoebis monopoliur mdgomareobasa da maTSi

saqmianobis meTodologiur xarvezebze da korufciul

sqemebze eWvi sul ufro izrdeba1. safinanso-sabanko sf-

eroSi sareitingo biznesi dReisaTvis warmodgenilia

karteliT, romelSic gaerTianebulia sami umsxvilesi

saerTaSoriso saagento: Standard @ Poor,s, Moody,s investors Servise da Fitch Ratings-i. ukanasknel msoflio ekonomi-

kuri krizisTan dakavSirebiT am `didi sameulis” mi-

marT wayenebul mravalricxovan pretenziebs (araobieq-

turi reitingebis miniWeba, monopoliuri mdgomareoba

da konkurenciis ararseboba, SefasebebSi daSvebuli

uxeSi Secdomebi) Soris gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa

saagentoebis reitingebis damkveTebTan korufciul

garigebebSi CarTvis SesaZlebloba, romelic SeiZleba

gamxdariyo araswori reitingebis miniWebisa da, Ses-

abamisad, globaluri krizisis warmoSobis erT-erTi

mizezi. maT mier miniWebul reitingebsa da realur

mdgomareobas Soris didi daSoriSoreba sul ufro

amcirebs am kompaniebis mimarT sazogadoebis ndobis

xarisxs. amJamad, evropaSi mimdinare savalo-sabiujeto

krizisma (evrozonis krizisma) kidev ufro gaaZliera

undobloba monopolisti `didi sameulis~ mimarT, rom-

lebmac erTdroulad Seamcires evrozonis TiTqmis

yvela qveynis suverenuli reitingi. Tumca, Cveni azriT,

saqme gvaqvs am kompaniebis mimarT globaluri krizi-

sis etapze Camoyalibebuli negatiuri Sexedulebebis

eqstrapolaciasTan, radgan am SemTxvevaSi maT, rogorc

Cans, gaiTvaliswines adre daSvebuli Secdomebi da wi-

naswari gamafrTxilebeli signali misces im qveynebs,

romlebsac faqtobrivad emuqrebaT sabiujeto krizisi.

1 mesxia i., saerTaSoriso sareitingo biznesi da finansuri kriz-

isebi, Jurn., èkonomika da biznesi~, 2011, #5.

27


aRsaniSnavia, rom evropis wamyvani qveynebis liderebis

gadawyvetilebiT Seiqmna axali evropuli sareitingo

kompania, romelic uaxloes periodSi daiwyebs Tavis

saqmianobas. aseTi gadawyvetileba miRebul iqna ev-

rokavSiris qveynebis mxridan aSS-s teritoriaze ba-

zirebuli `didi sameulis~ mimarT undoblobis zrdis

gamo, romelic aSkarad gamoikveTa ukanaskneli msof-

lio ekonomikuri krizisis dros.

korufcia saerTaSoriso finansur instituc-korufcia saerTaSoriso finansur instituc-iebSi.iebSi. transnacionaluri korufciis erT-erTi far-

To arealia saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebisa

da calkeul saxelmwifoTa finansuri da teqnikuri

daxmarebebi. marTalia, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

cdiloben maT mier gaRebuli saxsrebis miznobriv

proeqtebsa da programebze xarjvis zedamxedvelobas,

magram igi xSir SemTxvevaSi moCvenebiTi, zedapiruli

xasiaTisaa, radgan maT ar gaaCniaT kontrolis efeq-

tiani meqanizmebi.

saerTaSoriso finansuri daxmarebebis miznobrivi

gamoyenebisa da korufcia-TaRliTobis donis analizi

da Sefaseba sul ufro rTuli da naklebefeqtiani

xdeba gamomdinare iqidan, rom zogierTi saxelmwifo

mmarTvelobis umaRlesi Cinovnikebi saerTaSoriso

organizaciebTan angariSgebebSi farTod iyeneben cru

piar-informaciebs, risi save le gadamowmeba da kontroli

faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. amave dros, finansuri da

sxva saxeobis daxmarebis gamcemi institutebi ver

iTvaliswineben calkeuli qveynebis adgilobriv eTno

Taviseburebebs, rac gulisxmobs saxelmwifo da biznes-

struqturebis keTilsindisierebis ufro dabal dones,

fro met gabedulobas da Tavxedobas korufciul

da TaRliTur garigebebSi, samarTalwarmoebis ufro

28


dabal dones da a.S.

rigi kleptokratiuli (qurduli) saxelmwifo

blokavs iseT proeqtebs, romlebic gaTvlilia

mosaxleobis Raribi fenisaTvis da programebs,

romlebic iTvaliswinebs Tavisufali konkurenciis

ganviTarebas. amave dros arian saxelmwifoebi,

romlebic miRebul finansur da teqnikur daxmarebebs

iyeneben TavianTi mmarTvelobiTi Zalauflebis

(xelisuflebis) SesanarCuneblad da ara moqalaqeebis

keTildReobisaTvis. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, aseT

qveynebs ar unda gaewios saerTaSoriso daxmarebebi1.

uaxloes warsulSi msoflio bankis

analitikosebis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mipyrobili

iyo saerTaSoriso daxmarebis programebis damtkicebis

stadiaze. marTalia, kreditebis miRebaze moiTxoveboda

maTi gamoyenebis finansuri gamWvirvalobis meqanizmi,

Tumca Semowmebis saSualebebi naklebadefeqturi

aRmoCnda. sesxebis gacemis principebi iseTnairad

iyo formulirebuli, rom uzrunvelyofiliyo msxvil

proeqtebze pretendentebis kompetenturobis sakmarisi

done, Tumca korufciis SesaZleblobebi TiTqmis ar

gaiTvaliswineboda. mxolod 1996 wels msoflio

bankma gadasinja Tavisi direqtivebi iseTnairad, rom

korufciisa da TaRliTobis SemCnevis SemTxvevaSi

banks SeuZlia xelSekrulebis SeCereba, Tu msxvilma

msesxebelma ar gaatara saWiro antikorufciuli

zomebi. momdevno erTi wlis Semdeg kidev ufro

gamkacrda kreditebis gamoyofa. msoflio banks mieca

1Роуз-Аккерман С., Корупция и государство. Причины, слудствия, реформы: Пер. с англ. –М.:Колос, 2003. с.47; Андрианов В. Д., Коррупция как глобаль-ная проблема. История и современность.-М.: Экономика, 2009; Гевелинг Л. В. Клептократия. Социально-политическое измерение коррупции и негативной экономики.- М.: Изд-во «Гуманитарий» Академии гуманитарных исследова-ний, 2001.

29


ufleba msesxebeli qveynisaTvis kreditis gamoyofisas

gamoiTxovos antikorufciuli valdebulebebi,

romelSic srulad iqneba gamoricxuli nebismieri

saxis korufcia da TaRliToba. 2010 wels ganviTarebis

saerTaSoriso bankebma gadadges kidev erTi nabiji

korufciasa da TaRliTobasTan brZolaSi. maT xeli

moaweres SeTanxmebas, romlis Tanaxmadac korufciaSi

SemCneuli iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebi aranakleb

erTi wlis vadiT kargaven uflebas monawileoba

miiRon ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso bankebis mier

dafinansebuli proeqtebis realizaciaSi. SeTanxmebis

Tanaxmad ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso bankis jgufSi

Semaval bankebs eZlevaT ufleba pasuxisgebaSi miscen

is kompaniebi, romlebic CarTuli arian TaRliTobasa da

korufciaSi. `ganviTarebis wesi~, rogorc mas uwodeben

bankirebi ufro mkacri da mizanmimarTuli gaxda.

msoflio banki 1996 wlidan axorcielebs

korufciasTan brZolis 600-ze met programas da

iniciativas 100-ze met klient-qveyanaSi, romlebic

iTvaliswineben sxvadasxva zomebis gatarebas:

saxelmwifo moxeleebis mier saSemosavlo

deklaraciis savaldebulo Sevseba (Semosavlebis,

qonebis da misi wyaroebis miTiTebiT), mosamarTleebis

da Jurnalistebis swavleba, romlebic muSaoben

korufciuli danaSaulis da Sefasebis sferoSi da

sxva. msoflio bankis Zalisxmeva iqiTkenaa mimarTuli,

rom mis mier dafinansebuli proeqtebis realizaciisas

gamoiricxos korufciis SesaZleblobani. ukanasknel

wlebSi msoflio bankma daawesa, agreTve, saxelmwifo

Sesyidvebis mkacri wesebi da procedurebi, gaafarToa

korufciasTan brZolis principebi da gaxsna anonimuri

`cxeli xazi~, sadac SesaZlebelia korufciis Sesaxeb

30


informaciis miwodeba.

Cveni azriT, mainc arsebobs didi riski imisa,

rom arakeTilsindisieri biznesi, romelic Zalian

momZlavrda Tanamedrove globalur samyaroSi, mainc

ipovis gzas korufciisa da TaRliTobisaken. firmebi,

romlebic formalurad uars ityvian mosyidvasa

da qrTamze, faqtobrivad mainc ver Seelevian

arakeTilsindisieri gzebiT zemogebis miRebis

cdunebas, Seecdebian bazarze faruli kartelebisa da

moCvenebiTi konkurenciis iluziis Seqmnas da bazrebze

gavlenis sferoebis SenarCunebas. amis magaliTi

uamravia Tanamedrove msoflio da erovnul bazrebze

da, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic (medikamentebis biznesi,

navTobproduqtebis biznesi da sxv.).

globaluri korufcia SeiWra saerTaSoriso

sabanko sistemaSic. mag., didi britaneTis bankebi

SemCneulia nigeriis korumpirebuli politikuri

pirebis piradi angariSis gaxsnasa da momsaxurebaSi.

inglisis finansuri administraciis gamokvlevis

Tanaxmad, qveynis sabanko dawesebulebebis 75%-ma ar icis

maTi klientebis mier dabandebuli aqtivebis warmoSobis

istoria, ar flobs informacias maT politikur,

saxelmwifo da biznes-saqmianobaze. TiTqmis analogiuri

mdgomareobaa sxva qveynebSic. unda aRiniSnos, rom am

mxriv, ukanasknel wlebSi kontroli Zlierdeba aSS

bankebSi, rac ganapiroba qveynis kongresis moTxovnam

aSS finansTa ministrisadmi ganaxorcielos mkacri

kontroli bankebSi ganTavsebul saeWvo aqtivebze da

uzrunvelyos maTi legalizeba1.

saeWvo bankebis siaSi moxvda vatikanis bankic

1Многоликая коррупция. Выявление уязвимых мест на уровне секторов экономики и государственного управления, Под редакцией Эдгардо Кампоса, Санджая Прадхана.-М.: Издательство: Альпина Паблишер, 2010.

31


(igive religiis saqmeTa instituti), romelic wlebis

ganmavlobaSi eweoda `fulis gaTeTrebis~ operaciebs,

xolo eWvmitanilma mRvdelmsaxurma-bankirma

sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula1. islandiis

bankebi dakavSirebulia ramdenime mmarTvel ojaxsa

da 2 politikur partiasTan, romlebic aTwleulebis

ganmavlobaSi marTaven qveyanas. Uunda AaRiniSnos, rom

islandiis eqs premier-ministris, damoukideblobis

partiis lideris rogorc korumpirebuli maRalCinosanis

mimarT sasamarTlo procesis molodinSia reikiaviki2.

sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom globaluri

korufciis makontrolebeli instituciebi, rogorc Cans,

saTanadod ar ufrTxildebian TavianTi avtoritetis

SenarCunebas. amis erT-erT faqtad SeiZleba davasaxeloT

amerikeli kongresmenis riCard lugaris (cnobili

respublikeli senatori, senatis sagareo saqmeTa

komitetis Tavmjdomare) gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom

msoflio bankSi korufciis masStabma miaRwia 130 mlrd

dolars3. misi azriT, korufcia negatiurad aisaxeba

bankis saqmianobaSi da is ver uzrunvelyofs Raribi

qveynebis daSvebas mniSvnelovan proeqtebze. mTel

rig qveynaSi naqurdali fuli gamoiyeneba diqtaturis

mxardaWerisa da adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis

dasafinanseblad.

korufcia lobistur jgufebSi.korufcia lobistur jgufebSi. lobi-

zmis instituti zogadad gulisxmobs im kanonSemomq-

medebze zewolas, romlebic muSaoben samarTlebrivi

aqtis momzadebaze. faro gagebiT, lobizmi gulisxmobs

saxelmwifo, sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasa-

1 http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/news/14122/2http://economics.lb.ua/world/2012/03/06/139929_ekspremera_islandii_sudyat.html3 http://www.ria-arbitr.ru/anons.htm?id=7368

32


marTlo xelisuflebis organoebze zemoqmedebas, mi-

marTuls ekonomikis calkeuli dargisa da sferoebis,

regionebis, sawarmoebis, socialuri jgufebis mxardaW-

erisaken, rac dafuZnebulia ara obieqtur aucilebloba-

ze, aramed individualur an jgufur dainteresebaze,

zogjer Tanamdebobis pirTa mosyidvaze, raTa miRebul

iqnes saxelmwifo SekveTebi, SeRavaTiani kreditebi, dax-

marebebi, licenziebi, sxva xelsayreli pirobebi ekono-

mikuri da komerciuli saqmianobisaTvis. lobisturi

saqmianobis samarTlebrivi regulirebis mTavari prob-

lema patiosan lobisturi aqciasa da mosyidvas So-

ris kanonierebis dadgenaa. msoflios mraval qveyanaSi

rogorc ificialurma, aseve aralegalurma lobizmma,

korufciuli Seferiloba miiRo. Tanac korufciul

elementebs Seicavs rogorc nacionaluri, aseve ucx-

ouri lobisturi institutebi. es ukanskneli pirda-

piraa dakavSirebuli qveynis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis

im pirebTan, romlebsac SeuZliaT seriozuli gavlena

moaxdinon sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli struq-

turebis gadawyvetilebebze.

mraval qveyanaSi uzarmazari finansuri

saxsrebis mflobel calkeul msxvil korporaciebs

da biznes-dajgufebebs, rogorc wesi, hyavT TavianTi

araoficialuri warmomadgenlebi aRmasrulebel

xelisuflebaSi – saministroebSi, uwyebebsa da sxva

saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi. arakrTilsindisier

lobizms xSirad aqvs adgili saerTaSoriso safinanso-

ekonomikuri organizaciebis konsultantebis mxridan,

romlebic mravlad arian warmodgenili ganviTarebad

da gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis yvela samTavrobo

struqturebSi. samrewvelo da sabanko gigantebi mWidro

koordinacias uweven TavianT saqmianobas lobisturi

33


jgufebis meSveobiT konkursebSi gaamarjvebinon TavianT

warmomadgenlebs. gansakuTrebiT maRalia korufciuli

riski im qveynebSi, sadac damkvidrebulia yofili maRali

Tanamdebobis pirebis mier msxvil da gavlenian biznes-

struqturebSi maRal Tanamdebobebze daniSvna. Yyofil

saxelmwifo Cinovnikebs Zveli kavSirebis SenarCuneba

aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan

aZlevs araoficialuri lobizmis gziT sasurveli

gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas.

praqtikam daadastura, rom Zalian rTulia

patiosan lobizmsa da korufciul lobizms Soris

zRvaris gavleba1. ar arsebobs aseTi meTodika da

arc iarsebebs momavalSi. dReisaTvis msoflioSi

lobizmis institutebma imdenad farTo masStabebi

miiRo, rom maTi saqmianobis keTilsindisierebis

gakontroleba faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. aSS kongresSi

daregistrirebulia ucxouri biznesis 7 aTasze meti

lobisti, aseve mravalricxovania politikuri lobistebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-Si moqmedebs kanoni lobizmis

Sesaxeb, romelic sakmaod mkacria aralegaluri

(oficialurad araanazRaurebadi) lobistebis

winaaRmdeg, garTulebulia maTi gakontroleba. aSS ar

iTvleba maRal korumpirebulqveynad, magram faqtia, rom

iqac periodulad ifeTqebs korufciuli skandalebi,

romelTa `gmirebi~ arian cnobili politikosebi da

Cinovnikebi, romlebic lobireben ama Tu im jgufis

pirad interesebs. lobizmis negatiuri qmedebebi

xSirad vlindeba sabiujeto saxsrebis ganawilebis

dros. amerikelma ekonomistebma aseTi sayuradRebo

daskvna gaakeTes: rac ufro met Tanxas gamoyofs

amerikis saxelmwifo stiqiuri ubedurebis Sedegebis

1 Брянцев И. И., Коррупция как форма теневого лоббизма , Власть. - 2008. - № 3.

34


salikvidaciod – miT ufro maRalia korufciis done

dazaralebul regionSi1. msgavs movlenebs aqvs adgili

msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi.

korufcia ucxour investiciebSi.korufcia ucxour investiciebSi. invest-

iciur saqmianobaSi transnacionaluri korufcia Sei-

Zleba daiyos sam tipad: administraciuli korufcia

(qrTamis pirdapir micema Cinovnikebze); saxelmwifo

`mosyidva~ (kanonebis gamocema da korporaciebisaTvis

SerCeviTi politikis gatareba); korufcia saxelmwifo

Sesyidvebisas (araoficialuri gadasaxadebi sasurveli

samTavrobo kontraqtebis dadebaze). saerTaSoriso in-

stituciebis gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, transnacionaluri

kompaniebi saSualod imden qrTams xarjaven adgilo-

briv biurokratebze, ramdensac ucxouri investiciebis

gareSe adgilobrivi kompaniebi, magram qveynebs Soris

gansxvavebaa masStabebSi. centraluri da aRmosavleT

evropis qveynebi, baltiis qveynebi ufro naklebad arian

CarTuli administraciul meqrTameobaSi, vidre dsT-s

wevri qveynebi. amasTan, qrTams ufro xSirad aZleven is

sawarmoebi, romelTa saTao ofisi mdebareobs ara saz-

RvargareT, aramed dsT-s erT romelime qveyanaSi.

korufciis geografia. rogorc saerTaSoriso

gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, “didi oceulis” mravali

msxvili kompania CarTulia korufciul garigebebSi.

yvelaze naklebad korumpirebuli kompaniebi ZiriTadad

evropaSia – holandia, Sveicaria, belgia, germania, agreTve

iaponiaSi. msoflioSi yvelaze korumpirebuli msxvili

qveynebia CineTi da ruseTi. dReisaTvis dedamiwaze ar

arsebobs arc erTi qveyana, sadac korufcia mTlianad

aRmofxvrilia. Tumca, evropis ganviTarebul qveynebsa

1 Руденко В. Н., Лоббизм, группы интерессов и корупции в США. Вестник Уральского института экономики, управления и права, Том 5, 2008, с. 216.

35


da aSS-Si misi done SedarebiT dabalia, xolo azia-

wynari okeanis regionsa da laTinur amerikaSi ufro

farTodaa gavrcelebuli.

cnobilia, rom Transparency International korufcias ikvlevs sami mimarTulebiT. pirvelia `korufciis

aRqmis indeqsi~ (CPI, corruption perceptions index), romelic

gviCvenebs msoflios 180-ze met qveyanaSi saxelmwifo

organoebis korumpirebulobis dones. aseTi kvleva

efuZneba eqspertebis mier korufciis donis 10 quliani

sistemiT Sefasebas1. meore - ̀qrTamis micemis indeqsi~(BPI, bribe payers index), afasebs mewarmeebs Soris korufciis gavrcelebis dones. faqtobrivad es ukanaskneli

gamoxatavs meqrTameobis masStabebs kerZo biznesSi.

ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, `qrTamis micemis indeqsi~

gamoxatavs msoflios wamyvani eqsportiori qveynebis

kompaniebis midrekilebas miscen qrTami ganviTarebul

qveynebis Sesabamisi struqturebis moxeleebs. aq erT

mniSvnelovan garemoebas unda gaesvas xazi. saqme isaa,

rom `korufciis aRqmis indeqsisagan~ gansxvavebiT,

`qrTamis micemis indeqsis~ gamokvleva ZiriTadad xdeba

msoflios msxvili 28 qveynis WriliT, rac xSirad,

calkeul qveynaSi korufciis Sefasebisas, qmnis cru

warmodgenebs. magaliTad, is garemoeba, rom am saxeobis

indeqsis CamonaTvalSi ar figurirebs iseTi mcire zomis

qveynebi, rogoricaa azerbaijani, somxeTi da saqarTvelo,

sruliad ar niSnavs, rom am qveynebis saerTaSoriso

biznes-saqmianobaSi qrTamis micema-aRebas ara aqvs

1korufciis aRqmis indeqsi warmoadgens krebsiT indikators,

gaangariSebuls da warmodgenils eqspertuli Sefasebebis sa-

fuZvelze iseTi organizaciebidan rogoricaa: msoflio ekono-

mikuri forumi (World Economic Forum), msoflio banki (World Bank ), ganviTarebis aziuri banki (Asian Development Bank), bertelsmanis

fondi (Bertelsmann Foundation), ganviTarebis afrikuli banki (African Development Bank) da sxva.

36


adgili. Cveni azriT, am gamokvlevam unda moicvas mcire

zomis qveynebic, radgan globalizaciis gaRrmavebis

kvaldakval, maTi roli da adgili msoflio ekonomikaSi

dRiTidRe izrdeba. dReisaTvis dedamiwaze ar arsebobs

saxelmwifo sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis

gareSe da ar axdens eqsport-importis operaciebs.

mesame – msoflio korufciis barometri (global corruption barometer), efuZneba sazogadoebrivi azrs, “xalxis xmas”

da zomavs imas, Tu rogor afasebs saSualo moqalaqe

korufciis mocemul dones. Kkorufciis aRqmis

indeqsisa da qrTamis micemis indeqsisagan gansxvavebiT

es maCvenebeli efuZneba ara eqspertebis interviuirebas,

aramed mosaxleobis gamokiTxvas, sazogadoebriv azrs.

Cveni azriT, korufciis nebismieri saxeobis

indeqsis mimarT ndobis sakiTxi sadiskusioa, tumca,

erTi ram aSkaraa - arc erTi maTgani zustad

ar asaxavs korufciis dones. Ees ukanaskneli

ganpirobebulia, erTi mxriv, korufciuli garigebebis

mkacrad gasaidumloebuli xasiaTiT, xolo, meore

mxriv, gamokvlevaSi monawile eqspertebis, firmebis da

sazogadoebis wevrebis azrTa subieqturi mosazrebebiT.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom diqtatoruli an naxevrad

diqtatoruli reJimis qveynebSi sazogadoebrivi azri

ar asaxavs realur suraTs, ris gamoc korufciis

done gazomili saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier

da faqtobrivad arsebuli, SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisagan.Kkorufciis indeqsebis

obieqturobis mimarT eWvs aZlierebs is garemoebac, rom

zogierTi qveyana, romelic korufciis aRqmis indeqsiT

dadebiTad xasiaTdeba, qrTamis micemis indeqsiT

negatiur pozicias ikavebs, rac erTmaneTTan logikur

winaaRmdegobaSia. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom Transparency

37


International-is rogorc korufciasTan brZolis meTauri

arasamTavrobo organizaciis mimarTac ar arsebibs

sruli sazogadoebrivi ndoba, radgan mis erT-erT

miznad miCneven transnacionaluri kompaniebisaTvis

axali bazrebis gaxsnas korufciaSi im mTavrobebis

dadanaSaulebiT, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian mas

da saboloo angariSiT, xels uwyoben ekonomikur

globalizacias.

2011 wlisaTvis Transparency International-is mier

Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis fragmenti mocemulia

2 cxrilSi.

2011 wels, korufciis aRqmis indeqsis mixedviT,

183 qveynas Soris bolo adgilze aRmoCnda somali,

CrdiloeT korea, avRaneTi, uzbekeTi, TurqmeneTi, sudani,

erayi da a.S. CineTi 64 adgilzea. sayuraadReboa, rom

aSS-m, romelic adre pirvel oceulSi figurirebda,

24 adgilze gadainacvla, xolo, ruseTma nawilobriv

gaiumjobesa mdgomareoba - 154 adgilidan 143 adgilze

CamoqveiTda.

qrTamis micemis indeqsis mixedviT, msoflioSi

yvelaze korumpirebul qveynad aRiarebul iqna ruseTi,

sadacAkorufcia gavrcelebulia rogorc saxelmwifo

dawesebulebebSi, aseve kerZo sawarmoebSi, rogorc

qveynis SigniT, aseve sazRvargareT. am mxriv lideroben

navTobisa da gazis sawarmoebi.

AqrTamis micemis indeqsis Sesabamisad meore

msxvili korumpirebuli qveyanaa CineTi (27 adgili 6,1

quliT). CineTis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa akademiis

gamokvlevebiT, 4 aTasze meti korumpirebuli Cineli

Cinovniki ucxoeTSi emaleba marTlmsajulebas.

ukanaskneli 30 wlis manZilze, ucxoeTSi gaqceuli

korumpirebuli Cinovnikebis mier gatanil iqna 50

38


mlrd-mde dolari.

korufciis aRqmisa da qrTamis micemis

indeqsebis fragmenti (2011w)1

cxrili 2

Kkorufciis aRqmis

indeqsi-rigiTi

adgili (183 qveyana)

qula QqrTamis micemis

indeqsi-rigiTi adgili

(28 qveyana)

qula

axali zelandia1.

dania2.

fineTi3.

SvedeTi4.

singapuri5.

norvegia6.

niderlandebi7.

avstralia8.

Sveicaria9.

kanada10.

…………___

61. TurqeTi

64. saqarTvelo

129. somxeTi

143. azerbaijani

143. ruseTi

9,5

9,4

9,4

9,3

9,2

9,0

8,9

8,8

8,8

8,7

--

4,2

4,1

2,6

2,4

2,4

niderlandebi1.

Sveicaria2.

belgia3.

germania4.

iaponia5.

avstralia6.

kanada7.

singapuri8.

didi britaneTi9.

aSS10.

___

19. TurqeTi

------

------

------

28. ruseTi

8,8

8,8

8,7

8,6

8,6

8,5

8,5

8,3

8,3

8,1

7,5

--

--

--

6,1

qveynidan gaqceuli korumpirebuli maRali da

saSualo rangis Cinovnikebi ZiriTadad Tavs afareben

1 http://slon.ru/russia/korruptsiya_na_eksport-694204.xhtml; http://drugoi.

livejournal.com/3660136.html

39


aSS-s, kanadas, avstralias da sxva ganviTarebul qveynebs,

xolo xazinis wvrili qurdebi – vietnams, filipinebs,

maiams, monRoleTs da ruseTs1. gaeros statistikis

monacemebiT msoflioSi yovelwliurad korufciul

garigebebze ixarjeba erT trln aSS dolarze meti2,

rac msoflios zogierTi ganviTarebuli qveynis wliuri

mSp-is moculobas aRemateba.

korufciis gavlena saerTaSoriso ekonomikur

usafrTxoebaze. transnacionalurma korufciam, iseve

rogorc nacionalurma, seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna

saerTaSoriso ekonomikur usafrTxoebas. siRaribem,

avadmyofobis gaxSirebam, sicocxlis saSualo

xangrZlivobis Semcirebam, simdidrisa da Semosavlebis

araTanabarma ganawilebam mTels msoflioSi sayovelTao

xasiaTi miiRo. mraval qveyanas gaaCnia Zalian dabali,

zogjer ki uaryofiTi ekonomikuri zrdis indeqsi.

bunebrivi resursebiT mdidar qveynebSic ki dabalia

ekonomikuri zrda, da Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis erT

sulze Semosavlebis done. saerTaSoriso safinanso

organizaciebis finansuri daxmarebebi bevr SemTxvevaSi

araefqtiania, radgan recipienti qveynebis mTavrobebi ver

uzrunvelyofen am saxsrebis optimalur, udanakargod

miznobriv gamoyenebas. gzebis, xidebis, auzebis da

sxvadasxva teqnikuri nagebobis mSenebloba SedarebiT

martivi saqmea, magram saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi

sistemis reformireba da mZlavri kerZo seqtoris

Seqmna – ufro rTuli amocanaa da igi ar daiyvaneba

mxolod qaRaldze gadatanili sainJinro proeqtebis

realizaciaze.

sazogadoebis Zalian mdidrebad da Raribebad

1 http://www.epochtimes.ru/content/view/50320/4/2 http://diver-sant.ru/economics/7589-mirovaya-korrupciya-dostigla-1-trilliona-dollarov.html

40


dayofaSi udidesi wvlili Seaqvs korufciis

globalizacias da ekonomikuri xasiaTis sxva

samarTaldarRvevebs. am movlenaze yvelaze Zlier

gavlenas axdens transnacionaluri korufcia. rac

Seexeba sayofacxovrebo (wvril) korufcias (eqimis,

maswavleblis, rigiTi policielis da a.S. moqrTamvas),

igi advilad daZlevadia efeqtiani saxelmwifo

menejmentis farglebSi (gansakuTrebiT mcire zomis

qveynebSi), xolo, msxvilmasStabiani transnacionaluri

korufciis aRmofxvra rTuli, mravalwaxnagovani da

sistemuri problemaa nebismieri zomis qveyanaSi, radgan

am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs xelisuflebis maRali rangis

Cinovnikebis korumpirebulobasTan, romelic Tavisi

bunebiT mkacrad gasaidumloebulia da faqtobrivad

ar eqvemdebareba sazogadoebriv monitorings da

saerTaSoriso zedamxedvelobas.

Gglobalur (msxvilmasStabian) korufcias

aqvs adgili xelisuflebis umaRles eSelonebSi da

ZiriTadad exeba samTavrobo proeqtebs da programebs

da sxvadasxva donis biujetebs. mravali saxelmwifo,

Tavisi programis farglebSi, samamulo da ucxour

kompaniebs uwesebs sakmaod sarfian SeRavaTebs

saxelmwifo SesyidvebSi, licenziebisa da sxva

saxeobis nebarTvebisa da koncesiebis gacemaSi da

a.S. SeRavaTebi, romlis masStabebi ganisazRvreba ara

kanoniT, aramed saxelisuflebo kabinetebsa da xSirad,

oficialurad gasaidumloebul kontraqtebSi, Zalian

didi riskis Semcvelia. rac metia SeRavaTebi, miT metia

msxvilmasStabiani korufciis riski, rac ufro msxvilia

ucxouri investicia, miT ufro maRalia korufciuli

garigebebis albaToba.

msxvilmasStabian korufcias SeuZlia gamoiwvios

41


mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri ryevebi rogorc calkeuli

qveynebis saSinao, aseve qveyanaTa jgufebisa da

mTlianad globalur ekonomikaSi. korumpirebuli

saxelmwifo Cinovnikebi korufciul garigebebs

deben msxvilmasStabian saxelmwifo Sesyidvebsa da

privatizaciis ganxorcielebaze. isini xels uwyoben

araswori politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebas piradi

materialuri sargeblis miRebis mizniT da maTi

qmedebis Sedegia saxelmwifos mier arasamarTliani

da araefeqtiani ekonomikuri kursis gatareba.

saxelmwifo axorcielebs Zalian bevr arasaWiro da

arapriotetul proeqts da mTlianobaSi, mniSvnelovnad

zedmets xarjavs saWiro proeqtebzec ki. korufcia

amcirebs privatizaciidan da koncesiis miwodebidan

Semosavlebis dones.

globaluri korufcia xels uSlis erTiani,

msoflios samarTlebrivi, politikuri da ekonomikuri

sivrcis formirebas, iwvevs socialuri wonasworobis

destabilizacias. mimdinareobs msoflio ekonomikuri

mowyobis saSiSi difuzia: pirveli, ekonomikuri sivrcis

privatizeba xdeba efeqtiani da Zlieri saxelmwifoebis

mier bunebrivi rentisa da iafi samuSao Zalis

eqspluataciis angariSze, transnacionaluri kompaniebis

da saxelisuflebo elitis viwropartiuli interesebis

sasargeblod. meore, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri

usafrTxoeba, rogorc garanti samarTlianobisa,

saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi ekonomikuri interesebis

sferoSi TandaTanobiT viwrovdeba da Canacvldeba

araformaluri institutebiT. mesame, mimdinareobs

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi sistemis nivelireba

da korufciuli elementebis Semcveli avtonomiuri

kanonebis miReba, rasac Tan sdevs negatiuri

42


Sedegebi. Saxezea saerTaSoriso bazris gardaqmna da

politikuri reJimebis kleptokratiuli safuZvlebis

formireba. oligarqebi da msoflio biznes-elitis

warmomadgenlebia yvelgan, maTi angarebiani interesebi

SeRweulia yvelaferSi, maT Soris, globaluri

korufciis sferoSi.

korufciasTan brZola. msoflio Tanasazogadoeba

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs korufciasTan

brZolas da Sesabamis prevenciul saqmianobas. am

mizniT ukanasknel wlebSi gaeros egidiT miRebul

iqna: ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWos rezolucia

`korufciasTan brZolis Sesaxeb~ (1995w.); saxelmwifo

Tanamdebobis pirebis qcevis saerTaSoriso kodeqsi

(1996w.); deklaracia saerTaSoriso komerciul

organizaciebSi korufciasa da meqrTameobasTan

brZolis Sesaxeb (1997w.); konvencia transnacionalur

organizaciul danaSaulobaTa winaaRmdeg (2000w.) da

a.S. am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovan saqmianobas eweva

evropis sabWo, evropis kavSiri, amerikis saxelmwifoTa

organizacia, ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da

TanamSromlobis organizacia da sxv. am mizniT ukanasknel

wlebSi gaerosa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizacibis

mier miRebul iqna mTeli rigi normatiuli dokumentebi.

transnacionalur korufciasTan brZolis mniSvnelovan

nabijad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 2011 wels saerTaSoriso

savaWro palatis (International Chamber of Commercc – ICC) mier korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis ganaxlebuli

wesis gamocema (pirvelad gamoica 1977 wels), rac G-20

mowodebis operatiul gamoZaxilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

ICC-s axali antikorufciuli wesi kompaniebisaTvis

korufciasTan brZolis rekomendaciebia1.

1 Международно-правовые основы борьбы с коррупцией и отмыванием пре-

43


Tumca dRemde globalur korufciasTan brZolis

mimarTulebiT gatarebuli RonisZiebebiT faqtobrivi

mdgomareoba arsebiTad ar gaumjobesebula. piriqiT,

evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebSi gamokiTxulTa

73 da 67 procenti Tvlis, rom ukanasknel sam weliwadSi

korufciis done gaizarda1. msoflio bankis monacemebi

eWvis qveS ayenebs saerTaSoriso antikorufciuli

SeTanxmebis efeqtianobas, gansakuTrebiT gardamavali

ekonomikis qveynebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miRebulma

antikorufciulma saerTaSoriso kanonebma ver

uzrunvelyo keTilsindisieri meTodebiT biznes-

saqmianobis warmarTva. Tumca, Cveni azriT, aseTi

daskvna jerjerobiT naadrevia, radgan zemoxsenebuli

`konvencia~ ZalaSi sul axlaxan Sevida. meore mxriv,

analogiis meTodis gamoyenebiT, amgvari daskvnis

gakeTebac gamarTlebulia. kerZod, aSS-Si 20 welze

metia rac amoqmedda kanoni sazRvargareT amerikuli

firmebis korufciis winaaRmdeg, magram isini mainc

ar gamoirCevian sagangebo keTilsindisierebiT sxva

qveynebis transnacionalur kompaniebTan SedarebiT.

aqedan gamomdinare, rTulia imis prognozireba da

garantireba, rom `konvenciis~ realizaciiT uaxloes

momavalSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeba transnacionaluri

korufciis donis Semcireba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove etapze

yalibdeba dadebiTi tendencia antikorufciuli

saqmianobis saerTaSoriso proeqtebis formirebisa da

realizaciis mimarTulebiT, kvlavac gadauWreli rCeba

ступных доходов. Сборник документов. Составитель Владимир Овчинский.-М.: Инфра-М, 2009; Джордж Сорос и другие... О коррупции, власти и безупреч-ности. Составитель С. Макаренков.-М.: Издательство: Рипол Классик, 2011.1http://sartraccc.ru/i.php?oper=read_fi le&fi lename=Pub_inter/transparency%2812-10%29.htm

44


mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani problema. rogorc Cans,

arsebuli saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri da finansuri

wesrigis SenarCunebis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia

globalur korufciasTan efeqtiani brZola.

aRniSnulis argumentirebis mizniT moviyvanoT

erTi magaliTi. korufciasTan brZolaSi mniSvnelovani

roli ganekuTvneba auditoruli samsaxurebis

saqmianobas. buRalterTa saerTaSoriso organizaciam,

korufciasTan brZolis globalur strategiaSi

buRaltrebisa da auditorebis SesaZlo wvlilis

gazrdis mizniT SeimuSava da gamoaqveyna moxseneba

`buRaltruli profesia da korufciasTan brZola~, sadac

aRniSnulia, rom korufciasTan brZolaSi gadamwyveti

roli ganekuTvneba korporaciul mmarTvelobas.

korufcia fexs ver moikidebs im korporaciul sistemaSi,

sadac mowesrigebulia finansuri kontrolis sistema.

korufciasTn mebrZoli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

aRiareben auditoruli samsaxurebis did mniSvnelobas

kerZo seqtorSi ekonomikuri danaSaulis gamovlenisa

da Tavidan acilebis saqmeSi. swored amiTaa

ganpirobebuli is garemoeba, rom mTel rig qveynaSi

saxelmwifo kerZo bizness avaldebulebs Siga da

gare auditoruli Semowmebis periodulad Catarebas.

Tumca Tavad auditorul kompaniebSic dgeba xolme

korufciis problema. saqme isaa, rom saerTaSoriso

donis auditoruli kompaniebis saqmianobaze kontrolis

daweseba rTulia. aseTi saerTaSoriso organizacia,

faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs, garda adgilobrivi

sagadasaxado samsaxurebisa, romelTa zedamxedveloba

gadasaxadebis sworad da droulad gadaxdaze

monitoringiT amoiwureba. auditorul saqmianobaSi

korufciis TvalsaCino magaliTia e.w. ènronis saqme~.

45


msoflios auditoruli kompaniebis pirvel xuTeulSi

Semavali ̀ Enron Corporation~, romelSic dasaqmebuli iyo 22

aTasi TanamSromeli msoflios 40 qveyanaSi, gakotrda.

korporacia, romelic auditorul saqmianobasTan erTad

eweoda fiuCersebiT da sxva warmoebuli qaRaldebiT

vaWrobas, skandalSi gaexvia. mas bralad daedo

investorebis SecdomaSi Seyvana, rac gamoixateboda

qrTamis sanacvlod firmebis zaralis damalvasa da

angariSebis falsifikaciaSi. rogorc Cans, auditoruli

samsaxurebis saqmianobaze zedamxedvelobis mizniT,

rogorc nacionalur, aseve saerTaSoriso doneze,

saWiroa specializebuli monitoruli samsaxuris

Seqmna, romelsac daevaleba korufciuli garigebebis

Tavidan acilebis RonisZiebebis gatareba.

korufciasTan brZolam SeiZleba miiRos sxvadasxva

forma, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu korufciis romel

saxeobasTan gvaqvs saqme da rogoria misi gavrcelebis

areali. mocemuli qveynis SigniT korufciasTan

brZola SedarebiT moklevadiani da efeqtiania, xolo

SemousazRvrel saerTaSoriso da transnacionalur

doneze, igi rTuli, mravalwaxnagovani da

droSi gawelili procesia. erTi ram aucilebladaa

gasaTvaliswinebeli: saWiroa dabalansebuli midgoma

korufciasTan brZolaSi, radgan zedmetad mkacrma

administraciulma midgomam SeiZleba gamoiwvios

ekonomikis swrafi vardna, radgan biznesi ègueba~

korufciul garigebebs. Amitomac, korufciasTan brZola

unda daiyos or etapad: pirvel, gamafrTxilebel

etapze Tanamdebobrivi arxebis gadaketva korufciuli

miznebisaTvis (saeWvo SemTxvevebis gamoZieba da

Semowmeba, administraciul-mmarTvelobiTi meqanizmebis

gaumjobeseba, saxelmwifo moxeleTa da top-menejerebis

46

Sromis anazRaurebis daregulireba, maTi Semosavlebis

da qonebis Semowmeba da sxva gamafrTxilebel-

profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebis gatareba). didi

mniSvneloba aqvs, agreTve, Tanamdebobrivi pirebis

socialuri dacvis meqanizmis SemuSavebas, raTa maT

momavalSi Tavi igrZnon daculad SesaZlo socialuri

kataklizmebis dros. korufciasTan brZolis

gamafrTxilebel etapze saWiroa sazogadoebrivi

mxardaWera, masmediis aqtiuroba da jansaRi

sazogadoebrivi azris formireba, xolo meore etapze

unda ganxorcieldes mkacri kontroli korufciis

im SemzRudavi meqanizmebis Sesrulebaze, romelic

dadgindeba mis pirvel gamafrTxilebel etapze, rac

moicavs sadamsjelo-samarTlebriv reagirebas nebismier

korufciul gamovlinebaze.

transnacionalur korufciasTan brZolas

arTulebs is garemoeba, rom ar arsebobs adekvaturi

erTiani msoflio administraciuli organo. Amitom, am

saqmeSi didi roli unda Seasrulon saerTaSoriso

safinanso-ekonomikurma da iuridiulma organizaciebma,

maTma gaerTianebulma koordinirebulma Zalisxmevam unda

uzrunvelyos rogorc regionuli, aseve saerTaSoriso

masStabis antikorufciuli RonisZiebebis gatareba.

globalur korufciasTan brZolis mizniT, Cveni

azriT, saWiroa gatardes Semdegi RonisZiebebi:

SemuSavdes saerTaSoriso antikorufciuli strategia, romelic mimarTuli iqneba msoflio sa-

zogadoebis, transnacionaluri kompaniebisa da saer-

TaSoriso organizaciebis antikorufciuli ganwyobis

formirebisaken, korufciis negatiuri Sedegebis gacno-

bierebisaken, finansur sferoSi gamWvirvalobis da ko-

rufciuli SemTxvevebis gamovlenisaken, korufciisagan


47

dazaralebuli subieqtebi danakargebis samarTliani

anazRaurebisaken;

gaixsnas saerTaSoriso bankebSi ganTavsebuli individualuri msxvili anabrebi, Sefasdes maTi warmo-

Sobis kanoniereba da korufciis gamovlenis SemTxveva-

Si, dapatimrebul iqnes aseTi angariSebi da aRniSnuli

Tanxebi daubrundes Sesabamis saxelmwifos sakuTar

biujetSi Sesatanad;

saxelmwifoebSi Siga da gare korufciasTan brZolis mizniT Seiqmnas damoukidebeli saerTaSoriso

antikorufciuli samsaxuri, romelic ganaxorcielebs

samarTaldamcavi da makontrolebeli organoebis mier

korufciasTan brZolis kuTxiT gatarebul RonisZie-

baTa monitorings. aseTi dubliori samsaxuris saqmi-

anobis praqtika kargadaa aprobirebuli israelSi;

miuReblad unda CaiTvalos korufciasTan br-Zolis sababiT saxelmwifoSi diqtatoruli reJimis

damyareba, radgan rogorc CineTis gamocdileba gviCve-

nebs, am kuTxiT damnaSaveTa daxvretac ki uku reaqcias

iwvevs. demokratiuli reJimi, marTalia, ar iZleva koru-

fciisagan sruli gaTavisuflebis garantias, magram igi

uzrunvelyofs korufciasTan brZolis ufro efeqtian

Sedegebs;

ganxorcieldes yvela saxelmwifo kanonis pas-portizacia da lobisturi zewoliT miRebuli saeW-

vo muxlebis gasworeba antikorufciulobis kuTx-

iT. vinaidan SeuZlebelia lobistur saqmianobaSi

keTilsindisier da korufciul zewolas Soris saz-

Rvris gavleba, unda aikrZalos lobizmis institutebis

funqcionireba xelisuflebis calkeul StoebSi;

ofSorebma rogorc `sagadasaxado samoTxem~,

unda Sewyviton saidumlo TavSesafris funqciis Ses-


48

ruleba. saerTaSoriso da erovnul bazrebze funq-

cionirebadma subieqtebma unda uzrunvelyofon maTi

saqmianobis saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba. firmebis

registracia, mesakuTris vinaoba ofSorul zonebSi,

maTi misamarTi, ekonomikuri saqmianobis formebi da

meTodebi unda gaxdes sazogadoebisaTvis gamWvirvale

da advilad xelmisawvdomi;

Semowmdes ucxouri investirebis keTilsin-

disierebis xarisxi, risTvisac saWiroa sazogadoebas

miewodos mis Sesaxeb sruli informacia, aseve Ria

gaxdes saxelmwifoebsa da kerZo firmebs Soris dade-

buli garigebebi da kontraqtebi;

gaizardos yvela donis biujetebis gamWvir-

valobis xarisxi, biujetSi gauwereli xarjebis mocu-

loba ar unda aRematebodes mSp-is 0,8-1,0%-s;

SeizRudos yofili maRali Tanamdebobis

saxelmwifo moxeleebis mier msxvil kerZo struqtureb-

Si xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze daniSvna, raTa gamoir-

icxos kerZo seqtoris korufciuli Sezrda saxelmwi-

fosTan, umaRles Tanamdebobaze gamoiricxos pirveli

rigis naTesavebis daniSvna.

saqarTvelo, iseve rogorc nebismieri qveyana,

Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi, araa dazRveuli

globaluri korufciisagan. eqsport-importi, ucxouri

investiciebi, saerTaSoriso tranzitebi, privatizacia,

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi, saerTaSoriso tenderebi,

licenziebis gacema da sxva ekonomikuri urTierTobebi,


49

romlebic dakavSirebulia saerTaSoriso ekonomikur

sivrcesTan, Seicavs globaluri korufciis maRal

riskebs. Aam mxriv gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos

msxvili qarTuli biznesis umetesi nawilis iuridiuli

bazireba ofSorul zonebSi, romelic SeiZleba

efuZnebodes mxolod korufciul sqemebs, radgan maT

winaSe ar dgas klasikuri ofSoruli preferenciebis

gamoyenebis aucilebloba, gamomdinare iqidan, rom maT

ucxoeTis qveynebSi ar gaaCniaT Svilobili sawarmoebi

da filialebi, raTa Tavidan aicilon ormagi

dabegvra mogebis repatriaciis SemTxvevaSi an miiRon

sxva saxeobis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi. Mmxolod

korufciuli ideologiiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba,

rom saqarTveloSi sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobia

msxvili biznesis ukan mdgari faqtobrivi mesakuTreebi

da “top-menejerebi”. gamomdinare aqedan, saWiroa ara

mxolod Siga, aramed agreTve globalur korufciasTan

brZolis prevenciuli RonisZiebebis gatareba,

romelTa Soris mTavaria: samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

politikuri da ekonomikuri safuZvlebis formireba;

saxelmwifoebriobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis

ganmtkiceba; politikur menejmentSi plutokratiuli

da kleptokratiuli elementebis Seviwroeba da

aRmofxvra; sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis demokratizacia

da moralis gajansaReba.


50

Transnational Corruption – Threat toTransnational Corruption – Threat to International Economic Security International Economic Security

I. MeskhiaI. Meskhia

The present article analyzes current situation of corruption in the world economy and international business. It provides arguments to prove the necessity of introducing the category of “Transnational Corruption” in scientifi c phraseology that means the corruption exported in any country of the world through the activities of international fi nancial and economic organizations as well as transnational corporations. This kind of corruption is revealed in the activities such as establishment of enterprises with participation of foreign capital, realization of investment projects and privatization of state property, conducting banking transactions, offshore deals on double taxation, gaining and maintaining monopoly on markets, activities of lobbyist groups, distribution of grants and international fi nancial technical assistance, etc.

The article also analyzes corruption schemes and examples in international rating companies, international fi nancial institutions, transnational companies, politicized business, supreme government bodies, lobbyist institutions and in other international organizations.

Georgia, like any other country in the world is not secured from global corruption in the circumstances of modern economic integration. Export and import, investments, international transits, privatization and other kinds of economic relations which are connected with international economy, contain high risks of corruption that are the prerequisites for the necessity of taking preventive measures in this direction.

The article offers theoretical and practical suggestions and recommendations based regarding the fi ght against global corruption on the basis of general conclusions, analysis and evaluation of corruption in the world economy and international business.


51


makroekonomikis sagnis, kvlevis meTo-makroekonomikis sagnis, kvlevis meTo-

dologiisa da miznebis Sesaxebdologiisa da miznebis Sesaxeb

mamia WumburiZemamia WumburiZe

ekonomikis doqtori, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso ekonomikis doqtori, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso

urTierTobaTa universitetis sruli profesoriurTierTobaTa universitetis sruli profesori

”ekonomistebi qmnian civilizaciis SesaZleblobebs”.”ekonomistebi qmnian civilizaciis SesaZleblobebs”.

(j.m. keinzi) (j.m. keinzi)

”adamiani, romelsac... ar uswavlia ekonomikuri Teoria, hgavs ”adamiani, romelsac... ar uswavlia ekonomikuri Teoria, hgavs

yrus, romelic cdilobs Seafasos musikaluri nawarmoebi”. yrus, romelic cdilobs Seafasos musikaluri nawarmoebi”.

(p.samuelsoni) (p.samuelsoni)

”ekonomikis Seswavla moiTxovs aqlemis amtanobasa da ”ekonomikis Seswavla moiTxovs aqlemis amtanobasa da

wmindanis moTminebas”. wmindanis moTminebas”.

(a.hailbroneri)(a.hailbroneri)

makroekonomikis sagnis kvlevis meTodologiisa da miz-

nebis asaxsnelad aucilebelia sakiTxi gavaSuqoT ekonomi-

kur TeoriasTan kavSiriT, radgan makroekonomika ganixileba,

rogorc ekonomikuri Teoriis (mecnierebis, analizis), dar-

gi (p.samuelsoni), ganyofileba (j.slomani), nawili (g.menqiu,

k.makkoneli, s.briu, l.Ciqava, j.kaxniaSvili, a.sisvaZe, l.beriZe),

done (s.fiSeri, r.dornbuSi, r.Smalenzi) da sxva.1

1 studentebs xelovnurad rom ar gavurTuloT Temis mTavari sakiTxebis swavla-aT-

viseba, Segnebulad gverds vuvliT ”politikuri ekonomiiis”, ”ekonomikuri Teoriis”,

”ekonomikis”, ”ekonomiksis”, ”ekonomikis principebis”, ”zogadi ekonomikuri Teoriis”,

”Teoriuli ekonomikis” rogorc ekonomikuri mecnierebis, disciplinis, sagnis, sa-

xelwodebis irgvliv jer kidev arsebul diskusias, rac, Cveni azriT, dakavSirebulia,

erTi mxriv, tradiciulad Camoyalibebul mTargmnelobiT praqtikasTan (rusuli

enis zegavlena), meore mxriv, Tanamedrove sabazro (Sereuli) ekonomikisaTvis da-

maxasiaTebeli ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis praqtikis – mTavrobis

ekonomikuri politikis saTanadod SeufaseblobasTan, anu ekonomikis politikisagan

mowyvetis mcdelobasTan, Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis (urTierTobebis) Tanamed-

rove (romantikuli) ideologiasTan, paradigmasTan. problema diskusiis an sakiTxis

dasmis saxiT SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes seminarze, praqtikul mecadineobaze

studentTa survilisa da interesis gaTvaliswinebiT.

52


ekonomikur Teorias mdidari da xangrZlivi istoria

aqvs, Canasaxis saxiT igi saTaves jer kidev antikur sazo-

gadoebaSi iRebs (Zveli babiloni, romi, saberZneTi, CineTi),

magram rogorc damoukidebeli mecniereba, mwyobri sistema,

ukavSirdeba udidesi ingliseli ekonomistis adam smiTis sa-

xels, roca 1776 wels man gamoaqveyna genialuri naSromi ”ga-

mokvleva xalxTa simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb”.

swored 1776 weli aris miCneuli ekonomikur mecnierebis

dabadebis TariRad.

ekonomikuri Teoriis mravali gansazRvreba arsebobs.

niSandoblivia, rom zogadad yvela gansazRvreba ekonomikuri

Teoriis sagnad adamianTa sasicocxlo saqmianobis ekonomi-

kur mxares miiCnevs. ramdenadac rTulia da mravalmxrivi

adamianTa sasicocxlo, ekonomikuri saqmianoba, imdenad rTuli

da mravalmxrivia ekonomikuri Teoriis sagnis gansazRvrac.

igi unda iTvaliswinebdes sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva-

dasxva safexurze ekonomikuri procesebisa da movlenebis

urTierTkavSirs, ekonomikuri (bazris) subieqtebis qcevas

moTxovnilebebis maqsimalurad dakmayofilebis mizniT dov-

laTis warmoebisa da moxmarebis procesSi, resursebis Sez-

Rudulobas da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri Teoria

Seiswavlis ekonomikur sistemebSi, SezRuduli resursebis

pirobebSi sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis miz-

niT dovlaTis warmoebisa da moxmarebis procesSi bazris

subieqtebis ekonomikur qcevas.

am gansazRvrebaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia sazoga-

doebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze (ekonomikuri sis-

temebi), resursebis SezRudulobaze, moTxovnilebaTa dakmayo-

filebaze, kvlavwarmoebis stadiebze, ekonomikur urTierToba-

ze (bazris subieqtebis ekonomikuri qceva).

ekonomikuri Teoriis Seswavlisas gamoyofen: kvlevis

sferos – garemos, sadac xorcieldeba ekonomikuri saqmianoba

53


_ ekonomikas; kvlevis obieqts – ekonomikur movlenebs da

procesebs; kvlevis subieqts – adamians, adamianTa jgufs, baz-

ris sxva subieqtebs, maT Soris saxelmwifos; kvlevis sagans

– adamianis, adamianTa jgufis, saxelmwifos ekonomikur qcevas,

ekonomikur urTierTobebs. xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebasac,

rom ekonomikuri Teoria ekonomikur movlenebs ubralod ki

ar aRwers, aramed aCvenebs maT urTierTkavSirs da urTierT-

ganpirobebulobas.

ekonomikuri Teoria aris sxva ekonomikur mecnierebaTa

meTodologiuri safuZveli, fundamenti. aseTebia: dargobrivi

ekonomikuri mecnierebani – Sromis ekonomika, mrewvelobis

ekonomika, soflis meurneobis ekonomika, vaWrobis ekonomika

da sxva; funqciuri ekonomikuri mecnierebani: finansebi, kre-

diti, marketingi, menejmenti da sxva; istoriul-ekonomikuri

mecnierebani – ekonomikuri moZRvrebis istoria (ekonomi-

kuri doqtrinebi), ekonomikuri istoria da sxva; regionuli

ekonomikuri mecnierebani – regionis, qveynis, msoflio eko-

nomika.

ekonomikuri Teoriis funqciebia: Teoriul-SemecnebiTi,

meTodologiuri, praqtikuli, kritikuli, prognozuli.

Teoriul-SemecnebiTi funqcia saSualebas gvaZlevs Rr-

mad SevicnoT ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis arsi,

urTierTkavSiri da urTierTganpirobebuloba, movaxdinoT

maTi analizi, sinTezi, ganzogadeba saTanado daskvnebis gamo-

satanad.

meTodologiuri funqcia iZleva sxva ekonomikuri mec-

nierebebis kvlevis Teoriul safuZvlebs (zogadi principebi,

paradigmebi, xerxebi, meTodebi), ramdenadac warmoadgens yvela

ekonomikuri disciplinis meTodologiur safuZvels.

praqtikul funqciaSi igulisxmeba gamoyenebiTi xasiaTi,

pragmatizmi, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs gavakeToT swori

arCevani ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvrisas. ekonomikurma

54


politikam – saxelmwifos mizanmimarTulma RonisZiebaTa sis-

temam warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da moxmarebis sferoSi,

rogorc wesi, unda asaxos sazogadoebis socialuri jgu-

febis interesebi da mowodebuli unda iyos erovnuli eko-

nomikis ganviTarebis xelSewyobisaTvis, raTa miRweul iqnes:

ekonomikuri zrda, sruli dasaqmeba, fasebis stabiluri done,

ekonomikuri efeqtianoba, Semosavlebis samarTliani ganawile-

ba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba.

kritikul funqciaSi igulisxmeba ekonomikuri movle-

nebis kritikuli aRqma, dogmatizmis uaryofa, SemoqmedebiToba

da obieqturoba. ekonomikuri analizisas aucilebelia davi-

viwyoT yovelgvari simpaTiebi da antipaTiebi, piradi gamor-

Cena da interesi, yovelTvis unda vTqvaT, sinamdvile, siswore,

ragind mware ar unda iyos igi. Selamazeba, miwerebi da a.S.

damRupvelia qveynisaTvis.

prognozuli funqcia qmnis SesaZleblobas winaswar

ganWvritoT mokle, saSualo da grZelvadiani ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis prognozuli parametrebi. ekonomikuri prog-

nozireba xelisuflebis organoebs exmareba indikaturi da-

gegmvisa da programebis SemuSavebaSi.

ekonomikuri Teoriis funqciebis urTierTkavSiri SeiZ-

leba gamoixatos formuliT: Semecneba codna, codna

winaswari ganWvretis unari, winaswari ganWvreta swori

racionaluri qceva.

ekonomikuri Teoriis Semadgeneli nawilebi, ganyofi-

lebebia: mikroekonomika (warmosdgeba berZnuli sityvisagan

“mikros” _ “mikros”, rac “pataras” niSnavs); mezoekonomi-ka, warmosdgeba berZnuli sityvisgan “mezo” – “mesos”, rac “Suas” “Sualedurs” niSnavs); makroekonomika (warmosdgeba

berZnuli sityvisagan “makros” – “makros” rac “dids” niS-navs); megaekonomika (berZnulad ”mega” – ”megas” ”mravaljer

dids”, “uzarmazars” niSnavs).

55


makroekonomika, rogorc ekonomikuri Teoriis ganyo-

fileba, Semadgeneli nawili zogadad Seiswavlis Tu rogor

funqcionirebs ekonomikuri sistema mTlianad. g.menqius az-

riT, makroekonomika Seiswavlis mTlianad ekonomikaSi mim-

dinare movlenebs... maT Soris inflacias, umuSevrobas da

ekonomikur zrdas.1 s.fiSeris, r.dornbuSis, r.Smalenzis azriT,

makroekonomika aris mecniereba mTlianad ekonomikis funq-

cionirebis Sesaxeb.2 k.makkonelis, s.brius Tanaxmad ki makroe-

konomika Seiswavlis ekonomikas rogorc mTels, mis ZiriTad

agregirebul maCveneblebs, iseT sidideTa analizs, rogoricaa

produqciis saerTo done da a.S. ... makroekonomika swavlobs

ara xeebs, aramed tyes, iZleva ekonomikis zogad daxasiaTebas.3

j.slomanis mixedviT makroekonomika ekonomikuri Teoriis ga-

nyofilebaa, romelSic iswavleba erToblivi (agregirebuli)

ekonomikuri sidideebi (erovnuli ekonomikis saqmianobis sa-

erTo Sedegebi), iseTebi, rogoricaa fasebis saerTo done, er-

Toblivi produqti da umuSevroba.4 p.samuelsoni Tvlis, rom

makroekonomika dakavSirebulia ekonomikis saerTo suraTTan

da romelic misi Tanamedrove saxiT 1936 wlamde ar arse-

bobda. igi gaCnda maSin, roca j.m. keinzma gamoaqveyna Tavisi

revoluciuri naSromi - “dasaqmebis, sargeblisa da fulis

zogadi Teoria”.5 j.saqsis azriT, makroekonomika aris mecnie-

reba ekonomikaSi agregirebuli qcevis Sesaxeb.6

makroekonomikis sagnis Sesaxeb sakuTari, aranakleb sain-

tereso mosazrebebi aqvT qarTvel mecnier-ekonomistebsac.

ai zogierTis mosazrebac: profesor r.asaTians miaCnia, rom

1 g.menqiu. ekonomikis principebi. Tb., 2009, gv.36.2 s.fiSeri, r.dornbuSi, r.Smalenzi. ekonomika. t.III, Tb., 1998, gv.45.3 k.makkoneli, s.briu. ekonomiksi. naw.I Tb., 1993, gv.16-17.

* agregirebuli laTinurad “gaerTianebuls”, “gamsxvilebuls”, “krebsiTs”

niSnavs.4 Дж.Сломан. Экономикс, М., 2005, cтр. 808.5 p.samuelsoni, v.nordhausi. ekonomika. Tb., 2000, gv.46-47.6 Дж.Сакс, Ф.Ларен. Макроэкономика. М., 1996. cтр. 26.

56


“makroekonomika aris ekonomikuri Teoriis ganyofileba

ekonomikis rogorc erTiani mTlianis warmarTvis Sesaxeb”.1

profesori l.beriZe miuTiTebs, rom “makroekonomika Seiswav-

lis mTlianad ekonomikaSi mimdinare movlenebs. aq yuradReba

maxvildeba saqonelTa da momsaxurebis warmoebis saerTo

moculobasa da fasebis saSualo donis cvlilebaze”.2 pro-

fesorebs: g.Toduas, r.gogoxias, r.qutiZes miaCniaT, rom “mak-

roekonomika msxvilmasStabiani ekonomikuri movlenebisa da

procesebis Semswavleli mecnierebaa, misi kvlevis obieqts

warmoadgens meurneobrivi sistemis krebsiTi, ganmazogadebeli

maCveneblebi”.3 profesor j.kaxniaSvili Tvlis, rom “makroe-

konomikuri Teoria warmoaCens iseT erTobliv sidideebs, rom-

lebic gansazRvraven ekonomikis struqturas da dinamikas”.4

profesori p.leiaSvili SeniSnavs, rom makroekonomika swav-

lobs “ekonomikis, rogorc erTi mTlianobis funqcionire-

bas. igi ganixilavs erovnuli warmoebis saerTo moculobas,

dasaqmebisa da fasebis dones, sagareo vaWrobas”.5 profesori

m.gvelesiani miuTiTebs, rom makroekonomika aris ekonomika

mis mTlianobaSi. ra maCveneblebi gvixasiaTebs ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis dones da misi zrdis temps? ra pirobebia saWi-

ro ekonomikis stabiluri gawonasworebuli moqmedebisaTvis?

ra mizeziT irRveva es wonasworoba periodulad? ratom

aris aucilebeli, rom saxelmwifom areguliros ekonomika,

ra mizniTa da formebiT akeTebs saxelmwifo amas? ra inst-

rumentebs iyenebs amisTvis? am kiTxvebs upasuxebs makroe-

konomikuri kvleva”.6 profesor a.sisvaZis azriT: “makroeko-

nomika, rogorc mecniereba, esaa ekonomikuri Teoriis nawili,

1r.asaTiani. ekonomiksi. ganmrtebiTi leqsikoni. Tb., 1996, gv.105.2 l.beriZe da sxvebi. makroekonomika. Tb., 2010, gv.28.3 g.Todua, r.gogoxia, r.qutiZe. ekonomikis principebi. makroekonomika. Tb.,

2009, gv.7.4 j.kaxniaSvili. makroekonomika. I nawili. Tb., 1996, gv.315 p.leiaSvili. ekonomiksi. Tb., 2003, gv.282.6 m.gvelesiani. ekonomiksi. Tb., 2000, gv.15.

57


romelic agregirebis meTodis saSualebiT ikvlevs erovnuli

ekonomikis, rogorc erTiani sistemis funqcionirebisa da

ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebs da am safuZvelze amuSavebs im

xerxebs, principebs da instrumentebs, romlebic SezRuduli

resursebiT adamianTa usazRvro moTxovnilebebis rac SeiZ-

leba srulad dakmayofilebiskenaa mimarTuli”.1

ra daskvnebi SeiZleba gavakeToT makroekonomikis sagnis

gansazRvris zemoTmoyvanili variantebidan? pirveli, eWvs ar

iwvevs is garemoeba, rom makroekonomika aris ekonomikuri

Teoriis Semadgeneli nawili (ganyofileba); meore, igi Seis-

wavlis, anu misi kvlevis sagania erovnuli ekonomika mT-

lianobaSi, mas saqme aqvs agregirebul (ganmazogadebel, kreb-

siT) maCveneblebTan, romlebsac makroekonomikur maCveneblebs

uwodeben; mesame makroekonomika, misi Tanamedrove saxiT, Seda-

rebiT axalgazrdaa da ukavSirdeba j.keinzis saxels; meoT-

xe, makroekonomikis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo warmoadgens baz-

ris umniSvnelovanes subieqts; mexuTe, makroekonomika aris

ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis gansakuTrebuli

doqtrina; meeqvse, makroekonomika aris Tanamedrove Sereuli

ekonomikis Teoria da praqtika; meSvide, makroekonomika far-

To gagebiT moicavs megaekonomikasac – saerTaSoriso vaW-

robas, saerTaSoriso savaluto urTierTobas, ganviTarebadi

qveynebis (“mesame samyaros”) ekonomikas da msoflio globa-

lizaciis ekonomikur problemebs.

zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, makroekonomika

aris ekonomikuri Teoriis mTavari ganyofileba, Semadgeneli

nawili, romelic Tanamedrove Sereul ekonomikaSi, SezRudu-

li resursebisa da konkurenciis pirobebSi, sazogadoebis

moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis mizniT, agregirebul mak-

roekonomikur maCveneblebze dayrdnobiT swavlobs bazris

subieqtebis ekonomikur qcevas.

makroekonomikis, makroekonomikuri analizis mTavari

1a.sisvaZe. ekonomikuri Teoria. nawili meore. Tb., 2010, gv.9.

58


mizania SeimuSavos erovnuli ekonomikis makroekonomikuri

regulirebis winadadebebi, RonisZiebebi, axali paradigmebi,

raTa uzrunvelyofili iqnes: pirveli, warmoebisa da momsa-

xurebis wonasworuli, stabiluri ganviTareba – potenciuri

mTliani Siga produqtis moculobis gadideba, ekonomikuri

zrda; meore, maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli maRali dasaqmeba da

dabali umuSevroba; mesame, stabiluri fasebi, inflaciis da-

bali done; meoTxe, Semosavlebis uTanabro ganawilebis maqsi-

maluri Serbileba – swori socialuri politikis gatareba;

mexuTe, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ganviTareba; meeqvse, sagadamx-

delo balansis deficitisa da savaluto kursebis metismeti

ryevebis Tavidan acileba; meSvide, msoflio globalizaciis

negatiuri ekonomikuri Sedegebis zegavlenis Serbileba da

pozitiuris waxaliseba.

aRniSnuli miznebis ganxorcielebis mTavari saSuale-

ba, berketia makroekonomikuri politika, romelic moicavs:

1. fulad-sakredito -monetarul politikas; 2. sabiujeto-

sagadasaxado-fiskalur politikas; 3. Semosavlebis gadana-

wilebis – socialur politikas; 4. sagareo-ekonomikur po-

litikas.

makroekonomika, ise rogorc ekonomikuri Teoria mT-

lianad, makroekonomikuri movlenebis analizisas iyenebs sx-

vadasxva meTods. meTodi aris xerxebi, gzebi, wesebi, instru-

mentebi, berketebi, romelTa gamoyenebiT analizisas SevicnobT

ekonomikur movlenebsa da procesebs, vaxdenT ganzogadebas da

vakeTebT daskvnas. sityva “meTodi” berZnuli warmoSobisaa

da niSnavs “gzas raime miznisaken”.

es meTodebia:

dialeqtikuri meTodi. am meTodze dayrdnobiT ekono-

mikuri movlenebi ganixileba mudmiv moZraobaSi, ganviTarebaSi,

urTierTkavSirsa da urTierTganpirobebulobaSi.

mecnieruli abstraqciis meTodi. es imas niSnavs, rom

59


ekonomikuri movlenebis Seswavlisas, faqtebis grovaSi Zi-

riTadisa da arsebiTis, damaxasiaTeblis gamovlenis mizniT

vaxdenT araarsebiTis, meorexarisxovanis gamocalkevebas,

abstragirebas. swored es meTodi iZleva saSualebas ganzo-

gadeba-daskvna gavakeToT martividan rTulisaken moZraobiT,

ZiriTadisa da mTavaris gamosavlenad. am mizniT, xSirad ga-

moiyeneba princip-daSvebac _ “sxva Tanabar pirobebSi” (ceteris paribus – laTinurad). magaliTad, erToblivi moTxovnis mocu-

loba gamoxatavs damokidebulebas saqonlis raodenobasa da

mis fass Soris, analizisas ki Cven garkveul abstragirebas,

daSvebas _ sxva Tanabar pirobebSi _ vakeTebT myidvelTa Se-

mosavlebze, gemovnebaze, tradiciebze da a.S., Tumca Semdgomi,

Rrma analizi ar gamoricxavs sxva parametrebis gamokvle-

vasac. aseve, ekonomikuri movlenebis analizis dros uamravi

sakiTxi amotivtivdeba. maSin viyenebT e.w. “okkamas orlesu-

lis” princips. (okkama – XIV saukunis ingliseli filo-

sofosi, romelic Tvlida, rom rTuli movlenis analizisas

aucilebelia wvrilmani sakiTxebis CamokreWa, CamoWra, raTa

advilad gavigoT movlenis ZiriTadi arsi).

analizi da sinTezi. analizi Semecnebis iseTi meTodia,

roca erT mTlians davyofT Semadgenel nawilebad da cal-

calke vswavlobT. vTqvaT, mSp-s analizisas cal-calke (daS-

lilad) vaanalizebT mosaxleobis samomxmareblo xarjebs,

kerZo investiciebs, saxelmwifo Sesyidvebs, wminda eqsports

(danaxarjebis meTodi); xelfasebs, sargebels, rentas, moge-

bas, amortizacias, arapirdapir gadasaxadebs (Semosavlebis

meTodi). analizi (berZnulad niSnavs “daSlas”) sinTezi ki

– piriqiT, roca movlenis calke gaanalizebul nawilebs va-

erTianebT erT mTlianSi daskvna-ganzogadebis gasakeTeblad.

(berZnulad – “SeerTeba”). analizi da sinTezi gamodis, ro-

gorc Semecnebis procesis urTierTdakavSirebuli mxareebi.

induqcia aris Semecnebis meTodi, roca zogadi daskvna

60


gamogvaqvs calkeuli movlenisa da faqtebis analizis safuZ-

velze.

deduqcia ki piriqiT, roca kerZo, konkretuli daskvna

gamogvaqvs zogadis safuZvelze (laTinurad – “gamoyvana”).

analogia aris Semecnebis meTodi, roca cnobili movle-

nis Tvisebebi gadagvaqvs ucnob movlenaze, magaliTad, fulis

mimoqcevas ekonomikaSi, vadarebT sisxlis mimoqcevas adamianis

sxeulSi (berZnulad – “Sesatyvisoba”).

winaswari ganzogadebebi, daskvnebi aris hipoTezebi, ro-

melTa realobis sinamdvilesTan Sedarebas, Semowmebas veri-

fikacia ewodeba.

istoriulisa da logikuris erTianobis meTodi niSnavs

imas, rom ekonomikuri movlenebi, sakiTxebi unda ganvixiloT

istoriuli TanamimdevrobiT, logikurad _ martividan rTu-

lisaken. magaliTad, ekonomiuri Teoriis kursi ganixileba:

mikroekonomikis, makroekonomikis, megaekonomikis, ekonomikuri

moZRvrebis istoriis (ekonomikuri doqtrinebi) saxiT.

pozitiuri da normatiuli analizis meTodi. pozitiu-

ri analizi aCvenebs Tu rogori aris sinamdvileSi eko-

nomikuri movlenebi. normatiuli analizi emyareba normebs,

Sefasebebs, Tu rogori unda iyos es ekonomikuri movlenebi

(magaliTad, xelfasi, saarsebo minimumi, moxmarebis fiziolo-

giuri normebi da sxva).

ekonomikuri modelebi aris ekonomikur movlenebis ka-

vSirurTierTobis gamartivebuli warmodgena. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, igi SeiZleba iyos miaxloebiTi, daaxloebiT, arasruli,

msgavsi, TvalsaCino da a.S., rac analizis gamartivebisa da,

amasTan erTad, SedarebiT zusti da vizualuri warmodgenis

saSualebas iZleva (maTematikuri meTodi, sqemebi, grafikebi

da sxva);

modelebi eyrdnoba parametrebs, segmentebs, romlebic

SeiZleba ganisazRvrebodes egzogenuri – garegani da endoge-

61


nuri – Sinagani faqtorebiT, mizezebiT.

paradigma aris ama Tu im mecnierebaSi miRebuli debu-

lebebi, principebi, midgomebi da warmodgenebi arsebuli prob-

lemis gadasawyvetad. paradigmebi icvleba axali realiebis

warmoSobis kvalobaze. amitom amboben: “axali paradigmebia

saWiro”, rac ekonomikuri movlenebis mimarT axleburad, vi-

Tarebis Sesatyvis midgomas niSnavs (berZnulad “nimuSi”, “ma-

galiTi”).

kvlevis meTodebis erToblioba aris meTodologia –

moZRvreba mecnieruli kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb, xolo zo-

gadi daskvnebisa da debulebebis, principebis erToblioba,

romelic sinamdvilis – movlenebisa da procesebis axsnas

emsaxureba, aris Teoria.

erovnuli ekonomikis makroekonomikuri regulirebis

analizisas aucilebelia ekonomikuri kanonebis Secnoba.

ekonomikuri kanonebi – aris ekonomikuri movlenebs Soris

obieqturad arsebuli myari mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri. eko-

nomikur kanonebs aqvT obieqturi xasiaTi. isini moqmedeben

adamianTa neba-survilisagan damoukildeblad, saxelmwifom

praqtikulad unda gamoiyenos ekonomikuri kanonebis moTxov-

nebi swori ekonomikuri politikis SesamuSaveblad.

makroekonomika, rogorc Teoria (mecniereba) da ro-

gorc praqtika (makroekonomikuri politika), pirvel rigSi,

bazris mTavari subieqtis adamianis ekonomikuri interesis

maqsimalurad SesaZlebel dakmayofilebis amocanis axsna-ana-

lizs emsaxureba. cnobilia da eWvs ar iwvevs is garemoeba,

rom adamianTa ekonomikur qcevas maTi ekonomikuri interesi

gansazRvravs (Semosavlebis odenoba, Sedegebis Sedareba dan-

axarjebTan, zRvruli sargeblianobis, Semosavlebisa da zRv-

ruli danaxarjebis urTierTSedareba). aseTi midgoma, anali-

zi aucileblad gamoiwvevs swori, racionaluri ekonomikuri

azrovnebis stilis Camoyalibebas ekonomikuri saqmianobis

62


yvela doneze – warmoebisa da moxmarebis procesSi, marTva-

gamgeblobaSi, menejmentSi.

zemoT aRniSnuli makroekonomikuri analizis kvlevis

meTodebis ganxilvisas Cven ar mivaniSneT im siZneleebsa da

moulodnelobebze, rac realur ekonomikur cxovrebaSi SeiZ-

leba warmoiSvas. aseTebi SeiZleba iyos mcdari ekonomikuri

warmodgenebi, rac araswori, iracionaluri (ugunuri) qce-

visaken ubiZgebs rogorc muSakebs (mwarmoeblebs), aseve yve-

la donis menejers, saxelmwifo moxeleebis CaTvliT. aseT

SemTxvevebs uwodeben xafangebs (maxeebs), romlebic arTulebs

swori, racionaluri ekonomikuri azrovnebis process da Sei-

cavs araswori ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSiS-

roebas, xifaTs (gavixsenoT qarTuli frTiani gamonaTqvami:

“xafangSi orive fexiT gaebao”).

xafangia ekonomikur azrovnebaSi da logikurad aras-

wori, mcdari msjelobaa daSveba principisa: “is rac sworia

da sasargeblo individisTvis, aucileblad sasargebloa yve-

lasaTvis”. magaliTad, roca fexburTis matCis dros, sagole

momentisas, erTi konkretuli mayurebeli fexze wamoxteba,

raTa ukeT dainaxos mindori, sasargebloa misTvis, magram

SeiZleba imis Tavdajerebuli mtkiceba, rom es sasargebloa

yvelasaTvis? rasakvirvelia ara, radgan Tu erTbaSad yvela

fexze amdgari daiwyebs matCis yurebas, maSin yvela da calke

aRebuli mayurebelic mindors dainaxavs iseve an ufro cu-

dad vidre damjdari uyurebda.

meore magaliTi. erT romelime firmaSi an korpora-

ciaSi daqiravebuli muSakisTvis (muSakebisTvis) xelfasis

momateba sasargebloa, radgan saqonelze fasebis ucvlelo-

bis pirobebSi, gaizrdeba misi myidvelobiTunarianoba da met

saqonels SeiZens, aimaRlebs cxovrebis dones. magram xelfasi

Tu yvelas ekonomikurad dausabuTeblad gaezrdeba, maSin au-

cileblad gaizrdeba fasebic samomxmareblo saqonelze da

mosalodnelia inflacia, rac cxovrebis donis yvelasaTvis

gauaresebas gamoiwvevs.

63

sxva magaliTi, inglisis kolonializaciis wlebSi, erT

dros arnaxulad momravlda kobra gvelebi. SiSis gamo Sefer-

xda sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebi fermerul meurneobebSi,

plantaciebSi, mosaxleoba samuSaod gasvlaze Tavs ikavebda.

gvelebis Semosevisagan dacvis mizniT fermerebma SemoiRes

gasamrjelo mokluli kobras TiToeul Tavze. ifiqres, rom

mosaxleoba bevr kobras daiWerda da daxocavda. rogori iyo

Sedegi? _ uaryofiTi, mosaxleobis didma nawilma piriqiT,

kobrebis moSeneba daiwyo meti gasamrjelos miRebis mizniT

da Semosavlis wyarod gaixades es saqmianoba.

aseve, 1992-1994 wlebSi navTobis krizisis dros vene-

suelis mTavrobam gadawyvita qveynis SigniT navTobproduq-

tebis moxmarebis Semcirebis, ekonomiis xarjze gaedidebina

eqsporti. am mizniT dedaqalaqSi SezRudes avtomobilebis

moZraoba administraciuli wesiT: kent nomrian avtomobilebs

mxolod Tvis kent ricxvebSi hqonda moZraobis nebarTva, lu-

wians ki _ luw ricxvebSi. saboloo Sedegi aseve uaryofiTi

iyo, venesuelelebma saswrafod auRes alRo vaTarebas – Sei-

Zines meore manqana an manqanis nomeri Sesabamisad kenti an

luwi cifrebis daboloebiT saWiroebis Sesabamisad.

rogorc vxedavT, individebi, adamianebi iseT qcevas ir-

Ceven, romelTac, maTi azriT, yvelaze meti sargeblobis (Se-

mosavlis, mogebis, sikeTis) motana SeuZlia, anu, rogorc iTqva,

adamianis ekonomikuri qcevis motivia piradi ekonomikuri

interesi, romelzec zegavlenas axdens sabazro urTierTobe-

bi, sabazro meqanizmebi: moTxovna-miwodeba, konkurencia, fasebi,

danaxarjebisa da Sedegebis Sedareba da sxva, aseTi midgoma

racionaluri ekonomikuri azrovnebis stilis formirebis

sawindaria da mowodebulia ar iqnes daSvebuli Secdomebi,

xafangebi. aq upriania gavixsenoT, gamonaTqvami – “Secdo-

mac skolaa”, “Secdomebze swavlobeno”. am mxriv sainteresoa

cnobili germaneli sabavSvo mwerlis erix kestneris azri:

“Secdomebsac faseuloba gaaCnia, magram ara yvelgan da yo-


64

velTvis. yvela, vinc indoeTSi midis, ver aRmoaCens amerikas”.

frangi mwerali da Jurnalisti, nobelis premiis laureati

(1952) francisko mauriaki werda: “saxelmwifo moRvaweebis

Secdomebi qirurgis Secdomis msgavsad momakvdinebelia”. es

bolo gamonaTqvami srulad Seexeba ekonomikuri, safinanso-

sabanko dawesebulebebis, uwyebebis, organizaciebis xelmZRva-

nelebs, saxelmwifo moxeleebs, ekonomikuri politikis SemuS-

avebis ideur da organizaciul Semomqmedebs.

Regarding the Methodology and Goals of Macroeconomic Regarding the Methodology and Goals of Macroeconomic

Subject ResearchSubject Research

M. Chumburidze

The article shows theoretical (educational, research) and prag-matic (economic policy of the country) importance of macroeconom-ics which represents the main part of economic theory. It provides the opinions of both Georgian (L. Chikava, R. Asatiani, L. Beridze, M. Gvelesiani, R. Gogokhia, J. Kakhniashvili, P. Leiashvili, A. Sis-vadze, R. Kutidze) and foreign (P. Samuelsen, G. Menque, J. Slow-man, K. Macconel, S. Briu, S. Fisher, R. Dornbush, R. Shmalenze, J. Sax) economists. It is concluded that macroeconomics is the main part of economic theory, the component, which in terms of modern mixed economy, aiming to meet the demands of the society, studies economic behavior of market entities based on the aggregated mac-roeconomic indicators.

While discussing macroeconomic research methodology, it’s highlighted that macroeconomics, as the theory and practice of functioning of mixed economy plays an important role in formation of rational economic thinking and in avoiding “economic traps” as well. This is very important and should be taken into account while developing strategy, programs, projects and directions of the coun-try’s economic policy.


65


simon gelaSvili simon gelaSvili

iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis

sruli profesori sruli profesori

Tanamedrove adamians aqvs mravalmxrivi ganaTle-

bis miRebis SesaZlebloba, rac dakavSirebulia mraval

gansxvavebul faqtorTan, rogoricaa, magaliTad: gana-

Tlebis sxvadasxva safexuri da saganmanaTleblo da-

wesebulebis tipi, mravali specialoba da kvalifika-

cia, ganaTlebis miRebis adgili da swavlis drois xan-

grZlivoba, gaweuli investiciis moculoba, ganaTlebis

xarisxi da a.S. Sesabamisad, ganaTlebidan miRebuli

sargebeli Zlier gansxvavebulia, sxvadasxva arsebiTi

niSnis mixedviT igi SeiZleba iyos: ekonomikuri da so-

cialuri, raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi, moklevadiani

da grZelvadiani, individualuri da sazogadoebrivi, ra-

odenobrivad gazomvadi da raodenobrivad gauzomvadi,

pirdapiri da iribi, erTjeradi da mravaljeradi sar-

gebeli. amasTanave, aucilebelia imis gaTvaliswinebac,

rom ganaTlebis miRebidan sargebeli rogorc raode-

nobrivad, aseve Tvisebrivad, Zlier diferencirebulia.

amitom misi statistikuri gazomva SesaZlebelia mxo-

lod saSualod, romlis drosac ar vlindeba konkre-

tuli individualuri Taviseburebani da gansxvavebani.

ganaTlebidan sargebels Rebulobs rogorc in-

dividi, aseve sazogadoeba. radgan yoveli adamiani, ro-

melic iRebs ganaTlebas, aris sazogadoebis wevri, mis

mier miRebuli kerZo sargebeli aris sazogadoebrivi

sargeblis nawili. aqedan gamomdinare, sazogadoebrivi

ganaTlebidan miRebuli sargebeli da misi

statistikuri gazomvis meTodebi

66


sargebeli warmoadgens kerZo sargeblisa da im sxva

sargeblis jams, romelsac uSualod individi ver mii-

Rebs. SesaZlebelia individis mier ganaTlebis miReba

yovelTvis ar gulisxmobdes sazogadoebis sxva wevri-

saTvis sargeblobis motanas. amitom, praqtikaSi sazo-

gadoebriv da kerZo sargeblobas Soris gansxvaveba

im danaxarjebis tolia, romelsac gaiReben individebi,

xolo sazogadoeba ki ubrunebs mas iseTi ganaTlebis

saxiT, romelic SeiZleba zogjer uSualod ar pasu-

xobdes individis kerZo moTxovnebs, magram aris samoqa-

laqo sazogadoebis ganmtkicebis aucilebeli piroba.

ganaTlebis sxvadasxva safexuridan miRebuli

ukugeba gansxvavebulia, rac ZiriTadad damokidebulia

gaweuli xarjebis moculobasa da dasaqmebidan miRe-

buli Semosavlis sidideze. saerTod, dawyebiTi gana-

Tlebidan miRebuli sargebloba, faqtobrivad, ufro

maRalia im TvalsazrisiT, rom jer erTi, individis

mier gaweuli danaxarjebi ganaTlebis am safexurze

sxva safexurebTan SedarebiT ufro naklebia da, meo-

rec, SemdgomSi, specialuri profesiuli da umaRlesi

ganaTlebidan miRebuli ukugebis nawili dafuZnebulia

dawyebiTi ganaTlebis safexurze miRebul codnaze.

ganaTlebis erT-erTi sargebloba dakavSirebu-

lia yovel momdevno TaobaSi ganaTlebis zrdasTan.

rac ufro ganaTlebuli arian mSoblebi, miT ufro met

ganaTlebas Rebuloben momdevno Taobebi. ganaTlebis

zrdis Sedegad izrdeba potenciuri Semosavlebic.

amitom, ufro maRali Semosavlis miRebis safuZvlad

SeiZleba vaRiaroT mSoblebis mier ganaTlebaSi ga-

Rebuli investiciebi. Sesabamisad, dawyebiT da saSua-

lo ganaTlebidan ukugeba sagrZnoblad gaizrdeba, Tu

mxedvelobaSi miviRebT TaobaTaSoris gadacemul sar-

geblobasac. amasTan, sargeblis sxva formas Seadgens

is sulieri TviTkmayofileba, romelsac wina Taoba Re-

67


bulobs imis rwmenisagan, rom momdevno Taoba miiRebs

masze ufro ukeTes ganaTlebas.

mecnierTa nawili, romelic umaRlesi ganaTlebi-

dan miRebul ukugebas ikvlevs, amtkicebs, rom umaRles

ganaTlebaSi magistris xarisxiT miRebuli ekonomikuri

ukugeba dabalia bakalavris xarisxiT miRebul ukuge-

basTan SedarebiT. sxvadasxva gamokvlevis mixedviT, maT

Soris variaciis maCveneblebi Zlier gansxvavebulia.

amitom, am sakiTxze jer kidev ar aris erTiani azri

mecnierTa Soris.1 Cven ar veTanxmebiT am Tvalsazriss,

radgan jer erTi, magistraturaSi ganxorcielebuli

investiciis moculoba ar aRemateba bakalavriatis

analogiur maCvenebels, radgan swavlis xangrZlivoba

orjer metia bakalavriatSi da meorec, magistris xari-

sxis mqone piris Semosavali, umetes SemTxvevebSi, aRe-

mateba bakalavrisas. aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni daskvna

sapirispiroa.

gansxvavebebi arsebobs ukugebaSi ara marto ga-

naTlebis xarisxis mixedviT, aramed misi sferoebis, spe-

cialobebisa da institutebis tipis mixedviTac. ameri-

keli mecnierebis j. dunkanis, v. makmahonis da sxvaTa

gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, ukugeba kerZo tipis umaRlesi

saswavleblebisaTvis icvleba minus 0,7-dan plus 9,6

%-mde, magistris xarisxis mflobelebisaTvis - minus

1,8-dan plus 19,3 %-mde, xolo doqtoris xarisxis mflo-

belebisaTvis - minus 0,1-dan plus 16,4 %-mde.2 sxva-

dasxva specialobis mixedviT ukugebis donis variaciis

araTanabari sidideebi ganpirobebulia maTze gansxva-

vebuliMMmoTxovna-miwodebiT ama Tu im periodSi, magram

1 J. B. Knight, R. H. Sabot, The Rate of Return on Educational Expansion. „Econom-ics of Educational Review”. 1987. # 6, p. 110.

2 G. J. Duncan, S.D. Hopman, The Incidence and Wage Effects of Over education. „Economics of Education Review”. 1981. # 1(1). W. W. McMahon, The Relation of Education and R&D to productivity Growth. „Economics of Education Review „1982. # 3(4), pp. 135-152.

68


mTlianad umaRles ganaTlebaSi efeqtianobis zRvari

droTa ganmavlobaSi izrdeba. es dakavSirebulia im

faqtorTan, rom TandaTan izrdeba ganxorcielebuli

investiciebis moculoba am sferoSi. rogorc zogierTi

mkvlevari aRniSnavs, xangrZliv periodSi ganaTlebaSi

Cadebuli investiciebidan miRebuli ukugeba ufro sta-

biluria, vidre finansur aqtivebSi dabandebuli imave

raodenobis sainvesticio Tanxebidan miRebuli, rac ga-

naTlebis erTgvar upiratesobaze metyvelebs finansur

qonebasTan SedarebiT.1

yoveli individi varaudobs, rom ganaTlebis ga-

grZelebis saSualebiT momavalSi igi met xelfass

miiRebs. daTmoba da xarjebis gaweva ganaTlebis mi-

saRebad individebis momavali Semosavlebis gazrdis

pirobaa, magram aq saWiroa aramonetaruli faqtorebis

gaTvaliswinebac. kerZod, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ganaTle-

bis gaRrmavebiT miRebuli socialuri prestiJi, meti

Tavisufali dro, kargi samuSao garemo da sxv., rac sti-

muls aZlevs individebs meti codnis misaRebad gaiRon

meti fuli.

umaRlesi ganaTlebis ekonomikuri da socialuri

ukugeba, sazogadoebis mier gaweuli maRali xarjebis

gamo, ganaTlebis sxva donesTan SedarebiT, dabalia. mT-

lianad umaRles ganaTlebaSi dabandebuli investicie-

bi saSualostatistikurad momgebiania individisa da

sazogadoebisaTvis. magram Tu CavatarebT tipologiur

da struqturul analizs universitetebisa da specia-

lobebis mixedviT, maSin umaRlesi ganaTleba yovelTvis

da yvelgan universalurad mogebis momtan sferod

ver CaiTvleba. sxvadasxva kvalifikaciisa da specia-

lobis muSakebis Sromis anazRaureba diferencirebu-

lia. gansxvavebuli Sromis saxeobebi moiTxovs Sesaba-

1 E. G. West, Education and the State, 2-nd ed. Institute of Economic Affairs. Lon-don, 1997, p. 187.

69


mis kvalifikacias, ganaTlebis dones, unar-Cvevebs, gamo-

cdilebas an sabazro riskisaTvis mzadyofnas. zogadi

klasikuri modeliT, samuSao Zalis fasi ganisazRvreba

Sromis bazarze arsebuli moTxovnisa da miwodebis

doneebiT, anu sxvanairad, igi aris romelime specialo-

bis misaRebad gaweuli investiciebis moculobis Se-

fardeba im moTxovnis sididesTan, romelsac Sromis

bazari uyenebs individebs dasaqmebis mizniT. saintere-

soa am problemis kidev erTi aspeqti. aSS-Si gavrce-

lebuli sxvadasxva specifikuri momzadebis praqtika

ZiriTadad mimarTulia iqiTken, rom struqturuli umu-

Sevroba, romelic dakavSirebulia adamianis SromiTi

Tvisebebis, codnisa da gamocdilebis im moTxovnebTan

SeusabamobasTan, romelsac ayenebs Sromis bazari, Sei-

Zleba Tavidan iqnes acilebuli, Tu samuSao adgilebis

saxeobebze moTxovnis Sesabamisad moxdeba individebis

gadamzadeba. faqtobrivad, aseTi swavlebis efeqtianoba

maRalia im individebSi, romlebic mWidrod arian daka-

vSirebuli Sromis bazris moTxovnasTan da ganaTlebis

miRebis Semdeg advilad Souloben samsaxurs, magram

Tu swavleba ar aris saTanado doneze, maSin misi efe-

qtianoba Zalian dabalia. ganaTlebis sistemis Sromis

bazarTan dakavSirebis Sedegad Tviuri xelfasi izr-

deba daaxloebiT 2 %-iT, umuSevroba mcirdeba da Sro-

ma xdeba ufro mwarmoebluri. 1

mecnierTa nawilis azriT, ganaTlebuli adamia-

ni ufro mwarmoebluria, radgan ganaTleba pozitiu-

rad moqmedebs misi, rogorc momxmareblis, qcevaze. igi

ufro momzadebuli moixmars axal produqtebs, farTod

gamoiyenebs sabanko-sakredito baraTebs, efeqtianad mo-

ixmars teqnikas da a.S. ganaTlebuli diasaxlisi ufro

racionalurad iyenebs saojaxo biujets, ufrTxildeba

1 J. Insook, Educational Effects on Economic Growth. Department of Sociology, Florida State University. 1988, p. 122.

70


meuRlisa da Svilebis janmrTelobas da sxva. umaR-

lesi ganaTlebis done vlindeba Sromis maRal kul-

turasa da aradiskriminaciul qcevebSi. ganaTlebuli

adamianebis saqorwino arCevani SedarebiT ufro go-

nivrulia da maTi ojaxi ufro myaria. codnis donis

amaRlebasTan erTad izrdeba adamianebis sococxlis

xangrZlivobac. ganaTlebuli ojaxis wevrebi, ojaxis

gaunaTlebel wevrebTan SedarebiT, met dros andomeben

SvilebTan urTierTobas. ganaTlebis zrdasTan erTad

izrdeba individebis SromiTi mobilurobac.1

yovelive es mxolod konkretul SemTxvevebSi

vlindeba da ar aris aucilebeli, rom igi ganzogade-

buli iyos yvela qveynisa da yvela individis pirobe-

bisaTvis. aq erTi is saerTo pozicia vlindeba, rom-

lis Tanaxmad ganaTlebis done amaRlebs arasabazro

aqtivobas da qmnis arafulad specifikur sargeblobas

individebisaTvis. amasTan, am faqtoris raodenobriv

sidideebSi gamosaxvis sirTuleebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

sargebloba-investiciebis ekonomikuri Sefaseba, zo-

gierTi mkvlevaris azriT, SeiZleba moicavdes mxolod

im Rirebulebis naxevars, romelsac ganaTleba aZlevs

individebsa da sazogadoebas.2 gasagebia, rom sargeblis

srulad asaxva SeuZlebelia, magram Cveni azriT, sada-

voa da damatebiT dasabuTebas saWiroebs aseTi rao-

denobrivi Sefasebac, anu ratom naxevari da ara sxva

sidide?

Tanamedrove etapze ukve arsebobs ganaTlebiT mi-

Rebuli sargeblis gazomvis mravali meTodi da misi

konkretuli modifikaciebi. esenia: raodenobrivi da

xarisxobrivi meTodebis jgufebi, aseve ekonomikuri, ma-

2 R. Robinson, J. Ralph. Technical Change and the Expansion of Schooling in the United States. „Sociology of Education”, 1994. # 57, pp. 187-207.

1umaRlesi ganaTlebis reforma saqarTveloSi: miRwevebi, pro-

blemebi, perspeqtivebi. samecniero konferenciis masalebi. Tsu

gamomcemloba, Tb., 2001, gv. 53.

71


Tematikuri, statistikuri da a.S. meTodebi. yoveli maT-

gani, Tavis mxriv, moicavs konkretuli meTodebisa da

xerxebis erTobliobas. am SemTxvevaSi Cven yuradRebas

gavamaxvilebT mxolod statistikur meTodebze. gana-

TlebiT miRebuli sargeblis raodenobrivi Sefasebi-

sas farTod gamoiyeneba Semdegi statistikuri meTo-

debi: SefardebiTi da saSuali sidideebi, variaciuli

statistikis maCveneblebi, droiTi mwkrivebis analizi,

korelaciur-regresiuli analizi da sxv.

ganaTlebiT miRebuli sargeblis raodenobrivi

Sefasebisas gaiangariSeba Semdegi saxeobis Sefardebi-

Ti statistikuri sidideebi: struqturis, intensivobis,

koordinaciis, Sedarebis. aseve gamoiyeneba saSualo si-

dideebis Semdegi saxeobebi: martivi da Sewonili ariT-

metikuli da geometriuli saSualoebi. am mimarTule-

biT kvlevisas farTod gamoiyeneba aseve variaciuli

statistikis Semdegi maCveneblebi: variaciis diapazoni,

saSualo wrfivi da kvadratuli gadaxrebi, dispersia

da variaciis koeficientebi. maTi konkretuli sididee-

bis gaangariSebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros

sargeblis minimaluri, maqsimaluri da saSualo donee-

bi da maTi gadaxris konkretuli zomebi. amasTan erTad,

ganaTlebiT miRebuli sargeblis raodenobrivi Sefase-

bisas, mniSvnelovania korelaciur-regresiuli analizi,

rac saSualebas iZleva dadgindes, magaliTad, gana-

TlebaSi ganxorcielebul investiciebsa da miRebul

Semosavals Soris urTierTkavSiris forma da simWi-

drovis xarisxi, aseve miRebul ganaTlebis donesa da

Semosavals Soris kavSiris konkretuli raodenobrivi

Tanafardobebi da mravali sxva mniSvnelovani Sefase-

ba. korelaciuri analizis Sedegad naTlad vlindeba

ganaTlebis donesa da Semosavals Soris Tanafardoba.

maRali Semosavali saSualebas aZlevs qveyanas an in-

divids meti daxarjos ganaTlebaze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

72


ganaTlebaSi investiciebis zrda momavalSi ufro met

Semosavals moitans. ufro maRali Semosavlis molo-

dini stimuls aZlevs adamians miiRos meti ganaTleba,

xolo ganaTlebis zrda uzrunvelyofs ufro did Se-

mosavals. amasTan, am urTierTqmedebaSi gaTvaliswine-

bul unda iqnes isic, rom ganaTlebis donis zegavlena

Semosavlebze SeiZleba SedarebiT susti iyos, vidre Se-

mosavlebis efeqti ganaTlebaze. korelaciuri analizi

gulisxmobs, agreTve, muSakTa ganaTlebis donis gavle-

nas sawarmos rentabelobaze. ganaTlebis donesa da

Sromis mwarmoeblurobas Soris pozitiuri kavSiri, ra

Tqma unda, eWvs ar iwvevs. saintereso daskvnebis gake-

Tebis saSualebas iZleva aseve droiTi mwkrivebis saa-

nalizo maCveneblebis gaangariSeba. ramdenadac yoveli

individis Semosavlebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi icvleba

asakTan erTad, warmoiSveba gansxvaveba SemosavlebSi

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. roca adamiani axalgazrdaa

da gamoucdeli, maSin igi SedarebiT naklebs gamoimuSa-

vebs, vidre maSin, roca igi aRwevs piks sicocxlis Sua

periodSi, anu roca ukve sakmarisi gamocdileba aqvs. es

SemTxveva warmoadgens specialur literaturaSi cno-

bil statistikuri inerciulobis magaliTs, romelic

farTod gamoiyeneba aseve ekonomikuri, socialuri da

sxva procesebis prognozirebisas.

garda amisa, ganaTlebiT miRebuli sargeblis ra-

odenobrivi Sefasebisas farTod gamoiyeneba statisti-

kuri prognozirebis meTodebi, rogoricaa eqstrapola-

cia da sxv. maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia miaxloebi-

Ti sizustiT ganisazRvros dRes miRebuli ganaTle-

biT momaval periodSi misaRebi Semosavlebis sidide.

aq mTavari problemaa saTanado informaciis arseboba

yvela im ZiriTad faqtorze, romelic unda CairTos

saprognozo modelSi. prognozirebisaTvis aucilebe-

li informaciuli baza, SeZlebisdagvarad, unda iyos

73


sruli da hqondes kompleqsuri xasiaTi. amasTan, igi

unda Sedgebodes mravali informaciuli blokisagan,

rac umetesad Znelad misaRwevia. am pirobebis Sesru-

leba gulisxmobs mowesrigebuli‚ dakvirvebadi da si-

stematizebuli informaciuli bazis Seqmnas. es niSnavs

imas‚ rom SesaZlebeli unda iyos misi struqturizeba

da detalizacia‚ agreTve misi moculobisa da xarisxis

dadgena. am amocanis gadawyvetisas ki statistikas al-

ternativa ara aqvs‚ ramdenadac igi flobs informaci-

is mopovebisa da damuSavebis formebisa da meTodebis

farTo arsenals.

aqve mniSvnelovania adekvaturi modelis seleq-

cia da konkretuli prognozuli maCveneblebis gaanga-

riSeba. saprognozo modeli SeirCeva ZiriTadad ori

midgomis — logikurisa da statistikuris safuZvel-

ze. magram, gadamwyveti mainc pirvelia‚ radgan zogjer

raodenobrivi kriteriumebis mniSvnelobebi an Tundac

niSani (minusi an plusi) SeiZleba formalurad ewina-

aRmdegebodes kvlevis obieqtis realuri ganviTarebis

arss. aseT SemTxvevaSi‚ ra Tqma unda‚ saprognozo mo-

delis SerCevaSi primati logikur ekonomikur analizs

miekuTvneba. prognozirebisas SerCeuli modelebi Zi-

riTadad sami saxeobisaa: dinamikuri‚ struqturuli

da urTierTkavSirebis. amasTan erTad‚ SesaZlebelia

agreTve Sereuli (kombinaciuri) statistikuri sapro-

gnozo modelebis agebac‚ rogoricaa ekonomikur-sta-

tistikuri an maTematikur-statistikuri modelebi. ama

Tu im modelis SerCeva jer kidev ar niSnavs imas‚ rom

mis safuZvelze ganisazRvros prognozuli maCveneble-

bi. aucilebeli moTxovnaa SerCeuli modelis adekva-

turobis Sefaseba‚ ris Semdegac ukve SeiZleba Ser-

Ceuli modelis gamoyeneba konkretuli prognozebis

asagebad.

Tu davuSvebT, rom SegviZlia raodenobrivad Se-

74


vafasoT cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli is Semosa-

vali, romelic dakavSirebulia ganaTlebis donesTan,

maSin SegviZlia Tu ara davamtkicoT, rom sxvaoba Se-

mosavlebSi ganpirobebulia mxolod ganaTlebis miRe-

biT? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, vamtkicoT, rom gamomuSa-

vebaSi sxvaoba gamowveulia nawilobriv an mTlianad

individebis unariT, motivaciiT, socialur-ekonomikuri

da ekologiuri TaviseburebebiT an sxva arasaganmanaT-

leblo faqtorebiT, rac dakavSirebulia im periodTan,

rodesac xdeboda ganaTlebis miReba? - yvela am kiTx-

vaze erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi, ra Tqma unda, ar arse-

bobs.

formalurad, gamomuSavebis funqcia warmoadgens

maTematikur gamosaxulebas, romelSic gamomuSaveba

dakavSirebulia im faqtorebTan, romlebmac SeiZleba

mniSvnelovnad imoqmedos masze. Cveni azriT, es funqcia

SeiZleba Semdegi formuliT gamovsaxoT:

y = f (x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . , xn ) + z , sadacy - aris gamomuSavebis moculoba;

x1 - ganaTleba;

x2 - asaki;x3 - gamocdileba;

x4 , x5 , . . . , xn - unari, motivacia, ekonomikuri da so-cialur-politikuri foni, sacxovrebeli adgili, miRe-

buli ganaTlebis xarisxi, mSoblebis ganaTleba, janmr-

Telobis mdgomareoba da sxv;

z – SemTxveviTi faqtori.

mocemul modelSi aRniSnuli yvela komponentis

raodenobrivi gansazRvrisaTvis srulyofili infor-

maciis mopoveba Znelia. amitom, apriorulad keTdeba

daskvnebi imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs mWidro urTierT-

kavSiri inteleqtualur unarsa da xelfass (Semosav-

lebs) Soris, inteleqtualur unarsa da Sromis bazars

Soris da a.S. magram, saTanado informaciis arsebobi-

75


sas, SesaZlebelia miaxloebiTi sidideebis gaangariSe-

ba. amasTanave, aucilebeli ar aris yvela am faqtoris

CarTva mocemul modelSi, Tumca, maTi simravle ufro

realuri da zusti daskvnebis saSualebas iZleva. am

funqciis Sefaseba emyareba ,,ganaTleba-unari-gamocdi-

leba-Semosavali” komponentebis urTierTgavlenas.

udavoa is faqtia, rom sinamdvileSi aravin icis, ga-

naTleba-Semosavlis urTierTobis romeli nawilia ga-

mowveuli sakuTriv ganaTlebiT da romeli – arasagan-

manaTleblo faqtorebiT. miuxedavad am mimarTulebiT

Catarebuli mravali gamokvlevisa, Cven mainc Sors

varT WeSmaritebidan da saeWvoa es problema odesme ga-

dawydeba erTmniSvnelovnad, sanam ar gaxdeba cnobili

gamomuSavebis sxvaobis is nawili, romelic gamowveu-

lia mocemuli saganmanaTleblo investiciebiT. ufro

mizanSewonilia ganaTlebis ekonomikuri Rirebulebis

gaangariSebisas gamoviyenoT adamianebis unarebs Soris

sxvaobis variaciis diapazoni. am maCveneblebis SigniT

SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli raodenobrivi Sefasebebis

gakeTeba nebismieri mkvlevaris mier martivi statisti-

kuri meTodologiiT.

sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi ganaTlebis donis Sesa-

bamisad miRebul Semosavlebs Soris sxvaobis gaangari-

Seba gvaZlevs ganaTlebidan `saSualo~ sargeblobis

Sefasebis saSualebas. aseTi saSualo sargebloba mar-

Tebuli iqneboda `saSualo~ Tvisebebis mqone indivi-

disTvis. ufro didi unaris, motivaciis an sxva dadebi-

Ti Tvisebis mqone axlandeli studentebi, savaraudod,

momavalSi ufro mets miiReben, vidre saSualoze dabali

Tvisebebis mqone studentebi. gamomuSavebis funqciis

gamoyeneba SesaZleblobas mogvcems statistikurad Se-

vafasoT gansxvavebuli monacemebis mqone individebis

maxasiaTeblebi. ganaTlebidan miRebuli sargebloba

gulisxmobs aseve Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas, ro-

76


melic aisaxeba xelfasis raodenobaSi, aseve dasaqmebis

xangrZlivobiT, romelic ganisazRvreba samuSao saaTe-

bis (an dReebis) raodenobiT.

gansakuTrebiT rTulia ganaTlebidan miRebuli

socialuri sargeblis raodenobrivi gazomva, Tumca,

misi iribi miaxloebiTi Sefaseba sxvadasxva formaluri

daSvebis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia. saerTod, ganaTlebi-

dan miRebuli socialuri sargebloba dakavSirebulia

sazogadoebisa da mTavrobis qmedebebTan da gulisxmobs

individebis pirad sargeblobasac, magram, ganaTlebis

socialur sargeblobas individebi ver miakuTvneben

mxolod sakuTar pirovnebas. magaliTad, politikuri

da samoqalaqo funqciebis SesrulebisaTvis ganaTleba

aaqtiurebs adamians, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi misi aqtivo-

ba mniSvnelovani zomiT damokidebulia qveyanaSi arse-

bul socialur-politikur da ekonomikur situaciaze.

am sferoebSi pozitiuri fonis arseboba aucilebelia

efeqtiani demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebis,

srulyofili sabazro segmentebis formirebis, dasaqme-

bis zrdisaTvis; igi amcirebs danaSaulTa raodenobas

da Sesabamis sanqciebs, umuSevrobisa da janmrTelobis

dakargvisaTvis kompensaciebs da sxv.1 yvela aRniSnuli

faqtoris zusti raodenobrivi gaangariSeba SeuZlebe-

lia, magram maTi miaxloebiTi Sefasebebi sruliad Se-

saZlebelia. magaliTad, mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donis

zrdasTan erTad mosalodnelia rogorc kriminaluri

SemTxvevebis, aseve saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcireba misi

profilaqtikisa da minimizaciisaTvis.

aqve unda aRiniSnos ganaTlebiT miRebuli sar-

geblis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti: ganaTlebaSi

investiciebiT miRebuli ukugeba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

1 P. Walters, H. McCammon, D. James, Schooling or Working? Public Education, Racial Politics and the Organization of Production. „Sociology of Education”. 1990, # 63, pp. 299-313.

77


da TviT qveynebis SigniTac gansxvavebulia. magaliTad,

germaniaSi erTi da igive ganaTlebis mqone nebismier

sferoSi dasaqmebulis xelfasi bavariis miwaze (mxa-

reSi) ufro maRalia, vidre brandenburgis mxareSi. es

ganpirobebulia imiT, rom araerTgvarovania maTi so-

cialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done, zogadad mo-

saxleobis tradiciebi da kultura, saganmanaTleblo

sistema, dasaqmebis done da mravali sxva faqtori. gan-

sxvavebulia aseve sxvadasxva qveyanaSi saTanado mo-

nacemebis miReba-damuSavebisa da kvlevis meTodolo-

giac. amitom, ganaTlebaSi dabandebuli kapitalis uku-

gebis statistikuri maCveneblebis gaangariSeba da maTi

urTierTSedareba Zlier garTulebulia. Sesabamisad,

aseTi analizis Catarebisas mizanSewonilia qveynebis

dajgufeba daaxloebiT erTnairi ekonomikuri ganviTa-

rebis donis, dasaqmebis donis, mosaxleobis erT sulze

Semosavlebis sididis da sxva arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli

niSnebis mixedviT. analogiurad SeiZleba ama Tu im

qveynis calkeuli regionebis dajgufeba da analizi.

ganaTlebiT sargeblobis analizisas warmoiSveba

sxva problemebic. erT-erTi maTgani dakavSirebulia

araformalur ganaTlebasTan, rasac mikuTvneba, maga-

liTad, Sin, samsaxurSi an sxvagan miRebuli ganaTleba,

saidanac SeiZleba raime ukugebis miReba. ganaTlebiT

sargeblobis Sefasebisas amis gaTvaliswineba saWiroa,

Tumca, mecnieruli kvlevis doneze igi jer kidev Seus-

wavlelia.

meore problema dakavSirebulia cvlad sidideeb-

Tan. iseTi raodenobrivi cvladi sididis statisti-

kuri gazomva, rogoricaa, magaliTad, inteleqti, Zalian

Znelia da Secdomebic TiTqmis gardauvali iqneba. ami-

tom, ganaTlebisa da sxva cvladi sidideebis kavSiri

SemosavalTan srulyofilad ver axsnis Semosavlebis

cvlilebebs. amdenad, ganaTleba-Semosavlis urTierTo-

78


baSi SeiZleba mcdari daskvnebi iqnes gakeTebuli.

erT-erTi problemaa aseve Tavisufali drois ga-

moyenebis gaTvaliswineba ganaTlebiT sargeblobis Se-

fasebisas. cxadia, ganaTleba cvlis adamianis saqmia-

nobaSi Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis sazRvrebsa da

masStabebs. is, Tu rogor vatarebT Tavisufal dros,

ekonomikis farglebs miRma rCeba, xolo ganaTlebis

cvlilebis Sedegad Tavisufali drois gamoyenebaSi

asaxuli cvlilebebi ekonomikurad ar gamoxatavs ga-

naTlebiT sargeblobas. am motiviT, adamian-kapitalis

koncefcias, romelic ganaTlebasa da adamianis Sromas

erTmaneTTan akavSirebs, zogjer akritikeben misi viwro

kriteriumebisaTvis.

aRsaniSnavia aseve erTi aseTi momentic: ganaTle-

bis damadasturebeli sabuTebis gamoyeneba daqiravebis

procesSi, xSirad, diskriminaciis nawilia, romelsac

damqiraveblebi iyeneben xelfasis Sesamcireblad. aseTi

diskriminacia xdeba maSin, roca damqiraveblebi, romleb-

sac gaaCniaT sakmao informacia potenciuri muSakebis

Sesaxeb, iyeneben sqess, rasas, asaks, ojaxur mdgomareobas,

muSaobis gamocdilebasa da ganaTlebas, rogorc san-

do maCveneblebs imisaTvis, rom winaswar gansazRvron

samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxi. am TvalsazrisiT re-

komendaciis hipoTeza warmoadgens Sromis bazris iseT

klasikur sainformacio problemas, roca damqiravebe-

li eyrdnoba jgufur niSan-Tvisebebs da stereotipebs

potenciuri muSakebis gamosacnobad da diskriminacias

axdens socialuri jgufis aratipur wevrebze. ganaT-

leba gaxda yvelaze gonivruli faqtori, romelic ga-

moiyeneba diskriminaciis struqturaSi Tavdapirveli

daqiravebis mizniT, rac xels uwyobs damqiraveblebis

mier muSakebis ”gacras” ganaTlebis donis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT. aseTi ”gacra” xdeba Siga bazarzec. saxelmwifo

da arasaxelmwifo organizaciebi, kadrebis denadobiT

79


gamowveuli xarjebis Sesamcireblad, samuSao vakansie-

bis umetesobas Seavseben Siga seleqciiTa da dawinau-

rebiT. aseTi menejmenturi praqtika karieris gakeTebis

stimuls aZlevs muSakebs organizaciis SigniT da zr-

dis daqiravebis efeqtianobas. muSakebi imedovneben, rom

isini momavalSi dawinaurdebian. amitom, maTi samuSaoze

ayvana imTaviTve gulisxmobs garkveuli karieris keTe-

bis saSualebas. upiratesoba, romelic am muSakebs aqvT

daqiravebisas, gadaiqceva mudmiv upiratesobad am orga-

nizaciaSi maTi muSaobisas. amrigad, daqiravebis dros

saganmanaTleblo kvalifikaciis gamoyeneba muSakebis

”gacris” mizniT xdeba muSakebis dasaqmebis efeqturi

saSualeba am sawarmoSi mTeli maTi saqmianobis ganmav-

lobaSi.

ganaTlebis ekonomikuri Rirebulebis statisti-

kuri Sefasebisas gamoiyeneba swavlebis xangrZlivobis,

saganmanaTleblo investiciebis, ganaTlebis mocemuli

donis monacemebi, agreTve is, Tu mocemuli saganmanaT-

leblo programis xarisxi ramdenad zemoqmedebs si-

cocxlis ganmavlobaSi gamomuSavebis sidideze. garda

amisa, SesaZlebelia sxva statistikuri meTodebis ga-

moyeneba, rogoricaa: saSualod erTi studentis swav-

lebaze gaRebuli xarjebisa da swavlis xangrZlivobis

Sedareba, gamomuSavebis saSualo sidide da misi Ta-

nafardoba wina maCveneblebTan. yvela es midgoma gviC-

venebs saswavlo dawesebulebis reitingis zegavlenas

momaval Semosavalebze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maRalrei-

tinguli skolebis moswavleebs ufro meti SesaZle-

bloba eZlevaT damatebiTi investiciebi Cadon TavianT

momaval ganaTlebaSi. es ki mniSvnelovani pirobaa per-

speqtivaSi potenciuri Semosavlebis zrdaSi, gansakuT-

rebiT sxvadasxva unaris mqone studentTaTvis. rogorc

wesi, kargi universiteti izidavs karg studentebs. sas-

wavlo dawesebulebis maRali xarisxi (anu swavlebis

80


maRali xarisxi) saSualebas aZlevs studentebs ufro

male gaxdnen kvalificiuri specialistebi da gavidnen

Sromis bazarze, sadac isini, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi,

ufro konkurentunariani iqnebian.

Benefi t from Education and Statistical Benefi t from Education and Statistical Measurement MethodsMeasurement Methods

S. GelashviliS. Gelashvili

The article discuses different aspects of quantitative and qualita-tive measurement of the benefi t gained from education. Special attention is paid to statistical methods and the possibilities of their application. The author suggests quantitative assessment model of particular compo-nents of ,,Education-Skills-Experience-Income” and statistical model of their interaction. Formally the model represents mathematical equation, in which infl uence of all important factors can be refl ected. As it is very diffi cult to fi nd all the information needed to make quantitative deter-mination of all the components of the present model, it is not necessary to include all these factors in the model. Besides, the proposed model also provides a possibility to assess statistically the characteristics of individuals with different features. The model can be applied at local, regional and global levels. In all cases it shows not absolute but average, approximate features.

81


devid rikardo (1772-1823) – devid rikardo (1772-1823) –

ekonomikuri mecnierebis korife ekonomikuri mecnierebis korife

(dabadebidan 240 weli)(dabadebidan 240 weli)

jemal xaritonaSvilijemal xaritonaSvili

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelm-ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelm-

wifo universi tetis asocirebuli profesori, ekonomi-wifo universi tetis asocirebuli profesori, ekonomi-

kis akademiuri doqtorikis akademiuri doqtori

yvela drois gamoCenil ekonomistTa galereaSi

TvalsaCino adgili ukavia d. rikardos. Tanamedrove

amerikeli ekonomistebi k.r. makkoneli d s.l. briu d.

rikardos asaxeleben udidesi ekonomistebis xuTeulSi

(a. smiTi, d. rikardo, j.s. mili, k. marqsi, da j.m. keinzi).1

d. rikardom didi wvlili Seitana ekonomikuri

mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi. igi iyo ekonomikuri Teori-

is klasikuri skolis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmoad-

geneli, romelmac ganaviTara a. smiTis ekonomikuri moZ-

Rvreba. d. rikardom mogvca burJuaziis ekonomikuri

platformis yvelaze Rrma ganmarteba samrewvelo ga-

datrialebis periodSi, roca ekonomikurma formebma

meti sicxade SeiZina da SesaZlebeli gaxda kapital-

izmis ganviTarebis kanonebis ufro Rrma analizi.2

d. rikardo iyo samrewvelo gadatrialebis epoqis

ekonomisti. misi mecnieruli da sazogadoebrivi saqmi-

anoba gaiSala XIX s. pirvel meoTxedSi. es periodi xa-

siaTdeba kapitalizmis Semdgomi ganviTarebiT inglis-

Si, ris Sedegadac kapitalisturi warmoebis fabrikuli

sistema mtkiced damkvidrda am qveyanaSi. aseT viTare-

baSi d. rikardo gamovida samrewvelo burJuaziis in-

1k.r. makkoneli, s.l. briu, ekonomiksi, nawili I, Tb., 1993, gv. 17.2 j. xaritonaSvili, ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoria, leqciebis

kursi, burJuaziuli klasikuri politikuri ekonomia, Tb., 1985, gv. 70.

82


teresebis aSkara damcvelad da SromiTi Rirebulebis

Teoria gaixada Tavis sabrZolo iaraRad. igi safuZv-

lad daudo Tavis Teoriul sistemas da mefabrikeebis

ekonomikuri programis dasasabuTeblad gamoiyena.

d. rikardo gamovida inglisuri klasikuri poli-

tikuri ekonomiis damsruleblis rolSi. igi amTavrebs

kapitalizmis ekonomikis Secnobis im progresul gzas,

romelic dawyebuli uiliam petidan ganvlo aRniSnul-

ma skolam.1 d. rikardos mecnieruli moRvaweobis Sede-

gia mravali ekonomikuri naSromi. d. rikardos gansa-

kuTrebiT didi saxeli mouxveWa 1817 w. “politikuri

ekonomiisa da dabegvris safuZvlebis” gamoqveynebam. d.

rikardos naSromebSi apogeas miaRwia klasikuri sko-

lis ekonomikurma moZRvrebam. XIX s. 30-ian wlebSi das-

rulda am skolis arseboba inglisSi.

* * *

d. rikardo didad ganaTlebuli adamiani iyo. Tan-

amedroveni gancvifrebulni iyvnen WeSmaritebis Ziebis

surviliT, romelsac igi iCenda mecnierebis da gansa-

kuTrebiT – politikuri ekonomiisadmi. misi abstraqtu-

li azrovnebis maRali done Serwymuli iyo praqtikuli

moRvaweobis Sedegad miRebul did gamocdilebasTan.

rikardo gamoirCeoda fenomenaluri SorsmWvretyvelo-

biTa da intuiciiT, swrafi reagirebisa da sifrTxilis

unariT. ekonomikur movlenaTa gonebadinji Sefase-

biT.2

d. rikardos mama abram rikardo birJis makleri

iyo. igi 1860 wels amsterdamidan inglisSi gadasaxlda.

devidi inglisSi daibada. Tavdapirvelad swavlobda

1j. xaritonaSvili, ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa retrospeqtiva da

Tanamedrove problemebi, Tb., 1997, gv. 95-105.2 g. Todua, ekonomikuri moZRvrebaTa istoria. nawili II, Tb., 2009,

gv. 17.

83


Cveulebriv dawyebiT skolaSi, xolo Semdeg ori wliT

gaigzavna amsterdamSi, sadac Tavis biZis kantoraSi

daiwyo komerciuli saidumloebebis Cawvdoma. 14 wlis

asakSi damTavrda misi sistemuri ganaTleba. igi gax-

da mamis TanaSemwe kantorasa da birJaze. 1793 wlidan

damoukideblad daiwyo sabirJo spekulacia. birJaze

saqmianobam d. rikardos saSualeba misca Cawvdomoda

burJuaziuli sazogadoebis saidumloebebs. igi daex-

mara mas kapitalizmis ekonomikis, gansakuTrebiT ki fu-

lis mimoqcevis kanonebisa da kreditis analizSi.

1797 wlidan d. rikardom Tavi daaneba birJaze

saqmianobas da Seudga mecnierul muSaobas. igi jer

muSaobda maTematikis, fizikis, qimiis, mineralogiisa da

geologiis sferoebSi, Tumca misi saboloo miwodeba

aRmoCnda politikuri ekonomia, romlis problemebzec

muSaobda sicocxlis bolomde.

samecniero muSaobis paralelurad d. rikardo in-

glisis politikur cxovrebaSic monawileobda. 1819 w.

igi arCeuli iqna parlamentis wevrad, sadac icavda sam-

rewvelo burJuaziis interesebs da gamodioda lend-

lordebis winaaRmdeg. r. rikardos mier parlamentSi

warmoTqmuli sityvebi gamoirCeoda Sinaarsis siRrmiTa

da logikuri simtkiciT, movlenebis socialur-ekonomi-

kur arsSi gasaocari wvdomis unariTa da gadmocemis

mimzidveli stiliT.1 d. rikardo Caabes parlamentis

komisiebis muSaobaSi, sadac mas rCevas ekiTxebodnen da

usmendnen.

* * *

d. rikardos naSromebma mniSvnelovani roli Sea-

srula ekonomikuri kvlevis meTodologiis damuSaveba-

Si. d. rikardo iswrafvoda gamoekvlia kapitalisturi

warmoebis wesis Sinagani obieqturi kanonzomierebani

1 gr. Todua, dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 18.

84


da amisTvis iyenebda logikuri abstraqciis meTods.

amasTan. d. rikardos miaCnda agreTve, rom ekonomikur

mecnierebaSi garkveuli zomiT SeiZleba gamoyenebuli

iqnes zust mecnierebaTa meTodi, gansakuTrebiT mec-

nieruli deduqcia. Teorias safuZvlad daedeba ra

rigi amosavali principuli debuleba, mis safuZvleze

unda ganviTardes ufro rTuli da konkretuli kanon-

zomierebani. mTlianobaSi, d. rikardom mTel Tavis

koncefcias safuZvlad daudo Rirebulebis kanoni –

saqonelTa Rirebulebis gasazRvra samuSao droiT. igi

Seecada kapitalizmis ekonomikur kategoriaTa mTeli

sistema warmoedgina rogorc erTianoba, saboloo an-

gariSiT Rirebulebis kanonisadmi daqvemdebarebaSi.1

misTvis, Rirebulebis gansazRvra samuSao droiT, iyo

maradiuli, absoluturi sayovelTao kanoni.2 amasTan, d.

rikardo akritikebda a. smiTs araTanmimdevrulobisa

da dualizmisaTvis da kategoriulad wyvetda kavSirs

gamokvlevis ezoTerulsa da egzoTerul wess Soris

arsebul winaaRmdegobasTan, rac a. smiTisTvis iyos

damaxasiaTebeli.

meTodologis sakiTxSi d. rikardo gacilebiT

Sors wavida Tavis winamorbedebTan SedarebiT. maTi

gakafuli gza man ganagrZo da umaRles ganviTarebamde

miiyvana. d. rikardom rogorc klasikuri skolis damas-

rulebelma, daamTavra am skolis meTodis damuSavebac.

Tavis winamorbedTa meTodi man umaRles srulqmnile-

bamde aiyvana, gawminda igi ucxo narevisagan.

d. rikardos didi mecnieruli damsaxurebaa Sro-

miTi Rirebulebis Teoriis Semdgomi ganviTareba. Ri-

rebulebis TeoriaSi d. rikardo emyareba a. smiTis

1 j. xaritonaSvili. ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoria, Tb., 1985,

gv. 752 gr. Todua, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 36.

85


daskvnebs. amasTan, akritikebs da ukuagdebs mis zogi-

erT mcdar Sexedulebas. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, man

smiTis Teoriidan gamoitana misi jansaRi marcvali da

Semdeg ganaviTara es Teoria.

Rirebulebis TeoriaSi d. rikardo miuTiTebs, rom

sagnis aucilebeli Tviseba sargeblobaa, rac saxmar

Rirebulebis saxiT vlindeba, Tumca, sargeblianoba ar

SeiZleba iyos sacvleli Rirebuleba. sacvleli Rire-

buleba, mcire raodenobis iSviaTi nivTebis gamoklebiT

(rogoricaa – iSviaTi qandakebebi da suraTebi, iSviaTi

wignebi da monetebi, specifikuri Tvisebis mqone Rvi-

noebi, romlebic mxolod gansakuTrebul niadagze gaS-

enebuli vazis yurZnidan mzaddeba)1 ganisazRvreba maT

warmoebaze daxarjuli Sromis raodenobiT.

d. rikardo mtkiced icavda Sexedulebas, rom

saqonlis Rirebulebis erTaderTi wyaroa Sroma da rom

“saqonelSi ganxorcielebuli Sromis raodenoba gan-

sazRvravs mis sacvlel Rirebulebas”.2 d. rikardo ar

eTanxmeboda u. petsa da a. smiTs, romlebic Rirebuleb-

is Semqmnelad, SromasTan erTad, bunebasac miiCnevdnen.

igi akritikebda aseve, a. smiTis moZRvrebas, romelic

daxarjul Sromas urevda nayid SromaSi. d. rikardos

azriT, “Sromis raodenoba, romelic saqonelzea dax-

arjuli da Sromis raodenoba, romelic im saqonels

SeuZlia iyidos ... ar arian erTi meores Tanaswori”.3

d. rikardo mtkiced idga im pozociaze, rom saqon-

lis Rirebulebis ganmsazRvrelia mxolod mis Seqm-

naze daxarjuli Sroma.

d. rikardo Seecada daemtkicebina, agreTve, rom

1 saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi – manavis mwvane, qinZmarauli, xvan-

Wkara, ojaleSi da sxv.2 d. rikardo, politikuri ekonomiisa da dabegvris safuZvlebi,

Tb., 1937, gv. 33 iqve.

86


saqonlis RirebulebaSi Sedis ara marto mis Seqmnaze

daxarjuli axali (cocxali) Sroma, aramed gamoyenebul

warmoebis saSualebaTa nawilis Rirebuleba, romelic

gasuli wlebis ganivTebuli SromiTaa Seqmnili.

d. rikardo ganasxvavebda absolutur da Sefardeb-

iT Rirebulebas. absoluturad iTvleba saqonelSi

ganxorcielebuli Sroma. SefardebiT Rirebulebad ki

igi aRiarebda erTi saqonlis Rirebulebis gamoxatvas

meore saqonlis RirebulebiT.

d. rikardos mecnierul damsaxurebaa isic, rom

man uaryo smiTis azri imis Sesaxeb, rom saqonlis Rire-

buleba SromiT ganisazRvreba mxolod martiv sasaqon-

lo warmoebaSi, xolo kapitalizmis pirobebSi Rire-

buleba daiyvaneba Semosavlebze (V + M). d. rikardom daamtkica, rom Rirebulebis kanoni moqmedebs kapital-

izmis pirobebSic.

d. rikardo, savsebiT samarTlianad miiCnevda, rom

saqonlis Rirebulebis sidide ganisazRvreba ara in-

dividualuri Sromis danaxarjebiT, aramed, sazogadoe-

brivad aucilebeli SromiT.

sayuradReboa d. rikardos mosazrebebi kapitalis,

mogebis, xelfasis, fulis, kreditis, miwis rentis kat-

egoriebis Sesaxeb.

d. rikardom siaxleebi Seitana, kapitalis bune-

bis gagebis smiTiseul gegmaSi. kapitalis warmoebis

saSualebebTan gaigiveba d. rikardos logikur das-

rulebamde dahyavs. d. rikardo, iseve rogorc a. smi-

Ti, kapitals yofda ZiriTad da sabrunav nawilebad.

d. rikardo sabrunav kapitalad miiCnevs kapitalis im

nawils, romelic gamoiyeneba samuSao Zalis sayidlad.

ZiriTad kapitalad ki umTavresad _ manqanebSi, iara-

RebSi, SenobebSi da sxvagan dabandebul kapitals.

87


mogebas d. rikardo ar ganasxvavebda zedmeti Ri-

rebulebisagan. igi arsad ar ganixilavs zedmet Rire-

bulebas misi konkretuli formebisagan (mogeba, sarge-

beli, da renta) gancalkevebulad. mogebas d. rikardo

uwodebda Rirebulebis namets xelfasis zeviT. pro-

centsa da rentas igi ganmartavda rogorc mogebi-

dan gamonaqviTs, rasac mrewveli kapitalisti aZlevs

sasesxo kapitalis mesakuTres da miwaTmflobels. d.

rikardosTan mogeba muSis aunazRaurebeli Sromis

produqtia.

xelfasSi d. rikardo gulisxmobda daqiravebuli

muSis Semosavals. muSis xelfasis sidides igi gan-

sazRvravda SromiTi Rirebulebis Teoriis safuZvelze,

anu muSisa da misi ojaxis saarsebo saSualebaTa mini-

mumis RirebulebiT.

d. rikardos fulis Teoria dualisturia. igi

mas safuZvlad udebs SromiTi Rirebulebis Teorias

da keTilSobili liTonebs ganixilavs rogorc gan-

sakuTrebuli saqonels, romelTa Rirebuleba ganisaz-

Rvreba sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli Sromis danaxar-

jebiT. saqonlis fass ganixilavda, rogorc misi Rire-

bulebis gamoxatulebas fuliT, da Tanamimdevrulad

mididoda daskvnamde, rom mimoqcevaSi fulis raode-

noba ganisazRvreba saqonelTa fasebis jamiT. magram

d. rikardo am poziciaze ver damkvidrda da gamovida

fulis raodenobrivi Teoriis momxred, romlis Tanax-

madac fulis Rirebuleba dgindeba mimoqcevis proces-

Si da damokidebula mimoqcevaSi mis raodenobaze.

d. rikardo kreditis ganxilvis dros fulis

rogorc mimoqcevis saSualebis funqciidan gamodioda

da SemosavalSi mas daqvemdebarebul mniSvnelobas ani-

Webda. d. rikardo ver afasebda kreditis rols, vinaid-

88


an kapitalisturi Semosavlis ZiriTad formad mogebas

miiCnevda. misi azriT, sargebeli warmoebuli xasiaTi-

saa. sargeblis normis ganmsazRvreli ki mogebis nor-

maa, romlis zeviT igi ver aiwevs.

d. rikardos erT-erTi seriozuli miRweva oyo mi-

wis rentis analizi. miwis rentis Teorias SromiTi Ri-

rebulebis Teoriis safuZvleze agebda da mis wyarod

asaxelebda sakuTrebis ganmsazRvreli urTierTobebis

pirobebSi miwaze gamoyenebul Sromas. d. rikardo iT-

vleba diferenciuli rentis Teoretikosad, Tumca, igi

ganixilavda mxolod diferenciul renta I-s.

d. rikardos ekonomikur moZrvrebaSi gansakuTreb-

uli adgili ukavia SeardebiTi upiratesobis Teorias,

rac dResac aqtualuria.

rogorc cnobili Tanamedrove amerikeli ekono-

misti gregori menqiu aRniSnavs: ”miuxedavad imisa, rom

ekonomikurma mecnierebam SeZlo Tavisi SesaZleblobe-

bis gafarToeba da Tavisi Teoriebis daxvewa smiTisa

da rikardos droidan dRemde, vaWrobis SezRudvebis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli msjelobebi dResac ZiriTadad

SefardebiTi upiratesobis princips emyareba.… rikar-

dom Camoayaliba SefardebiTi upiratesobis principi

im saxiT, ra saxiTac dResaa cnobili”.1

d. rikardo Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebisa

da qveynebis calkeuli saqonlis warmoebaze special-

izaciis ideis erT-erTi avtoria. igi Tvlida, rom spe-

cializacia xelsayrelia ara marto im SemTxvevebSi,

rodesac igi nakarnaxevia bunebrivi pirobebiT aramed

maSinac, rodesac qveyanas aqvs SefardebiTi upiratesoba

ama Tu im saqonlis warmoebaze, e.i. mocemuli saqonlis

warmoebaze misi danaxarjebis Tanafardoba sxva qveyneb-

is danaxarjebTan SedarebiT xelsayreli iqneba misT-

1 g. menqiu, ekonomikis principebi, Tb., 2008, gv. 55.

89


vis, vidre sxva saqonlebze. aseTi saqonlis warmoebis

specializacia mogebas miscems am qveyanas – aRniSnavda

d. rikardo. igi miuTiTebda, rom “sruliad Tavisufali

vaWrobis sistemis arsebobisas, yvela qveyana rasakvirve-

lia, Tavis kapitals da Sromas warmoebis iseT darge-

bze xarjavs, romelic mas udides sargebels moutans.

es individualuri sargeblobis Zieba saocradaa dakav-

Sirebuli yvelas saerTo sargeblobasTan – imiT, rom

es principi stimuls aZlevs mrewvelobis ganviTarebas,

ajildoebs gamomgoneblobas. gamoiyenebs yvelaze ufro

nayofierad im gansakuTrebul Zalebs, romelnic buneb-

is mier moicemian, - amiT igi axdens Sromis danawilebas

yvelaze ufro efeqtianad da yvelaze ekonomikurad.

amave dros adidebs produqtTa saerTo masas. igi avr-

celebs sayovelTao keTildReobas da interesis da

gacvla-gamocvlis saerTo gadajaWulobiT qveyniere-

bis civilizebul erebs erTTmaneTTan akavSirebs erT

universalur sazogadoebad. swored es principi gvix-

snis, ratom Rvino unda iwarmoebdes safrangeTsa da

portugaliaSi, ratom puri unda moiyvanebodes amerika-

sa da poloneTSi, xolo sxvadasxva laTonuri nawarmi

da sxva produqtebi unda mzaddebodes inglisSi”.1

rogorc profesori a. silagaZe aRniSnavs: “d.

rikardos SefardebiTi upiratesobis doqtrinidan

gamomdinare, yovel qveyanas sazRvargareT is saqoneli

gaaqvs, romlis warmoebazec man Tavis qveyanaSi Sedare-

biT naklebi danaxarjebi gaiRo, xolo sazRvargareTi-

dan ki Semoaqvs is saqoneli, romlis warmoebac mis

qveyanaSi ufro ZviradRirebulia”.2SefardebiTi upi-

ratesobis principis Teoriis damuSaveba d. rikardos

1 d. rikardo, politikuri ekonomiisa da dabegvris safuZvlebi,

gv. 98.2 a. silagaZe, ekonomiuri doqtrinebi, Tb., 2010, gv. 186-187.

90


didi mecnieruli miRwevaa. germaneli ekonomisti k.

marqsi eTanxmeboda mas am sakiTxSi da aRniSnavda, rom

specializacia SeiZleba xelsayreli iyos SedarebiT

CamorCenili qveynebisTvisac, ramdenadac igi rac unda

iyos mainc ufro iafad iRebs saqonels, vidre TviT mas

SeeZlo igi ewarmoebina.1

rogorc g. menqiu miuTiTebs, “SefardebiTi upi-

ratesobis principis mixedviT, TiToeuli saqoneli unda

awarmoos im qveyanam, romelsac am saqonlis warmoebis

naklebi alternatiuli danaxarji aqvs... SefardebiTi

upiratesobis principi gviCvenebs, rom vaWrobas SeuZlia

yvelas ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba...”2

“adam smiTisa da devid rikardos daskvnebi vaWro-

bis momgebianobis Sesaxeb araerTxel dadasturda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomistebi xSirad ar eTanxme-

bian erTmaneTs ekonomikuri politikis sakiTxebSi, Tav-

isufal vaWrobas isini erTxmad uWeren mxars. ufro met-

ic, Tavisufali vaWrobis sasargeblod metyveli yvela

argumenti ori saukunis Semdeg TiTqmis ucvlelia”.3

prof. gr. Todua aRniSnavs, rom “saerTaSoriso

gacvlis kanonebis moqmedebis mniSvneloba msoflio

ekonomikisaTvis yvelaze ufro srulyofilad gaacno-

bieres d. rikardom da j.s. milma. am kanonebis moTx-

ovnebidan gamomdinare isini amtkicebdnen, rom yoveli

erisa da xalxis interesebis rac SeiZleba sruli

dakmayofileba SesaZlebelia saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi

yovelgvari SezRudvis moxsnis Sedegad. kerZod, ini-

ciativas da Tavisufal vaWrobas unda mieces sruli

Tavisufleba”.4

1 k. marqsi, kapitali, tomi III, naw. I, Tb., 1958, gv. 302.2 g. menqiu, ekonomikis principebi, gv. 57-58.3 iqve, gv. 55.4 gr. Todua, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 67.

91


magram, yvelaferi ise ar aris, rogorc es vardis-

feri saTvaliT mosCans. yvela medals ori mxare aqvs.

g. menqiu TviTonve aRniSnavs, rom “realur cxovrebaSi

qveynebs Soris vaWrobis aspeqtebi bevrad ufro rTu-

lia.1

prof. gr. Todua miuTiTebs, rom “d. rikardos da

j.s. milis es ideebi Tanamedrove pirobebSic iTvleba

saerTaSoriso gacvlis Teoriis ZiriTad principad,

magram miuxedavad amisa, msoflio meurneobis praqti-

ka gviCvenebs, rom am Teoriidan gadaxras aqvs adgili,

kidev meti, ekonomikuri yofis TiTqmis arc erT dargSi

ar arsebobs saxelmwifos Carevis iseTi mravalmxrivi

formebi, rogorc sagareo vaWrobaSi”.2

rogorc, prof. a. silagaZe SeniSnavs, “daskvna imis

Sesaxeb, rom Tavisufali vaWroba ufro momgebiania, yov-

elTvis rodia misaRebi. d. rikardos mxedvelobidan

gamorCa is garemoeba, rom ama Tu im qveynis ekono-

mikuri struqturis cvlilebebi waroebis danaxarje-

bis cvlilebebs iwvevs. Tu romelime qveyanas sakuTari

mrewveloba ar gaaCnia, maSin misi SeqmnisaTvis, saWiro

did danaxarjebis miuxedavad, am qveynisaTvis sakuTari

mrewvelobis Seqmna mainc ufro sargebliania (danaxar-

jebi ki TandaTanobiT Semcirdeba), vidre dabalganvi-

Tarebul agraruli qveynad darCena”.3

d. rikardo mxedvelobaSi ar iRebda im garemoe-

bas, rom SefardebiTi upiratesobis drosac ki SeuZle-

belia qveynebis harmoniuli ekonomikuri ganviTareba.

TviTon d. rikardo ingliss miakuTvnebda msoflios

mTavar samrewvelo saxelmwifos rols, xolo sxva

qveynebs misi sasoflo-sameurneo da sanedleulo dana-

1 gr. menqiu, ekonomikis principebi, gv. 57.2 gr. Todua, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 67.3 a. silagaZe, ekonomikuri doqtrinebi, gv. 187.

92


matis funqcias akisrebda.

profesor gr. Todua aRniSnavs, rom d. rikardos

SefardebiTi upiratesobis kanoni agebulia calmxriv,

kosmopolitur strategiaze.

SemdgomSic, SefardebiTi upiratesobis principi

gamoiyeneboda ekonomiurad sustad ganviTarebuli

qveynebis calmxrivi specializaciis gasamarTleblad.

aseT qveynebs aiZuleben ganaviTaron monokultura da

yovelnairad cdiloben maTi samrewvelo ganviTarebis

Seferxebas. “Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebam indus-

triuli qveynebi faqtobrivad gamoacalkeva nedleu-

lis mimwodebeli da agraruli qveynebidan”.1

* * *

SefardebiTi upiratesobis principis Tanamedrove

gagrZelebas warmoadgens warmoebis SefardebiTi xarje-

bis Teoria. Tanamedrove pirobebSic ekonomistTa erTi

nawili: C. robersoni (aSS), q. stefesi (gfr), d. obehaimi

(irlandia) da sxva. dabejiTebiT irwmunebian, rom gan-

viTarebadi qveynebisTvis ufro xelsayrelia special-

izacis sasursaTo da sanedleuli produqtebze. maTi

mtkicebiT, azri ara aqvs ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis

sakuTari samrewvelo warmoebis Seqmnas. ganviTarebadi

qveynebi Raribia kapitaliT, magram mdidaria samuSao

ZaliT. amitom, maT aqcenti unda gaakeTon Sromatevad

warmoebaze, upiratesad sanedleulo produqtebze. es

daexmareba ganviTarebad qveynebs isargeblon “warmoeb-

is faqtoriT”.2 saerTaSoriso Sromis danawilebaSi maT

monawileoba unda miiRon “Sromis faqtoriT”, samagi-

erod, isargeblon “kapitalis faqtoriT”. am mxriv aR-

saniSnavia heqSeri-ulinis Teoria. es Teoria uaryofs

1 gr. Todua, ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoria, naw. II, gv. 692 Дж. Харитонашвили, Эволюция теории сраинительных издержек производ-ства. Журн. Кавказоведение. М., 2002, стр. 198.

93

axalgazrda saxelmwifoTa damoukidebel ekonomikur

ganviTarebas. igi mowodebulia uzrunvelyos ganvi-

Tarebadi qveynebis darCena msoflio “soflis” mdgo-

mareobaSi.

gansxvavebuli pozicia aqvs ganviTarebadi qveyneb-

is ekonomistTa mniSvnelovan nawils. bevri maTgani im

marTebul daskvnamde mivida, rom maTi qveynebi gansx-

vavebuli mimarTulebiTY unda ganviTardnen. Taname-

drove pirobebSi Tavisufal vaWrobaze dafuZnebuli

kosmopolituri Teoria arsebiTad sul ufro kargavs

momxreebs. wina planze wamowia TviTuzrunvelyofisa

da TviTdakmayofilebis principebma... SefardebiTi upi-

ratesobis principisa da mdgradi ekonomikis harmo-

niuli SeTanawyoba mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi proteq-

cionizmis gamoyenebiTaa SesaZlebeli.1

CamorCenili qveynebis ekonomikuri winsvlis

strategiaSi saWiroa Caidos msxvili mrewvelobis for-

sirebuli ganviTareba. am mxriv saTanado gamocdile-

baa dagrovili msoflioSi.

industrializaciis saqmeSi warmatebas miaRwies

samxreT-aRmosavleT azris qveynebma: samxreT koream,

honkongma, singapurma da taivanma maT aziur “drakonebs”

uwodeben.

meore jgufSi Sedian: tailandi, malaizia, indone-

zia, filipinebi, vietnami, da laosi. maT aziur “vefxvebs”

uwodeben. maT industrializacia sxvadasxva dros dai-

wyes da ukve miaRwies garkveul warmatebebs.

mrewvelobis ganviTarebiT miaRwies ekonomikur

aRmavlobas samxreT amerikis axalma industriulma

qveynebmac (brazilia, argentina, urugvai, paragvai).

1 gr. Todua, mdgradi ekonomika da SefardebiTi upiratesobis

erTianobis sayovelTao kanoni. Jurn. “ekonomika”, 1996. #12, gv.

29-30.


94

sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom bolo periodSi

Camoyalibda ucxouri sawarmoebis filialebi: avtomo-

bilebis, velosipedebis, sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebis

da a.S. warmoebis sferoSi.

aucilebelia, yovelive aRniSnulis gaTval-

iswinebiT damuSavdes saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganvi-

Tarebis strategia, romelSic erT-erTi wamyvani rgoli

unda iyos mZime industria.1

David Ricardo (1772-1823) – the Coryphaeus David Ricardo (1772-1823) – the Coryphaeus of Economic Thinkingof Economic Thinking

(240 years since his birth)(240 years since his birth)

J. KharitonashviliJ. Kharitonashvili

David Ricardo holds a prominent place in the gallery of famous economists of all time. He was the one who brought to an end the bour-geois economic theory. D. Ricardo developed the theory of values and used it as a basis of his theoretical system and also for justifi cation eco-nomic program of farmers.

D. Ricardo has signifi cant ideas regarding the categories of profi t, salary, money, credit and rent of land.

At the modern stage, the theory of comparative advantage still remains actual. According to this theory specialization is benefi cial not only in case it is conditioned by natural circumstances, but also when the country has comparative advantage in producing this or that product.

1 j. xaritonaSvili, strategiuli kursi – industrializacia.

ekonomikisa da biznesis ganviTarebis tendenciebi Tanamedrove

etapze. saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia, ba-

Tumi, 2011. gv. 91.


95

mikro-makroekonomika

fermerul meurneobaTa fermerul meurneobaTa

diversifikacia aRmosavleT diversifikacia aRmosavleT

evropisa da centraluri aziis evropisa da centraluri aziis

qveynebSi qveynebSi

eTer xaraiSvili, eTer xaraiSvili,

Tsu-is sruli profesoriTsu-is sruli profesori

fermeruli meurneobebis diversifikacia bazarze

integraciis perspeqtiuli strategiaa. diversifikaciiT

fermerebi SeZleben im dargebSi SeRwevas, romelTanac

dRes ar aqvT pirdapiri sawarmoo kavSirebi an

funqciuri damokidebuleba. produqciis nomenklaturis,

SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebis saxeebis gafarToebiT ki

sameurneo saqmianoba axal sferoebze gavrceldeba. 1

fermeruli meurneobebis difersifikaciaSi

Tanamedrove etapze axali tendenciebi da SesaZleblobebi

gamoikveTa: gaCnda momxmareblis, gadamamuSavebeli

mrewvelobis, aseve instituciuri moTxovna diver-

sifikaciaze, agrosasursaTo produqtebis xarisxsa

da usafrTxoebaze; sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobaSi,

gadamuSavebasa da transportirebaSi mimdinareobs

axal teqnologiebze gadasvla; gaRrmavda vertikaluri

integracia erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneebze; DSiga

bazarze SeiniSneba globaluri konkurenciis mniSvnelovani

gavlena; icvleba fermeruli meurneobebisadmi

sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mxardamWeri politika;

Seiqmna bunebrivi resursebis deficiti, gamoikveTa maTi

degradaciis niSnebi da sxv.

aRmosavleT evropisa da centraluri aziis qveynebSi

fermeruli meurneobebis diversifikaciis problema

aqtualuria. am qveynebis umetesobaSi umetesad mcire

1 http://www.economy.ge/v3/uploads/ek_ciprebshi/GCI.pdf

96

eTer xaraiSvilieTer xaraiSvili

zomis fermeruli meurneobebi dominireben. magaliTad,

fermeruli meurneoba flobs saSualod: rumineTSi 3.4 ha

miwis nakveTs, sloveniaSi - 6.4, ungreTSi - 8.0, poloneTSi

- 9.6, bulgareTSi - 9.8 ha-s; centraluri aziis qveynebSi es

maCvenebeli saSualod 1.5-dan 5 ha-mde meryeobs. 2000-2009

wlebSi, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, soflis meurneobaSi

dasaqmebulTa raodenoba saSualod 31.2%-iT Semcirda; maT

Soris rumineTSi 41%-iT, slovakeTSi 42%-iT, bulgareTSi

48%-iT, estoneTSi 55%-iT da a. S.1 centraluri aziis

qveynebSi soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa Semcirebis

mkveTri tendencia ar aris gamokveTili.

saqarTveloSi sami tipis fermeruli meurneobaa:

mcire zomis, romelTa sargeblobaSia 1 ha-mde miwis

nakveTi. maTi wili meurneobaTa saerTo raodenobaSi

20%-ia da produqtebs mxolod sakuTari moTxovnilebebis

dasakmayofileblad awarmoeben; saSualo zomis, romlebic

floben erTidan 3 ha-mde miwis nakveTs. maTi wili 75%-

ia da isini produqtebs awarmoeben rogorc sakuTari

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, aseve, bazrisaTvis;

msxvilmasStaburi, romlebic 100 ha-mde miwis farTobis

mflobelebi arian. maTi wili 5%-ia da bazarzea

irientirebuli.2 bolo xuT weliwadSi saqarTvelos

soflis meurneobis wili mSp-Si 11.2%-dan 8.4%-mde Semcirda,

amave periodSi realuri warmoeba 5%-iT Semcirda, maSin

roca soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleobis

46.9%.3

saqarTvelo evropisa da aziis damakavSirebeli

qveyanaa. am TvalTaxedviT mizanSewonilia iseTi

diversificirebuli ekonomikis formireba, romelic

uzrunvelyofs qveynis TviTmyofadobis, TviTuzrunvelyofis,

1 FAO Consultation , November 29-December 1, 2011, Ankara.2 xaraiSvili e., konkurenciisa da konkurentunarianobis problemebi

saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtorSi, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 102.3 saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2010, statistikuri publikacia,

Tbilisi, 2011, gv 17.

97


TavisTavadobis SenarCunebas, finansur stabilurobas,

satransporto da energoderefnis funqciis efeqtianad

Sesrulebas, mosaxleobis keTildReobis zrdas.

evropisa da aziis damakavSirebeli qveynis ekono-

mikis transformacia SeuZlebelia soflis meurneobis

ganviTarebis gareSe. am dargis prioritetulobis ugule-

belyofa mcdari politikaa. es msoflio bazrebze sur-

saTis fasebis mniSvnelovani zrdiTac dadasturda, ris

gamoc saqarTveloSic mkveTrad gamwvavda inflaciuri

procesebi da safrTxe Seeqmna qveynis ekonomikur mdgra-

dobas.

diversifikaciis mizanSewonilobis dasabuTeba Seu-

Zlebelia Semosavlebis analizis gareSe. struqturuli

reformebis miuxedavad saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba-

Si mosaxleobis Semosavlebi mcirea, xolo siRaribisa

da umuSevrobis maCveneblebi _ stabilurad maRali.

SeiZleba ganvixiloT fermerTa Semosavlebis

ramdenime ZiriTadi wyaro: 1. sazogadoebrivi meurneobebidan;

2. ojaxuri, anu Sinameurneobebidan meurneobebidan; 3.

fermeruli meurneobebidan; 4. socialuri fondebidan.

2010 wels erT Sinameurneobaze gaangariSebiT

saSualo Semosavalma 651.2 lari Seadgina, rac wina wlis

maCvenebelTan SedarebiT 14.4%-iT metia, xolo erT sulze

gaangariSebiT _ 178.6 lari, rac 15.6%-iT aRemateba wina

wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels. Sinameurneobebis Semosavlebis

procentuli zrda qalaqis mosaxleobaSi ufro maRali

iyo, vidre soflis mosaxleobaSi. Sinameurneobebis

Semosavlebis ZiriTadi wyaroa fuladi Semosavlebi da

transfertebi. maTi wili amave periodSi 0.3%-iT aris

Semcirebuli.1 Semosavlebis struqturis ganxilvisas isic

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Sinameurneobis SemosavlebSi

stabilurad mcirdeba arafuladi Semosavlebis wili.

1 http://www.economy.ge

98


saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris mo-

nacemebiT, soflis meurneobis produqtebis realizacii-

dan miRebuli Semosavlebis wili ojaxuri meurneobebis

fulad SemosavlebSi mxolod 6%-s Seadgens. es imas niS-

navs, rom produqciis didi nawili mxolod sakuTari

moxmarebisTvisaa gankuTvnili. amrigad, biznesze ori-

entirebuli fermeruli meurneobebis ganviTarebis in-

teresi dargSi TiTqmis ar arsebobs.

2000-2010 wlebSi soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa

raodenoba gaormagda, Tumca, dargSi dasaqmebis alter-

natiuli saSualebebi ar arsebobs, ris gamoc bolo

periodSi gamoikveTa saSiSi tendencia -saqarTvelos rig

regionSi soflis meurneoba imdenad dabalSemosavliania,

rom xSir SemTxvevaSi, mosaxleobas miwis damuSavebis

nacvlad Semosavlis alternatiuli wyaros (umweoTa

daxmareba) miRebis mizniT siRaribis zRvars qvemoT yofna

urCevnia. amave wlebSi mimdinareobda ekonomikis diver-

sifikacia da maSasadame, kanonzomierebis mixedviT sa-

pirispiro tendencias unda hqonoda adgili.

fermeruli meurneobebis diversifikaciaze uSualod

aris damokidebuli siRaribis daZleva da soflis

mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRleba.

soflad siRaribe, aRmosavleT evropisa da

centraluri aziis qveynebSi, gansxvavebulia. tajikeTSi

soflad cxovrobs Raribi mosaxleobis 74%, yirgizeTsa

da uzbekeTSi 63%, moldaveTSi 59%, albaneTSi 52%,

TurqmeneTSi 50%. siRaribis zRvars miRmaa yirgizeTSi

soflis mosaxleobis 51%, kosovosa da tajikeTSi 49%,

TurqeTSi 38%. 1 saqarTveloSi soflad cxovrobs Raribi

mosaxleobis naxevarze meti. siRaribis done medianuri

moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT, 2009 wlis monacemebiT, 24.3%-ia,

siRaribis siRrme - 3.7%, siRaribis simwvave - 7.8%. qalaqis

1 http://www.wfp.org

99


Sesabamis maCveneblTan SedarebiT soflad siRaribis done

2-3%-iT, siRaribis siRrme 1.5-2%-iT, siRaribis simwvave 1.2%-

iT maRalia.1

fermerul meurneobaTa diversifikacia soflis

meurneobaSi Seqmnili damatebuli Rirebulebis gazrdis

realur saSualebadaa miCneuli. saqarTveloSi soflis

meurneobis produqtiuloba mniSvnelovnad mcirea ganvi-

Tarebuli qveynebis analogiur, aseve, postsabWoTa qveyneb-

is umravlesobis maCveneblebTan SedarebiT. damatebuli

Rirebulebis maCveneblebis analizma gviCvena, rom 2006-2010

wlebSi igi 26.1 aTasi lariT aris Semcirebuli.2

bibliografiuli kvleviT, aseve, eqspertuli

SefasebiT aRmosavleT evropisa da centraluri aziis

qveynebSi diversifikaciis Semaferxebeli Semdegi ZiriTadi

mizezebi gamovlinda:

arasakmarisia an Semcirebulia fermerTa Semosav-lebi;

aucilebelia damatebiTi samuSao adgilebis Se-qmna;

gamosayenebelia xelmisawvdomi resursebi da un-arebi;

arsebobs damatebiTi produqtebis Seqmnis SesaZle-blobebi;

gasaTvaliswinebelia agraruli da ekologiuri moTxovnebi;

axal bazrebze gasvlisTvis saWiroa damatebiTi strategiebis gansazRvra;

saqmianobis gafarToebis sazRvrebSi SesamuSavebe-lia riskebis marTvis SesaZleblobebi;

gansazRvras moiTxovs pasuxismgebloba axal poli-

1 saqarTvelo cifrebSi, statistikuri publikacia 2010, Tbilisi,

2010, gv 26-27.2 saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2010, statistikuri publika-

cia, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 17.

100


tikaze, biznes SesaZleblobebsa da saerTaSoriso urT-

ierTobebze.

diversifikaciis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebi

arsebobs rogorc soflis meurneobis sazRvrebSi, aseve,

mis gareT (ix. sqema).

diversifikaciis SesaZleblobebi

diversifikacia mniSvnelovnad zrdis samuSao Zalis

gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs (ix. diagrama 1). diagramidan

Cans, rom aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi diversifikaciis

diversifikaciis SesaZleblobebi soflis meurneobis

sazRvrebSi

diversifikaciis SesaZleblobebi

soflis meurneobis sazRvrebs gareT

alternatiuli kulturebi:

magaliTad, specialuri yvavilebis gaSenebis SemTxvevaSi

SesaZlebelia diversifikaciis Semdegi modeli:

farmacevtuli da aromatuli kulturebi-

energetikuli kulturebi-

samrewvelo boWkovani kulturebi (seli, Cala -

da sxv.)

araintensiuri kulturebi mecxoveleobisaTvis-

alternatiuli mecxoveleoba:

organuli da daculi produqtebi-

frinvelis kvercxi da xorci (mwyeris, ixvis, ba--

tisa da sxv.)

alternatiuli momsaxureba:

agroekosistemis momsaxureba-

momsaxureba agroturizmSi-

agrotreningebi-

TviTmmarTvelobis Sefaseba-

saganmanaTleblo da sadegustacio turebis mom--

saxureba

momsaxureba cxenosnobaSi, TevzaobaSi da sxv. -

warmoeba-damzadeba (wvenebis, yvelis,

xorcisa da xorcis produqtebis,

naRebis, namcxvrebis, matylisa da sxv.)

transportireba

konsultaciebi

sakvebis damzadeba

satyeo meurneoba

Tevzis meurneoba

restornebi, kafeebi

xelnakeTobaTa damzadeba da

gayidvebi

sportuli klubebi da treningebi

(CogburTi, mTasvleloba,

TxilamurebiT sriali)

ZiriTadi da specialuri maRaziebi

kulturuli da regionuli

gzamkvlevis gamoSveba

tyis xilis Segroveba

qaris energiis warmoeba-gamoyeneba

garemos dacvis menejmenti

101


SemTxvevaSi samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis done gacilebiT

maRalia, vidre mis gareSe, gansakuTrebiT slovakeTsa da

CexeTSi. diversifikaciam umniSvnelo gavlena moaxdina

samuSao Zalis gamoyenebaze sloveniaSi, rumineTsa da

latviaSi.

samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis done fermerul

meurneobebSi diversifikaciiTa da mis gareSe

aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi 1

diagrama 1

fermerul meurneobaTa gafarToebis done

mosavlis diversifikaciis indeqsiT (DI) gaiangariSeba: DI=∑Xi/(∑Xi)2 ,

sadac Xi aris mosavliani miwis farTobi.

mosavlis diversifikaciis indeqsi diferencirebulia

aRmosavleT evropisa da centraluri aziis qveynebis

mixedviT (ix. diagrama 2). diversifikaciis yvelaze dabali

done dafiqsirda centraluri aziis qveynebSi. amasTan,

tajikeTsa da yirgizeTSi es maCvenebeli SedarebiT maRalia,

1 FAO Consultation , November 29-December 1, 2011, Ankara.

102


vidre yazaxeTSi. kavkasiis qveynebSi diversifikaciis

done meryevia. saqarTveloSi es maCvenebeli, azerbaijanTan

da somxeTTan SedarebiT, maRalia. aRmosavleT evropis

qveynebSi diversifikaciis mdgradi tendenciebia

gamokveTili - poloneTSi meti, bulgareTsa da ruseTSi

naklebi. diversifikaciis zrdadi tendenciebia

gamokveTili makedoniasa da TurqeTSi.

mosavlis diversifikaciis indeqsebi aRmosavleT

evropisa da centraluri aziis subregionebSi1

diagrama 2

1 www.FAO.org

103


saqarTveloSi mosavlis diversifikaciis indeqsi

Semdegi kulturebiT dakavebuli miwis farTobebis mixedviT

viangariSeT: marcvleuli da parkosnebi, kartofili da

bostneul-baRCeuli, sakvebi da sxva kulturebi.1

gaTvlebma gviCvena, rom es indikatori wlebis mixedviT

gansxvavebulia, ramac grafikulad Semdegi saxe miiRo (ix.

diagrama 3). analizma gviCvena, rom saqarTveloSi 2006-2009

wlebSi diversifikaciis mdgradi done dafiqsirda, rac

aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis analogiuria, xolo 2009-

2010 wlebSi diversifikaciis done zrdadia.

mosavlis diversifikaciis indeqsi saqarTveloSi

diagrama 3

mosavlis diversifikaciis indeqsis kompleqsurad

Sesafaseblad Catarda memecenareobisa da mecxoveleobis

warmoebis indeqsebis SedarebiTi analizic (ix. diagrama

4).

1 saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2010, statistikuri publika-

cia, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 32.

104


memcenareobis da mecxoveleobis produqciis

warmoebis indeqsebi1

(wina weli = 100) diagrama 4

agrosasursaTo produqtebis warmoebis indesebis analizma

gviCvena, rom 2004-2009 wlebSi Secvlilia mxolod memcenareobisa

da mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebis Tanafardoba,

warmoebis doneSi ki mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar SeiniSneba.

aRniSnulis ZiriTadi mizezebia warmoebis wvrilmasStaburoba,

dabali produqtiuloba, SezRuduli finansuri resursebi,

ganuviTarebebli horizontaluri da vertikaluri kavSirebi,

resursuli potencialis gamoyenebis dabali done da sxv.

amproblemebis mogvarebaSi gadamwyveti roli diversifikaciam

unda Seasrulos.

diversifikaciis SesaZlebobebis gamosavlenad

aucilebelia korelaciuri kavSirebis Seswavla DI-sa da erT

momuSavesa da erT ha-ze miRebul damatebul Rirebulebas

Soris.

aRmosavleT evropisa da centraluri aziis qveynebis

mixedviT soflis meurneobis damatebuli Rirebulebis

maCvenebeli erT momuSaveze gansxvavebulia (ix. diagrama 5).

1 saqarTvelo cifrebSi, statistikuri publikacia 2010, Tbilisi,

2010, gv. 61.

105


soflis meurneobis damatebuli Rirebuleba erT momuSaveze

aRmosavleT evropisa da centraluri aziis qveynebSi1

diagrama 5

kvlevis momdevno etapze SeviswavleT korelacia DI-sa da erT momuSavesa da erT ha-ze miRebul soflis meurneobis

damatebul Rirebulebas Soris.

kvlevam gviCvena, rom aRmosavleT evropisa da centraluri

aziis qveynebSi DI-isa da erT momuSaveze soflis meurneobis

damatebul Rirebulebas Soris korelacia mkveTrad uaryofiTia

(ix. diagrama 6)

korelacia DI-isa da erT momuSaveze soflis meurneobis

damatebul Rirebulebas Soris aRmosavleT evropisa da centraluri

aziis qveynebSi2 diagrama 6

1 FAO Consultation , November 29-December 1, 2011, Ankara.2 FAO Consultation , November 29-December 1, 2011, Ankara.

106


monacemebis damuSavebam aseve, gviCvena, rom DI-sa da erT

ha-ze soflis meurneobis damatebul Rirebulebas Soris Zlieri

korelacia aRiniSneba aRmosavleT evropis, centraluri aziisa da

kavkasiis im qveynebSi, sadac gaumjobesebulia miwis nayofiereba,

Sesabamisad maRalia miwis farTobebis diversifikaciiT miRebuli

fermerTa Semosavlebi (ix. diagrama 7).

korelacia DI-isa da erT ha-ze soflis meurneobis

damatebul Rirebulebas Soris aRmosavleT evropisa da

centraluri aziis qveynebSi1 diagrama 7

saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis damatebulma

Rirebulebam 2006 wels Seadgina 1544.3 mln lari, 2007 wels -

1562.8, 2008 wels - 1551.0, 2009 wels - 1457.2, 2010 wels - 1518.2 mln

lari.2 aRniSnuli maCvenebeli viangariSeT erT momuSaveze,

aseve erT ha-ze da davadgineT korelacia am maCveneblebsa da

DI-s Soris (ix. diagrama 8, 9). korelacia DI-sa da erT momuSaveze arsebul soflis

meurneobis damatebul Rirebulebas Soris saqarTveloSi3

diagrama 8

1 FAO Consultation , November 29-December 1, 2011, Ankara.2 saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2010, statistikuri publikacia,

Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 17.3www.geostat.ge

107


korelacia DI-sa da erT ha-ze arsebul soflis

meurneobis damatebul Rirebulebas Soris saqarTveloSi1

diagrama 9

saqarTveloSi korelacia DI-sa da erT momuSaveze

arsebul soflis meurneobis damatebul Rirebulebas Soris

2006-2009 wlebSi uaryofiTia, xolo 2009-2010 wlebSi dadebiTi.

TiTqmis analogiuri tendencia dafiqsirda DI-sa da erT

ha-ze miRebul soflis meurneobis damatebul Rirebulebas

Soris. maSasadame, saqarTveloSi fermerul meurneobaTa

diversifikacia SesaZlebelia, erTi mxriv, kvalificiuri

fermerebisa da specialistebis gamoyenebis zrdiT, meore mxriv,

damuSavebaSi myofi miwis farTobebis gadidebiT.

aRmosavleT evropisa da centraluri aziis qveynebis, maT

Soris saqarTvelos, fermeruli meurneobebis diversifikaciis

analizma Semdegi ZiriTadi problemebi gamoavlina:

sustia vertikaluri da horizontaluri koordinaciis done;

ganuviTarebelia agrosasursaTo bazrebi; agrosasursaTo produqtebis warmoebaSi SezRudulia

finansuri resursebi;

mcirea fermeruli meurneobaTa zoma;deficitia inovaciebisa da kvlevebis sferoSi;mouwesrigebelia infrastruqtura;ar xdeba riskebis Sefaseba da marTva;ar arsebobs agrosasursaTo produqtebis usafrTxoe-

1www.geostat.ge

108


bisa da xarisxis kontrolis meqanizmi;

arasakmarisia saxelmwifos mxridan fermerul meurneo-baTa mxardaWera;

fermerul meurneobaTa menejerebis saerTo raodenobaSi Warbobs asakovanTa wili da sxv.

saerTaSoriso standartebisa da normebis harmonizacia,

stabiluri da maregulirebeli garemos Seqmna, kvlevebis

gafarToeba, meurneobaTa masStabebis gazrda, menejerTa unarebis

adaptacia, perspeqtiuli sawarmoebis sajaro da finansuri

saxelmwifo mxardaWeriT fermerul meurneobaTa diversifikacia

_ agrosasursaTo produqtebis warmoebis zrdisa da mosaxleobis

keTildReobis amaRlebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.

Diversifi cation of Farms in Eastern European andDiversifi cation of Farms in Eastern European andCentral Asian Countries Central Asian Countries

E. KharaishviliE. Kharaishvili

The article proves the necessity of diversifi cation of the farms in Eastern European and Central Asian countries, as well as in Georgia. The new trends and possibilities currently taking place in the course of diversifi cation are analyzed and the main reasons of diversifi cation – identifi ed.

Based on the analysis of the rates of incomes and poverty of the farmers in the Eastern European and Central Asian countries, including Georgia, a conclusion is made that overcoming the poverty and increasing the welfare of the rural population depend directly upon diversifi cation of the farms.

The article proposes the ways of diversifi cation both within and out of the borders of the rural areas.

According to the bibliographic studies and experts’ assessments, diversifi cation of the farms is considered as a real tool for increasing an added value in the agrarian sector.

The article provides the rates of use of the workforce in the farms by regions, with and without diversifi cation thereof. A level of expansion of the farms is assessed by the harvest Diversifi cation Index, while the latter is analyzed in terms of the Eastern European and Central Asian countries and Georgia.

The Article reviews a correlation between the harvest Diversifi cation Index (DI) and the added value on one hectare by one farmer, in the agricultural sphere.

On the basis of analysis of diversifi cation of the farms, the existing problems are identifi ed and the recommendations for their settlement are provided.

109


samomxmareblo qcevis samomxmareblo qcevis

fsiqologiuri aspeqtebifsiqologiuri aspeqtebi

manana nanitaSvilimanana nanitaSvili

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoriekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori

srulyofili marketinguli kvleva warmoudgene-

lia momxmarebelTa qcevis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis

Seswavlis gareSe. grZnobiTi Sefasebebi _ fsqilogiis

sferoa. Cveni kvlevis sagania fsiqologiuri fenomenis

Seswavla mxolod im konteqstiT, romelSic igi gvev-

lineba im faqtorad, romelic gansazRvravs miznebis

agebis procesSi piradi grZnobiTi meqanizmis CarTvis

unars, mis motivacias.

arsebiTad, msjelobaa warmatebis mizandasaxulo-

bis fenomenze _ specifikur (pirovnebaze damokidebul)

stimulze.

warmatebis mizandasaxulobis gamomuSaveba xor-

cieldeba sazogadoebrivi _ saxelmwifo organizmis

mier, romelic warmoadgens pirovnebis qcevis reguli-

rebis aucilebel saSualebas sistemuri ganaTlebis ar-

sebobisa da progresis mimarTulebiT.

socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtiT warmatebis mizan-

dasaxuloba gamoixateba pirovnebis gamoyofiT, romel-

sac Seswevs unari saqmiani warmatebebis miRwevaSi iyos

sxvebisaTvis magaliTi, e. i. iyos kargi organizatori

da Tavisi saqmis profesionali, amisaTvis miiRos Sesa-

bamisi Semosavali da icodes misi dagroveba.

`warmatebis xazi~, formirebadi ideologiuri

koncefciebis gavleniT, Cvens cnobierebaSi aRiqmeba

110


iseTi saxiT, rom saWiroa saqonlis an samomxmareblo

Tvisebebis aucilebeli moTxovnilebebis iseTi nakrebi,

romelic xels Seuwyobs erovnuli warmoebis daCqare-

bul ganviTarebas, saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebas da

a.S.

Tavis mxriv, racionaluri moxmarebis moTxovnile-

bas gaaCnia Tavisi warmatebis xazi: misi koordinatebi

moicavs mecnierul doneze produqtebis moxmarebas,

rac Seesabameba warmodgenas cxovrebis jansaRi, aqti-

uri wesis Sesaxeb.

maSasadame, warmatebis mizandasaxuloba, sanam

gaxdeba adamianis qcevis fsiqologiuri regulatori,

iTvisebs ganzraxvis potencials da sazogadoebis mis-

warafebebs ganviTarebis yvela mimarTulebiT.

warmatebis mizandasaxuloba gardaiqmneba

fsiqologiur regulatorad im momentidan, roca ada-

mianis cnobiereba erTveba Tavisi adgilis Sefasebis

procesSi sazogadoebrivad aRiarebul adamianTa saqmi-

ani SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

adamianis saqmianobis unari yvelaze martivad,

ganixileba rogorc warmoebisa da moxmarebis unar-

Ta erToblioba, xolo warmatebis mizandasaxuloba ki,

rogorc pirovnebis gacnobierebuli mzadyofna moix-

maros produqciis saukeTeso nimuSebi, konkurenciis

dacvis pirobebSi pirad moxmarebaSi am nimuSebis CarT-

vis uflebiT.

fsiqologebs, romlebic ikvleven adamianTa cxo-

velmoqmedebis unarianobis problemas, zogjer, misi

bunebis Sesaxeb urTierTgamomricxavi Tvalsazrisi

gaaCniaT. mecnierTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom individu-

aluri SesaZleblobebi ganisazRvreba sazogadoebrivi

gamocdilebis doniT, sazogadoebis mier Seqmnili pi-

111


robebiT, rom adamianebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian

mxolod raodenobrivad da ara Tvisebrivad. am sakiTxze

msgavsi Sexedulebebi aqvT cnobil fsiqologebs a.

f. lazurskis, n. s. leitess da sxv. mecnierTa nawili

sxvagvarad afasebs unarianobis bunebas. cnobili

fsiqologebis a. g. kovalevis da v. n. miasiSevis, Sexed-

ulebiT, `saqmianobis maRali Sedegebi ganisazRvreba

bunebrivi monacemebiT~1. maTi azriT, mniSvnelovania

nebisyofis Zalisxmeva, romlis saSualebiTac pirovne-

ba anviTarebs Tavis niWs, talantis an genialurobis

donemde.

warmatebis subieqtur Semadgenels gansazRvravs

is, rom pirovnebis warmateba fasdeba masSi grZnobiTi

aparatis _ nebisyofis xarisxis, emociis meqanizmis CarT-

vis safuZvelze. warmatebis miRweva aRiqmeba rogorc

didi siamovneba, romelsac Tan axlavs dadebiTi emo-

ciebi. arsebiTad, reaqcia mizandasaxulobaze adamianSi

badebs prestiJis motivs, mimsgavsebis motivs2 da a. S.

bevri Tayvans scems saxelganTqmuli pirebis mier

realizebul saqonels, cdilobs SeiZinos es saqoneli,

raTa axlos dadges Tavis kumirTan da amiT mainc daems-

gavsos mas. warmatebasTan ziareba, saqonlis pirdapiri

an arapirdapiri formiT, aris Sedegi, romliskenac

iswrafvis pirovneba.

pasiurobis amgvari saxeobis reaqcias ganapi-

robebs is faqti, rom warmatebis mizandasaxuloba imyo-

feba ara pirovnebis, aramed mwarmoeblis, sazogadoebis

da saxelmwifos xelSi.

amitom, ar iqneba swori samomxmareblo SekveTis

formirebis procesis aRwera Semoifarglos gansa-

1 Ковалев А. Г. Психология личности. М., 1970. с. 106.2 Фрейд З., Будушее одной илюзии. В кн. Сумерки Богов. М., Политиздат. 1990. с. 94-142.

112


kuTrebuli pasiuri reaqciis poziciebisa da misi Sede-

gebidan.

warmatebis mizandasaxuloba arsebiTad aris

pirovnebis, rogorc subieqtis TviTganmtkicebis motivi,

romelic gamodis sazogadoebis mier araRiarebuli un-

arianobisa da moTxovnilebebis, e. i. individualuro-

bis rogorc TviTSefasebis saxeliT. TviTganmtkicebis

motivia _ ufro saerTo motivis gamoxatvis forma _

pirovnebis TviTgamoxatvis (me) motivis ganTavisufle-

ba SemzRudavi pirobebisagan.

Cven viziarebT im Tvalsazriss, rom yvela ada-

miani potenciurad talantis mqonea, unikaluria Tav-

isi pirovnuli SesaZleblobebiT, iseve rogorc yvela

saqoneli, individualuri SesaZleblobebic pozicird-

eba kriteriumiT: `saWiro dros da saWiro adgilas~.

rigi adamianebisa ibadeba qalaqebSi, sxvebi daSorebul

raionebSi. erTni ibadebian `Tavis~ dros, sxvebi uswre-

ben mas. es aris Tavisi pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis

TviTpozicirebis problemis obieqturi mxare. prob-

lemis subieqturi mxarea: nebeloba, xasiaTi, gataceba.

Zlieri grZnobebis niWi warmoadgens niWierebisa

da talantis erT-erT mxares, ambobda didi qarTveli

mecnieri dimitri uznaZe, amis gareSe, ar aris genia, ar

aris talanti, ar aris goneba _ rCeba erTi umsgavsi

`saRi azri~.1

eWvgareSea, sazogadoebrivi aRiarebisaTvis yve-

lasaTvis ucnobi, Tavisi SesaZleblobebis winwaweva,

adamianisagan moiTxovs grZnobadobis ufro met emo-

ciur daZabulobas, vidre wina SemTxvevaSi. mecnierebi,

mxatvrebi, mwerlebi adamianebia, romelTa cxovreba war-

moadgens, rogorc wesi, swored aseTi mtkice da Rrma

1 d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia, Tb., 1994, gv. 214.

113


grZnobadobis (gatacebis) magaliTs.

TviTpozicirebis am elementis marketinguli as-

peqtia is, rom momavalSi moxmarebis procesze misi ga-

dataniT igi gulisxmobs interesis Serevas (unaridan

rogorc idealuri mdgomareobis) obieqtTan, materiali-

zebul SesaZleblobebTan. am kavSirSi dominirebs ori

pirovnuli mizandasaxuloba: introversia da eqstra-

versia.

introversiisas, energia moZraobs Siga samyaros

mimarTulebiT. eqstraversiisas _ interesi mimarTulia

gare samyaroze.

eqstraversiuli mizandasaxulobisas gare faq-

torebi gadamwyveti mamoZravebeli Zalaa grZnobiTi

aRqmis, afeqtebis da moqmedebebis msjelobisas. es mkve-

Trad axdens kontrastirebas, wers fsiqoanalitikosi

darel Sarti, introversiis fsiqologiur bunebasTan,

sadac Siga an subieqturi faqtorebi warmoadgens wamy-

van motivacias1.

TviTmizandasaxulobas warmatebis cneba dahyavs

pirovnul SesaZleblobebamde da amitom yovelTvis da

yvela SemTxvevaSi, moxmarebis procesSi Seaqvs Semo-

qmedebiTi sawyisi elementi. es ar niSnavs imas, rom

`kardenis~ pijaki aucileblad moiTxovs `mepatronis~

mier saxis Secvlas. Tu momxmarebeli SemoqmedebiTi

mkeravia, maSin amgvari nabiji savsebiT marTebulia.

amgvarad, cnobierad an aracnobierad pirovneba

eZebs moxmarebaSi Tavisi SesaZlbelobebis analogs,

romelic jer ar aris aRiarebuli.

xSirad adamianebi yuradRebas miapyroben moxmare-

baze rogorc TviTmizanze. msjelobaa e. w. koleqcio-

nerebsa da hobis moyvarulebze.

1Дарел Шарт, Типы личности. Юнговская модель типологии. Первеод с англ. Во-ронеж, НПО «МОДЭК», 1994, с. 11.

114


sainteresoa, rogor yalibdeba fsiqologiuri

reaqciebis meqanizmi aRqmis doneze _ am doneze moqmedebs reaqciis Tavisi specifikuri meqanizmi. z. froidis, a.

adleris da maTi mimdevrebis Tanaxmad, qvecnobiereba

xdeba saqonelze, produqtebsa da procesebze reaqciis

mTavari safuZveli im SemTxvevebSi, roca formirebas

iwyebs, rogorc mas uwodeben _ àrasrulfasovnebis

kompleqsi~. arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi, mizezi da

a. S. aris pirovnebis TvalsazrisiT gadauwyveteli

problemebi. maTi ricxvi didi da mravalferovania. Tu

Sromisadmi Tavisi SesaZleblobebis TviTpozicire-

bisas irkveva, rom bina da avtomobili principulad

miuRwevadia adamianisaTvis, maSin am moTxovnilebebis

dakmayofilebis procesi iZens e. w. socialur-ekonomi-

kuri gegmis gadauWreli problemebis formas. Tu ada-

mianis janmrTeloba Seirya da misi aRdgenis yvela

mcdeloba ukavSirdeba arasakmaris Semosavlebs (ig-

ive antistimuls) an saWiro wamlis ararsebobas, maSin

saxezea ergonomikuri xasiaTis problema. specifikuri

`fsiqologiuri kompleqsi~ iwyeba subieqtis mier war-

matebis miRwevis SesaZleblobebis uunarobis gacno-

bierebiT. gansakuTrebiT mZime gadasatania es problema

eqstravertebisaTvis, magram, es srulebiT ar niSnavs

imas, rom grZnobiTi reaqciebi àr irTveba~ im SemTx-

vevaSi, roca kompleqsis buneba dakavSirebulia arasak-

maris SemosavlebTan an janmrTelobasTan.

TviTmizandasaxuloba warmatebisaTvis (rogorc

cnobierebis aqtiuri reaqciis forma) sainteresoa im

mxrivac, rom igi iZleva sazogadoebis mxridan ar aRi-

arebuli saqmianobis individualuri SesaZleblobebis

mniSvnelovani nawilis obieqtirebis SesaZleblobas da

am TvalsazrisiT igi warmoadgens gadauWreli prob-

115


lemebis mudmiv `mimwodebels~ adamianTa didi umrav-

lesobisaTvis.

saWiroa aRiniSnos maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelo-

vani: fiziologiuri kompleqsebis nakrebi (janmrTe-

lobis nakli, sikvdilis mudmivi SiSi, seqsualuri kom-

pleqsebi, siyvarulis ararealizebuli grZnoba da a.

S.); sazogadoebrivi, jgufuri arasrulfasovnebisa da

TamaSis samarTlebrivi wesebidan gamomdinare social-

uri da inteleqtualuri kompleqsebis nakrebi.

gadauWreli problemebi fiqsirdeba adamianis

cnobierebis mier imisaTvis, rom moxdes misi `gadaweva~

cnobierebis periferiaSi. saqme exeba imas, rom gadau-

wyveti problema arasasiamovno gancdis winaSe ayen-

ebs adamians, autaneli tkivilis miyenebiT qancavs mas.

zogjer amboben: dro kurnavs. garkveulwilad es asea,

magram cnobierebas ar SeuZlia xangrZlivi droiT

daikavos tanjvis sawinaaRmdego pozicia da ìrTveba~

problemis gadaWris meqanizmi qvecnobieris ujredSi.

qvecnobierSi `gaxveuli~ problema ganagrZobs arse-

bobas fsiqologiuri kompleqsis formiT.

problemis daZleva _ adamianuri yofis erT-erTi

umZimesi problemaa. Cven igi gvesmis ase: ucxo Tval-

isaTvis SefuTuli, dafaruli kompleqsi cxovrebidan

ar qreba. igi agrZelebs adamianze zemoqmedebas nel-

nela da arRvevs mis sxeulebriv organizacias. aseT

SemTxvevebSi adamianebi saubroben darRveul sulier

wonasworobaze.

yuradsaRebia z. froidis moZRvrebidan fizikurad

avadmyofi adamianebis mkurnalobis meTodi. misi TqmiT,

saWiroa avadmyofTan erTad avadmyofobis yvelaze Rrma

mizezis saTavis migneba. aseTi avadmyofobis arsi xom

kompleqsia, xandaxan Rrmad damaluli qvecnobierebis

116


uamravi ujredebidan erT-erTSi. cxadia, cnobierebis

uaryofiTi reaqcia tanjvaze, misi siRrmisa da inten-

sivobis pirdapirproporciulia. am siRrmis mizezis

Secnoba da amiT gadauWreli problemis mogvarebis

mcdeloba gamojanmrTelebis sawindaria.

yuradReba unda mieqces imas, rom kompleqsis daZl-

eva misi mkurnalobaa. froidis mixedviT, am mkurnalo-

bis organizeba SeuZlebelia, Tu klientisaTvis cno-

bili ar iqneba Tavisi avadmyofobis mizezi.

yvelafer amas pirdapiri damokidebuleba aqvs

kriteriumebis SemuSavebasTan, riTac marketologma

unda ixelmZRvanelos reklamebisa da momxmarebelze

zemoqmedebis sxva sferoebSi fsiqoanalitikosebis miR-

wevebis gamoyenebiT. es kriteriumebi martivi da gasage-

bia. momxmarebeli, romelsac ar gaaCnia arCevanis Tav-

isufleba, daiyvaneba cxovelis doneze, marketingi ki

Sesabamisi meTodebis gamoyenebiT, gardaiqmneba Tavis

sawinaaRmdegod.

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens a. adleris moZ-

Rvreba, romelmac ganaviTara froidis ideebi. igi ar

iziarebs im Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac qvecno-

bieri motivebis sawyisad miCneulia daukmayofileblo-

ba da sikvdilis SiSi. misi azriT, rasac Cvenc veTanx-

mebiT, kompleqsebis Semcveloba izomeba umTavresad

`Zalauflebis kompleqsebiT~, e. i. cxovrebis procesSi

warmatebis TviTmizandasaxulobasa da realur cx-

ovrebas Soris mudmivad mzardi disproporciis gacno-

bierebiT.1

maSasadame, warmatebisaken swrafva adamianebs yofs

or jgufad, romelTagan erTi ganekuTvneba qcevis mod-

els: 1 Адлер Альфред. Теория и практика индивидуальной психологии. М., 1997. с. 85-130.

117


;ySyM100

meore: ;yy HM

sadac: yM _ warmatebis motivia;

yS100

_ warmatebis mizani adamianTa jgufebisaTvis,

romlebic iswrafvian tradiciuli samomxmareblo ni-

Sis gajerebisTvis;

yH _ warmatebis mizani adamianTa jgufebisTvis,

romlebic iswrafvian da win miiweven ufro maRali

warmatebisaken pirvandel donesTan SedarebiT.

Cveni azriT, qcevis zemoT ganxiluli modelebi

ufro srulyofili iqneboda gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-

van stimulebze (konkurencia, brZola, metoqeoba) adami-

anTa reaqciis gaTvalsiwinebiT.

maSasadame, Tu models yy SM 100 ganvixilavT mo-

cemuli faqtoris gavlenis gareSe, maSin saqme iqneboda

Semdegnairad: asanTis, kartofilis, puris an yoveldRi-

uri tansacmlis yidva dakmayofilebis grZnobasTan

SexamebiT (SegrZneba gajerebis TvalTaxedviT), kvali-

ficirebuli iqneboda rogorc warmateba. adamianebisT-

vis, romlebmac gadaitanes cxovrebis mZime wlebi da

xSirad igonebdnen mas, yovlismomcveli deficitis da-

Zleva namdvilad aRiqmeba rogorc warmateba. es ufro

metia, vidre normaluri SegrZneba. misi bunebaa warmate-

biT dakmayofileba (srulad an nawilobriv) gadarCe-

nisaTvis brZolaSi.

sayovelTao deficitis epoqis dasasruli, udavod,

dRis wesrigidan xsnis iseT miznobriv fuqncias, rogori-

caa `brZola arsebobisaTvis~. amgvari mizani, arsebiTad,

118


damamcirebelia civilizebuli adamianisTvis, Tumca, is

drodadro Cndeba rogorc Tanamedrove civilizaciis

arasasurveli Tanamgzavri (stiqiuri ubedurebebi, omebi

da a. S.).

Tanamedrove samyaroSi warmatebis buneba icvle-

ba. misi miznobrivi funqcia fiziologiuri speqtris

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis sferodan gadaadg-

ildeba socialuri moTxovnilebebis sferoSi.

deficiti axla vlindeba rogorc movlenis

asaxva, romelic marketologebisTvis cnobilia axal

saqonelze moTxovnis winswrebis saxiT, mwarmoeblis

SedarebiT Senelebul reaqciasTan mimarTebiT. bolos

da bolos brZolis, metoqeobis motivs upirispirdeba

`miwodeba~ e. w. prestiJuli saqonlis da momsaxurebis

formiT. mocemuli motivis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,

prestiJulobas rogorc fenomens, ar eqneboda aravi-

Tari niadagi.

metoqeobis motivi genetikuradaa damaxasiaTebeli

adamianisTvis, is misi sulieri refleqsia.

swored amis gamo, saqonlis yidvas uswrebs ada-

mianis Segnebuli swrafva Tavisi miznebis imgvarad

formirebisadmi, rom pirvel rigSi, daakmayofilos ara-

sakmarisi resursuli uzrunvelyofis moTxovnilebebi.

samomxmareblo SekveTis nawili, romelsac Cven

ganvsazRvravT rogorc aucilebels, dakmayofilebis

procesSi rTavs prestiJuli saqonlis SezRudul wres;

meore mxriv, samomxmareblo SekveTis sxva nawili C(`fufunebis~ privilegias, moxmarebas da a. S), piriqiT,

dakmayofilebis procesSi rTavs prestiJuli saqonlis

mudmivad gafarToebad wres.

momxmareblis Semosavlebis arseboba im odeno-

biT, rac sakmarisia nebismieri moTxovnilebebis dakmay-

119


ofilebisaTvis, gardaqmnis mas aqtiur figurad ekono-

mikuri da ara fsiqologiuri aspeqtiT.1

momxmarebeli gamodis subieqtis saxiT, romelsac

SeuZlia Tavisi samomxmareblo miznebidan gamomdin-

are, prestiJuli saqonlis winwaweva arasakmarisi saSe-

mosavlo uzrunvelyofis SemTxvevaSi _ swored es aris

aqtiuri _ fsiqologiuri moxmarebis kvlevis obieqti.

swored aseT momxmarebels SeuZlia grZnobiTi

siamovnebis miReba moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis ara

TviT faqtiT, aramed gacnobierebis ufro maRal Tvise-

briv doneze Tavisi miznebis gasvliT.

maSasadame, moxmarebis `Siga~ pirobebi winas-

war gansazRvravs samomxamreblo SekveTis struqturas,

romelic Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: tradiciuli moTx-

ovnilebebi da `namati~ moTxovnilebebi. es ukanaskneli

iZens gamyidvelis an momxmareblis molodinis formas.

swored `namati~ moTxovnilebebis molodinia samomx-

mareblo SekveTis saZiebeli forma.

moxmarebis `gare~ pirobebis Sedegebis gamokvl-

eva molodinis struqturisa da Sinaarsis daxasiaTebis

saSualebas iZleva. misi qveda zRvris formirebas gana-

pirobebs moxmarebis socialur-ekonomikuri pirobe-

bi, xolo zeda zRvars _ bunebrivi, ideologiuri an

fsiqologiuri. rogorc Sedegi _ fuladi dagrovebis

struqtura, ganixileba rogorc samomxmareblo molo-

dinis struqturisagan warmoebuli sidide. aqedan:

Kcu = K

sadac: Kcu _ sargeblobis mosalodneli zrdis

koeficientia moxmarebis `Siga~ pirobebis Sedegebidan

1 m. nanitaSvili. momxmareblis ekonomikuri interesebi. goris

saxelmwifo Sromebis krebuli, t. III, 2000, gv. 103-111.

120


gamomdinare;

K _ dagrovebis zrdis Sejamebuli Sefaseba

yvela gare faqtorebis gaTvalsiwinebiT.

sargeblianobis Sefasebis logika iseTia, rom igi

aris Tavis socialur-ekonomikur bazisTan misi gadame-

tebis faqti, dasturi rogorc momxmareblis aqtiuri

poziciis gamovlinebis, aseve safuZvliani Sefasebebis

arsebobisa TiToeul `gare~ faqtorTan damokideb-

ulebiT.

amitom:

, ,sadac: _ dagrovebis namatis koeficientia

muSakis molodinis Sesabamisad;

_ dagrovebis namatis koeficienti

`racionaluri~, patrioti adamianis molodinis Sesabamis-

ad, romelic iRvwis sazogadoebrivi warmatebisaTvis.

momxmareblis aqtiur pozicias adgili aqvs

roca:

Tavis mxriv: _ aris momxmare-

blis molodinis wili, romelic iswrafvis warmatebi-

sTvis, momxmareblis srul molodinSi, iZens Tvisebas

Seasrulos gansazRvruli roli.

maSasadame, samomxmareblo SekveTa, romelic yal-

ibdeba momxmareblis gare pirobebis gavleniT, iRebs

Semdeg saxes:

ndКdКdК

aedКdK 21/

aedК

/

ndКdКdК 21

aedК

ndКdКdК

/21

aeddКae

dК///

121

maSasadame, moxmarebis `Siga~ pirobebi gansaz-

Rvravs TviT momxareblis Seqmnis ideas. amitom, misi

mTavari daniSnuleba dakavSirebulia moxmarebis

CamoyalibebasTan, ufro farTo azriT ki _ samomxmare-

blo SekveTasTan adamianTa cnobierebaSi. moxmarebis

`gare~ pirobebi ki asrulebs sruliad damoukidebel

da uaRresad mniSvnelovan rols, radganac moxmarebas

da warmoebas akavSirebs erTmaneTTan da qmnis erTian

organizms, romelsac ekonomika ewodeba. momxmareblis

qceva ganasaxierebs, erTi mxriv, ekonomikis obieqtur

sawyisebs, meore mxriv ki, marketings aniWebs dinamizms

damoukidebeli qcevis mimarT Semecnebis unaris xar-

jze.1 momxmareblis qceva, Tavis dasrulebuli saxiT,

warmogvidgeba rogorc yidvis Sesaxeb miRebuli gad-

awyvetilebis procesi, romelic dRes upiratesad aRw-

erilobiTi procesia da ar aris gamoxatuli sistemur

doneze, romlis erT-erT mTavar mizezs, Cveni Sexed-

ulebiT, warmoadgens uyuradReboba moxmarebis Siga da

gare pirobebis Sedegebis damuSavebisadmi.

1 iqve, gv. 93-102.


m. S. = (ΔC . d + [ΔC . d + ΔC . d + ΔC . d ])e/ 1 2 n

122

Psychological Aspect of Consumer Behavior Psychological Aspect of Consumer Behavior

M. NanitashviliM. Nanitashvili

The present paper deals with the study of the psychological phe-nomenon in the context which defi nes the ability of involving person-al sensitive mechanism and motivation in the process of setting one’s goals. Actually, the phenomenon of being determined to achieve the goal is discussed. This phenomenon turns into a psychological regulator from the moment a person’s consciousness is involved in the process of assessing his/her place, taking into consideration consumption of busi-ness abilities of the people, reognised publicly.

The “internal” conditions of consumption determine the idea of creating a consumer itself. So its main purpose is connected with the formation of consumption, and in a broader sense with formation con-sumer order in people’s consciousness. As for the “external” conditions of consumption, they play absolutely independent and a very important role, because they link consumption and production together. On the one hand, consumer behavior represents the objective origins of economics, on the other hand, at the expense of cognition ability towards an inde-pendent behavior, provides marketing with dynamism.


123


loid qarCavaloid qarCava

biznesis administrirebis doqtori,biznesis administrirebis doqtori,

kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universitetis kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universitetis

asocirebuli profesoriasocirebuli profesori

eTer sarjvelaZeeTer sarjvelaZe

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetisTsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis

samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis

samsaxuris ufrosi specialistisamsaxuris ufrosi specialisti

Tanamedrove kompaniebis saqmianobaSi sakomunikacio

strategiis agebis erT-erT aqtualur problemas warmo-

adgens marketingis, reklamasa da PR-is (Public Relation _ sazogadoebasTan urTierToba) Tanafardoba. aRniSnul

sakiTxs sxvadasxva kompania sxvadasvxagvarad wyvets. zo-

gierT firmaSi PR-is funqcia reklamis samsaxurs miekuT-

vneba, zogSi ki – marketingis ganyofilebas. xSir SemTxve-

vaSi organizaciebSi marketings, reklamasa da PR-s, erTi

horizontaluri kavSiriT aerTianeben, anu erT samsaxur-

Si, erT sammarTveloSia moqceuli. mniSvnelovani gansxva-

vebis miuxedavad, rig qveyanaSi Seiqmna zogadi Sexedule-

ba marketingisa da PR-is funqciebis urTierTqmedebis

Sesaxeb. TiToeuli maTgani bizneskomunikaciis Semadgene-

li nawilia, radgan esaa urTierToba momxmarebelTan. is

xorcieldeba saqonlis mflobelis mier da gaTvlilia

momxmarebelze zemoqmedebisaTvis sxvadasxva formiTa da

saSualebiT. imisaTvis, rom ufro naTlad warmovidginoT

reklamis, marketingis, PR-isa da brendingis funqcionalu-

integrirebuli marketinguli integrirebuli marketinguli

komunikaciebi biznesSikomunikaciebi biznesSi

124

loid qarCava, loid qarCava, eTer sarjvelaZeeTer sarjvelaZe

ri Tanafardoba, qronologiurad ganvixilavT TiToeu-

lis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas.

daviwyoT reklamiT, romelsac gacilebiT didi

xnis istoria aqvs, vidre marketings, PR-isa Tu brendings.

`reklama~ laTinuri sityvaa da „yvirils“ niSnavs. zepi-

ri reklama pirvelad monaTmflobelur bazarze Caisa-

xa. monis yidvas Tan axlda misi Rirsebebis Taviseburi

anotacia: `mas orive yuriT SesaniSnavad esmis, TvalebiT `mas orive yuriT SesaniSnavad esmis, TvalebiT

kargad xedavs, aqvs ori xeli da ori fexi, romlebic kar-kargad xedavs, aqvs ori xeli da ori fexi, romlebic kar-

gad darbian”...gad darbian”... Sua saukuneebis evropaSi reklamis farTo

ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis ga-

moCenam. msoflioSi pirvel gazeTad iTvleba xeliT da-

werili romauli gazeTi _ „cta iuznu“ (yoveldRiuri ambebi),

romelic sareklamo Setyobinebebs aqveynebda. erT-erTi

pirveli sareklamo masala, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia,

egvipturi papirusia, romelic monis gayidvis Sesaxeb iuw-

yeba.

TandaTan, sazogadoebrivma da teqnologiurma pro-

gresma, axal simaRlemde aiyvana reklama, risi Sedegic

iyo is, rom 1473 wels inglisSi gamoCnda pirveli beWduri

sareklamo gancxadeba, xolo XV-XVI saukuneebis mijnaze

venecielma wignis gamyidvelma a. manucim momxmareblis

mizidvis mizniT, daiwyo wignebis saTaurebis qaRaldis

calke furclebze beWdva da Tavisi maRaziis win vitri-

nebSi gamofena. amiT myidveli karebSive ecnoboda wi-

gnebis sargeblianobas, xolo ukve 1611 wels londonSi

Seiqmna a. goraJisa da u. kopis pirveli sareklamo biuro.

dReisaTvis reklama gvxvdeba yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT

_ televiziiT, radioTi, presaSi, internetSi, quCebSi, me-

tros sadgurebsa Tu metros vagonebSi da a.S.

reklama aris pirveli done, rac SeiZleba gakeT-

des saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realizebis mizniT. esaa esaa

informaciis Setyobineba saqonelTa Sesaxeb _ maTi da-informaciis Setyobineba saqonelTa Sesaxeb _ maTi da-

125

menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

niSnulebisa da Tvisebebis, gayidvis adgilebisa da piro-niSnulebisa da Tvisebebis, gayidvis adgilebisa da piro-

bebis, agreTve SeTavazebuli momsaxurebis Sesaxeb, bebis, agreTve SeTavazebuli momsaxurebis Sesaxeb, saqone-

lis propaganda potenciur myidvelebze zemoqmedebisa da

masSi yidvis moTxovnebis gaCenis mizniT.

adreul etapze, reklamis mTavari daniSnuleba iyo

sazogadoebisTvis ecnobebina ama Tu im produqciis an

momsaxurebis arseboba. droTa ganmavlobaSi, roca gaCnda

konkurencia, xolo mogvianebiT _ Warbwarmoeba momxma-

reblis myidvelobiTunarianobasTan SedarebiT, sakmarisi

ar aRmoCnda mxolod mSrali informaciis miwodeba ama

Tu im saxeobis produqciis Sesaxeb, radgan arsebobda

alernatiuili saqoneli da myidvels unda gaekeTebi-

na arCevani. saWiro gaxda sxvadsxva samewarmeo sferos

gasaRebiTi saqmianobis marTvis ufro maRali xarisxis

uzrunvelyofa. marketingi,marketingi, rogorc ekonomikuri katego-

ria da samewarmeo saqmianobis gansakuTrebuli saxeoba,

aRmocenda XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis da-

sawyisSi. marketingis aRmoceneba dakavSirebulia swored

sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTarebasa da konkurenciis

Semdgom gamwvavebasTan.

marketingi mimarTulia mogebis miRebis mizniT

bazrisa da konkretul momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis

Seswavlasa da warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

samomxmareblo moTxovnis formirebis, stimulirebisa da

gayidvis gafarToebisaken. XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis

Semdeg bevri mewarme warmoebaze orientaciidan gadavida

gasaRebis orientaciaze. Warbma warmoebam xelmZRvanelebi

aiZula miemarTaT gasaRebis sferos agresiuli meTodis-

aTvis, raTa gaeyidaT yovelive is, rac hqondaT gasayidi.

marketingis ganviTarebaSi Tvisebrivi naxtomi mox-

da XX saukunis 60-80-ian wlebSi, rodesac ganxorcielda

industriulidan postindustriul sazogadoebaze gadas-

vla, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia masobrivi, msxvil-

126


masStabiani warmoebidan momxmarebelTa individualuri

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis sul ufro meti difer-

encireba, aseve izrdeba mcire sawarmoTa ricxvi, arse-

biTad farTovdeba samecniero-teqnikuri informaciis samecniero-teqnikuri informaciis

roli da a.S.

qronologiurad marketings mohyveba PR. Tuki mar-

ketingi warmoadgens saqonlis an momsaxurebis fasebis

warmoqmnis, distributorebTan muSaobis mxardaWeris

RonisZiebaTa kompleqss, PR aris firmis reputaciis mar-Tva. marketingi qmnis saqonlisa da momsaxurebisaTvis

bazars, xolo PR uzrunvelyofs xelsayrel garemos

firmebis Sedegiani moqmedebisaTvis. zogierT SemTxvevaSi,

marketinguli warmateba SeiZleba Seferxdes negatiuri

socialur-politikuri tendenciebiT, romlis Tval-yuris

devna da Serbileba PR-is amocanaa.garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi marketologebi

PR-s aRiqvamdnen rogorc damatebiT, magram ara aucileb-

el saqmianobas. am Sexedulebam erTgvari cvlileba gani-

cada msoflioSi mimdinare rigi tendenciis gamo:

_ momxmareblis moTxovnis gazrda SeTavazebuli

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis xarisxis mimarT;

_ ekologiuri organizaciebisa da kvleviTi insti-

tutebis saqmianobis gaaqtiureba;

_ rigi normatiuli aqtis gaCena ekologiis,

produqciis xarisxis dacvis kuTxiT, saxelmwifos makon-

trolebeli rolis zrda;

_ msoflio sazogadoebis yuradRebis gazrda tran-

serovnuli korporaciebis socialuri pasuxismgeblobis

mimarT globalizaciis procesebis konteqstiT da sxva.

yvala am ZiriTadi tendenciis erToblivi gavleniT

gaizarda PR-is mniSvneloba, rogorc marTvis umniSvnelo-

vanesi funqciisa, romelic ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebs

kompaniis warmatebuli saqmianobis uzrunvelyofaSi.

127


bolo ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi momxdarma

obieqturma cvlilebebma gamoiwvia marketingis kompleq-

sis mniSvnelobisa da arsis gafarToeba. Tuki adre moiaz-

reboda e.w. 4P (Product, Price, Place, Promoti on – produqti, fasi, adgili da mxardaWera), filip kotlerma misi sruli gage-

bisaTvis mizanSewonilad CaTvala mexuTe _ P-s SemoReba, romelic PR-s gulisxmobs1 da rasac Cvenc veTanxmebiT.

integrirebuli marketinguli komunikaciebi gulisx-

mobs PR-is da reklamis CarTvas marketingis procesis

yvela stadiaze _ dagegmvidan dawyebuli _ bazarze win

wawevamde. amitomac, amJamad msoflios wamyvan kompaniebSi

marketingis funqciis safuZvelia integrirebuli market-

inguli komunikaciebi.

sakomunikacio gegma mkafiod unda mijnavdes re-

klamis, PR-isa da marketingis pasuxismgeblobis ares. Ti-

Toeul mimarTulebas gaaCnia Tavisi amocanebi:

_ reklama iZleva kontrolirebadi informaciis

gavrcelebis saSualebas;

_ marketinguli RonisZiebebi xels uwyobs gayid-

vebs;

_ PR dadebiT reputacias uqmnis produqcias da or-

ganizacias mTlianobaSi.

cnobili specialisti klaus hilgersi gvirCevs:

`daiviwyeT marketingi da reklama, modis PR-is dro~,2 ma-gram arc mTlad asea saqme. marketingis mniSvnelobis

uryev poziciaze miuTiTebs Tundac is faqti, rom mar-

ketingis sferos mkvlevar martin lindstormis (Martin Lindstorm) wignebi _ marketingis garSemo, mravali welia

msoflio bestselerTa siaSia, iTargmneba 40 enaze da 60-

ze met qveyanaSi gamoicema. `neiromarketingis guru-d~

wodebuli m.

1 sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samagido enciklopedia (avtor-

Ta koleqtivi), `cotne~, Tb., 2006, gv.64.2 http://www.georgianbrand.ge/

128


lindstormi 2009 wels Jurnalma `Taimma~ (TIME) msoflios 100 yvelaze gavlenian adamianTa Soris daasaxe-

la1. m. lindstormma SemoiRo termini _ ̀ neiromarketingi~,

rac avtoris ganmartebiT, marketingisa da neiromecniere-

bis qorwinebaa.

mravali brendis marketinguli strategia dafuZneb-

ulia bazris Seswavlis raodenobriv da xarisxobriv

gamokvlevebze. lindstormis azriT, adamianis gadaw-

yvetileba raime nivTis yidvis Sesaxeb gauTviTcnobier-

ebelia da gamokiTxvaze dayrdnobiT gadawyvetilebebis

miReba, 90%-iT ar aris gamarTlebuli.

martin lindstormi Tavis bestselerSi _ `Buy-ology~, anu `mecniereba gayidvebis Sesaxeb~, marketingisa

da neiromecnierebas Soris kavSiriT xsnis, Tu ratom

vyidulobT Cven ama Tu im nivTs. bestselerSi avtori

cdilobs daakavSiros sloganebi, reklamebi, sareklamo

melodiebi da aqciebis gavlena myidvelis arCevanze. is

swavlobs adamianebis fsiqikas, ganixilavs maT qvecnobier

samyaros, radgan miiCnevs, rom swored adamianis tvinia

gadamwyveti myidvelis arCevanSi. m. lindstormis infor-

maciiT, man Seiswavla 2000 adamiani msoflios sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi 3 wlis manZilze da swored amis safuZvelze

akeTebs daskvnebs. faqti ki is aris, rom misma wignebma

msoflio aRiareba moipoves. Tu gamyidvelma kompaniam

icis, ra kuTxiT unda miudges myidvels, misTvis martivi

xdeba potenciuri momxmareblis marTva.

bolo aTwleulebSi aqtiuri gaxda brendi da brend-

ingi. brendi marketingSi ganisazRvreba rogorc momx-

mareblis cnobierebaSi produqtis aRqma. brendi ar aris

logo, sareklamo gancxadeba da arc Tavad produqti.

brendi momxmareblis STabeWdilebebis krebulia mocemul

produqtze. brendi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani xdeba

maSin, rodesac bazarze konkurenti warmoiSoba. momxmare-

beli brends arCevanis gakeTebis procesSi iyenebs. is

http://netgazeti.g1 e

129


uadvilebs momxmarebels gaarkvios romeli produqtia

misTvis sxvebTan SedarebiT ukeTesi.1

`brendingi mTlianad komunikaciis meSveobiT re-

alizdeba. komunikacia daiyvaneba imaze, ra informacias

miiRebs auditoria. brendingi aris is, rac auditoriis

cnobierebaSi xdeba. brendi ar arsebobs sapatento bi-

uroSi, rogorc savaWro marka. is ar imaleba dizainis

saSualebebSi. brendi brendad mxolod adamianis cno-

bierebaSi xdeba.~1

brendireba misi Rirebulebis gazrdas niSnavs.

brendingis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia produqtis, momsax-

urebis, kompaniis, movlenis, pirovnebis faseulobis gaz-

rda.

savaWro niSnis warmatebuloba, rogorc wesi, misi

cnobadobis gazomviT dgindeba. cnobadoba, Tavis mxriv,

reklamirebis sxvadasxva saSualebiT miiRweva. reklama

investiciebs moiTxovs. savaWro niSnis warmatebuloba

jer kidev ar niSnavs brendis Camoyalibebas.

brendis Seqmnis klasikur mizezs warmoadgens misi

unari, gazardos sxvaoba TviTRirebulebasa da gasayid

fass Soris (magaliTisTvis, dResdReobiT Intel-s SeuZlia

aiZulos myidveli, gadaixados masSi 40%-iT meti, vidre

nebismier sxva procesorSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom xarisx-

iT Intel-s arafriT Camouvardeba, zog SemTxvevaSi, sjobs

kidec sxva procesorebi). brendisTvis damaxasiaTebelia

momxmarebelTan „megobruli urTierTobebis“ damyareba,

adamianebi ki megobrebis erTgulebi arian da xSirad pa-

tioben nakls.

dRevandel swrafad cvalebad samyaroSi sul

ufro mcirdeba produqtebisa da momsaxurebis sasic-

ocxlo cikli. 10-15 wlis win kompaniebs mxolod Tavi-

si produqtebi ainteresebda, dRes ukve aqcenti keTdeba

http://www.nplg.gov.ge1

130


brendze. produqtebi Cndeba da qreba, brendi ki rCeba. mTa-

varia, brends hqondes filosofia, individualuroba, Sarmi

da qmnides Rirebulebebs. saboloo angariSiT, swored

saerTo Rirebulebebia is „gasaRebi“, rac momxmarebels

brendTan akavSirebs. cnobili brendis _ `sTarbuqsis~

(Starbucks) xelmZRvanelis, maikl suinis TqmiT: „kompania

Zalian iSviaTad hqmnis brends, is mxolod pirvel nabijs

dgams, brends ki Semdgom ayalibeben klientebi, radgan

brendi aris urTierTobebi“1.

brendis susti da Zlieri mxareebis analizisaT-

vis, Svedi mkvlevari Tomas gedi Tavis bestselerSi _

„oTxganzomilebiani brendingi“, oTxganzomilebian mod-

els gvTavazobs. esenia: funqcionaluri, socialuri, men-

taluri da sulieri ganzomilebebi. Cvenc veTanxmebiT am

mosazrebas.

nebismieri legendaruli brendis warmatebis miz-

ezebis gaanalizebisas irkveva, rom momxmareblis cno-

bierebaSi brendis Camoyalibeba oTxi mimarTulebiT, anu

oTxi ganzomilebiT xdeba:

1. funqcionaluri ganzomilebiT produqciis sarge-

blianoba aris mTavari: dabali fasi, maRali xarisxi, sa-

siamovno atmosfero;

2. socialuri ganzomileba asaxavs damokidebulebas

myidvelsa da im socialur jgufs Soris, romelsac unda

ganekuTvnebodes es myidveli;

3. mentaluri ganzomilebiT mniSvnelobas iZens ara

is, Tu ras fiqrobs momxmarebelze gare samyaro, aramed is,

Tu ras fiqrobs momxmarebeli sakuTar Tavze;

4. sulieri/idealisturi ganzomileba sistemis yve-

laze didi nawilia. vinc icis am ganzomilebis Sinaarsi,

g.erqomaiSvili, inovaciebi da brendis Seqmnis saSualebebi, 1

Jurn. àxali ekonomisti~, 2007, #5, gv.23.

http://ipm.ge/article/Brandin2 g

131


man zustad icis, ra kavSiri aqvs brends, produqts an

kompanias am did sistemasTan. am ganzomilebaSi warmate-

bis miRweva yvelaze rTuli amocanaa imis gamo, rom ar

SeiZleba iyo naxevrad an cotaTi eTikuri. am gzaze dam-

dgar brends ukan dasaxevi gza aRar rCeba. amitom, Tu

brendi acxadebs Tavisi maRali idealebis Sesaxeb, igi

aucileblad mzad unda iyos dartymisTvis gare samyaros

mxridan. es am ganzomilebis kanonia.1

rac dro gadis, adamiani materialuri Rirebulebebi-

dan ukve sulieri, moraluri da fsiqologiuri faqtore-

bis gamoyenebiT swavlobs momxmareblamde misasvlel

gzas. Cven mier zemoT naxseneb martin lindstorms ori

bestseleri aqvs gamocemuli brendis Temaze. is Tavisebu-

rad xsnis da Tvlis, rom msoflio religiebis samyaro,

brendis Senebis procesis wyaroa. igi aseve, msjelobs

adamianis 5 grZnobis mniSvnelobaze brendis Seqmnis pro-

cesSi. isic saintereso faqtia, rom Tomas gedi Tavis best-

selerSi - „oTxganzomilebiani brendingi“, romelzec Cven

zemoT gvqon da msjeloba, SesavalSi albert ainStainis

sityvebis citirebas axdens: `sjobs gwamdes, vidre ar

gwamdes, radgan rwmeniT yvelaferia SesaZlebeli~.1 rwmena

saWiroa yvelgan da yvelaferSi, maT Soris biznesSi. PR unda ganvixiloT rogorc erTjeradi procesi, moqmedeba,

xolo brendingi – rogorc mravaljeradi reklama da

PR, romelic saboloo angariSiT, qmnis da zrdis firmis

imijsa da sandoobas.

qarTuli kompaniebis kvlevam gviCvena, rom samwux-

arod maTi umravlesoba ver acnobierebs integrirebuli

marketinguli komunikaciebis rols da ar (an ver) awar-

moeben saTanado RonisZiebebs. am kuTxiT Zalisxmevis war-

marTva umniSvnelovanesia, radgan marketinguli komunika-

ciebi - marketingi, reklama, PR da brendingi, produqciis

http://ipm.ge/article/Brandin1 g

132


gasaRebisaTvis is oqros wiboebia, romelic produqciis

garSemo TvalismomWrelad unda brwyinavdes. es is bi-

zneskomunikaciebia, romelic swored integrirebulad

da harmoniulad SeTanawyobilad unda xorcieldebodes.

TiToeuli mimarTulebiT kompaniis top-menejmenti, gansa-

kuTrebuli yuradRebiT da saTuTad unda moepyras po-

tenciur momxmarebels, raTa am ukanasknelma, dRevandel

pirobebSi, roca bazarze nebismieri saxeobis produqtis

sakmaod didi arCevania, advilad gaakeTos arCevani misi

produqciis sasargeblod.

Integrated Marketing Communications in BusinessIntegrated Marketing Communications in Business

L. Karchava L. Karchava E. Sardjveladze E. Sardjveladze

The present article discusses comparative characteristics of adver-tisement, marketing, PR and branding as intergarted marketing communi-cations in business. Their importance and role in business as compound-ing parts of business communications are also showed. If advertisement, marketing and PR are considered as one-time process and action, brand-ing should be considered as multiple advertising and PR, that creates and increases the image and reliability of the product and the company over time.

Besides, marketing communications – marketing, advertisement, PR and branding are like golden ribs for the product and they should be shining brightly in selling process. These are the business communications, which should be used in integrated and harmonious way and management of companies should pay appropriate attention to them.

1 http://ipm.ge/article/Branding.

133


ioseb masuraSviliioseb masuraSvili

ìnovaciuri menejmentis centris~ ìnovaciuri menejmentis centris~

xel-li, ekononikis doqtorixel-li, ekononikis doqtori

saqarTvelo dRes mwvaved ganicdis mecnierebis sferoSi

im sindromis ukmarisobas, romelmac ukanasknel wlebSi

seriozuli dartyma miayena evropas da cnobilia, „evropis

paradoqsiT“. es paradoqsi SeiZleba formulirebul iqnes

Semdegnairad: ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli saqarTvelom

ufro metad izrunos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis

ganviTarebaze im simdidris safuZvelze, romelic mas

gaaCnia maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis saxiT?

dRes, zogadad msoflioSi, qveynebis ekonomikuri

miRwevebis sazomad iTvleba maTi konkurentunarianoba,

rac uSualo kavSirSia teqnologiebis transferebTan,

kvlevebis (mecnierebis) komercializaciasTan (intensiuri

kvlevebis warmoeba, misi Sedegebis aTviseba inovaciebis

saxiT da am inovaciebis realizacia bazarze).

xSirad, warmatebuli ar aris arc axali ideis

produqtad gadaqceva da arc produqtis gasvla bazarze1.

bevri analitikosis azriT, am warmatebis gasaRebia im

procesis Seswavlaa, romlis meSveobiTac inovaciuri

produqti gadaiqceva komerciulad.

samwuxarod, TiTqmis ar arsebobs mimdinare

statistikuri monacemebi axali an Tundac mniSvnelovnad

gaumjobesebuli produqtebis Sesaxeb. kvlevebi

TiTqmis ar moicavs kerZo seqtors. aseve ar arsebobs

1 htt p://www.mccombs.utexas.edu/MSTC/Corporate-Relati ons.aspx

teqnologiebis menejmentis teqnologiebis menejmentis

aqtualuri sakiTxebiaqtualuri sakiTxebi

134


informacia saxelmwifo seqtoris inteleqtualuri

sakuTrebis mniSvnelobis, kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis

xarisxis, samewarmeo saqmianobisa da misi licenzirebis

urTierTkavSiris xarisxis, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis

marTvis an komerciuli aqtiurobis finansuri aspeqtebis

Sesaxeb.

mecnierebis komercializaciaze msjelobisas

igulisxmeba yvela is sfero, sadac mimdinareobs

kvlevebi. mimdinare kvlevebi ki, Catarebul samecniero

konferenciebTan erTad, rogorc cnobilia, erTgvari

stimulia ideebis generirebisaTvis1.

ganvixiloT mecnieruli kvlevebis komercializaciis

ori modeli:

1. goldsmiTis modeli,1. goldsmiTis modeli, romelic wamyvani teqnolo-

giebis komercializaciis strategiebisa da RonisZiebebis

erTgvari sagzao rukaa. es modeli, Tavis mxriv, iyofa

Tormet RonisZiebad (romelSic aRwerilia warmatebis

miRwevis problemebi). TiToeul maTgans gaaCnia teqnikuri

etapi, bazris etapi da biznes-etapi2.

es modeli sxvadasxva stadiaze - sainformacio da

teqnikur moTxovnebze saWiroebebis gansazRvris, proeqtis

ganviTarebis Rirebulebis dadgenis da finansuri

moTxovnebis prognozirebis - procesis Sefasebis

safuZvelia.. aqedan gamomdinareobs sakmaod specifikuri,

mowesrigebuli procesi (ix. sqema 1).

es modeli SemuSavebuli iqna axali produqtebis

dasanergad da im axali kompaniebis Sesaqmnelad, romelic

yvelaze xSirad iyenebs axalwarmoqmnil da mowinave

teqnologiebs. swored es axalwarmoqmnili, mowinave

teqnologiebi warmoadgenს im saerTo raodenobis

Zalian umniSvnelo procents, romelSic inovaciebis

umetesoba dakavSirebulia teqnologiebis miRebasa da

adaptirebasTan. 1 htt p://www.research.ucf.edu/2 htt p://www.ott .nih.gov/current_issues/archive_2008.aspx#08112008

135


კონც

ეპტუალ

ური

სტად

იაგანვით

არების

სტ

ადია

ბაზარ

ზე გასვლის

სტ

ადია

ბაზრის

გაფ

ართოების

სტ

ადია

ბაზრის

ეტაპი

პირველად

ი ბაზარ

ი და შეფასების

შესაძლ

ებლობები

.ძი

რით

ადი

მომხ

მარებლის

იდ

ენტიფ

იცირ

ება და

შეფასება.

მარკეტინ

გული გეგმ

ის

შემუ

შავება

სეგმენტ

აციი

ს გათვალის

წინები

თ,

მარკეტინ

გული არ

ხები

ს და მო

მხმარებლების

ურთიე

რთკავშ

ირის

სტ

რატ

ეგიე

ბი.

გეგმ

ის პოპუ

ლარ

იზაც

იის

განხ

ორცი

ელება.

ბაზრის

კონკურენტული

დაზ

ვერვა

.

მიზნო

ბრივ

ი ვერტიკ

ალური და

შერეუ

ლი ბაზრები და ბაზარ

ზე

შეღწევი

ს შესაძლ

ებლობა

.

მიწო

დების

პარ

ტნი

ორული

არხე

ბის და

(მომხ

მარებელ

თან

ურთიე

რთობი

ს მართვი

ს სი

სტემის

(CR

M) გ

აფარ

თოება.

ბიზნეს

ეტაპი

ფინ

ანსუ

რი,

ფიზ

იკური და

ადამიანუ

რი რესურსები

ს (H

R) მ

ოთხო

ვნების

განსაზ

ღვრ

ა.

უსაფრთხო

ება მო

ითხო

ვს

დაფ

ინანსებას.

მენეჯმენტ

ის გუნდ

ის,

ფინ

ანსუ

რი და ბი

ზნეს-

გეგმ

ის შექმნა.

მართვა

დაფ

ინანსები

ს,

უნარების

ა და

წარმო

ების

მოთხო

ვნების

შესაბამი

სად

.

სტრატ

ეგიუ

ლი და

ბიზნესგ

ეგმები

ს დარ

ეგულირ

ება საბაზრო

შესაძლ

ებლობებზ

ე რეაგი

რების

ათვი

ს.

დივ

ერსი

ფიც

ირება იმ

შიგ

ა და გარე უნარების

, რომელიც

აუ

ცილებელ

ია ინვესტიც

იები

დან

შემო

სავლ

ების

მიზ

ნის

მისაღწევად

.

საერ

თაშორის

ო პარ

ტნი

ორობი

ს დამყარება.

ტექნი

კური

ეტაპი

საექსპლუატ

აციო

მო

თხო

ვნების

და

თავის

ებურებების

განსაზ

ღვრ

ა.

ტექნო

ლოგი

ების

კო

ნკურენტუნარიანო

ბის

დაზ

ვერვა

- საპატენტო

ძი

ება.

განვით

არების

გადაადგი

ლება ტესტირ

ების

და წარმო

ების

ეტაპში

.

ნედლეუ

ლის

წყარო

და

ხარის

ხის უზრუნველ

ყოფის

სი

ტემის

დად

გენა

წარმო

ების

საშუალ

ებების

ჩამო

ყალიბ

ება და

პროდუქც

იის ტექნი

კური

უზრუნველ

ყოფა.

პროდუქტ

ის შემუშავები

ს დამატ

ებით

ი ცი

კლის

განსაზ

ღვრ

ა.

პროდუქტ

ის კონკურენტული

ფუნქცი

ონი

რების

მუდმი

ვი

შეფასება და განვით

არებად

ი ტექნო

ლოგი

ების

მიღ

ება

sqema 1. goldsmiTis modeli1

1 oklaho

mas teqnologiebis komercializaciis centris monacemebi.

136


am modelis uaryofiTi mxarea misi mouqneloba

ukukavSirisTvis. magaliTad, teqnologiebis danergvis

SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli ar aris yvela stadiis gavla,

magram es modeli ar iZleva Tanmimdevrobis Secvlis

SesaZleblobas produqtis saeqspluatacio moTxovnebisa

da ganviTarebis stadiis Sesabamisad. amitom, ufro

misaRebia funqcionaluri modeli.2. 2. andreev-sirkinis modeli.andreev-sirkinis modeli. ganxiluli modelis

msgavsad, es modelic komercializaciis procesSi

Tanmimdevrobis maCvenebelia. Tumca ori sawyisi

etapisaTvis - ideaTa Sesabamisi generirebisa (samecniero

kvlevebi da ganviTareba, konferenciebi da a.S.) da

komercializaciisaTvis, investiciebi (naRdi Tanxebis

akumulireba) proeqtSi ara sakmarisia1. am modelSi,

transformaciis periods pirvel or fazas Soris,

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs rentabelurobisa da

warmatebuli marketingis TvalsazrisiT (ix. sqema 2).

sqema 2. andreev-sirkinis modeli

mas Semdeg, rac produqti gava bazarze, drois sidide

1 htt ps://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2008/CLP.html

siCqare

(dro

bazarze)

masStabi

(drois

sidide)

dawyeba

dro

mxardaWera

(dawyebis Semdgomi

investiciebi)

ideebis

generireba

komercia-

lizacia

realizacia

137


Seesabameba im konkretul dros, romelic aucilebelia

produqtis rentabelobis zRvaris misaRwevad. produqti

(an momsaxureba) rac ufro adre miaRwevs warmoebis

optimalur masStabebs, miT ufro swrafad moitans mogebas

da swored bazris reaqcia iqneba is, rac komerciul

warmatebas an warumateblobas gansazRvravs.

mesame etapze (realizacia) aqcenti keTdeba

investiciebidan Semosavlebze. es Semosavlebi yovelTvis

miRwevadi ar aris, ramdenadac danaxarjebma teqnikur

mxardaWeraze, reklamasa da ganviTarebaze SesaZloa

gadaaWarbos investiciebidan amonagebs. miuxedavad amisa,

msgavsi situacia dasaSvebia, ramdenadac inteleqtualur

sakuTrebaze uflebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba miRebul iqnes

arapirdapiri mogeba patentebze, roialtis daxmarebiT,

saavtoro uflebebiT da a.S. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

komerciuli mogeba SesaZloa Sefasebul iqnes aRniSnuli

tipis arapirdapiri mogebiTac.

komercializaciis procesis racionaluri

gamoyenebis mizniT, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia inovaciebis

komercializacias SevxedoT saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtoris

aspeqtiT (maT Soris, rogorc universitetebis, aseve

samecniero-kvleviTi institutebis gaTvaliswinebiT).

komercializacia ganekuTvneba im RonisZiebaTa

serias, romelsac sabazro moTxovnebis Sesabamisad,

firmebi axorcielebs codnis da teqnologiebis

gardasaqmnelad axal produqtebad, procesebad

an momsaxurebad. komercializaciis procesisTvis

gadamwyvetia maRalkvalificiuri kadrebi (mecnierebi,

inJinrebi, menejerebi da a.S.).

komercializacia aris ideis an gamogonebis gadaqceva

sasargeblo produqtad an momsaxurebad. zogierTi Tvlis,

rom komercializacia niSnavs ideis an gamogonebis

138


gardaqmnas iseT sabazro produqtad an momsaxurebad,

romelic ukan aucileblad mogebiT dabrundeba.

komercializacia farTo inovaciuri procesebis

Semadgeneli nawilia da SeiZleba moicavdes iseT cdebs

an kvlevebs, rasac SeuZlia rom proeqti finansurad ufro

momgebiani gaxados1.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT inovaciebis marketingis Sesaxeb,

romelic mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

marketingis axali meTodis danergvaa dizainSi an SefuTvaSi,

produqtis ganTavsebasa an fasSi. inovaciebis marketingi

mimarTulia klientebis ukeT dakmayofilebisaken, axali

bazrebis aRmoCenaze an ukve arsebul bazarze produqtis

xelaxla pozicionirebaze, firmis moculobis gazrdis

mizniT.

inovaciebis wamqezebeli meqanizmi, pirvel rigSi,

konkurenciaa. moZvelebuli teqnikisa da teqnologiebis

gamoyenebis procesSi, misi mwarmoeblebi da momxmareblebi

diferencirebul zarals ganicdian, ris gamoc iZulebuli

xdebian inovaciebis aTvisebis meSveobiT eZebon sakuTari

sawarmoo danaxarjebis Semcirebis SesaZleblobebi.

im samewarmeo firmebs, romlebic aiTvisebs efeqtian

inovaciebs, SesaZlebloba eZleva Seamciros sawarmoo

xarjebi da Sesabamisad, saqonlis (produqtis, momsaxurebis)

realizebis fasic.

inovaciuri biznesis arsia mudmivi eqperimenti. ra Tqma

unda, Zalian mniSvnelovania gegmebi, kvlevebi, resursebis

racionaluri ganawileba, magram bazris Seswavlas sxva

garemoebac ganapirobebs, rogoricaa: bazris globalizacia,

konkurenciis gamwvaveba, garemoSi cvlilebebis zvaviseburi

1 Nicholas Wade. The Science Business: Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on the Commercialization of Scientifi c Research. Priority Press Publications. 2004.p.4.

139


zrda da momxmareblis dominireba bazarze.

inovaciuri ideis realizebasTan dakavSirebiT,

saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde, aucilebelia

yuradReba gamaxvildes realuri riskebis da realuri

mogebis molodinebTan dakavSirebul or mniSvnelovan

sakiTxze: 1. proeqtidan miRebuli mogeba sagrZnoblad

meti unda iyos, vidre misi realizebis xarjebi, da 2.

proeqtTan dakavSirebuli riski dasaSveb SefardebaSi

unda iyos misi realizebiT miRebuli ukugebis savaraudo

SefasebasTan1.

Zalian perspeqtiul ideasac ki, „TavisTavad“, ar

moaqvs novatori sawarmosTvis warmateba bazarze.

imisaTvis, rom miaRwios inovaciuri saqmianobis mizans -

miiRos monopoliuri zemogeba, samewarmeo firmas sWirdeba

Sesabamisi pirobebis dacva da garkveuli moTxovnebis

dakmayofilebac. am situaciebSi, saTanado procesis

sakmarisi moqnilobis gamo, ukeTesad miCneulia mcire

inovaciuri firmebi.

kvlevaze orientirebuli mcire biznesi jer kidev

1960-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda, rodesac sauniversiteto

centrebis irgvliv mravali e.w. samecniero firma Seiqmna.

magaliTad, stenfordis universitetis (aSS) maxloblad

Tavmoyrilia eleqtronikis dargSi moqmedi 3 aTasze meti

saSualo da mcire firma. maTSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo

raodenoba 200 aTasis farglebSi meryeobs. miuxedavad

imisa, rom TiToeuli firma nawarmis mxolod 3 saxeobas

uSvebs, yvela erTad kompiuteruli teqnikis eleqtronuli

komponentebis arsebuli msoflio moTxovnilebis

daaxloebiT 20%-s faravs2.

produqtis konkurentul warmatebas dRevandel

1 Strategic Management of Tecnology and Innovation. Robert Burgelman,Clayton Christensen. McGraw Hill. New York. 2010. 2 htt p://www.stanford.edu/research/

140


bazrebze ZiriTadad samewarmeo saqmianobis iseTi

maxasiaTeblebi gansazRvravs, rogoricaa Zveli produqciis

axliT Canacvlebis siswrafe, nawarmis xarisxis da

saimedoobis done, fasi da a.S.

saerTo ekonomikuri maCveneblebis sanacvlod,

miRwevebi teqnologiur ganviTarebasa da inovaciebis

menejmentSi, dRes qveynis ekonomikuri siZlieris da

erovnuli samrewvelo politikis efeqtianobis sazomia.

amasTan, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar aqvs qveyana

ganviTarebas iwyebs sakuTari, Tu sxvebisgan gadmoRebuli

teqnologiuri miRwevebis safuZvelze. mTavaria, man

moaxerxos zemoT xsenebuli maxasiaTeblebis srulyofa

inovaciuri procesebis saTanado warmarTvis meSveobiT

(amis magaliTia axali qarTuli sawarmo „algoriTmi“).

am maxasiaTeblebiT winsvlis praqtikulad

amouwuravi rezervebis arsebobaze araerTi qveynis swrafi

da Sedegiani industriuli ganviTarebis gamocdileba

miuTiTebs (iaponia, singapuri da a.S.).

saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobisaTvis mTavaria

Semdegi oTxi piroba: 1.teqnologiuri infrastruqtura,

raSic igulisxmeba is sawarmoebi, dawesebulebebi da

resursebi, rac aucilebelia intensiuri teqnologiis

samrewvelo procesebis mimdinareobis uzrunvelsayofad,

saTanado nawarmis damuSavebisaTvis, misi warmoebisa

da bazarze wardgenisaTvis; 2.erovnuli orientirebi

- qveyanaSi unda SeirCes samrewvelo prioritetebi

da gatardes maTi ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi saerTo-

saxelmwifoebrivi masStabis RonisZiebebi, romlis

mizania qveyenaSi axal teqnologiebze orientirebuli

produqciis xvedriTi wonis zrda; 3.socialur-ekonomikuri

infrastruqtura, rac moicavs im sazogadoebriv da

ekonomikur institutebs, romlebic unda anviTarebdes,

141


razmavdes da amoqmedebdes Tanamedrove industriuli

qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebel materialur, adamianur,

organizaciul da finansur resursebs; 4.industriis

mwarmoebluroba, rac ganpirobebulia im materialuri

da adamianuri resursebis arsebobiT da maTi gamoyenebis

efeqtianobiT, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove

warmoebis organizeba da gaZRola.

saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis TavlsazrisiT

SeiZleba paradoqsulad JRerdes, magram zogjer qveynebi,

romelTac sakuTari potencialis ganviTareba „sufTa

furclidan“ uwevT, am pirobebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT

ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian xolme (da am

mxriv saqarTvelos didi perspeqtiva gaaCnia), vidre

industrializebuli qveynebi, romelTac amisTvis ukve

Camoyalibebuli viTarebis Secvla uwevT. magaliTad,

miuxedavad imisa, rom britaneTis samefo erT-erTi

aRiarebuli teqnologiuri lideria, mis samrewvelo

bizness axasiaTebs rigi Tavisebureba, rac winaaRmdegobebs

uqmnis qveynis Semdgom progrss. maT Sorisaa:

sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli pirovnuli ganwyobebi,

romlebic momsaxurebis sferosTan SedarebiT, warmoebaSi

dasaqmebas naklebad mimzidvelad miiCneven, ris gamoc ver

xerxdeba sakmaod konkurentunariani inJinrebis momzadeba

adgilobrivi kadrebisagan; SezRuduli Siga bazari,

romelic aSS-s da iaponiis saSinao bazrebTan SedarebiT,

nakleb stimuls qmnis kapitalis investirebisaTvis;

ekonomikis swrafad ganviTarebad seqtorebSi moqmed

kompaniaTa raodenobis simcire (magaliTad, eleqtronikaSi)

da mewarmeTa ltolva ganviTarebis naklebi potencialis

mqone iseT tradiciul dargebSi investirebisaken,

rogoricaa ludis an teqstilis warmoeba; menejerebis

SedarebiTi dabali kompetencia, romelic axSobs

142


TanamSromlebis SemoqmedebiTobas da win eRobeba biznesis

efeqtianobis zrdas.

maRalteqnologiuri da mecnierebatevadi dargebis

ganviTarebis xelSewyobisTvis gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba aqvs qveyanaSi codnis akumulirebis da

SeTvisebis unaris arsebobas, ris deficitic saqarTveloSi

namdvilad ar aris da, rac Cveni qveynis erT-erTi

upiratesobaa.

codnis Sedegiani aTviseba SesaZleblobas aZlevs

individebs, sawarmoebsa da sazogadoebas, moaxdinon

warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli resursebis utilizeba, srulyon

sakuTari kvalifikacia da amiT monawileoba miiRon

qveynis ganviTarebaSi. am mxriv, dReisaTvis saqarTvelos

potenciali sakmaod maRalia da misi srulad amoqmedeba

qveynis ekonomikur gaZlierebas didad Seuwyobs xels.

Conceptual Issues in Technology ManagementConceptual Issues in Technology Management

I. MasI. Masurashviliurashvili

Competitiveness is considered to be a measure for the country’s economic achievements, which is directly linked to the transfer of technology and commercialization of research. Very often, turning a new idea into product or launching a new product is not successful. In order to use the commercialization process effectively, fi rst of all, it’s necessary to look at commercialization of innovations from the point of view of the state and the private sector. For the development of high-tech and scientifi c sectors, it’s especially important to accumulate knowledge within the country, which really isn’t a problem for Georgia, but the most important thing is to make these resources work.

143


sergo cagareiSvili sergo cagareiSvili

soflis meurneobis akademiuri doqtori, soflis meurneobis akademiuri doqtori,

akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis

asocirebuli profesoriasocirebuli profesori

eka deviZe eka deviZe

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis doqtorantiuniversitetis doqtoranti

saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebis strategia

eyrdnoba turizmis mdgradi ganviTarebis msoflioSi

aRiarebul principebs da aSkara upiratesobas aniWebs

bazris moTxovnis stimulirebas. iseTi maRali turistu-

li da sakurorto potencialis mqone qveyanaSi, rogoric

saqarTveloa, aucilebelia gamoikveTos turizmis prior-

itetulobis Semdegi kriteriumebi:

- turizmis eqsportabelurobis maRali done da

aqedan gamomdinare, qveynis Semosavlebis zrdaSi misi

didi potenciali;

- mosaxleobis dasaqmebis masStaburi SesaZleblo-

ba;

- regionuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis

gamoTanabrebis rezervebis arseboba (amis SesaZleblobas

iZleva turistuli potencialis bunebriv-geografiuli

gaadgileba qveynis mTel teritoriaze;

- ekonomikis sxva dargebis (turizmis momijnave

dargebi) ganviTarebis stimulireba da sxva.

Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom bolo ori wlis ganmav-

lobaSi aRiniSneba qveyanaSi Semosul ucxoel turistTa

da vizitorTa zrdis tendencia. mxolod mimdinare wels,

SarSandel analogiur periodTan SedarebiT, maTi ricxvi

TiTqmis 50%-iT gaizarda.

turizmi imereTis regionSi: re-turizmi imereTis regionSi: re-

aloba da perspeqtivebi aloba da perspeqtivebi

144

sergo cagareiSvili, eka deviZe sergo cagareiSvili, eka deviZe

saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebis strategiis

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: Semomyvani turizmis xelSew-

yoba da stimulireba, Siga turizmis ganviTareba, tur-

istuli da zogadi infrastruqturis ganviTareba, kom-

petenturi kadrebis momzadeba da gadamzadeba, dargis

saxelmwifo regulireba, sakanonmdeblo bazis srulyofa

da evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan misi harmonizacia.

saqarTvelos regionebis turistuli resursebis popu-

larizacia da reklamireba.1 udavoa, rom imereTis

regionSi mimdinare RonisZiebebi da arsebuli realoba

karg safuZvels iZleva, rom saqarTvelos SuagulSi daw-

yebulma aRmSeneblobam axali masStabebi SeiZinos da

mniSvnelovni roli Seasrulos Tanamedrove, dasavluri

principebis mqone saxelmwifos formirebis procesSi.

aRniSnuli aspeqtiT imereTis regionis SesaZle-

blobebSi Sedis:

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis funqcionirebis ga-Zliereba;

soflis meurneobis da mTlianad agrosasursaTo seqtorebis potenciali;

teqnoparkebis da industriuli zonebis warmoqm-nisaTvis Sesabamisi bazis arseboba;

regionis geografiuli mdebareoba, bunebrivi da istoriul-arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, xalxuri Semoqmede-

bisa da stumarTmaspinZlobis tradiciebi;

Q quTaiss aqvs turistebis miRebisa da ganawileb-is funqcia, rasac ganapirobebs didi da mcire kavkasionis

qedebis da Savi zRvis siaxlove;

imereTze gadioda ,,didi abreSumis gza“, rac, yvela epoqaSi satransporto magistralur kvanZs warmoadgen-

da.

saqarTvelos prezidentis iniciativiT, 2007 wlis

seqtemberSi, mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba quTaisis is-

toriuli nawilis reabilitaciis Sesaxeb, romelic dakav-

Sirebulia quTaisis meore dedaqalaqad da turistul

1Department of Tourism and Resorts of Georgia 2009; http://www.georgia.travel/travel/index.php?page=10&sub=4&lang=1

145


qalaqad CamoyalibebasTan.

samSeneblo samuSaoebi 2007 wlis noembris TveSi

daiwyo. proeqti ramdenime etaps moicavs. pirveli etapi

samefo ubans, TeTri xidis mimdebare teritorias, cisfer-

yanwelTa, wminda ninos, wereTlisa da puSkinis quCebs (6ha),

sul 38 Senobas Seexo. maT Soris sruli, rekonstruqcia–

reabilitacia Cautarda 31 Senobas, aSenda 7 axali nage-

boba. ganxorcielda miwisqveSa samuSaoebi, Seicvala ko-

munikacia, eleqtro momaragebis sadenebi, bunebrivi airis

milebi, wyalgayvaniloba, quCebi mopirkeTda qvafeniliT,

damontaJda Tanamedrove tipis ganaTeba. istoriuli ub-

nis iersaxis aRdgena–reabilitacia ganxorcielda saar-

qivo masalebze dayrdnobiT. proeqtis avtoria jgufi

,,arqiteqtorebi–ji“, proeqtis pirveli etapis Rirebule-

bam Seadgina 18 mln dolari.1

sareabilitacio proeqtis meore etapi moicavs

aRmaSeneblis moedansa da mis mimdebare teritorias

(faliaSvilisa da rusTavelis quCebi).

aRdgenilia da restavrirebulia istoriulad da

arqiteqturulad mniSvnelovani Senobebi sareabilita-

cio ubanSi: quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelobis pirveli

sajaro skola; kinoTeatri ,,radiumi“, kinoTeatri ,,mon-

pleziri”, sastumro ,,orienti“, oqros Cardaxi, yofili

sportuli skola, TeTri xidi, Tojinebis Teatri, operis

Teatri, wminda ninos saxelobis gimnazia – mesame sajaro

skola, erovnuli bankis Senoba, quTaisis operis Teatri.

Yyovelive aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cvens mier

damuSavebulia: safexmavlo samefo turistuli marSruti:

oqris Cardaxi–I skola–bulvari–aRmaSeneblis moedani–

jaWvis xidi–qvis kibeebi–bagrati–uqimerioni–erovnuli

parki–wiTeli xedi da romantikuli turi wyvilebisaTvis,

romelSic Sedis romantikuli msoflios gacnoba, saubari

siyvarulze, gelaTSi jvrisweris ritualSi monawileoba,

konkursi erovnul cekvebSi, simRerebSi, poeziaSi, gamar-

1imereTis samxareo administracia; http://imereti.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=107

146


jvebulTa dajildoveba da sxva.1

turizmis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikidan

gamomdinare, kidev ufro izrdeba imereTis regionis roli

turizmis ganviTarebaSi, yvelasaTvis cnobilia iuneskos

ZeglTa dacvis siaSi Setanili istoriul-arqiteqturu-

li Zeglebi: bagratis taZrisa da gelaTis samonastero

kompleqsis mniSvneloba. regionSi turizmis ganviTarebis

stimulia saqarTvelos kanoni imereTis mRvimeebis dac-

uli teritoriebis Seqmnisa da marTvis Sesaxeb, romel-

Sic daculi teritoriebis 12 Zeglia Setanili da rac,

eqstremaluri, eko da speleoturizmis ganviTarebis karg

saSualebas warmoadgens. aRsaniSnavia, aseve saTaflias

saxelmwifo nakrZalisa da wyaltubos (yumisTavis, prom-

eTes) karstuli mRvimis turistuli kompleqsebi.2

saTafliis saxelmwifo nakrZalSi mTavari turis-

tuli marSruti iwyeba ZiriTadi sanaxaobidan - dinoza-

vris nakvalevidan da miemarTeba kompleqsis kulturul

centrSi, lamazi xeivniT Sedis ,,dinozavris parkSi“, sa-

dac ganTavsebulia garTobisa da ganviTarebis obieqtebi.

turistuli biliki miemarTeba 330 metrian karstul mRvi-

meSi, romlis gamosasvlelidan ixsneba xedebi q. quTaisze,

gelaTis monastersa da imereTis soflebze. 2011 wels

saTaflia moinaxula 86653 turistma, Semosavlebma Sead-

gina 331368 lari.

promoTes (wyaltubo) karstuli mRvime unikaluri

bunebrivi movlenaa da mas gaaCnia udidesi SemecnebiTi

faseuloba, rogorc samecniero speleologiuri, aseve

turistuli gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. mRvimis mTavari

bilikis sigrZe 1 km-s aRemateba da warmoadgens mraval-

ferovan sanaxaobas: darbazebi, kamarebi, galereebi, mi-

wisqveSa mdinare, gaqvavebuli nakadebis, stalagmitebis da

1 s. cagareiSvili, n. SarabiZe, turizmis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi

imereTSi, quTaisis universiteti, saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgra-

di ganviTarebis socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi. profesor mas-

wavlebelTa II respublikuri samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia,

2010wlis 18 dekemberi.

2s. cagareiSvili, imereTis regionis rekreaciuli resursebi

racionaluri gamoyeneba da ekologiuri Sefaseba. quTaisi, 2009.

147


stalaqtitebis umdidresi formebi. 2011 wels promeTes

mRvime moinaxula 70331 turistma.

2011 wlis 5 aprils quTaisSi Seiqmna turizmis sain-

formacio centri turizmis erovnuli administraciisa

da quTaisis meriis erToblivi proeqtis farglebSi. misi

misiaa xeli Seuwyos turizmis ganviTarebas imereTis

regionSi, Seasrulos damakavSirebeli rgolis funqcia

turistsa da turistul servisebs Soris, centrSi Semo-

sul turists miawodos sruli informacia ganTavsebis,

kvebis, transportirebis, istoriuli Zeglebis, erovnuli

parkebisa da sxva turistuli atraqciebis Sesaxeb. Aanke-

tirebis safuZvelze moaxdinos imereTis regionSi arse-

buli da axladgaxsnili turistuli infrastruqturis

aRricxva, aRwera da fotomasalis moZieba, rac Tavsdeba

Sesabmis veb-gverdze www.mygeorgia.ge/tourism.1 es xels uw-

yobs regionSi arsebuli turistuli infrastruqturis

saerTo monacemTa bazaSi moxvedras.

q. quTaisis turizmis sainformacio centris mier

mowodebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, 2011 wels quTaisSi

Camovida da Rame gaaTia 81 049 ucxoelma (saSualo Ramis

Tevis raodenobaa 3 Rame) da 30 448 qarTvelma turistma.

amaTgan, quTaisis turizmis sainformacio centris servis-

iT isargebla 2564 ucxoelma turistma da 618 saqarT-

velos moqalaqem. 2

imereTis regionis turizmis ganviTarebaSi mniS-

vnelovani roli Seaqvs saxelmwifo rwmunebulis – gu-

bernatoris administracias da q. quTaisis merias. amasTa-

nave, am process xels uwyobs akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universitetis ekonomikisa da turizmis departamentis

turizmis mimarTulebis mier Catarebuli RonisZiebebi,

rac dakavSirebulia studentebis praqtika-staJirebasTan,

dasaqmebasTan, saerTaSoriso turistul gamofenebsa da

konferenciebSi monawileobasTan.

migvaCnia, rom imereTis regionSi turistuli momsax-

1 www.mygeorgia.ge/tourism.2quTaisis turizmis sainformacio centri, http://www.gnta.ge/

148


urebis xarisxis gaumjobesebaze dadebiTad imoqmedebs

turizmis profesiuli saganmanaTleblo programebis

farTo masStabiT amuSaveba, turizmis profesiuli kole-

jis gaxsna. amasTan problemaa gidi-eqskursiamZRolebis

saTanadod momzadeba da maTi miznobrivad gamoyeneba.

Aamitom, kanonis Sesabamisad saswrafodaa misaRebi gadaw-

yvetileba kvalificiuri gidi-eqskursiamZRolebis tur-

istul-saeqskursio marSrutebze aucilebeli gamoyenebis

Sesaxeb.

imereTis regionsa da saerTod dasavleT saqarT-

veloSi socialur-ekonomikur, maT Soris turizmis ganvi-

Tarebas, xels Seuwyobs saxelmwifos mxardaWeriT saqmi-

ani, kulturuli, sportuli da sxva RonisZiebebis stabi-

luri dagegmva-Catareba, rogorc quTaisSi, aseve regionis

sxva qalaqebSi.

Tourism in Imereti Region: Reality and Perspectives

S. Tsagareishvili E. Devidze

The present article deals with the reality and perspectives of tour-ism development in Imereti Region. The authors discuss the potential of the region, in which under the state regulation and with the government support the success is already being achieved. The project initiated by the president (September, 2007) includes 2 stages, on the fi rst stage of the proj-ect reconstruction of 38 buildings have already fi nished and the activities of the second stage have begun. New tourism destinations contributed to the increase in the number of tourists. According to Kutaisi Informational Centre of Tourism, Imereti region was visited by about 81 049 foreigners and 30 448 Georgian Tourists. Geographic location, natural conditions, ar-chitectural and historic monuments, Georgian folk and hospitality is really advantageous for tourism development in the region.

149


mariam niqabaZemariam niqabaZe

iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is doqtorantiiv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is doqtoranti

informaciis mopovebisa da saWiro informaciis

gaanalizebis Sedegad iRebdnen da exlac iReben

gadawyvetilebas menejerebi Tu qveynis mmarTvelebi.

iulius keisari galebTan omis dros gakvirvebas

ver faravda, rameTu misi jaris gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb

galebma yvelaferi icodnen. gamorCeulad Zlieri xmis

mqone “moyvirali moambeebi” erTmaneTs gadasZaxebdnen da

ase avrcelebdnen ambavs. magram, sakmarisi iyo romelime

maTgans rame SeSloda, “gafuWebuli telefonis” msgavsad,

damaxinjebulad igebdnen naTqvams. indielebi signalis

gadasacemad sarkes iyenebdnen. afrikelebs Taviseburi

“dafdafebis telegrafi” hqondaT. werilebs werdnen

faraonebi, imperatorebi, mefeebi da ubralod SeZlebuli

adamianebi. yvela gzas uTmobda gulamovardnil, gaxviTqul

macnes, romelsac cudi ambis motanis SemTxvevaSi, zogjer

sasjelic eloda.

arsebobda kidev erTi originaluri sahaero fosta-

mtredebi. safosto mtredebi - es Zlieri, moqnilfrTiani

frinveli, uZvelesi droidan emsaxureba babilonelebs,

Zvel egviptelebs, berZnebs, romaelebs... warRvnas gadar-

Cenil noesac xom mtredma acnoba xmeleTis siaxlove.

Tumca, didma geografiulma da teqnikurma aRmoCenebma

funqcia daukarga “frTosan fostalionebs”. dRes maT-

dami sportuli interesi Tu SemorCa vinmes da kidev Cvens

metyvelebaSi gamjdari fraza “Citma ambavi momitana.”

XIX saukune udidesi aRmoCenebis epoqaa. maT Soris

unikaluria gamogoneba _ telefoni. msoflioSi pirveli

telefonis demonstrireba moaxdina germanelma fillip

konkurentuli bazari saqarT-konkurentuli bazari saqarT-

velos mobiluri komunikaciebis velos mobiluri komunikaciebis

seqtorSiseqtorSi

150


reisma 1861 wlis 26 oqtombers. informacia telefonis

Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mosaxleobas ivane maCabelma miawo-

da. Mmagram, mxolod telefoni adamianis mzard moTxov-

nilebebs ver akmayofilebda. saWiro iyo raRac sxva...

usadeno kavSiris istoria iwyeba 1901 wels. amave

wlis ivlisSi, inglisurma kompania “makonma” SeZlo gad-

aeca signalebi inglisis sadgur poltiudan sent-jonsis

sadguramde, romelic mdebareobda niufaundledSi. Tvi-

Ton kompania XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis iyo erTaderTi,

romelic axorcielebda sadenian saqalaqaTaSoriso kav-

Sirs. signalebi yoveldRiurad gadaicemoda kabelebiT,

romelic Cadebuli iyo aSS-sa da evropas Soris.

1912 wels, saxelmwifos xelSewyobiT Camoyalibda

rusul-inglisuri radiotelegrafiuli sazogadoeba “ma-

konTan” TanamSromlobiT. pirveli yvelaze mZlavri ra-

diosatelefono sadguri aages XX saukunis dasawyisSi

CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, misi simZlavre Seadgenda 500kvt.

kavSirgabmulobis inglisuri magnati “makoni” moqmedebda

aseve egvipteSi, samxreT afrikaSi, indoeTSi, singapurSi,

espaneTSi, CileSi, saberZneTSi, daniaSi, TurqeTSi da a.S.

fiWur kavSirSi CaerTo 400 portze meti. inglisSi mTeli

samxedro floti aRiWurva radiokavSiriT. moTxovnam

radiokavSirze daiwyo mudmivi zrda. 1921 wels aSS-Si

detroitis policiam SeZlo gamoeyenebina mobiluri kav-

Siri avtombilebSi. fiWuri kavSiris realuri istoria

saTaves iRebs 1946 wels, qalaq santluisSi, (aSS). kompania

AT&T Bell Laboratories-ma Seqmna radiotelefonebi, romelic

mmontaJdeboda avtomobilebSi. aparatura Tavdapirvelad

mouxerxeblad didi moculobis iyo. satelefono saubari

iyo rTuli radgan ver xerxdeboda laparaki da mosmena

erTdroulad. pirveli mobiluri operatori “megakomi”

saqarTveloSi amoqmedda 1996 wels. 1997 wlis martSi amo-

qmedda kompania “jeoselis” mobiluri kavSirgabmulobis

qseli. amave wlis seqtemberSi amoqmedda kompania “mag-

Tikomis” mobiluri kavSirgabmulobis qseli. 1999 wlis

oqtomberSi amoqmedda “iberiatelis” mobiluri kavSir-

gabmulobis qseli. 2006 wlis Semdeg amoqmedda kompania

151


“jeoselisa” da “magTikomis” qselebi 1800mghc sixSireze.

2007 wels amoqmedda “bilainis” qseli.

saqarTveloSi, bolo aTwleulSi, ganuxrelad iz-

rdeba mobiluri kavSiris abonentebis ricxovnoba.

saqarTveloSi mobiluri komunikaciebis seqtori sakmaod

konkurentunariania. amis Sesafaseblad ori ZiriTadi kri-

teriumi arsebobs: urTierTCarTvis tarifebi da nomris

erTi operatoridan meoresTan gadatanis SesaZlebloba.

“bazarze” Sesuli axali kompaniebisTvis urTierTCarTvis

safasuri erT-erTi ZiriTadi xarjia,ris gamoc is mniS-

vnelovnad abrkolebs konkurenciis ganviTarebas. regu-

lirebis ar arsebobisas bazarze moqmedi msxvili op-

eratorebisaTvis momgebiania axal da SedarebiT mcire

qselebTan darekvis da maTgan zarebis miRebis safasuris

gazrda, raTa bazris axali moTamaSeebi momxmarebelTaT-

vis naklebad mimzidvelni iyvnen. vinaidan saqarTvelos

komunikaciebis maregulirebeli erovnuli komisia acno-

bierebda amas, man urTierTCarTvis tarifis zRvruli

odenoba daadgina. is agreTve gegmavs nomris portabe-

lurobis uzrunvelyofas da gulisxmobs, rom operatoris

gamocvlis SemTxvevaSi momxmarebels sakuTari nomris

SenarCuneba SeeZleba. maregulireblis aseTma midgomam

SesaZlebeli gaxada bazris swrafi gafarToeba da xeli

Seuwyo seqtorSi investirebis zrdas, xolo momxmarebel-

Ta raodenobam evropul masStabebs miaRwia.

saqarTveloSi sami ZiriTadi mobiluri qselebis

kompania arsebobs: magTi, jeoseli da bilaini.

jeoselis dabadebis TariRi 1996 wlis seqtemberia,

xolo 1997 wlis 15 marts jeoselis qseliT saqarTvelo-

Si pirveli mobiluri zari ganxorcielda. jeoselis da-

farvis zona dReisaTvis saqarTvelos dasaxlebuli teri-

toriis 98% moicavs. qveynis gareT misi abonentebi “roum-

ing servisiT” sargebloben msoflios 130-ze met qveyana-

Si.1

jeoseli- Teliasonera jgufis wevria. finur-Sveduri

kompania Teliasonera msoflios erT-erTi Zlieri sako-

1www.geocell.com. (n.d.).

152


munikacio holdingia. jeoseli ki Teliasonera evraziis

jgufis wevri. dReisaTvis Teliasonera msoflios 20 qvey-

anaSi, 135 milionze met adamians emsaxureba. saqarTveloSi

ki Tavis saqmianobas jeoselis meSveobiT axorcielebs.

misi biznessivrce saqarTvelos garda moicavs skandina-

vias da baltiispireTs, espaneTs, evraziis qveynebs.

kompania “jeoselma” 15 wlis iubile biujetSi Seta-

nili 517 mln lariT da 5000-mde dasaqmebuli adamianiT

aRniSna. saiubileo TariRTan dakavSirebiT “jeoselis”

generalurma direqtorma osman Turanma da Teliasonera-s pr-ezidentma lars nibergma “jeoselis” 15-wliani muSaoba

warmatebulad Seafases da Tvlian rom “jeoseli” qarTul

sakomunikacio bazarze lideria.1

bilaini Sps “mobiteli”- qarTuli GSM operato-

ri kompaniaa. “mobiteli” flobs licenzias saqarTvelos

teritoriaze GSM-1800 standartis fiWuri momsaxurebis ganxorcielebis uflebiT. kompania 2003 wlis noemberSi

daarsda, magram komerciul saqmianobas ar axorcieleb-

da. 2005 wlis 16 dekembers “mobitelma”, rogorc ss “vi-

mpelkomis” Svilobilma kompaniam, Seisyida GSM-1800 stan-dartiT arsebuli radiosixSiris speqtris gamoyenebis

uflebis licenzia. ss “vimpelkoms” Sps “mobitelis”

aqciaTa 51% ekuTvnis. kompaniis jgufSi gaerTianebulia:

ruseTis, yazaxeTis, ukrainis, tajikeTis, uzbekeTis, somx-

eTis da saqarTvelos GSM operatori kompaniebi. Kompania “vilpelkomis” momsaxureba vrceldeba teritoriaze sa-

dac 240 milioni adamiani cxovrobs.2

ss “vimpelkomi” gaxda pirveli rusuli kompania

romlis aqciebic niuorkis safondo birJaze (NYSE) VIP indeqsiT iyideba.

bilainis misiaa: siamovnebis miReba saubrisagan, Tav-

isuflebis grZnoba drosa da sivrceSi.

mobiluri kavSirgabmulobis kompania Sps “magTikomi”

daarsda 1996 wlis TebervalSi, komerciuli saqmianoba ki

1997 wlis seqtembridan daiwyo. dReisaTvis magTikomis

1(n.d.). Retrieved from http://pirweli.com.ge/?menuid=22&id=2119.2 www.beeline.ge. (n.d.).

153


mflobelebi arian amerikuli kompaniebi Inernational Telcell Celular LLC da Telcell Wireless LLC.1

2005 wlis ivlisSi magTikomma magTis Semdeg meore

brendi-axalgazrduli bali gauSva.

magTikomma funqcionireba daiwyo 900 megaherc six-

Sireze, 1999 wlis noembridan ki igi saqarTvelos GSM

operatorebida pirveli gadavida ormag sixSireze. 2005

wlidan magTikomma pirvelma saqarTveloSi daiwyo me-

same Taobis qselis mSenebloba, raTa momxmareblisTvis

SeeTavazebina 3G servisebi.

magTikomis mizania Tavis abonentebs Seuqmnas maqsi-

maluri komforti, maTTvis uzrunvelyos saukeTeso

xarisxis satelekomunikacio kavSiri, SesTavazos mraval-

ferovani servisebi.

2012 wlis ianvridan “magTikomma” axali brendi

“magTisati” gauSva, romelic gaxlavT satelituri momsax-

ureba. Swored aqedan gamomdinare

“magTisati” faravs mTel saqarTvelos, TiToeul

sofels, sadac aqamde aranairi saSualeba ar hqondaT, rom

televizorisTvis normalurad eyurebinaT. dReisaTvis

“magTikomi” saqarTvelos sakomunikacio bazarze 5

brendiT aris warmodgenili: “magTis”, “balis”, “banisa” da

“magTi fiqsis” Semdeg, 2012 wlis 23 ianvars, “magTikomma”

momxmarebels SesTavaza saqarTveloSi pirveli

Tanamgzavruli mauwyeblobis operatoris-“magTisatis”

momsaxureba. rac Seexeba “magTisatis” momsaxurebis

Rirebulebas: adgilobrivi Tanamgzavruli televiziis

sastarto paketi, romelSic Sedis 23 arxi, Rirs 10 lari,

“sastarto+”-Si ki 48 arxi Sedis da 25 lari Rirs.2

yovelive aRniSnuli metyvelebs imis Sesaxeb,

konkurencia am sferoSi sakmaod didia. amitom, kompaniebi

cdiloben TavianTi servisi rac SeiZleba mimzidveli

gaxadon momxmareblisaTvis. amisaTvis mimarTaven

sxvadasxva gzas. magaliTad, bilainis gamoCenam

1www.magticom.ge. (n.d.).2 ,,magTisati” gTavazobT imas rac jer ar ginaxavR. (2-8 aprili

2012). qronika, 9.

154


sakomunikacio bazarze bevri ram Secvala tarifebTan

dakavSirebiT. magTikomis da jeoselis abonentebi 1

wuT saubarSi ixdidnen 28 TeTrs. bilainma ki qselSi

laparaki wuTSi 2 TeTrad SesTavaza Tavis momxmarebels,

magram misi didi nakli iyo mcire dafarvis zona. tarifis

gaiafebam TavisTavad gamoiwvia magTisa da jeoselis

reagireba. maT SesTavazes 5-TeTriani tarifebi TavianT

abinentebs erTmaneTTan saubrisas. magTikomi acxadebs,

rom is xarisxiT uzrunvelyofs mis momxmareblebs, xolo

SedarebiT SeRavaTiani fasebiT abonentebs SesTavaza

axalgazrduli “bali”. kompaniebi monawileoben sxvadasxva

RonisZiebaSi, iqneba es saqvelmoqmedo, sportuli Tu

xelovnebis sferoSi. afinanseben sxvadasxva proeqts da

amiT cdiloben TavianTi imijis gamyarebas momxmareblebSi.

kompaniebi atareben sxadasxva wamaxalisebel lataria-

gaTamaSebas, romelSic mogebul abonents saCuqrad

avtomobils gadascemen. es yvelaferi kargia, magram

tarifebi mainc maRalia da vimedovnebT, rom konkurentuli

bazari TviTon daaregulirebs fasebs.

Competitive Market in the Mobile Communication Sector of Competitive Market in the Mobile Communication Sector of GeorgiaGeorgia

M. NikabadzeM. Nikabadze

Strong competition in the telecommunication market causes permanent reduction of the telephone tariffs in Georgia. However this trend is not related to the mobile communication sector and some experts believe that this market is monopolized. However, the GCC forecasts that mobile rates will reduce. What is happening in Georgian telecommunication system? International companies operating in Georgia declare every month that they will reduce rates. High competition in this market is benefi cial for the consumers as they can cheaply communicate with others living in different countries of the world.

155

finansebi da sabanko saqme

xaTuna barbaqaZexaTuna barbaqaZe

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis asocirebuli profesoriuniversitetis asocirebuli profesori

kompaniis finansuri mdgomareobis ZiriTadi

indikatorebია likvidobisa da rentabelobis maCveneble-

bi. Tumca, finansuri mdgomareobis analizisas mTavariა miRebuli Sedegebis interpretirebisa da misi ekonomi-

kuri da finansuri procesebis optimizaciisaTvis gamoy-

enebis unari.

likvidoba (mimdinare gadaxdisunarianoba) _ kompani-is finansuri mdgomareobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

maxasiaTebeli, gamoisaxeba sawarmos valdebulebebis im

aqtivebiT dafarvis xarisxiT, romlis fulad gadaqcevis

vada Seesabameba davalianebis dafarvis vadas. sxva sityve-

biT rom vTqvaT, likvidoba aris valdebulebebis drou-

lad da srulad anazRaurebis unari.

dabali gadaxdisunarianoba (likvidoba) vlindeba

finansuri resursebis naklebobis gamo, roca kompanias

aqvs problemebi angariSebis (moklevadiani valdebule-

bebis) gadaxdasTan dakavSirebiT. angariSebis (mokleva-

diani valdebulebebis) gadauxdelobasTan dakavSirebuli

problemis indikatorebs aseve warmoadgens zenormatiuli

davalianeba biujetis, personalis, kreditorebis mimarT,

sakredito resursebis zrda, wminda sabrunavi kapitalis

(wsk) Semcireba da ra Tqma unda, misi uaryofiTi sidide.

likvidobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli maCvenebeliა mim-dinare likvidobis koeficienti, romelic ganisazRvreba,

likvidobisa da rentabelobis likvidobisa da rentabelobis

maCveneblebis dabalansebis SesaxebmaCveneblebis dabalansebis Sesaxeb

156


rogorc sabrunavi aqtivebis Sefardeba moklevadian val-

debulebebTan1.

ebivaldebuleb nimoklevadia

aqtivebi sabrunaviikoeficient likvidobis mimdinare (1)

likvidobis optimizaciis misaRwevad saWiroa mis

ganmsazRvrel faqtorebSi garkveva. amisaTvis ufro mosax-

erxebelia, likvidobis maCveneblis klasikuri formulis

Semdegi variacia:

sabrunavi aqtivebi = valuta _ brunvisgareSe aqtivebi =

(sakuTari kapitali + grZelvadiani valdebulebebi + mokleva-

diani valdebulebebi) _ brunvisgareSe aqtivebi (2)

da (2) formulis safuZvelze:(1)

(3)

kompaniis likvidobis ganmsazRvreლი faqtorebiა:1. saqmianobis momgebianobasaqmianobis momgebianoba (sakuTari kapitalis ode-

noba). mimdinare likvidobis optimizacia SesaZlebelia

saqmianobis momgebianobis amaRlebisa da mogebis im wilis

gazrdis xarjze, romelic rCeba sawarmos gankargulebaSi

(mogebis wilis Semcireba, romelic mimarTulia arasawar-

moo miznebisaken, dividendebis gadasaxdelad); 2. sainves-sainves-

ticio dabandebebi.ticio dabandebebi. sainvesticio dabandebebi (mSnebloba,

mowyobilobebis SeZena) aRemateba kompaniis finansur Ses-

aZleblobebs, kerZod, sakuTari saxsrebisa da moziduli

grZelvadiani kreditebis jams. mocemul SemTxvevaSi mim-

dinare gadaxdisunarianobis amaRleba daiyvaneba sainves-

ticio proeqtebis Semcirebaze, rac finansdeba nasesxebi

kapitalis, gansakuTrebiT _ moklevadianis xarjze; 3. safi-safi-

1 jeims s. van horni, jon m. vaxoviCi, umcr. finansuri menejmentis

safuZvlebi. gamomcemloba ,,saqarTvelos macne”, Tb., 2009, gv. 143.


aqtivebi Sebalansgareebivaldebuleb nigrZelvadiakapitali sakuTari


aqtivebi Sebalansgareebivaldebuleb nigrZelvadiaebivaldebuleb nimoklevadiakapitali sakuTari

ikoeficient likvidobis mimdinare

1

157


nanso politikananso politika (moklevadiani valdebulebebi). likvido-

bis Semcirebis yvelaze tipuri mizezi aris sainvesticio

programebis dafinanseba moklevadiani kreditebis xarjze,

rasac mohyveba damatebiTi datvirTva valis momsaxure-

baze. moklevadiani kreditis mozidvis dros kompania gu-

lisxmobs, rom mimdinare wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoiSოba mocemuli kreditis dafarvis SesaZlebloba, rac xSir

SemTxvevaSi damaxasiaTebeli ar aris masStaburi sainves-

ticio dabandebisaTvis, romlis gamosyidvis vadac aRe-

mateba erT weliwads.

Sesabamisad, mimdinare gadaxdisunarianobis Senar-

Cunebis erT-erT meTodია grZelvadiani valdebulebebis

mozidva brunvisgareSe aqtivebis dasafinanseblad, xolo

moklevadiani kreditebisa ki _ sabrunav saSualebebze

moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. Tuki kompaniam ukve mi-

iRo moklevadiani krediti sainvesticio miznebisaTvis da

mas siZneleebi gaaCnia valis dafაrvasTan dakavSirebiT,

maSin aucilebelia kompaniam scados moklevadiani kredi-

tis Canacvleba grZelvadianiT da valis dafarvis vada

gadaavados, rac mas miscems sawarmos likvidobis amaR-

lebis saSualebas; 4. sabrunavi kapitalis marTvis efeq-sabrunavi kapitalis marTvis efeq-

tianobatianoba (sabrunavi aqtivebi/moklevadiani valdebulebebi). sabrunavi kapitalis marTvis principebi gavlenas axdens

likvidobis Semcirebaze, rodesac sabrunavi aqtivebis

zrda mTlianad dafinansebulia moklevadiani valdebule-

bebis xarjze. sabrunavi kapitalis marTvis efeqtianobis

gazrda iwvevs likvidobis gaumjobesebas.

mimdinare likvidobis gazrdisaTvis aucilebelia:

kompaniis saqmianobis momgebianoba da misi zrda;

finansuri wesis dacva: sainvesticio programis dafinanseba (dabandebebi brunvisgareSe aqtivebSi) moxdes

grZelvadiani da ara moklevadiani kreditebis xarjze;

158


sainvesticio dabandebebi ს ganxorcielება miRe-buli mogebisa da moziduli grZelvadiani investiciebis

farglebSi, sufTa sabrunavi kapitalis mdgomareobis gaT-

valiswinebiT;

kompania yvelanairad unda cdilobdes, rom moax-dinos daumTavrebeli warmoebis maragebis, anu yvelaze

naklebad likviduri sabrunavi aqtivebis gonivruli mini-

mizacia.

rentabelobis maCveneblebi saSualebas iZleva Se-

fasdes kompaniis saqmianobis efeqtianoba.

kapitalis rentabelobiT xasiaTdeba ukugeba aq-

tivebSi dabandebul saxsrebze, xolo gayidvebis renta-

belobiT (momgebianoba) _ ukugeba mimdinare saqmianobaSi

dabandebul saxsrebze. aqvs ra momgebianobis maRali maCve-

nebli, kompania SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes kapitalis dabali

rentabelobiT, anu miRebuli mogeba SeiZleba sakmarisi

produqciis warmoebaze gaweul danaxarjebTan mimarTe-

biT, magram mcire _ kompaniis masStabTan mimarTebiT:

Rirebuleba wliuri saSualo aqtivebis

mogeba sufTaarentabelob kapitalis 4)

kapitalis koeficienti sawarmos konkurentunari-

anobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia. re-

komendebulia misi sididis Sedareba saSualo dargo-briv maCveneblebTan:

.Rirebuleba wliuri saSualo kapitalis sakuTari

mogeba sufTaarentabelob kapitalis sakuTari (5)

kapitalis koeficienti saSualebas iZleva ganisaz-

Rvros mesakuTreebis mier investirebuli kapitalis gamoy-

enebis efeqtianoba. saWiroa am koeficientis mniSvnelobis

Sedareba saxsrebis alternatiuli dabandebebis Semosav-

lianobis normasTan:

159


amonagebi

mogeba sufTa arentabelob gayidvebis (6)

es maCvenebeli axasiaTebs warmoebis, realizaciisa

da finansuri saqmianobis efeqtianobas.

rentabelobis optimizaciis meTodebSi garkvevisaT-

vis saWiroa gamovlindes faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas

axdens mocemul maCvenebelze. რაც SesaZlebelia kapital-

is rentabelobis formulis Semdegnairad modifikaciiT:

,Rirebuleba wliuri saSualo aqtivebis

danrealizacii amonagebi

danrealizacii amonagebi

mogeba sufTaarentabelob kapitalis

(7)

e.i. kapitalis rentabeloba = gayidvebis rentabelo-

ba * aqtivebis brunvadoba. ase, rom kapitalis rentabelo-

bis Semcirebis mizezia, rogorc gayidvebis rentabelobis

(momgebianobis) Semcireba, aseve, kapitalis brunvadobis

Semcireba.

gayidvebis rentabelobis Semcirebis mizezebiა: produqciis Rirebulebis gazrda; gayidvebis moculobeb-

is vardna; sxva saxeobis saqmianobis danakargebi da a.S.

aqtivebis brunvadobis Semcirebis mizezebiა: gayid-vebis moculobebis vardna; aqtivebis sididis gazrda da

xarjviTi ciklis zrda.

aqtivebis sididis Sesamcireblad aucilebelia Sem-

cirdes an sabrunavi saSualebebi an mudmivi aqtivebi, rac

SeiZleba miRweul iqnes Semdegnairad:

gamouyenebeli an mciredgamoyenebadi mowyobilobe-bis (brunvisgareSe aqtivebis) gayidva an Camowera;

nedleulisa da masalebis maragebis, daumTavre-beli warmoebis, mza produqciis maragebis Semcireba;

debitoruli davalianebis Semcireba.

160


sabrunavi saSualebebis marTvisas saWiroa gaTval-

iswinebul iqnes likvidobis SezRudva. aq aucilebelia

kompromisi moiZebnos kapitalis rentabelobaze dadebiTi

gavlenis mqone sabrunavi saSualebebis Semcirebasa da

saerTo likvidobis Semcirebas (romelsac SeuZlia firma

gadaxdisuunarobamde miiyvanos) Soris. amisaTvis gamoi-

yeneba kompaniis sabrunavi saSualebebis marTvis raciona-

luri meTodebi.

finansur analizSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli saku-

Tari kapitalis rentabelobis maCveneblis modifikacia

(diuponis formula), romelic firma `diuponis~ mieraa

damuSavebuli. is iTvaliswinebs àqtivebis rentabelobis

koeficientis~ maCveneblebis formirebis erTian siste-

maSi urTierTdakavSirebuli kerZo finansur koeficien-

tad danawevrebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganazogadebs sawarmos

finansuri da sameurneo saqmianobis yvela mxares11.

(8)

sakuTari kapitalis rentabeloba = gayidvebis

rentabeloba * aqtivebis brunvadoba * finansuri damok-

idebulobis koeficienti (finansuri berketi).

gardaqmnebis Sedegad miRebuli formula adgens sa-

kuTari kapitalis rentabelobis urTierTkavSirs gayid-

vebis rentabelobasTan, aqtivebis brunvadobasa da dafin-

ansebis wyaroebis struqturasTan.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sakuTari kapitalis rent-

abelobis Semcirebis mizezebi SeiZleba iyos:

1 Aa. ingoroyva, g. caava. finansuri menejmenti. Teoria, meTodebi

da praqtika, t. I, Tb., 2011, gv. 129.

Rirebuleba wliuri saSualo kapitalis sakuTari



anralizaciid amonagebi

anralizaciid amonagebi

mogeba sufTaarentabelob kapitalis sakuTari

161


gayidvebis rentabelobis (momgebianobis) Semcire-ba;

kapitalis brunvadobis Semcireba;dafinansebis struqturis (dafinansebis wyaroebis

Rirebuleba) cvlileba.

kompaniis dafinansebis wyaroebis struqturis mar-

Tvis efeqtianobis analizisaTvis gaiangariSeba e. w. ber-

ketis efeqti, romlis arsic Semdegia: kompania, romelic

iyenebs nasesxeb saSualebebs, zrdis an amcirebs sakuTari

kapitalis rentabelobas. sakuTari kapitalis renta-

belobis Semcireba an gazrda damokidebulia nasesxebi

kapitalis saSualo Rirebulebas da finansuri berketis

sidideze:

kapitali sakuTari

kapitali nasesxebi )Rirebuleba kapitalis nasesxebi _

_arentabelob (kapitalis efeqti berketis

(9)

Tu kapitalis rentabeloba aRemateba dafinansebis

nasesxebi wyaroebis (kreditebis Rirebulebas, sakredito

davalianebas) Rirebulebas, maSin sakuTari kapitalis

rentabelobis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT, mizanSewonilia

nasesxebi saxsrebis wilis gazrda. Tu kapitalis renta-

beloba naklebia dafinansebis nasesxebi wyaroebis Rire-

bulebaze, maSin sakuTari kapitalis rentabelobis amaR-

lebis TvalsazrisiT, mizanSewonilia sakuTari saxsrebis

wilis gazrda.

magaliTad, kompania, romlis kapitalis rentabeloba

10%-ia, emsaxureba valdebulebebs, romelTa saerTo Rire-

buleba Seadgens 8,5%-s, maSin, nasesxebi kapitali, rogorc

ufro ìafi” dafinansebis wyaro, unda gaizardos saku-

Tari kapitalis rentabelobis asamaRleblad (Tumca, es

gaauaresebs kompaniis finansur damoukideblobas). Tu

nasesxebi kapitalis Rirebuleba Zvirdeba, magaliTad, 12%-

mde, maSin nasesxebi kapitalis gazrda mizanSewonili ar

162


aris rogorc sakuTari kapitalis rentabelobis, aseve fi-

nansuri damoukideblobis TvalsazrisiT.

analizis Sedegebis gamoyeneba mmarTvelobiTi gad-

awyvetilebebis misaRebad

sakuTari kapitalis gazrdis meTodebia:

momgebianobis (gayidvebis rentabelobis) gazrda;aqtivebis brunvadobis gazrda xarjviTi ciklis

meSveobiT;

ganviTarebis dafinanseba ufro iafi dafinansebis wyaroebis xarjze kompaniis finansuri mdgradobis gaT-

valiwinebiT.

fuladi

saxsrebis

ukmarisoba

dabali

Semosavlebi

maRali

xarjebi

saxsrebis

araraciona-

luri

gamoyeneba

fuladi

nakadi

gayidvebis

rentabeloba

arasawarmoo

xarjebi

sawarmoo

xarjebi

saqonlis

fasi

gayidvebis

moculoba

maragebis

zrda

dabitoruli

davalianebis zrda

sakredito

davalianebis Semcireba

fuladi da

sxva

sabrunavi

saxsrebis

marTva

xarjebis

mar a

faswarmoqmna

marketingi

produqciis

asortimentis

optimizacia

problema SesaZlo

mizezebi

indikatori parametrebi moqmedebis

mimarTuleba

163


gayidvebis rentabeloba SeiZleba gaizardos:

TviTRirebulebis SemcirebiT; realizaciis moculobis gazrdiT; faswrmoqmnis marTviT; warmoebuli produqciis asortimentis, nomenkla-

turis optimizaciiT;

gonivruli marketinguli strategiiT;sxva RonisZiebebis xarjze, rac saSualebas iZleva

gaizardos realizaciis moculoba, Semcirdes warmoebisa

da realizacis danaxarjebi.

ganxiluli finansuri maCveneblebis analizis Sede-

gebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba mmarTvelobiTi zemoqmede-

bis mimarTulebebi, kerZod, problema; problemis warmo-

Sobis mizezebi; indikatori da parametri; moqmedebis mi-

marTulebebi (ix. naxazi).

yovelive aRniSnulTan erTad, sawarmos saqmianobaSi

arasasurveli tendenciebi, romelTa aRmofxvrac aucile-

belia, SeiZleba iyos:

zarali (danakargebi) ZiriTadi sawarmoo saqmiano-bis ganxorcielebis dros;

vadagadacilebuli sakredito davalianebis raRac kritikuli zRvაris gadaWarbeba;

moklevadiani nasesxebi saxsrebis Warbad gamoyeneba grZelvadiani dabandebebis dafinansebis wyaroebis rang-

Si;

sabrunavi saxsrebis qronikuli ukmarisoba;“gadaxra” nasesxebi kapitalis mxares;reinvestirebis araswori politika; investorebis, kreditorebisa da aqcionerebis winaSe

aRebuli valdebulebebis Seusrulebloba (sesxebis Tav-

isdroul dabrunebasTan, procentebisa da dividendebis

Tavisdroul gadaxdasTan mimarTebiT);

vadagadacilebuli debitoruli davalianebis maRa-

164


li xvedriTi wona;

zenormatiuli da Cawolili saqonlis da sawarmoo maragebis arseboba;

finansuri resursebis axali wyaroebis iZulebiTi gamoyeneba SedarebiT araxelsayrel pirobebSi;

warmoebis procesSi moZvelebuli mowyobilobebis gamoyeneba;

grZelvadiani kontraqtebis klientebis dakargva;araxelsayreli cvlilebebi SekveTebis portfelSi,

bazris wilis dakargva.

mocemuli indikatorebis monitoringi da agreTve

likvidobisa da rentabelobis maCveneblebis cvlilebeb-

is tendenciebis analizi, saSualebas iZleva Tavidan iqnes

acilebuli sawarmoTa finansuri siZneleebi.

Regarding the Balance between Liquidity and Regarding the Balance between Liquidity and Profi tability IndicatorsProfi tability Indicators

Kh. Barbakadze Kh. Barbakadze

Main indicators of a company’s fi nancial condition are liquidity and profi tability indexes. Though, during fi nancial analysis interpretation of ob-tained results and ability to use them for optimizing economic and fi nancial processes is very important.

Determining factors of a company’s liquidity are: profi tability of ac-tivity (quantity of own capital); investments (quantity of off-balance assets); fi nancial policies (short-term liabilities); Effective management of working capital (working capital / short-term liabilities). Monitoring of given indi-cators and analysis of liquidity and profi tability indicators changes give us possibility to avoid series of fi nancial diffi culties.

165


sadazRvevo kompaniebis fuladi nakadebis sadazRvevo kompaniebis fuladi nakadebis

marTva dagegmvisa marTva dagegmvisa

da prognozirebis procesSi da prognozirebis procesSi

nato kakaSvili nato kakaSvili

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is asistent-profesoriiv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is asistent-profesori

dagegmvis procesSi sadazRvevo kompaniis ZiriTa-

di amocanebia: sadazRvevo sivrcis dapyroba da sadaz-

Rvevo kompaniis finansuri mdgradobis uzrunvelyofa;

sadazRvevo produqtebis asortimentis gafarToeba;

fuladi nakadis moculobis, siCqaris da mimarTulebis

gansazRvra da amis safuZvelze sadazRvevo saqmianobis

ganviTarebis strategiis formireba. vadis mixedviT ga-

nasxvaveben: 1. grZelvadian gegmebs, rac mimarTulia per-

speqtiuli amocanebisa da problemebis gadasaWrelad

5–dan-10 wlamde; 2. moklevadian, erT wlamde gegmebs,

rac grZelvadiani gegmis ganviTarebis sawyisia, sadac

dasmulia konkretuli amocanebi, dazustebulia sawyisi

monacemebi da Semsruleblebi.

grZelvadiani, anu strategiuli gegma iTval-

iswinebs: 1. sadazRvevo kompaniis ganviTarebis mi-

marTulebebs; 2. dasaxuli mimarTulebebis realizaci-

isTvis miRebul zomebs; 3. gegmebis ganxorcielebis

vadebs; 4. gegmebis Sesrulebis kontrols.

rogorc saprognozo, aseve gegmuri finansuri

maCveneblebis bazas warmoadgens praqtikaSi sakmaod

farTod gavrcelebuli meTodebis gamoyeneba,romelTa

Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania:

sabalanso meTodi, sabalanso meTodi, romelic gamoiyeneba finansuri

maCveneblebis gamoyenebis mimarTulebebis SesaTanxme-

blad misi formirebis wyaroebTan da finansuri gegme-

bis yvela nawilis erTmaneTTan Sesadareblad;

eqstrapolaciis meTodi eqstrapolaciis meTodi gulisxmobs finansuri

166

nato kakaSvilinato kakaSvili

maCveneblebis gansazRvras,misi dinamikis gamovlenis

safuZvelze;

normatiuli meTodinormatiuli meTodi dafuZnebulia ukve dawese-

buli normebisa da normativebis gamoyenebaze;

maTematikuri modelirebis meTodimaTematikuri modelirebis meTodi romlis ar-

sia realuri ekonomikuri da socialuri procese-

bis imitacia,finansuri modelebis ageba. gegmebis

saxeobebidan gamomdinare, mimdinare da perspeqtiuli

gegmebi Semdegnairad klasificirdeba:

operatiuli,operatiuli, rac sadazRvevo kompaniis mokleva-

diani miznebis miRwevasTan dakavSirebuli taqtikuri

gegmebia rac wliuri an/da kvartaluri biujetebis

saxiTaa warmodgenili;

adminstraciuli, adminstraciuli, rac organizaciuli struqturis

ganviTarebisa da mxardaWeris taqtikuri gegmebia, rom-

lis mizana iseTi kompaniis Seqmna,sadac miRweuli iqne-

ba Sesrulebis sasurveli done;

strategiuli,strategiuli, rac organizaciis grZelvadiani

struqturisa da biznesis generaluri ganviTarebis

gegmebia. organizaciis strategiebis gadaxedva xdeba

ara sistematurad,aramed periodulad.

strategiuli dagegmvisas, upirveles yovlis, ori-

entireba xdeba dazRvevis sxvadasxva saxeobebze arse-

bul moTxovnaze fuladi saxsrebis maqsimaluri akumu-

laciisa da optimaluri Semosavlis misaRebad. amasTan

dakavSirebiT, mizanSewonilia kvlevis warmarTva Sem-

degi mimarTulebebiT:

• regionis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

analizi;

• konkurentuli garemos Sefaseba;

• arsebuli resursebis gaTvla;

• sadazRvevo kompaniis mier regionis finansur ba-

zarze dakavebuli adgilis Sefaseba;

• pasivebis, aqtivebis, Semosavlebisa da xarjebis

struqturis dagegmva;

• Semosulobebis, gadaxdebis da sainvesticio

resursebis mosalodneli moculobis gansazRvra maTi

167


dabalansebis safuZvelze;

• savaldebulo dadebiTi Sedegis formireba.

sadazRvevo operaciebis dagegmvisa da prog-

nozirebis safuZvelia buxhaltruli, statistikuri da

operatiuli aRricxvis monacemebi. sadazRvevo opera-

ciebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia statistikuri aRricxvis

ganviTareba. sadazRvevo statistika es aris sadaz-

Rvevo saqmianobis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebisa da

arsebuli mdgomareobis analizis sistema. sadazRvevo

statistikis ZiriTadi amocana sadazRvevo kompaniis

marTvasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

statistikuri mxardaWeraa. swored esaa dazRvevis Tav-

isebureba, romelic moicavs sxvadasxva saxeobebsa da

obieqtebs, rac unda aRiricxos sxvadasxva naturaluri

Tu finansuri maCveneblis mixedviT. aseTi aRricxvis

analizis meSveobiT sistematurad Seiswavleba dazRve-

vis TiToeuli saxeobis ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba,

sadazRvevo SemTxvevebis dadgomis xasiaTi da mizeze-

bi. sadazRvevo statistikaSi gamoyenebuli yvela natu-

raluri da RirebulebiTi maCvenebeli asaxavs sadaz-

Rvevo fondis formirebisa da gamoyenebis procesebs.

sadazRvevo statistikaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs

saSualo da fardobiT maCveneblebs (saSualo sadaz-

Rvevo anazRaureba, saSualo sadazRvevo Tanxa, erTi

TanamSromlis datvirTva da a.S. ukanasknel xanebSi

farTo gavrceleba hpova programirebam, programis ar-

Cevisa da TiToeul programaze gamoyofili resursebis

gansazRvris procesia. programebi saqmianobis ZiriTa-

di mimarTulebebia, romelTa ganxorcielebac kompaniam

gadawyvita sakuTari strategiis misaRwevad. stabilur-

ma kompaniebmac ki aucileblad unda gadaxedon ukve

arsebul programebs, ramdenadac ekonomikuri garemo,

konkurenciis pirobebi, samomxmareblo moTxovna da

sawarmoo teqnologiebi mudmivad icvleba. mniSvnelo-

vania droulad arsebul programebSi cvlilebebis

Setana da maTi adaptacia garemo pirobebTan damtkice-

buli programis farglebSi xelmZRvaneloba dainter-

168


esebuli unda iyos siaxleebis danergvaSi arsebuli

saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas mosalodneli safrTx-

is Tavidan asacileblad. biznesSi aseTi SeTavazebebi

iTxovs axal kapitalur dabandebebs.

amdenad,strategiuli dagegmva da prognozire-

ba sadazRvevo kompaniebis ganviTarebis obieqturi

aucileblobaa, amitom misi organizacia is fundamentia,

romelzec igeba mzRvevvelis mTeli sameurneo-finan-

suri saqmianoba.sadazRvevo biznesSi gamoiyeneba Sem-

degi saxeobis gegmebi1:

• biznesgegma saqmianobis pirveli wlisaTvis

(sadazRvevo saqmianobis moTxovnis Sesabamisad);

• sadazRvevo Senatanebis Semodinebis gegma (pre-

miebi);

• gadazRvevis gegma(Tavisufali formiT);

• sadazRvevo rezervebis saxsrebis ganTavsebis

gegma;

• finansuri gegma.

biznesgegma warmoadgens firmis Siga dagegm-

vis dokuments, romelic wyvets aramarto operatiuli

dagegmvis amocanebs,aramed, moicavs aseve strategiul

miznebsac. is Sedgeba oTxi ganyofilebisagan. (ix.

cxrili ).

ganyofileba 1.ganyofileba 1. sadazRvevo premiebis Semosvlis

gegma (Senatanebi)-warmoadgens sadazRvevo saqmianobis

dagegmvis safuZvels. is ganixileba, rogorc gansaz-

Rvrul periodSi sadazRvevo momsaxurebis (moculo-

ba, xarisxi, asortimenti) mwarmoeblis da sadazRvevo

fondis formirebisa da mdgomareobis, misi sididisa

da struqturis gegma. gegmis Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba

im maCveneblebiT,romelTa safuZvelzedac xdeba misi

Camoyalibeba.umniSvnelovanes gegmur maCvenebels war-

1 Insurance: Principles and Practice. David Bland. Patron Her Majesty the Queen The Chartered Insurance Institute,2003.

169

sawarmoo saqmianobasawarmoo saqmianoba

ganyofileba 1.

saqoneli da momsaxureba

ganyofileba 2.

saqonlis realizaciis Sefaseba

ganyofileba 3.

informacia SesaZlo

konkurentebze

ganyofileba 4.

marketingis gegma

ganyofileba 5.

sawarmoo gegma

ganyofileba 6.

organizaciuli gegma

ganyofileba 7.

iuridiuli gegma

ganyofileba 8.

sxvadasxva saxeobis riskis

prognozirebisa da marTvis

Sefaseba

ganyofileba 9.

finansuri gegma

sadazRvevo saqmianobasadazRvevo saqmianoba

ganyofileba 1.

sadazRvevo Senatanebis (pre-

miebis) Semodinebis gegma

ganyofileba 2.

gadazRvevis gegma

ganyofileba 3.

sadazRvevo rezervebis gan-

Tavsebis gegma

ganyofileba 4.

Semosavlebisa da xarjebis

SedarebiTi balansi:

• fuladi saxsrebis moZ-

raobis gegma;

• mogebis dagegmva;

• finansuri gegma;

• aqtivebisa da pasivebis

mdgomareobis prognozi;

• gadaxdisunarianobis

prognozi


moadgens sadazRvevo Senatanebis moculoba (premiebi).

sawarmoo da sadazRvevo saqmianobis biznes-gegmis

struqturis Sedareba:

sadazRvevo kompaniis mier sadazRvevo sivrcis

aTvisebis, sadazRvevo portfelis dabalansebulobisa

da xarisxis maCveneblebi unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli

sadazRvevo Senatanebis (premiebi) gegmis Sedgenisas.

pirobiTad SeiZleba gamovyoT sadazRvevo Sena-

tanebis Semosvlis dagegmvis Semdegi etapebi:

I etapiI etapi - ganisazRvreba Senatanebis mosalodneli

moculoba mocemul wels (Semdgomi dagegmvis baza);

II etapiII etapi - ganisazRvreba Senatanebis gegmuri jami

sadazRvevo kompaniebis mixedviT (arsebobs gaTvlis me-

170


Todika);

III etapi III etapi - sadazRvevo Senatanebis Semosvlis gegma,

rac miewodeba Semsruleblebs, e.i xdeba misi ganawile-

ba sadazRvevo agentebs Soris (arsebobs sxvadasxva me-

Todebi).

ganyofileba 2. ganyofileba 2. gadazRvevis gegmas adgens mz-

Rveveli Tavisufali formiT, Tuki calkeul riskze

dazRvevis xelSekrulebis mixedviT maqsimaluri pa-

suxismgebloba sakuTari saxsrebis 10%-ze mets Sead-

gens. mocemuli moTxovnis Seusrulebloba sadazRvevo

kanonmdeblobis darRvevaa. gegmis ganuyofeli nawilia

im sadazRvevo kompaniebis gansazRvra, romlebTanac

Camoyalibdeba partnioruli urTierTobebi riskebis

gadazRvevis pirvel etapze. gegmaSi gaTvaliswinebuli

unda iyos am urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis ZiriTadi

meTodi, ramdenadac is uSualod aisaxeba fuladi sax-

srebis moZraobis siCqaresa da mimarTulebaze. fuladi

saxsrebis moZraobis mimarTulebis dadgena sakmaod

rTulia, rac zogjer TviT sadazRvevo kompaniasac ar

SeuZlia. amitom, saxelmwifo gadamzRvevi kompaniis Se-

qmnas am SemTxvevaSi dadebiTi rolis Sesruleba Seu-

Zlia, ramdenadac masTan gansazRvruli riskis nawilis

gadazRveva moxdeba.

ganyofileba 3. ganyofileba 3. sadazRvevo rezervebis ganTavseb-

is gegmas adgens TiToeuli sadazRvevo kompania sadaz-

Rvevo rezervebis ganTavsebis wesebTan SesabamisobiT.

masSi, rogorc wesi, gaiTvaliswineba damzRvevTaTvis

sadazRvevo anazRaurebis gadaxdis SesaZlebloba, um-

Tavresad fizikuri pirebisTvis garkveuli qmedebebis

ganxorcielebisas, mkurnaloba, mSenebloba, sacxovre-

beli farTis SeZena da a,S. Tumca, aucileblad unda

ganisazRvros SeTanxmebis minimaluri vada.

ganyofileba 4. ganyofileba 4. Semosavlebisa da xarjebis Sedare-

biTi balansi. SedarebiTi finansuri dagegmva fuladi

nakadebis marTvis sistemis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

elementia. bazari mkacr moTxovnebs ayenebs dagegmvis

xarisxis mimarT, radgan sabazro urTierTobebis pi-

171


robebSi yvela uaryofiTi Sedegi, maT Soris finansuri

dagegmvisas daSvebuli Secdomebi uSualod aisaxeba

sawarmos saqmianobaze. buRaltruli, statistikuri da

operatiuli aRricxvis monacemebis analizis safuZ-

velze xdeba mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miReba.

aseTi informacia unda iyos sruli, drouli da re-

aluri, ramdenadac is uzrunveyofs dasabuTebuli gad-

awyvetilebebis miRebas. gegma fuladi nakadebisa da

kompaniis saqmianobis Sefasebis kriteriumebis formu-

lirebis safuZvelia. rogorc wesi is asabuTebs ar-

Ceul strategias da dasaxuli miznebis gzebis maCvene-

belia. Semosavlebisa da xarjebis SedarebiTi dagegmva

xorcieldeba balansis safuZvelze, romelSic erTma-

neTTanaa Sedarebuli mzRvevelis Semosavlebi da xar-

jebi, gansazRvrulia sadazRvevo operaciebis finan-

suri Sedegebi da danaxarjebis mimarTulebebi, aseve

maTi dafinansebis wyaroebi. Semosavlebisa da xarjebis

asaxvas sadazRvevo kompaniebi axorcieleben sadazRve-

vo kompaniebis mimarT sadazRvevo kanonmdeblobis mier

wayenebuli moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. Semosavlebisa

da xarjebis balansi dgeba erT welze kvartluri

WriliT da gamoiyeneba operatiuli marTvisa da kon-

trolis miznebisTvis. misi Sedgena xdeba finansuri

gegmis maCveneblebis, fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis geg-

mis, mogebis gegmisa da gadaxdisunarianobis prognoze-

bis, aseve aqtivebisa da pasivebis mdogomareobis ana-

lizis safuZvelze. (ix. nax. 1) .

sadazRvevo kompaniaSi Semosavlebisa da xarjebis

SedarebiTi balansis meTodis safuZvelia finansuri

dagegmva, ris safuZvelzec moxdeba pirdapiri dazRve-

visa da gadazRvevis Sedegebis, aseve Tavisufali sadaz-

Rvevo rezervebis ganTavsebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmi-

anobis analizi, Warbi fuladi saxsrebis gadanawileba

da misi deficitis dafarva da sadazRvevo kompaniis

momgebianobis uzrunvelyofa.

finansuri gegmis Sedgenis safuZvelia: sadazRve-

vo premiebis miReba, saqmis warmoebaze gaweuli danaxar-

172


jebi, investiciebi, sadazRvevo anazRaurebis gadaxdebi,

sadazRvevo dagegmva. sadazRvevo kompaniis warmatebu-

li ganviTarebisTvis aucilebelia Semosavlebisa da

xarjebis balansis Semadgeneli nawilebis optimaluri

Tanafardoba, rac saSualebas mogvcems avamaRloT

rentabelobis done, gavaumjobesoT gadaxdisunariano-

bis maCveneblebi da SevqmnaT finansuri potenciali mo-

mavali ganviTarebisTvis.

sadazRvevo organizaciebis Semosavlebisa da xar-

jebis SedarebiTi balansis struqtura1

nax. 1

zemoT aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, sadazRvevo kom-

paniis saqmianobis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT qve-

moT mocemulia finansuri dagegmvis ramdenime prin-

cipis formulireba.

Semosavlebisa da xarjebis balansis dacvis me-Semosavlebisa da xarjebis balansis dacvis me-

Todi, Todi, romelic gulisxmobs resursebis xarjviTi

nawilis dafarvas resursebis faqtobrivad dagegmili

Semosavliani nawilidan da rentabelobis optimaluri

donis miRwevas.sadazRvevo kompaniebisTvis aRniSnuli

principi efuZneba im maCveneblebis dadgenas,romlebic

gansazRvravs kompaniis Semosavlianobasa da rentabe-

lobis dones.

Semosavlianobis donis gansazRvriT sadazRve-

finansuri gegma fuladi saxsrebis

moZraobis gegma

mogebis gegma

aqtivebisa da pasivebis

prognozi

gadaxdisunarianobis

mdgomareobis prognozi

Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis

SedarebiTi balansi

1Т. Е.Гварлиани, В.Ю. Салакирева. Денежние потоки в страховании. М., 2007.

173


vo kompania gegmavs gayidvebis moculobas, romelic

damokidebulia iseTi ZiriTadi maCveneblebis dinami-

kis analizze, rogoricaa: sadazRvevo Tanxa, saSualo

gadaxda, saSualo moqmedi tarifi. gayidvebis moculo-

bis dagegmvis bazad mizanSewonilia aviRoT wina wlis

analogiuri periodis ganmavlobaSi Semosuli premie-

bis ricxvi. dazRvevis grZelvadiani saxeobebisTvis

bazad aiReba wliuri Senatani moqmed SeTanxmebebze

dagegmili periodis dasawyisSi. gegmuri nazrdi gan-

isazRvreba ganaxlebuli SeTanxmebebis raodenobiTa da

erTi xelSekrulebisTvis gadaxdili saSualo Tanxis

mixedviT. sadazRvevo rezervebis droebiT Tavisufal

fulad saxsrebTan dakavSirebuli operaciebidan miRe-

buli Semosavlebi igegmeba TiToeul kvartalSi daban-

debuli saxsrebis prognozirebadi Tanxisa da finansur

bazarze ganxorcielebuli operaciebis Semosavliano-

bis prognoziT.

rentabelobis optimalur donis maCvenebeli rentabelobis optimalur donis maCvenebeli

damokidebulia dazRvevis TiToeuli saxeobis winaSe

mdgar amocanebze. Tumca, rentabelobis maCvenebeli

unda iyos sakmarisi yvela operaciis mixedviT da uz-

runvelyofdes gadaxdisunarianobasa da Semdgomi gan-

viTarebis finansur potencials.

aqtivebsa da valdebulebebs Soris Tanafardobis aqtivebsa da valdebulebebs Soris Tanafardobis

dacvis principiTdacvis principiT sadazRvevo operaciebis gafarToeba

dakavSirebuli unda iyos sakuTari saxsrebis zrdasTan,

romlis wyaroc wminda mogebaa. amitom, finansuri pro-

gramebis SemuSaveba investiciuri da finansuri mogebis

misaRebad atarebs grZelvadian xasiaTs da aucilebe-

lia ganisazRvros saprognozo periodSi Tanafardoba

sakuTar saxsrebsa da gadaxdisunarianobis normativebs

Soris. amisaTvis aucilebelia gadaxdisunarianobis

Sefasebis im meTodebis, arCeva, romlebic pasuxobs mo-

cemul princips. SegviZlia gamoviyenoT ori meTodi:

174

pirveli, iZulebiTi realizaciis Rirebulebis Sefase-

bis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs kompaniis aqtivebisa

da valdebulebebis Rirebulebis Sefasebas drois gan-

sazRvruli momentisTvis. es meTodi arsebuli aqtive-

bis efeqturi Sefasebisa da da kontrolis saSuale-

bas iZleva. aqtivebisa da valdebulebebis tolobisas

mzRveveli bolomde ver iqneba darwmunebuli saku-

Tar gadaxdisunarianobaSi, amitomac yovelTvis unda

hqondes saxsrebis garkveuli danazogi da mudmivad

SeinarCunos gadaxdisunarianobis minimaluri zRvari.

meore meTodi saSualebas gvaZlevs SevafasoT gad-meore meTodi saSualebas gvaZlevs SevafasoT gad-

axdisunarianoba aqtivebis realizaciis axdisunarianoba aqtivebis realizaciis mixedviT, anu

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu rogor Semodis moTxovnebi

valdebulebaTa dafarvaze. aseT Sefasebas dinamikurs

uwodeben. aqtivebis Sesafaseblad aucilebelia maTi

gamosaxva fuladi nakadebis saSualebiT da Sedareba

valdebulebaTa xangrZlivobis mTeli drois ganma-

vlobaSi. finansuri Sedegebis formirebis wesi, rom-

lis safuZvelsac warmoadgens masze moqmedi finansuri

resursebi da faqtorebi,warmodgenilia nax. 2–ze. Semava-

li da gamavali nakadebis elementebi asaxavs finansuri

Sedegis Semosavlisa da gasavlis punqtebis funqcio-

nalur kavSirs.finansuri Sedegis monacemebis cvlile-

bis gamokvleva xdeba or etapad. pirvel etapze xdeba

maTi formireba, miiReba maTi dasaSvebi mniSvnelobebi

da ganisazRvreba maTi zemoqmedeba saboloo Sedegze.

meore etapze xdeba mocemuli faqtorebis sididis

Sefaseba. saboloo Sedegi saSualebas gvaZlevs mivi-

RoT formirebuli faqtorebis cdomilebis intervali,

romelic gavlenas axdens finansuri resursebis Sema-

val mniSvnelobebze. finansuri Sedegi dadebiTi iqneba

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sadazRvevo produqtebis

realizaciidan miRebuli wminda mogeba finansuri da-

bandebebis toli iqneba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, fi-


175


nansuri resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianoba damokideb-

ulia momavali fuladi Semosavlebis wminda mimdinare

Rirebulebis dadebiT mniSvnelobaze.

finansuri Sedegebis formireba

nax. 2

finansur Sedegze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens

gadazRvevis operaciebTan dakavSirebuli Semosavlebi

da danaxarjebi. amitom, mogebis dagegmvisas unda mi-

vaRwioT Sesabamisobas Semavali da gamavali gadaz-

Rvevis operaciebs Soris. imisTvis, rom kompaniaSi xor-

cieldebodes fuladi saxsrebis moZraoba, is erTi mxriv,

unda iswrafvodes investiciuri resursis, rogorc mo-

mavali sainvesticio mogebis sawindaris gazrdisken,

romlis safuZvelsac warmoadgens sicocxlis dazRve-

vis xelSekrulebebTan dakavSirebuli rezervebi, rac

kompaniis procentuli davalianebaa. meore mxriv, pro-

centebis gadasaxdelad gamoyenebuli resursebis didi

xvedriTi wona aqcionerebis kapitalTan mimarTebiT,

zrdis aqcionerebis dabandebul kapitalze Semosav-

Semavali finansur Sedegze moqmedi

faqtorebi

gamavali

saprognozo sadazRvevi

premiebi

sainvesticio Semosavlis

ganakveTi

sadazRvevo

anazRaurebebi,

gancxadebuli zaralis

dasafarad aucilebeli

rezervebi

gadazRvevis operaciebze

gadacemuli premiebi

Semavali

da

gamavali

faqtorebis

mniSvnelobebis

gamokvlevis

etapebi

sadazRvevi premiebis

moculobis Sefaseba

sadazRvevo SemTxvevebis

dadgomis mosalodneli

zarali

sainvesticio Semosavlis

mosalodneli ganakveTi

portfelisa da vadebis

struqturis mixedviT

gadazRvevaze riskis

gadacemis maqsimaluri

done

I etapi

IIetapi

IIIetapi

IVetapi

176

lis armiRebis risks. es dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom

sicocxlis dazRvevis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswineb-

uli teqnikuri procentebis gadaxda savaldebuloa

da araxelsayreli periodis dros sadazRvevo kompani-

is Semosavlebma SeiZleba miaRwios iseT dones, rom

dividendebis gadasaxdelad saWiro fuladi saxsrebi

kompanias ubralod ar eqneba. am problemebis gadasaw-

yvetad aucilebelia sadazRvevo Tanxis zaralianobis

faqtoruli analizi. fuladi saxsrebis operatiuli

marTva da regulireba dafuZnebulia sakaso gegmis

gamoyenebaze, romelic warmoadgens kompaniis saanga-

riSsworebo angariSze yvela Semosavlisa da Semosu-

lobis fuladi da arafuladi formiT, prognozs. Tu

prognozis mixedviT momavalSi gaizrdeba gayidvebisa

da mogebis moculoba, analitikosma unda icodes aqvs

Tu ara kompanias finansuri SesaZleblobebi da Tu ara,

saidan apirebs is saWiro fuladi resursebis mozid-

vas. fuladi nakadebis prognozireba iwyeba aqtive-

bis TiToeuli kategoriisa da fuladi saxsrebis mosa-

lodneli cvlilebis SefasebiT. ganvixiloT yvelaze

mniSvnelovani faqtorebi:

• sameurneo saqmianobidan savaraudod misaRebi

wminda Semosavali damokidebulia iseT arasaimedo md-

genelebze, rogoricaa: amortizacia, gadavadebuli gad-

axdebi gadasaxadebze, Svilobili kompaniebisa da in-

vestorebis gadacemuli Semosavlebi. amis meSveobiT

Sefasdeba sameurneo saqmianobidan miRebuli fuladi

saxsrebis sidide.

• sadazRvevo kompaniebSi samuSao personalze

moTxovna gamovlindeba SromiTi kapitalis donis Se-

fasebis Semdeg.

• unda Sefasdes aqtivebis, obligaciebis, aqciebis

da sainvesticio instrumentebis realizaciidan miRe-

buli fuladi nakadebi;

• unda Sefasdes savaldebulo gadaxdebi valde-

bulebebze da sadividendo gadaxdebis done;

• unda ganisazRvros sadazRvevo rezervebis


177

sidide da misi investirebis mimarTulebebi.

sadazRvevo kompaniebSi aucilebelia normati-

uli meTodis danergvis perspeqtivebis ganviTareba.

normirebis miznebisTvis gamoiyofa maCvenebelTa Sem-

degi jgufebi:

pirveli jgufi - nebismieri kompaniis ZiriTad

normativs warmoadgens investirebul kapitalze moge-

bis norma.swored es ganakveTia firmis mogebis dageg-

mili moculobis gaTvlis safuZveli, romelic gansaz-

Rvravs gayidvebis moculobasa da Warbi produqciis

Rirebulebas.

meore jgufi - normatiuli maxasiaTeblebis jgu-

fi, warmoadgens gasayidi fasebis SeRavaTebis gaTval-

iswinebiT, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis TviTRirebulebis

erTobliobas, rac kompaniis xelmZRvanelebis mudmiv

kontrolzea.

mesame jgufi - normatiuli maCveneblebis jgufi,

Sromis organizaciisa da anazRaurebis safuZvelia. is

axasiaTebs dazRvevis ganviTarebas, adarebs erTmaneTs

TanamSromlebis xelfasis dinamikasa da realizebuli

produqciis erTeulze danaxarjebis Semcirebis maCven-

eblebs.

meoTxe jgufi – normativebi, uzrunvelyofs finan-

suri nakadebis efeqtian marTvas. fuladi Semosulobe-

bis yovelkvireuli da yovelTviuri normativebi xels

uwyobs kontrolis ganxorcielebas kompaniis finansur

saqmianobaze.

ZiriTadi organizaciul-ekonomikuri da finan-

suri maCveneblebis jgufebis mixedviT normativebis

SemuSavebis safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia sadazRvevo kom-

paniebis dafinansebis efeqtiani sistemis Camoyalibeba.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi Zalian didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba kompaniis gadaxdisunarianobas.

gamoyofen gadaxdisunarianobis Semdeg ganmsazRvrel

faqtorebs:

- sakmarisi sakuTari kapitali;

- aRebuli valdebulebebi (teqnikuri rezervebis


178

gaTvaliswinebiT);

- aqtivebis ganTavseba (sainvesticio saqmianoba);

- dazRvevis TiToeuli xelSekrulebis mixedviT

gaTvaliswinebuli riskis moculoba;

- dadebuli xelSekrulebebis raodenoba;

Tavis mxriv, mzRvevelis gegmaSi gaTvaliswinebu-

li unda iyos Semdegi momentebi:

- sawesdebo kapitalis zrda;

- gadazRvevis operaciebis saxeobebis raodenobis

zrda;

- satarifo politikis cvlileba;

- mogebis gamoyenebaze SezRudvebis daweseba;

- debitoruli da kreditoruli davalianebis Sem-

cireba;

- aqtivebis struqturis cvlileba;

- gadaxdisunarianobis mxardamWeri sxva meTode-

bi, romlebic ar ewinaaRmdegeba sadazRvevo kanonmde-

blobas.

sadazRvevo sistemaSi saqmianobis dagegmvasa da

kontrolSi mkafio da erTmniSvnelovani gadawyvetile-

bebis miReba normatiuli sistemis safuZvelze, mimarTu-

lia gadaxrebis efeqtian gamovlenasa da fuladi na-

kadebis srulyofili marTvis miRwevaze.

Management of Insurance Company Cash Flow in Management of Insurance Company Cash Flow in Planning and ForecastingPlanning and Forecasting

N. Kakashvili N. Kakashvili

The main task of insurance company in planning is to obtain in-surance space and strengthen the fi nancial stability. Planning of insur-ance activities helps projection of cash fl ow volume, speed and direc-tion and based on that formation of development strategy for insurance activities. It is noted in the article that for the company's successful development it is essential to keep optimal balance between incomes and expenditures, that creates the basis for increasing creditworthiness of a company and fi nally fi nancial poencial serves as a guarantee of a company’s further development.


179


konstantine sulamaniZe konstantine sulamaniZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetissaqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

biznes-inJineringis fakultetis biznes-inJineringis fakultetis

doqtorantidoqtoranti

ganviTarebuli qveynebis sabanko saqmianobaSi, ax-

ali sabanko operaciebis da finansuri inovaciis dan-

ergvis mizanSewonilobis gansazRvris mimarTulebiT,

pasuxismgebeli komitetebi moqmedeben. maTi mizania sa-

banko saqmianobis Zireuli cvlilebebidan gamomdin-

are, riskebis lokalizaciis sakiTxebis gadawyveta da

grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, sakredito organizaciebis

jansaRi finansuri mdgomareobis uzrunvelyofa. aqve

unda SevniSnoT, rom am dasaxuli miznebidan gamomdin-

are, axali sabanko produqtebis da operaciebis dan-

ergva SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iqnes sabanko bazarze

moklevadian periodSi, upiratesobis mopovebis SesaZle-

blobaTa zrdis da xelSewyobis pirobebis gamovlenis

SemTxvevaSi. igi gulisxmobs: jer erTijer erTi, , bankis finan-

suri struqturis mdgradobis amaRlebas; meoremeore, , axali

regionuli bazrebis da sabanko operaciebis zrdas da,

mesamemesame, , sabanko kapitalis rentabelobis uzrunvelyofas,

samomavlo 3-4 wlis ganmavlobaSi saprocento marJis

swrafi Semcirebis pirobebSi.

axali sabanko produqtebis danergva niSnavs, ban-

kis rigi faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, axali klientebis

mozidvis gafarToebas. am faqtorebidan yvelaze mniS-

vnelovania axali produqtis momgebianobis Sewonvis

faqtori da organizaciuli faqtori.

axali sabanko produqtebis danergvis axali sabanko produqtebis danergvis procesSi riskebis marTvis kontrolisa procesSi riskebis marTvis kontrolisa

da mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis da mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis Sefasebis principebiSefasebis principebi

180

pirveli faqtori gulisxmobs operaciuli xar-

jebis SefardebiT zrdas kapitalis rentabelobasTan

SedarebiT: bankis simyarisa da mdgradobis mTavari in-

dikatoria bankis mwarmoeblurobis koeficienti, e.i. op-

eraciul xarjebsa da bankis wminda Semosavlebs Soris

Tanafardoba. aqve minda aseve SevniSno im garemoebis

Sesaxeb, rom bankis SemoRebuli yoveli axali produqti

Tu operacia xarjebs zrdis da amitom mkacrad dgeba

problema pirdapiri da iribi xarjebis, axali operacie-

bis an produqtis danergvis absoluturi da Sefardeb-

iTi efeqtianobis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad,

plastikuri baraTebis farTo danergva saSualebas

iZleva bankebis resursuli baza gafarTovdes, kerZod,

aRniSnulisTvis gaweuli xarjebi iTvleba dabandebad,

romlis anazRaurebis vada aWarbebs erTwliani (mokl-

evadiani) dagegmvis moculobas. yuradRebas imsaxurebs

isic, rom rodesac bankis gankargulebaSi darCenil

mogebasa da mimdinare saqmianobisaTvis xarjebs Soris

sxvaoba didia (pozitiuri kuTxiT), msgavsi xarjebis da-

finanseba siZneles ar warmoadgens. rac Seexeba sabanko

marJis Semcirebasa da operaciuli xarjebis Sefardeb-

iT zrdas, am SemTxvevaSi startobrivi investiciebis da-

finanseba axal sabanko teqnologiebsa da operaciebSi

rTuldeba. miuxedavad amisa, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom

rentabeluri da stabiluri sabanko saqmianobis Senar-

CunebaSi mas aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs saprocento

marJis SemcirebasTan erTad. rogorc aRiniSna, meore

faqtoria organizaciuli speqtri, romlis mouqneloba

da operatiuli reagirebis done, axali operaciebis dan-

ergvis process da struqturul gardaqmnas amuxruWebs

da Tavis mxriv, finansur bazarze principuli cvlile-

bebis pirobebSi, sabanko saqmianobis arastabilur xasi-

aTs aZlierebs, ris gamoc riskis lokalizeba SeuZle-

belia.

sabanko saqmianobaSi riskebis marTvis sistemis


181

danergvis procesSi wrmoiSoba mmarTvelobiTi gadaw-

yvetilebebis Sefasebis problema, romelic gulisxmobs

bankis mmarTvelobis da direqtorTa sabWos mier bankis

mimdinare mimarTulebebis da organizaciuli struq-

turis analizis safuZvelze bankis mmarTvelobis mier

pasuxis gacemas kiTxvebze: ra pozicia aqvs banks riske-

bTan mimarTebiT? rogor SemuSavdeba da inergeba riske-

bis marTvis meTodika?

am kiTxvebze pasuxebis meSveobiT SeiZleba Se-

muSavdes bankSi gamoyenebuli riskebis marTvis sistema,

rac daexmareba bankis xelmZRvanelobas SeimuSaos

riskebis marTvis strategia.

riskebis marTvis sistemebis danergvaSi gansa-

kuTrebuli roli sakredito riskis marTvis sistemas

ekuTvnis, vinaidan bankis aqtiuri operaciebis mTavar mi-

marTulebas dakrediteba warmoadgens. swored sakredi-

to portfeli bankis yvela aqtivSi, faqtobrivad naxevars

da xSirad 2/3-sac warmoadgens. aRniSnulidan gamomdin-

are, sakredito riskis marTvis sistema, rogorc riskebis

marTvis sistemis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawili,

gulisxmobs: jer erTijer erTi, , sakredito riskis marTvis Ziri-

Tadi procedurebis gansazRvras; meoremeore, dakreditebis

procesSi riskze kontrols; mesamemesame, sabanko saqmianoba-

Si tipiuri problemebis gamoyofas da analizs; meoTxemeoTxe, ,

sakredito politikis formirebas da misi realizaciis

meqanizmebis Seqmnas; mexuTemexuTe, sakredito portfelis mar-

Tvasa da misi efeqtianobis Sefasebas, da bolos, meeqvsemeeqvse, ,

yvela aRniSnuli faqtori urTierTdamokidebulia da

erT mTlianobaSi unda ganvixiloT.

sabanko saqmianobis praqtika gviCvenebs, rom sakred-

ito riskis warmoSoba ukavSirdeba bankis kontragente-

bis valdebulebaTa Seusruleblobas.

saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebi, romlebic dakred-

itebis procesSi monawileoben, ganicdian rogorc Si-

nagani, aseve garegani faqtorebis zemoqmedebas. amitom,


182

saukeTeso sakredito politikis gatarebis SemTxveva-

Sic gardauvalad warmoiqmneba dakreditebis dros da-

nakargebi. aqve yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faqtic, rom Tu

gaizrdeba sabanko saqmianobaSi problemuri kreditebis

xvedriTi wona, ar aris gamoricxuli bankis reputacias

didi ziani miadges da sakredito resursebis bazarze

bankis pozicia damZimdes. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom uka-

nasknel wlebSi naTlad gamovlinda sakredito riskis

Tvisebrivi zemoqmedeba saqarTvelos komerciuli banke-

bis saqmianobaze. amitom, sakredito riskis marTva er-

TerTi mTavari problemaa, ramac sabanko saqmianobaSi

SeiZleba seriozuli siZneleebi Seqmnas. ase, magaliTad,

Tu germaniaSi da aSS-Si sakredito dabandebebis saerTo

moculobaSi xinjiani kreditebis xvedriTi wona 5-6%-ia,

saqarTveloSi igi aRwevs 30%-mde1. aRniSnuls emateba

kvalificiuri sabanko muSakebis deficiti, kanonmde-

blobaSi xSiri cvlilebebi da a.S. yovelive zrdis sa-

risko operaciebis raodenobas da Sesabamisad sabanko

saqmianobis arastabilurobas.

sakredito riskebis marTva obieqturad moiTxovs

marTvis adekvaturi sistemis funqcionirebis principeb-

is mkacrad Camoyalibebas, raSic igulisxmeba sakredito

sistemis marTvis gasagebi da moqnili sistemis Seqmna,

gaazrebuli sakredito politikis gatareba, romelic

daemyareba mocemuli bankis mier damuSavebul dakred-

itebis standartebs da mkacrad gansazRvrul instruq-

cias.

amrigad, sakredito riskebis marTvis sistemis

Seqmna moicavs: jer erTijer erTi, , sakredito saqmianobis or-

ganizaciul uzrunvelyofas; meoremeore, msesxeblis kredi-

tunarianobis gansazRvras misi fuladi resursebis

analizis safuZvelze; mesamemesame, , sakredito riskis gaTval-

1 b. bolqvaZe. fiskaluri da monetaruli politikis kordinaciis mniS-

vneloba saqarTvelos gardamaval ekonomikaSi. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba

“universali”, 2009 w.


183

iswinebiT kreditis ranJirebas da dadgenil limitebT-

an misi Sesabamisobis gansazRvras; meoTxemeoTxe, , saprocento

ganakveTebis gansazRvras, kreditebis SesaZlebeli dana-

kargebis gaTvaliswinebiT; mexuTemexuTe, uflebebis da mova-

leobebis mkacr gansazRvras sakredito gadawyvetile-

bebis miRebis procesSi; meeqvsemeeqvse, , sakredito monitoringis

ganxorcielebis paralelurad sakredito portfelis

marTvasa da problemuri kreditebis aRdgenis meqanizme-

bis SemuSavebas da praqtikul ganxorcielebas. yovelive

aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SemuSavebulia sakredito

riskis marTvis sistemis elementebi, rac warmodgenilia

sqemis saxiT1.

sakredito riskebis marTvis sistemis elementebi

1 И.К. Ковзанадзе, Тенденции и перспективы развития экономики и банковского сектора трансформированных стран. М., «Финансы и статистика», 2005.


184

sakredito riskis marTvis efeqtiani sistemis Se-

qmnis ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgens dakreditebis er-

Tiani analizis SemoReba da calkeuli kreditebis

monitoringis da sakredito portfelis marTvis stan-

dartuli instruqciebis Camoyalibeba, rac daemyareba:

jer erTijer erTi, , erTiani sakredito politikis damuSavebasa

da gatarebas; meoremeore, , bankis TanamSromelTa mier bankis

standartebis da instruqciebis Seswavlas; mesamemesame, , bank-

isaTvis “misaRebi” kreditebis moculobis parametrebis

gansazRvras; meoTxemeoTxe, yvela kreditisaTvis aucilebeli

analitikuri procedurebis miTiTebas; mexuTemexuTe, yvela

sakredito xelSekrulebis avtorizaciis damtkicebas;

meeqvsemeeqvse, , sakredito monitoringze ZiriTadi moTxovnile-

bebis gansazRvras.

sakredito portfelis marTvaSi mocemuli midg-

omis realizaciis saerTo principebia:

konkretulad msesxeblis da msesxebelTa jgu--

fisagan Siga sabanko limitebis daweseba;

sakredito riskebis analizis formebis SemuSaveba, -

rac dakavSirebulia sakredito reitingis gansazRvrasa

da calkeuli msesxeblis riskis donis dadgenasTan;

sxvadasxva dargis mixedviT dakreditebis diver--

sifikacia;

dabali riskis mqone prioritetuli dargebis -

gansazRvra;

maRali riskebis mqone dargebis mimarT sakredi--

to politikis gamkacreba;

kreditebze faswarmoqmnis politikis damuSaveba, -

warmoSobili SesaZlebeli riskebis xarjebis GgaTval-

iswinebiT;

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom sakredito riskis mar-

Tvis sistemas, rogorc sakredito portfelis marTvis

strategiis nawils, aqvs Tavisi Semadgeneli struqtura,

romelic moicavs:

a) sakredito politikas, romelic warmoadgens ban-


185

kis sakredito saqmianobis karkass, sqemas; b) sakredito

portfelis formirebis orientirebs; g) meTodologiur

miTiTebebs kreditis faswarmoqmnaze, saprocento da sa-

komisio ganakveTebis dawesebaze, raTa uzrunvelyofili

iqnes sabanko rentabelobis gegmuri normativebis miRw-

eva. yovelive unda ganxorcieldes sakredito politi-

kis damuSavebasTan erTad, misi realizaciis meqanizme-

bis gansazRvriT, romelic gulisxmobs: jer erTi, bankis

sakredito saqmianobis prioritetul amocanebs; meore,

maTi realizaciis saSualebebsa da meTodebs da, mesame,

sakredito politikis warmarTvis organizaciis princi-

pebsa da wesebs.

sakredito politikis sistematuri srulyofis

procesSi, sadac mocemuli bankis saqmianobasTan er-

Tad gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes mTlianad sabanko

sistemis mdgomareobis cvlilebebi. sakredito poli-

tika - es aris adekvaturi saqmianobis mimarTulebebis

realizacia, RonisZiebaTa sistema sakredito saqmiano-

bis organizebulad warmarTvaSi. sakredito politikam

unda gansazRvros Semdegi mTavari momentebi: sakredito

saqmianobis organizacia; sakredito portfelis marT-

va; dakreditebaze kontroli; uflebebis ganawilebis

principebi; kreditis SerCevis saerTo kriteriumebi;

dakreditebis calkeuli mimarTulebebis mixedviT lim-

itebi; dakreditebis danakargebis SemTxvevaSi rezerve-

bis Seqmna.

dakreditebis procesSi riskebis srulyofilad

marTvis Semadgenelia finansuri koeficientebi, rac axa-

siaTebs bankis saqmianobas likvidobisa da finansuri

struqturis mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuls

Seesabameba Semdegi finansuri koeficientebi:

likvidoba,likvidoba,- - rac axasiaTebs bankis SesaZleblobas

Seasrulos mimdinare valdebulebebi;

saqmianobis efeqtianobasaqmianobis efeqtianoba- - , rac gamoxatavs bankis

finansur Sedegebsa da mis xarjebs Soris Tanafardo-


186

bas;

finansuri struqtura,finansuri struqtura,- - rac gviCvenebs imas, rom

dafinanseba, rac miRebulia msesxeblis sakuTrebaSi

kreditorisagan, ramdenad Seesabameba dabandebebis moc-

ulobas;

rentabelobis analizis drosrentabelobis analizis dros- - , , momgebianobaSi

gaiTvaliswineba, rogorc saerTo mogeba, aseve wminda

mogeba. am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba unda mieqces ZiriTadi

saqmianobidan miRebul Semosavlebsa da sxva Semosav-

lebis muxlebs Soris Tanafardobas.

likvidobis analizilikvidobis analizi msesxeblis finansuri mdgo-

mareobis Sefasebis mTavar nawilia riTac irkveva Tu

ramdenad aqvs msesxebels SesaZleblobebi bankis mi-

marT Tavisi valdebulebebi Seasrulos. bankis balan-

sis likvidobis analizisas gaiangariSeba ori mTavari

likvidobis koeficienti: mimdinare likvidobis koefi-

cienti da saswrafo likvidobis koeficienti.

mimdinare likvidobis koeficienti (sabrunavi sa-

Sualebebi, moklevadiani valdebulebebi) axasiaTebs ban-

kis principul SesaZleblobebs dafaros moklevadiani

valdebulebebi, xolo saswrafo likvidobis koefici-

enti gamoxatavs sabrunav saSualebebs sasaqonlo-mate-

rialuri faseulobebis gamoklebiT.

zemoT aRniSnul likvidobis koeficientebTan

erTad, mniSvnelovania likvidobis iseTi maCvenebeli,

rogoricaa wminda (sakuTri) sabrunavi kapitali, e.i. mim-

dinare aqtivebsa da pasivebs Soris sxvaoba. uaryofiTi

wminda sabrunavi kapitali gviCvenebs, rom sawarmos sa-

brunavi kapitalis dafinanseba xorcieldeba misi kon-

tragentebis angriSze arsebuli saSualebebis xarjze.

amasTanave, erTi mxriv, sakuTari kapitalis rentabelobis

amaRleba da meore mxriv, am faqtoris gaTvaliswineba,

likvidobis marTvis problemas seriozulad arTulebs

magram, miuxedavad amisa, balansis likvidobis analizi

klientis SesaZleblobebis swori diagnostikis saSu-


187

alebaa, rom moklevadiani valdebulebebi fuladi na-

kadebis moZraobis safuZvelze dafaros1.

damatebiTi informaciis safuZvelze, mogebis da

danakargebis Sesaxeb finansuri Sedegebis angariSebi,

moicavs informacias gayidvis rentabelobis analiz-

isaTvis, xolo sabalanso informaciis CarTviT, SesaZle-

belia gaviangariSoT mTlianad sabrunavi kapitalis da

misi calkeuli elementebis brunvadobis maCveneblebi.

kapitalis brunvadobas gansakuTrebiT aferxebs ar-

gadaxdebis krizisi da im msesxebelTa ricxvis Semcire-

ba, romelTa sakredito riskis done bankisaTvis misaRe-

bi iyo. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom banks gaaCnia fuladi

nakadebis moZraobis tradiciul analizis meTodebTan

erTad, aseve msesxeblis mimdinare angariSis Sesaxeb in-

formaciis safuZvelze, misi kreditunarianobis Sefase-

bis damatebiTi meTodi.

aRniSnuli informaciidan SeiZleba miviRoT mo-

nacemebi debitoruli da kreditoruli brunvis anga-

riSisa da angariSis naSTis Sesaxeb maCveneblebi. aseTi

informaciebis wyaroebis upiratesoba, misi maRali do-

nis realobiT gamoixateba, xolo naklovaneba, analizis

sirTulesTan erTad, misi Sedegebis araerTgvarovani Se-

fasebiT vlindeba.

riskebis marTvisa da kontrolis organizaciul

uzrunvelyofaSi, xSirad mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetile-

bebis Sefasebis problema iCens Tavs, rac sakredito

portfelis marTvasTan erTad, pasivebis da aqtivebis

marTviT gamoixateba.

sakredito portfelis formirebis sabazo kom-

ponentebia Semdegi standartebi: riskebis miRebis wesi,

dakreditebis limitebi, portfelis formirebaSi prior-

itetebi.

standartebis pirveli jgufi gansazRvravs port-

1 i. kovzanaZe. saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis funqcionirebis prob-

lemebi Tanamedrove etapze, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tb., 2001.


188

felis gadasvlas im mdgomareobaSi, romlis drosac

saukeTesod gadawydeba dilemis “riski-Semosavlianoba”

urTierTmoqmedebis sakiTxi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs riskis

minimizeba am SezRudvebis farglebSi da paralelurad,

rac SeiZleba Semosavlebis maqsimizebis miRweva. riske-

bis miRebis wesi, dilemis - “riski-Semosavlebi”, gad-

awyvetisa da individualuri kreditebis struqturuli

moTxovnis dakmayofilebis kriteriumia, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, faqtobrivad, sakredito portfelis formirebis

sxva standartebis, dakreditebis limitebisa da sakred-

ito portfelis prioritetebis gansazRvrasac ganapi-

robebs1.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi, saqarTvelos bankebi rTu-

li operaciebis ganxorcielebis procesSi, momwifebis

iseT dones aRweven, rom sabanko saqmianobis strategiul

warmarTvaSi, aqtivebis da pasivebis marTvis srulyo-

fili sistemis Camoyalibeba, erTerTi aqtualuri prob-

lema xdeba. aqtivebis da pasivebis marTva gulisxmobs:

1. am procesis logikuri Tanmimdevrobis Camoyalibe-

bas da masSi mTavari momentebis ganxilvas; 2. aqtivebis

da pasivebis marTvis organizaciuli struqturis gan-

sazRvras; 3. aqtivebis da pasivebis marTvis farglebSi

riskebis marTvis meTodebis da meTodikebis damuSavebas;

4. aqtivebis da pasivebis marTvaSi problemebis Seswav-

las da aqedan gamomdinare, am procesisaTvis TiToeuli

ZiriTadi riskis marTvis Tanmdevi, mniSvnelovani sakiTx-

ebis gadawyvetaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas.

aqtivebis da pasivebis marTvis koncefciis real-

izaciaze mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli sabanko

saqmianobis procesSi danakargebis minimizebis miRwevi-

saTvis kontrolis ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofa. wi-

naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, riskis Semcirebis mizani SeiZleba

miRweul iqnes sabanko rentabelobisa da operaciebis

1 g. gamsaxurdia, saqarTveloSi antikrizisuli RonisZiebebis erovnuli

koncefciis Sesaxeb. Jurn. “ekonomika da biznesi”, 2009, #2.


189

moculobebis mkveTri dacemis safuZvelze.

aqtivebis da pasivebis marTva, upirveles yovlisa,

gulisxmobs sabanko saqmianobis moklevadian perspeqti-

vaSi bankis balansis marTvaze yoveldRiuri yuradReb-

is gamaxvilebas. igi mimarTuli unda iyos maqsimaluri

Semosavlebis miRebasa da sabanko sarisko saqmianobis

SezRudvaze. amrigad, aqtivebis da pasivebis marTvis Zir-

iTadi mizania finansuri aspeqtiT, erTi mxriv, Semosav-

lebis maqsimizeba da meore mxriv, riskebis minimizeba.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aqtivebis da pasiveb-

is marTvis procesSi vlindeba Tu rogoria sakuTari

da moziduli saxsrebis xvedriTi wona bankis fuladi

resursebis struqturaSi, anu xdeba am riskebTan dakav-

Sirebuli dabandebuli fuladi resursebis wyaroebisa

da mimarTulebebis mixedviT gaanalizeba.

aqtivebis da pasivebis marTvis procesi uSualod

ukavSirdeba finansuri riskebis marTvas. gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas imsaxurebs zogierTi arsebiTi mniSvnelobis

riskis marTva, rac pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT zemoqmedebs

aqtivebis da pasivebis marTvaze. magaliTad, likvidobis

riskis marTva aqtiuri operaciebis aspeqtiT, gulisx-

mobs likviduri aqtivebis gayidvas, xolo pasiuri oper-

aciebis aspeqtiT – moziduli fuladi saSualebebis wy-

aroebis swrafad CarTvas. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom ara

nakleb mniSvnelovania likvidobis marTvaSi aqtivebsa

da pasivebs Soris gansazRvruli proporciebis dacva1.

saprocento ganakveTis cvlilebis riskis marTva

kontroldeba rigi meTodiT, romelTagan mTavaria aq-

tivebsa da pasivebs Soris gansazRvruli proporciebis

darRvevis aRdgenisken mimarTuli meqanizmebi. saprocen-

to ganakveTis cvlilebebis riskis zemoqmedebis mTavar

maCvenebels warmoadgens bankis wminda saprocento Se-

1 i. vaSaymaZe, saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis finansuri mdgradobis mniS-

vneloba ekonomikis stabilizaciis miRwevaSi. baTumi, baTumis univer-

siteti, 2005.


190

mosavali da wminda saprocento marJa.

sabazro riski mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sapro-

cento ganakveTis cvlilebis riskTan. am riskis aqtive-

bis da pasivebis marTvaSi gaTvaliswineba ganpirobebu-

lia imiT, rom saprocento ganakveTebis cvlileba iwvevs

sawinaaRmdego zemoqmedebas bazarze mimoqcevaSi arse-

bul savalo valdebulebaTa fasze. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs

is garemoeba, rom rodesac sabazro procentis mimdinare

ganakveTi ecema, paralelurad savalo valdebulebaTa

fasi izrdeba. aRniSnuli mdgomareoba arTulebs aqtive-

bis da pasivebis marTvis praqtikas, magram, amasTanave

erTdroulad qmnis axal SesaZleblobebs, rom bankma

misTvis miuRebeli saprocento ganakveTebis cvlilebe-

bis zemoqmedebiT danakargebis kompensacia moaxdinos.

savaluto riski exeba ara marto ucxour valutas,

aramed bankis valdebulebebsa da savaluto dabandebeb-

sac. rac Seexeba gadaxdisuunarobis risks (anu arasak-

marisi sabanko kapitalis risks), igi SeiZleba ganxilul

iqnes, rogorc ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, aseve sabanko

zedamxedvelobis aspeqtiT. yuradRebas imsaxurebs imis

aRniSvnac, rom banks warmoeSoba balnsis aradamakmay-

ofilebeli struqtura im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sabanko

kapitali Sesabamisad mcirdeba da bankis xarjebi kri-

tikul grZelvadian periodSi metia misi Semosavlis

moculobaze.

bankis balansis aradamakmayofilebeli struq-

tura ganpirobebulia iseTi mizezebiT, rogoricaa: a)

klientis fuladi saSualebebis bankidan gadineba,

romelic likvidobis kriziss iwvevs; b) daubrunebeli

kreditebis dafarvaze xarjebis zrda; g) bankis mier

gaumarTlebeli da araefeqtiani operaciebis (sameur-

neo saqmianobaSi) zrdis gamo sakuTari saSualebebis

Semcireba. am process Tu SevafasebT sabanko zedamxed-

velobis TvalsazrisiT, es niSnavs, rom gadaxdisuunar-

oba da Sedegad gabankroteba gamowveulia bankis mier


191

kapitalze moTxovnilebebis daukmayofileblobiT, e.i.

sabanko kapitalis moculoba arasakmarisia Tavisi Ziri-

Tadi funqciebis SesrulebisaTvis.

amrigad, bankis gadaxdisuunaroba warmoiSoba ma-

Sin, rodesac sakredito organizaciis xarjebi aWarbebs

misi sakuTari kapitalis moculobas. gadaxdisuunaroba,

zedamxedvelobis TvalsazrisiT, mkacri Sefasebaa da

igi warmoiSoba, rodesac sabanko kapitalis moculoba

gadis misi daSvebis gansazRvruli normatiuli koefi-

cientis minimaluri donis farglebidan. yovelive ze-

moT aRniSnuli naklovanebis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia

sabanko saqmianobis strategiuli marTvisa da dagegmvis

safuZvelze mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis Sefase-

bis problemebis mogvarebiT.

The Principles of Risk Management Control in Development of The Principles of Risk Management Control in Development of new Banking Products and Evaluation of Managerial Decisions new Banking Products and Evaluation of Managerial Decisions

K. SulamanidzeK. Sulamanidze

The presented article discusses the way of improving risk manage-ment process and decision making process during development of new banking products. The factors effecting above said processes are dissoci-ated, risk management systems existing in banks are characterized (usage of international practice – setting Limits). The work also presents analysis of risk management system, conditions for its creation, improvement of loan portfolio management and loan risk regulations. The work presents the ways how to improve credit policy directions, liquidity management, valuation of banks fi nancial performance indexes and ways how to im-prove supervision of asset liability management.


192

postkomunisturi transformacia mwvaved da siRrmiseu-

lad Seexo saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemas, gansakuTrebiT ki

kvalificiur ekonomistTa kadrebis sauniversiteto momzadebis

process. Zveli, administraciul-mbrZanebluri ekonomikisaTvis

kadrebis momzadebis specifikuri sistema, misTvis damaxasi-

aTebeli ideologizaciis maRali xarisxiTa da sqolastikiT,

sruliad miuRebeli aRmoCnda da ekonomistTa sauniversiteto

swavlebam gardaqmnebis dawyebidan dRemde ganvlil periodSi,

uzarmazari cvlileba ganicada. es procesi mimdinareobda glo-

balizaciis gaRrmavebis fonze, romelic mniSvnelovan daRs as-

vamda mis msvlelobas. reformirebis dRis wesrigSi dadga umaR-

lesi ganaTlebis erTian evropul sivrceSi saqarTvelos inte-

grirebis amocana, ramac moiTxova saerTo evropuli standart-

ebis Sesabamisi swavlebis formebis, meTodebisa da meqanizmebis

danergva, studentebisa da profesor-maswavleblebis transsaz-

RvriTi mobilurobis amaRleba, saswavlo programebis harmoni-

zacia da misgan gamomdinare – dasavleTSi safuZvlianad apro-

birebuli saxelmZRvaneloebis Targmna da gamoyeneba.

sasiamovnoa aRiniSnos, rom Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti ucvlelad imyofe-

boda da dResac imyofeba am procesebis avangardSi. amasTanave,

ekonomistebis sauniversiteto momzadebis reformireba uwyveti

procesia, romelic sistematurad mdidrdeba axali samecnie-

ro-pedagogiuri novaciebiT. amis erT-erTi naTeli magaliTia

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis makroekonomikis kaTedris

wevrebis, sruli profesoris nodar xaduris, asocirebuli pro-

fesorebis – malxaz Ciqobavasa da nazira kakulias mier masa-

Cusetsis teqnologiuri institutis profesoris olivie blan-

Saris makroekonomikis saxelmZRvanelos qarTul enaze Targmna

da gamocema. saxelmZRvanelos avtori o. blanSari Tanamedrove

msoflios erT-erTi brwyinvale makroekonomistia, romlis wig-

makroekonomikis “bestseleri” makroekonomikis “bestseleri” saxelmZRvanelo qarTul enaze*saxelmZRvanelo qarTul enaze*

* olivie blanSari. makroekonomika (me-5 gamocema), samecniero redaqtori

iuri ananiaSvili, mTargmnelebi: nodar xaduri, malxaz Ciqobava, nazira

kakulia, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010, 874 gv.

axali wignebi: rogoria profesional-recenzentTa azri?axali wignebi: rogoria profesional-recenzentTa azri?

193

niT xelmZRvaneloben ekonomikisa da biznesis specialobis stu-

dentebi aSS-sa da dasavleT evropis bevr umaRles saswavleb-

elSi.

aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom es aris qarTul enaze o.

blanSaris makroekonomikis uaxlesi gamocemis Targmani, rom-

lis analogic sxva enebze jerjerobiT ar moipoveba. Sesabam-

isad, saxelmZRvanelodan qarTveli mkiTxveli gaecnoba msof-

lioSi mimdinare im procesebis avtoriseul analizs, romleb-

sac dResac ar daukargavT aqtualuroba. mTargmnelebisa da

samecniero redaqtoris maRali profesionalizmis wyalobiT

moxerxda o. blanSaris uaRresad originaluri da xSirad sak-

maod rTulad aRsaqmeli mosazrebebis martivad da studentebi-

saTvis gasageb enaze gadmocema, rac gansakuTrebul faseulobas

aniWebs am saxelmZRvanelos.

did mowonebas imsaxurebs wignis dizaini da poligrafiu-

li gaformebis done, romelic srul SesabamisobaSia msoflios

yvelaze maRal standartebTan da risTvisac didi madloba ekuT-

vnis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemlobas. xazi

unda gaesvas makroekonomikis kaTedris gamgis, prof. n. xaduris

mier saxlmZRvanelos momzadebas da gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT

gaweul uzarmazar organizaciul Zalisxmevas da wignis mecni-

er-redaqtoris, prof. i. ananiaSvilis mniSvnelovan wvlils.

daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom msoflioSi erT-erTi yve-

laze cnobili Tanamedrove makroekonomistis, mecnieris, peda-

gogis, praqtikosi moRvawis – olivie blanSaris makroekonomi-

kis saxelmZRvanelos qarTul enaze gamocemiT umniSvnelovanesi

saganmanaTleblo saqme gakeTda, romelic, vfiqrobT, saTanadod

iqneba aRqmuli da Sefasebuli Cveni studentebis, profesor-mas-

wavleblebis, makroekonomikuri Teoriisa da makroekonomikuri

politikis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli nebismieri mkiTxvelis

mxridan. Cven isRa dagvrCenia, rom es didi gamarjveba mivu-

locoT mTargmnelebs da Semdgomi SemoqmedebiTi warmatebebi

vusurvoT maT.

elguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvili

ekon. mecn. doqtori, profesoriekon. mecn. doqtori, profesori

194

saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis

prezidentma, mecnierebis damsaxurebulma moRvawem, ekon.

mecn. doqtorma, profesorma leo Ciqavam qarTvel mkiTx-

vels 2012 wlis dadgoma araordinarulad, Tavisi axali

nawarmoebis - ,,dasaqmeba da umuSevroba saqarTveloSi’’,

gamomcemloba ,, universali’’,Tbilisi, 2012, 312 gv. - SeTava-

zebiT miuloca. es faqti misasalmebelia im mxrivac, rom

igi aris ara kompilaciuri xasiaTis Txzuleba, aramed

maRalkvalificiuri da didi gamocdilebis mqone mkvl-

evaris xangrZlivi nafiqral-naazrevis momcveli Rrmamec-

nieruli gamokvleva.

sarecenzio naSromis arqiteqtonika aseTia : wina

planzea wamoweuli mTavari problema - ,,saqarTvelos

SromiTi resursebi da maTi gamoyeneba’’[gv. 5-116]. amasTan

erTad, rogorc ,,winaTqmaSia’’ aRniSnuli, sakvlev prob-

lemaze avtoriseuli Sexedulebebis mkiTxvelisTvis ufro

srulad da siRrmiseulad gacnobis mizniT, masSi, damate-

biTi analitikuri masalis saxiT, Setanilia dasaqmebis,

umuSevrobisa da mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis regionuli

aspeqtebisadmi miZRvnili da mis mier ZiriTadad saqarT-

velos teqnikuri universitetis bunebrivi resursebisa

da mwarmoeblur ZalTa Semswavleli centris Sromebis

krebulSi gamoqveynebuli ramdenime statia, romlebic

moicavs imereTs, kaxeTs, samegrelos, Sida qarTls, mcxeTa-

mTianeTs, svaneTsa da raWa-leCxums [118-225]; teqsts Tan

erTvis glosariumi, romelSic mocemulia sakvlev prob-

lemasTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime [ZiriTadad sadisku-

sio] definiciis gansazRvra[gv. 280-310].

cota ufro detalurad gvinda SevCerdeT pirvel

nawilze - saqarTvelos masStabiT, SromiTi resursebis

formirebisa da gamoyenebis sakiTxebze. avtori, savsebiT

marTebulad, uwinares yovlisa, ekonomikurad aqtiuri

saintereso monografiuli saintereso monografiuli

gamokvlevagamokvleva


195

mosaxleobis [samuSao Zalis] formirebas, struqturasa da

aqtiurobis dones ganixilavs. sainteresoa misi msjeloba

mosaxleobis sruli Sromisunariani asakis qveda da zeda

zRvrebis Sesaxeb. igi, saTanado argumentebis moSvelie-

biT, gaumarTleblad miiCnevs Sromis saerTaSoriso orga-

nizaciis [Sso] rekomendaciiT, 15-17 wlis asakis mozarde-

bisa da [65 wels gadacilebul] pensionerTa ekonomikurad

aqtiuri mosaxleobis SemadgenlobaSi Seyvanis statisti-

kuri aRricxvis praqtikiT damkvidrebul meTodikas, miuxe-

davad imisa, rom mosaxleobis orive es kategoria [rogorc

nawilobriv Sromisunariani nawili sazogadoebisa] Sro-

miT resursebSi Sedis. avtoriseuli msjelobiT, pension-

eri, ise rogorc 18-wlamdeli asakis zrdadausrulebeli

ymawvili, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba Sesabamisi samuSaoTi iyos

dasaqmebuli, magram, muSaobis survilis qonis miuxedavad,

Tu ar muSaobs [pensioneri–normaluri pensiis miRebisas]

umuSevrad ar unda CaiTvalos.

marTalia, amgvari mtkicebis calkeuli aspeqti

garkveul azrTa sxvadasxvaobasa da kamaTs iwvevs, magram

TviT sakiTxis aseTnaird dasma uaRresad sagulisxmo da

angariSgasawevia.

wignis avtori aseve damajereblad asabuTebs

,,ekonomikurad ara aqtiuri mosaxleobis’’ cnebis gagebaSi

garkveuli koreqtivebis Setanis mizanSewonilebas, ramdena-

dac arasakmarisad miiCnevs am definiciis aRricxvis praq-

tikaSi damkvidrebul aseT gansazRvras : ,,ekonomikurad

araaqtiuri mosaxleoba udris 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis

mosaxleobas minus ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba’’[gv.

25]. sarecenzio wignis avtoris SexedulebiT, upriania

ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis gaangariSeba ornairi

ganzomilebiT: sruli Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis

farglebSi da mTlianad qveynis mosaxleobis masStabiT.

aqedan pirveli Segviqmnis warmodgenas konkretulad sru-

li Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis ekonomikurad aq-

tiur da araaqtiur nawilebs Soris Tanafardobaze, xolo

196

meore - imaze, Tu rogoria Tanafardoba mTeli qveynis

masStabiT sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis Semqmnel [mis po-

tenciur SemqmnelTa CaTvliT] da maT kmayofaze myofTa

Soris [gv. 26].

amis Semdeg, gansaxilvel naSromSi savsebiT logi-

kuria SromiTi resursebis gamoyenebis [dasaqmebis] Tval-

sazrisiT saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareobis mecnier-

uli analizi. mdidari faqtobrivi masalis momarjvebiT,

detaluradaa warmodgenili muSaxelis dasaqmeba, m. S.

daqiravebiT dasaqmeba da TviTdasaqmeba, am procesisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli tendenciebi asakobriv, dargobriv da re-

gionul WriliT, dasaqmebis done, masSi mimdinare cvli-

lebebi dasaxlebebis [qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis],

agreTve, dasaqmebulTa sqesis [momuSave mamakacebisa da

qalebis] mixedviT da a. S.

savsebiT viziarebT avtoriseul Sexedulebas imis

Taobaze, rom muSakTa dasaqmebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris oficialuri monaceme-

bi realuri mdgomareobis araadekvaturia, rac ZiriTadad

moqmedi meTodikis xarvezebiT aixsneba. igulisxmeba umu-

SevarTa kategoriisadmi mikuTvneba, magaliTad, iseTi pire-

bisac ki, romlebmac gamokiTxvis wina kviris ganmavlobaSi

mxolod erTi saaTiT waimuSaves, Tundac usasyidlod, sa-

kuTar an mezoblis [aseve, naTesavisa Tu nacnobis] meur-

neobaSi. ai, ratomaa xelovnurad gaberilad warmodgenili

dasaqmebulTa [ZiriTadad TviTdasaqmebulTa] ricxovnoba,

gansakuTrebiT soflad [gv. 53]. naSromSi mocemulia ,, daq-

iravebiT dasaqmebulisa’’ da ,,TviTdasaqmebulis’’ gansaz-

Rvris avtoriseuli variantebi, rac realobasTan ufro

miaxloebulad migvaCnia.

gansaxilveli naSromis avtori, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT,

marTebulad usvams xazs dasaqmebis donis gaangariSebis

praqtikiT damkvidrebuli meTodikis srulyofis saWiroe-

basac. amasTan dakavSirebiT naSromSi vkiTxulobT: ,,Sso-

is rekomendaciiT, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli


197

samsaxuri mas aseTnairad angariSobs: dasaqmebulTa

saerTo ricxovnobas yofs 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis

mosaxleobis ricxovnobaze da gamoxatavs procentebSi.

arsebobis ufleba, ra Tqma unda, am maCvenebelsac aqvs, ma-

gram realur viTarebas mxolod miaxloebiT asaxavs da

arsebiTad moklebulia praqtikul gamoyenebas ... ai, ratom

mimaCnia gamarTlebulad dasaqmebis donis gaangariSeba

sruli Sromisunariani asakis faqtiurad dasaqmebulTa

ricxovnobis ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis [samuSao

Zalis] ricxovnobasTan SefardebiT [gamoxatuli procen-

tebSi’’ [gv. 57-58].

dasaqmebis problematikis ganxilvis Semdeg, naSrom-

Si yuradReba gamaxvilebulia masTan organulad dakav-

Sirebul iseT mwvave socialur movlenaze, rogoricaa

umuSevroba. am movlenis raobis, formebis, donis, struq-

turisa da ganviTarebis tendenciebis detaluri ganx-

ilvis safuZvelze, gakeTebulia marTebuli daskvna imis

Taobaze, rom saqarTveloSi umuSevarTa ricxovnobisa da

umuSevrobis donis Sesaxeb oficialuri monacemebi [316,9

aT. kaci da 16,3% - 2010 w.] ararealuria. amis sailustra-

ciod motanilia rigi argumentebisa. magaliTad, Sso-is

meTodikis arasrulyofilebis gamo, masSi asaxva ver pov-

es: soflad TviTdasaqmebulTa kategoriaSi usafuZvlod

moxvedrilma pirebma, romlebic sinamdvileSi umuSevrebi

arian; Sromisunariani asakis dausaqmebelma pirebma, rom-

lebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi eZebdnen samuSaos, magram

ver ipoves igi da, am uSedego procesis mobezrebis Sed-

egad, ukve ar aqtiuroben dasaqmebaze; faruli umuSevrebi;

sezonuri umuSevrebi; umuSevrobis Sedegad saqarTvelo-

dan sazRvargareT emigrirebulebi da a.S.

gansaxilvel naSromSi vrclad da safuZvlianad,

ZiriTadad raodenobriv parametrebSia warmodgenili

umuSevrobis negatiuri socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi

saqarTveloSi: didZali uwarmoebeli materialuri [da

aramarto materialuri] dovlaTi; rogorc TviT umuSevre-

198

bis, aseve saxelmwifos Semosavlis danakargebi; masobrivi

siRaribe; intensiuri gare SromiTi migracia; inflaciis

zrda; demografiuli viTarebis gamwvaveba; demografiuli

datvirTvis gadideba; xangrZlivad umuSevrad myof mu-

SakTa dekvalifikacia; adamianis fsiqikis Seryeva da ner-

vuli sistemis moSla; faruli [daukvirvebadi] ekonomiki-

sTvis xelsayreli garemo pirobebis Seqmna; damnaSaveobis

farTo masStabebi da sxv. [gv. 73-102].

gamokvlevaSi jerovani adgili aqvs daTmobili

dasaqmebis donis amaRlebisa da unuSevrobis Semcirebis

gzebisa da rezervebis ganxilvas. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia:

dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuris Seqmna, ufro zustad,

gafarToebul-gaZlierebuli funqciebiT aRdgena; ingli-

suri enis swavlebis gaZlierebis mizniT, ucxoeli spe-

cialistebisTvis SeTavazebuli 10 aT. samuSao adgilis

gamoTavisufleba da adgilobrivi kadrebiT maTi Canacv-

leba; saxelmwifo struqturebSi xelmZRvanel muSakTa

Secvlisas Zveli [m. S. gamocdili da staJiani kadrebis]

masobrivad daTxovnisa da piradi erTgulebis niSniT

dakompleqtebuli ,,sakuTari gundiT’’ mosvlis mankieri

praqtikis aRmofxvra; dasaqmebulTaTvis kanoniT miniWe-

buli uflebebis dacva da am mimarTulebiT profkavSire-

bis rolis gaZliereba; zrunva samuSao adgilebisa da

samuSao Zalis raodenobrivi maCveneblebis dabalansebi-

sTvis, profesiis [specialobaTa] gaTvaliswinebiT; ekono-

mikis aRorZineba da ganviTareba, investiciebis upiratesad

am daniSnulebiT mozidva; mcire biznesis ganviTarebisT-

vis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna; SinmuSaobis formis

farTod gamoyeneba [gansakuTrebiT mTianeTSi]; sxvadasxva

kategoriis muSakTa xelfasis mkveTri kontrastulobis

aRmofxvra dasxv.

amrigad, sarecenzio naSromis saxiT saqme gvaqvs uaR-

resad aqtualur da didi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis mqone

problematikaze maRalmecnierul doneze Sesrulebul

monografiul gamokvlevasTan, romelsac aqvs rogorc


199

Teoriul-meTodologiuri, aseve pragmatuli mniSvneloba.

igi enobrivadac gamarTulia, mxatvruli nawarmoebiviT

ikiTxeba da qarTuli ekonomikuri literaturis saukeTe-

so SenaZenia. avtoriseuli saboloo daskvna aseTia :,,Cem

mier SeTavazebuli rekomendaciebi momentalurad ver

gadaWris dasaqmebasa da umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebul

problemebs, magram erTi ram SeiZleba iTqvas garkveviT

- igi udavod dadebiT rols Seasrulebs maT gadaWraSi

[gv. 116].

recezentebi ara marto vadasturebT am saocrad

mokrZalebuli striqonebis WeSmaritebas, aramed vurCevT

Sesabamis instanciebs, naSromSi uxvad mocemuli winadade-

bebisa da rekomendaciebis realizaciisTvis, saTanado gu-

lisxmierebis gamoCenas. es udavod waadgeba Cveni qveynis

winsvlis keTilSobilur saqmes.

naSromis mimarT raime arsebiTi xasiaTis SeniSvna

ar gvaqvs. rac Seexeba calkeul niuansebs, maT Sesaxeb

kolegebi, am wignis avtorTan erTad, saqarTvelos ekono-

mikur mecnierebaTa akademiasTan arsebul sadiskusio

klubSi vikamaTebT.

dabolos, raoden dasanania, rom SezRuduli tira-

JiT dabeWdvis gamo, masze xeli ar miuwvdeba am prob-

lematikiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wres. ram-

denadac CvenTvis cnobilia, igi arc ki gamoCenila wignis

bazarze sarealizaciod. avtorma yvela egzemplari pira-

dad dauriga Tavis kolegebsa da biblioTekebs.

nodar WiTanava nodar WiTanava

ekon. mecn. doqtori, profesori, ekon. mecn. doqtori, profesori,

saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis

mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi,

amiran jibutiamiran jibuti

ekon. mecn. doqtori, profesori, ekon. mecn. doqtori, profesori,

murman carciZe murman carciZe

ekon. mecn. doqtori, profesori.ekon. mecn. doqtori, profesori.

200

daibeWda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis bazaze

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa -

manana jixviSvili

ISSN 1987-5789

Documents

ekonomika da biznesi 2-2012+.pdf · ekonomika da biznesi marti-aprili MARCH-APRIL МАРТ-АПРЕЛЬ 2012 ECONOMICS and BUSINESS ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑ ISSN 1987-5789