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1
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
copy 2005-07 Nelson 1
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠MBA MSc BBA ACA CFA CPA(Aust) CPA(US) FCCA FCPA(Practising) MSCA
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7
Anyone who says they understand IAS 39 has not read it helliphellip
Professor Sir David TweedieChairman of IASB
copy 2005-07 Nelson 2
2
IAS 32 rArr Financial Instruments Presentation
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7
IAS 39 rArr Financial Instruments Recognition and measurement
IFRS 7 rArr Financial Instruments Disclosure ndash The most interesting standardsndash The most lengthiest standardsndash The most complex standardsndash Cover some unusual or more complex contracts
copy 2005-07 Nelson 3
pndash But also cover some very simple elements in the
financial statements for examplebull Cash trade receivable helliphellipbull Share capital trade payable bank loans helliphellip
IFRS 4 rArr Insurance Contracts
Objectives
IAS 32bull Aims at enhancing financial
statement usersrsquo understanding
IAS 39bull Aims at establishing principles
for recognising and measuringstatement users understanding of the significance of financial instruments to an entityrsquos financial position performance and cash flows
bull Contains requirements for the presentation of financial instruments and
for recognising and measuringfinancial assets financial liabilities and some contracts to buy or sell non-financial items
copy 2005-07 Nelson 4
identifies the information that should be disclosed about them
Before IFRS 7 effective in 2007
IFRS 4bull Specifies the financial reporting for insurance contracts by any entity
that issues such contracts
3
Main Coverage
IAS 32 IAS 39bull Presentation
Li biliti d E itbull Classification of financial
i t tndash Liabilities and Equityndash Compound Financial Instrumentsndash Offsetting
bull Disclosure requirements
instrumentsbull Recognition and derecognition of
financial instrumentsbull Measurement of financial
instrumentsbull Derivatives and embedded
derivativesbull Hedging and hedge accountingIFRS 7
copy 2005-07 Nelson 5
bull Hedging and hedge accountingIFRS 7bull Disclosure requirements
IFRS 4bull Limited improvementsbull Disclosure requirements
ImplicationImplication
Implication of IAS 39 and IFRS 4
China Life Insurance Company Limited
Case 1
A ti t 2005ndash The adoption of HKAS 39 resulted in
bull a change in the accounting policy relating to the classification of financial assets at fair value through income and available-for-sale securities
bull but no change in equity at 1 January 2005 helliphellip
ndash The adoption of HKFRS 4 has resulted in bull a change in the classification of insurance contracts and investment contracts
HKFRS 4 applies to
bull Accounting report 2005 (1st year in adopting HKAS 39 amp HKFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 6
ndash HKFRS 4 applies to i) all direct and assumed risk insurance contracts (ldquoinsurance contractsrdquo) andii) all investment contracts with a discretionary participation feature (ldquoinvestment
contracts with DPFrdquo) of the Group
ndash All other contracts (ldquoinvestment contracts without DPFrdquo) of the Group fall into the scope of HKAS 39 helliphellip
4
Implication of IAS 39 and IFRS 4Case 1
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2005ndash The Group issues contracts that transfer insurance risk or financial risk or both
bull Insurance contracts are those contracts that transfer significant insurance risk They may also transfer financial risk
bull Investment contracts are those contracts that transfer financial risk with no significant insurance risk
bull A number of insurance and investment contracts contain a DPF (Discretionary Participation Feature) This feature entitles the holder to receive as a supplement to b fit d th t t dditi l b fit b th t t l t i t
bull Accounting report 2005 (1st year in adopting HKAS 39 amp HKFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 7
benefits under the contracts additional benefits or bonuses that are at least in part discretionary to the Group
ndash Insurance contracts and investment contracts with DPF are classified into three main categories
i) Short-term insurance contracts hellipii) Long-term traditional insurance contracts helliphellipiii)Long-term investment type insurance contracts and investment contracts with DPF
Implication of IAS 39 and IFRS 4Case 1
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2005ndash Long-term investment type insurance contracts include
bull life insurance and annuity contracts with significant investment features but with sufficiently significant insurance risk to still be considered insurance contracts under HKFRS 4
ndash During 2005 HKFRS 4 was adopted ndash HKFRS 4 permits the existing accounting policies to be applied to all
contracts deemed to be insurance contracts under HKFRS 4 helliphellip
bull Accounting report 2005 (1st year in adopting HKAS 39 amp HKFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 8
ImplicationImplication
5
Morning Session
Todayrsquos AgendaSimple but
Comprehensive
Contentious and k i
Afternoon Session
key issues
Real Life Cases and Examples
bull Financial Instruments Recognition and Measurement (IAS 39)
bull Derivative (IAS 39)
bull Insurance Contracts (IFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 9
bull Derecognition (IAS 39)
bull Hedging (IAS 39)
bull Financial Instruments Presentation (IAS 32)
bull Financial Instruments Disclosure (IFRS 7)
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
bull Financial Instruments
Scope Scope
Initial Recognition
bull Extended the scope to all contract to buy and sell of non-financial items that meet the scope
bull All financial instruments including derivatives are recognised in the balance sheet (on balance sheet)
Definitions bull Financial instruments including derivatives
are clearly defined
copy 2005-07 Nelson 10
Measurement
balance sheet)
bull Except for strict conditions are fulfilled all financial assets are measured at fair value
Derivatives bull More explanation on derivatives and backdrop of hedging
6
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Scope Scope
copy 2005-07 Nelson 11
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39IAS 39
Interests in subsidiaries associates and joint ventures accounted for under IAS 27 28 and 31Ri h d bli i d l hi h IAS 1 li
IAS 32
IAS 39
Interests in subsidiaries associates and joint ventures accounted for under IAS 27 28 and 31Ri h d bli i d l hi h IAS 1 li
IFRS 7
Rights and obligations under leases to which IAS 17 applies except for derecognition and embedded derivativesEmployersrsquo rights and obligations under employee benefit plans to which IAS 19 appliesFinancial instruments issued by the entity that meet the definition of an equity instrument in IAS 32Rights and obligations under an insurance contract as defined in IFRS 4 except for embedded derivativesContracts for contingent consideration in a business combination
Rights and obligations under leases to which IAS 17 applies except for derecognition and embedded derivativesEmployersrsquo rights and obligations under employee benefit plans to which IAS 19 appliesFinancial instruments issued by the entity that meet the definition of an equity instrument in IAS 32Rights and obligations under an insurance contract as defined in IFRS 4 except for embedded derivativesContracts for contingent consideration in a business combination
copy 2005-07 Nelson 12
(see IFRS 3) for the acquirer onlyContracts between an acquirer and a vendor in a business combination to buy or sell an acquiree at a future dateCertain loan commitments (IAS 37 and 18)Instruments and obligations under share-based payment transactions (IFRS 2) except for some contractsRights to payment to reimburse a recognised provision under IAS 37
(see IFRS 3) for the acquirer onlyContracts between an acquirer and a vendor in a business combination to buy or sell an acquiree at a future dateCertain loan commitments (IAS 37 and 18)Instruments and obligations under share-based payment transactions (IFRS 2) except for some contractsRights to payment to reimburse a recognised provision under IAS 37
7
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39Example 1
1 Tony buys a 6-month future contract in oil with a bank over the counter and Tony uses it to hedge with the oil that it would buy in 6 months for his factory
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil
copy 2005-07 Nelson 13
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil company and the oil company promises to deliver the oil in 3 months
Are these two contracts within the scope of IAS 39
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39
Contracts to buy or sell a non-financial item can be divided into 2 types1 that can be settled Forward contracts1 that can be settled
bull net in cash or another financialinstrument or
bull by exchanging financial instruments
2 that were entered into and continue tobe heldbull for the purpose of the receipt or
bull as if financial instrumentsbull within scope
U l
copy 2005-07 Nelson 14
p p pdelivery of a non-financial item
bull in accordance with the entityrsquos expected purchase sale or usage requirements
Usual executory contractsbull NOT within scope
8
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Definitions
copy 2005-07 Nelson 15
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to1 a financial asset of one entity and2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
Definitions and Classification
2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
copy 2005-07 Nelson 16
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
of one entity
of another entity
9
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial asset is any asset that isbull Cashbull An equity instrument of another entitybull A contractual rightA contractual right
i) to receive cash or another financial asset from another entityii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially favourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not
copy 2005-07 Nelson 17
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial liability is any liability that is bull A contractual right
i) to deliver cash or another financial asset from another entityii) h fi i l fi i l li bili i i h hii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another
entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the
copy 2005-07 Nelson 18
DerivativeDerivativeFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
10
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Equity instruments rArr is any contract that evidences a residual interest in
the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities
copy 2005-07 Nelson 19
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Example 2
Gold Bullionbull Is gold bullion a financial instrument (like cash) or is it a commodityg ( ) y
It is a commoditybull Bullion is highly liquidbull But there is no contractual right to receive cash or another financial
asset inherent in bullion
copy 2005-07 Nelson 20
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
11
Definitions and Classification
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 21
Definitions and Classification
1 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
FA at FV through PL
AFS fi i l
Loans and receivables
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
2 Available-for-sale financial assets
3 Held-to-maturity investments
4 Loans and receivables
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 22
bull Initial recognition and measurement principle for financial assets and financial liabilities are the same (to be discussed later)
bull But IAS 39 further defines financial asset into 4 categories for subsequent measurement (financial liability to be discussed later)
The 4-category classification will affect the subsequent measurementof financial assets but not the initial measurement
12
A financial asset that meets either of the following 2 conditions
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
Definitions and Classification
conditionsa) It is classified as held for trading if it is
i) acquired or incurred principally for the purposeof selling or repurchasing it in the near term
ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking or
An entity has NO choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 23
iii) a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument)
b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair value through profit or loss (only if the entity meets any one of the conditions in IAS 39)
If an entity meets the condition it has a choice (since 2006)
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Requirements imposed in 2006ndash The Fair Value Option (Jul 2005)
Hedge Accounting
bull Restrict a companyrsquos option in designating a financial asset (or financial liability) at FV through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 24
FA at FV through PL
bull Only allow to designate if conditions are met
3 Conditions to Designate
13
Definitions and Classification
Effective from 112006 Upon initial recognition an i d i fi i l fi i l li bili
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss onlybull when permitted by paragraph 11A of IAS 39 (in order
to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract) or
bull when doing so results in more relevant information because eitheri) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
1 Embedded Derivative Condition
2 Eliminates Inconsistency
copy 2005-07 Nelson 25
measurement or recognition inconsistencyii) financial assets financial liabilities or both is
managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis
3 Conditions to Designate
3 Managed on Fair Value Basis
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss ndash Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss are financial
instruments which on initial recognition are designated by the group as being at fair value through profit or loss
ndash A security is classified in this category if it meets the criteria set out below and is so designated by management
ndash The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 26
The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the designation1) eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition
inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases or
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
2
IAS 32 rArr Financial Instruments Presentation
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7
IAS 39 rArr Financial Instruments Recognition and measurement
IFRS 7 rArr Financial Instruments Disclosure ndash The most interesting standardsndash The most lengthiest standardsndash The most complex standardsndash Cover some unusual or more complex contracts
copy 2005-07 Nelson 3
pndash But also cover some very simple elements in the
financial statements for examplebull Cash trade receivable helliphellipbull Share capital trade payable bank loans helliphellip
IFRS 4 rArr Insurance Contracts
Objectives
IAS 32bull Aims at enhancing financial
statement usersrsquo understanding
IAS 39bull Aims at establishing principles
for recognising and measuringstatement users understanding of the significance of financial instruments to an entityrsquos financial position performance and cash flows
bull Contains requirements for the presentation of financial instruments and
for recognising and measuringfinancial assets financial liabilities and some contracts to buy or sell non-financial items
copy 2005-07 Nelson 4
identifies the information that should be disclosed about them
Before IFRS 7 effective in 2007
IFRS 4bull Specifies the financial reporting for insurance contracts by any entity
that issues such contracts
3
Main Coverage
IAS 32 IAS 39bull Presentation
Li biliti d E itbull Classification of financial
i t tndash Liabilities and Equityndash Compound Financial Instrumentsndash Offsetting
bull Disclosure requirements
instrumentsbull Recognition and derecognition of
financial instrumentsbull Measurement of financial
instrumentsbull Derivatives and embedded
derivativesbull Hedging and hedge accountingIFRS 7
copy 2005-07 Nelson 5
bull Hedging and hedge accountingIFRS 7bull Disclosure requirements
IFRS 4bull Limited improvementsbull Disclosure requirements
ImplicationImplication
Implication of IAS 39 and IFRS 4
China Life Insurance Company Limited
Case 1
A ti t 2005ndash The adoption of HKAS 39 resulted in
bull a change in the accounting policy relating to the classification of financial assets at fair value through income and available-for-sale securities
bull but no change in equity at 1 January 2005 helliphellip
ndash The adoption of HKFRS 4 has resulted in bull a change in the classification of insurance contracts and investment contracts
HKFRS 4 applies to
bull Accounting report 2005 (1st year in adopting HKAS 39 amp HKFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 6
ndash HKFRS 4 applies to i) all direct and assumed risk insurance contracts (ldquoinsurance contractsrdquo) andii) all investment contracts with a discretionary participation feature (ldquoinvestment
contracts with DPFrdquo) of the Group
ndash All other contracts (ldquoinvestment contracts without DPFrdquo) of the Group fall into the scope of HKAS 39 helliphellip
4
Implication of IAS 39 and IFRS 4Case 1
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2005ndash The Group issues contracts that transfer insurance risk or financial risk or both
bull Insurance contracts are those contracts that transfer significant insurance risk They may also transfer financial risk
bull Investment contracts are those contracts that transfer financial risk with no significant insurance risk
bull A number of insurance and investment contracts contain a DPF (Discretionary Participation Feature) This feature entitles the holder to receive as a supplement to b fit d th t t dditi l b fit b th t t l t i t
bull Accounting report 2005 (1st year in adopting HKAS 39 amp HKFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 7
benefits under the contracts additional benefits or bonuses that are at least in part discretionary to the Group
ndash Insurance contracts and investment contracts with DPF are classified into three main categories
i) Short-term insurance contracts hellipii) Long-term traditional insurance contracts helliphellipiii)Long-term investment type insurance contracts and investment contracts with DPF
Implication of IAS 39 and IFRS 4Case 1
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2005ndash Long-term investment type insurance contracts include
bull life insurance and annuity contracts with significant investment features but with sufficiently significant insurance risk to still be considered insurance contracts under HKFRS 4
ndash During 2005 HKFRS 4 was adopted ndash HKFRS 4 permits the existing accounting policies to be applied to all
contracts deemed to be insurance contracts under HKFRS 4 helliphellip
bull Accounting report 2005 (1st year in adopting HKAS 39 amp HKFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 8
ImplicationImplication
5
Morning Session
Todayrsquos AgendaSimple but
Comprehensive
Contentious and k i
Afternoon Session
key issues
Real Life Cases and Examples
bull Financial Instruments Recognition and Measurement (IAS 39)
bull Derivative (IAS 39)
bull Insurance Contracts (IFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 9
bull Derecognition (IAS 39)
bull Hedging (IAS 39)
bull Financial Instruments Presentation (IAS 32)
bull Financial Instruments Disclosure (IFRS 7)
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
bull Financial Instruments
Scope Scope
Initial Recognition
bull Extended the scope to all contract to buy and sell of non-financial items that meet the scope
bull All financial instruments including derivatives are recognised in the balance sheet (on balance sheet)
Definitions bull Financial instruments including derivatives
are clearly defined
copy 2005-07 Nelson 10
Measurement
balance sheet)
bull Except for strict conditions are fulfilled all financial assets are measured at fair value
Derivatives bull More explanation on derivatives and backdrop of hedging
6
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Scope Scope
copy 2005-07 Nelson 11
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39IAS 39
Interests in subsidiaries associates and joint ventures accounted for under IAS 27 28 and 31Ri h d bli i d l hi h IAS 1 li
IAS 32
IAS 39
Interests in subsidiaries associates and joint ventures accounted for under IAS 27 28 and 31Ri h d bli i d l hi h IAS 1 li
IFRS 7
Rights and obligations under leases to which IAS 17 applies except for derecognition and embedded derivativesEmployersrsquo rights and obligations under employee benefit plans to which IAS 19 appliesFinancial instruments issued by the entity that meet the definition of an equity instrument in IAS 32Rights and obligations under an insurance contract as defined in IFRS 4 except for embedded derivativesContracts for contingent consideration in a business combination
Rights and obligations under leases to which IAS 17 applies except for derecognition and embedded derivativesEmployersrsquo rights and obligations under employee benefit plans to which IAS 19 appliesFinancial instruments issued by the entity that meet the definition of an equity instrument in IAS 32Rights and obligations under an insurance contract as defined in IFRS 4 except for embedded derivativesContracts for contingent consideration in a business combination
copy 2005-07 Nelson 12
(see IFRS 3) for the acquirer onlyContracts between an acquirer and a vendor in a business combination to buy or sell an acquiree at a future dateCertain loan commitments (IAS 37 and 18)Instruments and obligations under share-based payment transactions (IFRS 2) except for some contractsRights to payment to reimburse a recognised provision under IAS 37
(see IFRS 3) for the acquirer onlyContracts between an acquirer and a vendor in a business combination to buy or sell an acquiree at a future dateCertain loan commitments (IAS 37 and 18)Instruments and obligations under share-based payment transactions (IFRS 2) except for some contractsRights to payment to reimburse a recognised provision under IAS 37
7
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39Example 1
1 Tony buys a 6-month future contract in oil with a bank over the counter and Tony uses it to hedge with the oil that it would buy in 6 months for his factory
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil
copy 2005-07 Nelson 13
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil company and the oil company promises to deliver the oil in 3 months
Are these two contracts within the scope of IAS 39
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39
Contracts to buy or sell a non-financial item can be divided into 2 types1 that can be settled Forward contracts1 that can be settled
bull net in cash or another financialinstrument or
bull by exchanging financial instruments
2 that were entered into and continue tobe heldbull for the purpose of the receipt or
bull as if financial instrumentsbull within scope
U l
copy 2005-07 Nelson 14
p p pdelivery of a non-financial item
bull in accordance with the entityrsquos expected purchase sale or usage requirements
Usual executory contractsbull NOT within scope
8
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Definitions
copy 2005-07 Nelson 15
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to1 a financial asset of one entity and2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
Definitions and Classification
2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
copy 2005-07 Nelson 16
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
of one entity
of another entity
9
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial asset is any asset that isbull Cashbull An equity instrument of another entitybull A contractual rightA contractual right
i) to receive cash or another financial asset from another entityii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially favourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not
copy 2005-07 Nelson 17
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial liability is any liability that is bull A contractual right
i) to deliver cash or another financial asset from another entityii) h fi i l fi i l li bili i i h hii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another
entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the
copy 2005-07 Nelson 18
DerivativeDerivativeFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
10
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Equity instruments rArr is any contract that evidences a residual interest in
the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities
copy 2005-07 Nelson 19
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Example 2
Gold Bullionbull Is gold bullion a financial instrument (like cash) or is it a commodityg ( ) y
It is a commoditybull Bullion is highly liquidbull But there is no contractual right to receive cash or another financial
asset inherent in bullion
copy 2005-07 Nelson 20
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
11
Definitions and Classification
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 21
Definitions and Classification
1 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
FA at FV through PL
AFS fi i l
Loans and receivables
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
2 Available-for-sale financial assets
3 Held-to-maturity investments
4 Loans and receivables
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 22
bull Initial recognition and measurement principle for financial assets and financial liabilities are the same (to be discussed later)
bull But IAS 39 further defines financial asset into 4 categories for subsequent measurement (financial liability to be discussed later)
The 4-category classification will affect the subsequent measurementof financial assets but not the initial measurement
12
A financial asset that meets either of the following 2 conditions
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
Definitions and Classification
conditionsa) It is classified as held for trading if it is
i) acquired or incurred principally for the purposeof selling or repurchasing it in the near term
ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking or
An entity has NO choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 23
iii) a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument)
b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair value through profit or loss (only if the entity meets any one of the conditions in IAS 39)
If an entity meets the condition it has a choice (since 2006)
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Requirements imposed in 2006ndash The Fair Value Option (Jul 2005)
Hedge Accounting
bull Restrict a companyrsquos option in designating a financial asset (or financial liability) at FV through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 24
FA at FV through PL
bull Only allow to designate if conditions are met
3 Conditions to Designate
13
Definitions and Classification
Effective from 112006 Upon initial recognition an i d i fi i l fi i l li bili
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss onlybull when permitted by paragraph 11A of IAS 39 (in order
to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract) or
bull when doing so results in more relevant information because eitheri) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
1 Embedded Derivative Condition
2 Eliminates Inconsistency
copy 2005-07 Nelson 25
measurement or recognition inconsistencyii) financial assets financial liabilities or both is
managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis
3 Conditions to Designate
3 Managed on Fair Value Basis
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss ndash Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss are financial
instruments which on initial recognition are designated by the group as being at fair value through profit or loss
ndash A security is classified in this category if it meets the criteria set out below and is so designated by management
ndash The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 26
The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the designation1) eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition
inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases or
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
3
Main Coverage
IAS 32 IAS 39bull Presentation
Li biliti d E itbull Classification of financial
i t tndash Liabilities and Equityndash Compound Financial Instrumentsndash Offsetting
bull Disclosure requirements
instrumentsbull Recognition and derecognition of
financial instrumentsbull Measurement of financial
instrumentsbull Derivatives and embedded
derivativesbull Hedging and hedge accountingIFRS 7
copy 2005-07 Nelson 5
bull Hedging and hedge accountingIFRS 7bull Disclosure requirements
IFRS 4bull Limited improvementsbull Disclosure requirements
ImplicationImplication
Implication of IAS 39 and IFRS 4
China Life Insurance Company Limited
Case 1
A ti t 2005ndash The adoption of HKAS 39 resulted in
bull a change in the accounting policy relating to the classification of financial assets at fair value through income and available-for-sale securities
bull but no change in equity at 1 January 2005 helliphellip
ndash The adoption of HKFRS 4 has resulted in bull a change in the classification of insurance contracts and investment contracts
HKFRS 4 applies to
bull Accounting report 2005 (1st year in adopting HKAS 39 amp HKFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 6
ndash HKFRS 4 applies to i) all direct and assumed risk insurance contracts (ldquoinsurance contractsrdquo) andii) all investment contracts with a discretionary participation feature (ldquoinvestment
contracts with DPFrdquo) of the Group
ndash All other contracts (ldquoinvestment contracts without DPFrdquo) of the Group fall into the scope of HKAS 39 helliphellip
4
Implication of IAS 39 and IFRS 4Case 1
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2005ndash The Group issues contracts that transfer insurance risk or financial risk or both
bull Insurance contracts are those contracts that transfer significant insurance risk They may also transfer financial risk
bull Investment contracts are those contracts that transfer financial risk with no significant insurance risk
bull A number of insurance and investment contracts contain a DPF (Discretionary Participation Feature) This feature entitles the holder to receive as a supplement to b fit d th t t dditi l b fit b th t t l t i t
bull Accounting report 2005 (1st year in adopting HKAS 39 amp HKFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 7
benefits under the contracts additional benefits or bonuses that are at least in part discretionary to the Group
ndash Insurance contracts and investment contracts with DPF are classified into three main categories
i) Short-term insurance contracts hellipii) Long-term traditional insurance contracts helliphellipiii)Long-term investment type insurance contracts and investment contracts with DPF
Implication of IAS 39 and IFRS 4Case 1
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2005ndash Long-term investment type insurance contracts include
bull life insurance and annuity contracts with significant investment features but with sufficiently significant insurance risk to still be considered insurance contracts under HKFRS 4
ndash During 2005 HKFRS 4 was adopted ndash HKFRS 4 permits the existing accounting policies to be applied to all
contracts deemed to be insurance contracts under HKFRS 4 helliphellip
bull Accounting report 2005 (1st year in adopting HKAS 39 amp HKFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 8
ImplicationImplication
5
Morning Session
Todayrsquos AgendaSimple but
Comprehensive
Contentious and k i
Afternoon Session
key issues
Real Life Cases and Examples
bull Financial Instruments Recognition and Measurement (IAS 39)
bull Derivative (IAS 39)
bull Insurance Contracts (IFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 9
bull Derecognition (IAS 39)
bull Hedging (IAS 39)
bull Financial Instruments Presentation (IAS 32)
bull Financial Instruments Disclosure (IFRS 7)
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
bull Financial Instruments
Scope Scope
Initial Recognition
bull Extended the scope to all contract to buy and sell of non-financial items that meet the scope
bull All financial instruments including derivatives are recognised in the balance sheet (on balance sheet)
Definitions bull Financial instruments including derivatives
are clearly defined
copy 2005-07 Nelson 10
Measurement
balance sheet)
bull Except for strict conditions are fulfilled all financial assets are measured at fair value
Derivatives bull More explanation on derivatives and backdrop of hedging
6
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Scope Scope
copy 2005-07 Nelson 11
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39IAS 39
Interests in subsidiaries associates and joint ventures accounted for under IAS 27 28 and 31Ri h d bli i d l hi h IAS 1 li
IAS 32
IAS 39
Interests in subsidiaries associates and joint ventures accounted for under IAS 27 28 and 31Ri h d bli i d l hi h IAS 1 li
IFRS 7
Rights and obligations under leases to which IAS 17 applies except for derecognition and embedded derivativesEmployersrsquo rights and obligations under employee benefit plans to which IAS 19 appliesFinancial instruments issued by the entity that meet the definition of an equity instrument in IAS 32Rights and obligations under an insurance contract as defined in IFRS 4 except for embedded derivativesContracts for contingent consideration in a business combination
Rights and obligations under leases to which IAS 17 applies except for derecognition and embedded derivativesEmployersrsquo rights and obligations under employee benefit plans to which IAS 19 appliesFinancial instruments issued by the entity that meet the definition of an equity instrument in IAS 32Rights and obligations under an insurance contract as defined in IFRS 4 except for embedded derivativesContracts for contingent consideration in a business combination
copy 2005-07 Nelson 12
(see IFRS 3) for the acquirer onlyContracts between an acquirer and a vendor in a business combination to buy or sell an acquiree at a future dateCertain loan commitments (IAS 37 and 18)Instruments and obligations under share-based payment transactions (IFRS 2) except for some contractsRights to payment to reimburse a recognised provision under IAS 37
(see IFRS 3) for the acquirer onlyContracts between an acquirer and a vendor in a business combination to buy or sell an acquiree at a future dateCertain loan commitments (IAS 37 and 18)Instruments and obligations under share-based payment transactions (IFRS 2) except for some contractsRights to payment to reimburse a recognised provision under IAS 37
7
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39Example 1
1 Tony buys a 6-month future contract in oil with a bank over the counter and Tony uses it to hedge with the oil that it would buy in 6 months for his factory
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil
copy 2005-07 Nelson 13
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil company and the oil company promises to deliver the oil in 3 months
Are these two contracts within the scope of IAS 39
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39
Contracts to buy or sell a non-financial item can be divided into 2 types1 that can be settled Forward contracts1 that can be settled
bull net in cash or another financialinstrument or
bull by exchanging financial instruments
2 that were entered into and continue tobe heldbull for the purpose of the receipt or
bull as if financial instrumentsbull within scope
U l
copy 2005-07 Nelson 14
p p pdelivery of a non-financial item
bull in accordance with the entityrsquos expected purchase sale or usage requirements
Usual executory contractsbull NOT within scope
8
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Definitions
copy 2005-07 Nelson 15
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to1 a financial asset of one entity and2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
Definitions and Classification
2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
copy 2005-07 Nelson 16
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
of one entity
of another entity
9
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial asset is any asset that isbull Cashbull An equity instrument of another entitybull A contractual rightA contractual right
i) to receive cash or another financial asset from another entityii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially favourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not
copy 2005-07 Nelson 17
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial liability is any liability that is bull A contractual right
i) to deliver cash or another financial asset from another entityii) h fi i l fi i l li bili i i h hii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another
entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the
copy 2005-07 Nelson 18
DerivativeDerivativeFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
10
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Equity instruments rArr is any contract that evidences a residual interest in
the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities
copy 2005-07 Nelson 19
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Example 2
Gold Bullionbull Is gold bullion a financial instrument (like cash) or is it a commodityg ( ) y
It is a commoditybull Bullion is highly liquidbull But there is no contractual right to receive cash or another financial
asset inherent in bullion
copy 2005-07 Nelson 20
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
11
Definitions and Classification
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 21
Definitions and Classification
1 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
FA at FV through PL
AFS fi i l
Loans and receivables
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
2 Available-for-sale financial assets
3 Held-to-maturity investments
4 Loans and receivables
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 22
bull Initial recognition and measurement principle for financial assets and financial liabilities are the same (to be discussed later)
bull But IAS 39 further defines financial asset into 4 categories for subsequent measurement (financial liability to be discussed later)
The 4-category classification will affect the subsequent measurementof financial assets but not the initial measurement
12
A financial asset that meets either of the following 2 conditions
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
Definitions and Classification
conditionsa) It is classified as held for trading if it is
i) acquired or incurred principally for the purposeof selling or repurchasing it in the near term
ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking or
An entity has NO choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 23
iii) a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument)
b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair value through profit or loss (only if the entity meets any one of the conditions in IAS 39)
If an entity meets the condition it has a choice (since 2006)
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Requirements imposed in 2006ndash The Fair Value Option (Jul 2005)
Hedge Accounting
bull Restrict a companyrsquos option in designating a financial asset (or financial liability) at FV through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 24
FA at FV through PL
bull Only allow to designate if conditions are met
3 Conditions to Designate
13
Definitions and Classification
Effective from 112006 Upon initial recognition an i d i fi i l fi i l li bili
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss onlybull when permitted by paragraph 11A of IAS 39 (in order
to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract) or
bull when doing so results in more relevant information because eitheri) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
1 Embedded Derivative Condition
2 Eliminates Inconsistency
copy 2005-07 Nelson 25
measurement or recognition inconsistencyii) financial assets financial liabilities or both is
managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis
3 Conditions to Designate
3 Managed on Fair Value Basis
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss ndash Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss are financial
instruments which on initial recognition are designated by the group as being at fair value through profit or loss
ndash A security is classified in this category if it meets the criteria set out below and is so designated by management
ndash The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 26
The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the designation1) eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition
inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases or
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
4
Implication of IAS 39 and IFRS 4Case 1
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2005ndash The Group issues contracts that transfer insurance risk or financial risk or both
bull Insurance contracts are those contracts that transfer significant insurance risk They may also transfer financial risk
bull Investment contracts are those contracts that transfer financial risk with no significant insurance risk
bull A number of insurance and investment contracts contain a DPF (Discretionary Participation Feature) This feature entitles the holder to receive as a supplement to b fit d th t t dditi l b fit b th t t l t i t
bull Accounting report 2005 (1st year in adopting HKAS 39 amp HKFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 7
benefits under the contracts additional benefits or bonuses that are at least in part discretionary to the Group
ndash Insurance contracts and investment contracts with DPF are classified into three main categories
i) Short-term insurance contracts hellipii) Long-term traditional insurance contracts helliphellipiii)Long-term investment type insurance contracts and investment contracts with DPF
Implication of IAS 39 and IFRS 4Case 1
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2005ndash Long-term investment type insurance contracts include
bull life insurance and annuity contracts with significant investment features but with sufficiently significant insurance risk to still be considered insurance contracts under HKFRS 4
ndash During 2005 HKFRS 4 was adopted ndash HKFRS 4 permits the existing accounting policies to be applied to all
contracts deemed to be insurance contracts under HKFRS 4 helliphellip
bull Accounting report 2005 (1st year in adopting HKAS 39 amp HKFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 8
ImplicationImplication
5
Morning Session
Todayrsquos AgendaSimple but
Comprehensive
Contentious and k i
Afternoon Session
key issues
Real Life Cases and Examples
bull Financial Instruments Recognition and Measurement (IAS 39)
bull Derivative (IAS 39)
bull Insurance Contracts (IFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 9
bull Derecognition (IAS 39)
bull Hedging (IAS 39)
bull Financial Instruments Presentation (IAS 32)
bull Financial Instruments Disclosure (IFRS 7)
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
bull Financial Instruments
Scope Scope
Initial Recognition
bull Extended the scope to all contract to buy and sell of non-financial items that meet the scope
bull All financial instruments including derivatives are recognised in the balance sheet (on balance sheet)
Definitions bull Financial instruments including derivatives
are clearly defined
copy 2005-07 Nelson 10
Measurement
balance sheet)
bull Except for strict conditions are fulfilled all financial assets are measured at fair value
Derivatives bull More explanation on derivatives and backdrop of hedging
6
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Scope Scope
copy 2005-07 Nelson 11
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39IAS 39
Interests in subsidiaries associates and joint ventures accounted for under IAS 27 28 and 31Ri h d bli i d l hi h IAS 1 li
IAS 32
IAS 39
Interests in subsidiaries associates and joint ventures accounted for under IAS 27 28 and 31Ri h d bli i d l hi h IAS 1 li
IFRS 7
Rights and obligations under leases to which IAS 17 applies except for derecognition and embedded derivativesEmployersrsquo rights and obligations under employee benefit plans to which IAS 19 appliesFinancial instruments issued by the entity that meet the definition of an equity instrument in IAS 32Rights and obligations under an insurance contract as defined in IFRS 4 except for embedded derivativesContracts for contingent consideration in a business combination
Rights and obligations under leases to which IAS 17 applies except for derecognition and embedded derivativesEmployersrsquo rights and obligations under employee benefit plans to which IAS 19 appliesFinancial instruments issued by the entity that meet the definition of an equity instrument in IAS 32Rights and obligations under an insurance contract as defined in IFRS 4 except for embedded derivativesContracts for contingent consideration in a business combination
copy 2005-07 Nelson 12
(see IFRS 3) for the acquirer onlyContracts between an acquirer and a vendor in a business combination to buy or sell an acquiree at a future dateCertain loan commitments (IAS 37 and 18)Instruments and obligations under share-based payment transactions (IFRS 2) except for some contractsRights to payment to reimburse a recognised provision under IAS 37
(see IFRS 3) for the acquirer onlyContracts between an acquirer and a vendor in a business combination to buy or sell an acquiree at a future dateCertain loan commitments (IAS 37 and 18)Instruments and obligations under share-based payment transactions (IFRS 2) except for some contractsRights to payment to reimburse a recognised provision under IAS 37
7
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39Example 1
1 Tony buys a 6-month future contract in oil with a bank over the counter and Tony uses it to hedge with the oil that it would buy in 6 months for his factory
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil
copy 2005-07 Nelson 13
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil company and the oil company promises to deliver the oil in 3 months
Are these two contracts within the scope of IAS 39
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39
Contracts to buy or sell a non-financial item can be divided into 2 types1 that can be settled Forward contracts1 that can be settled
bull net in cash or another financialinstrument or
bull by exchanging financial instruments
2 that were entered into and continue tobe heldbull for the purpose of the receipt or
bull as if financial instrumentsbull within scope
U l
copy 2005-07 Nelson 14
p p pdelivery of a non-financial item
bull in accordance with the entityrsquos expected purchase sale or usage requirements
Usual executory contractsbull NOT within scope
8
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Definitions
copy 2005-07 Nelson 15
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to1 a financial asset of one entity and2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
Definitions and Classification
2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
copy 2005-07 Nelson 16
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
of one entity
of another entity
9
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial asset is any asset that isbull Cashbull An equity instrument of another entitybull A contractual rightA contractual right
i) to receive cash or another financial asset from another entityii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially favourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not
copy 2005-07 Nelson 17
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial liability is any liability that is bull A contractual right
i) to deliver cash or another financial asset from another entityii) h fi i l fi i l li bili i i h hii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another
entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the
copy 2005-07 Nelson 18
DerivativeDerivativeFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
10
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Equity instruments rArr is any contract that evidences a residual interest in
the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities
copy 2005-07 Nelson 19
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Example 2
Gold Bullionbull Is gold bullion a financial instrument (like cash) or is it a commodityg ( ) y
It is a commoditybull Bullion is highly liquidbull But there is no contractual right to receive cash or another financial
asset inherent in bullion
copy 2005-07 Nelson 20
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
11
Definitions and Classification
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 21
Definitions and Classification
1 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
FA at FV through PL
AFS fi i l
Loans and receivables
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
2 Available-for-sale financial assets
3 Held-to-maturity investments
4 Loans and receivables
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 22
bull Initial recognition and measurement principle for financial assets and financial liabilities are the same (to be discussed later)
bull But IAS 39 further defines financial asset into 4 categories for subsequent measurement (financial liability to be discussed later)
The 4-category classification will affect the subsequent measurementof financial assets but not the initial measurement
12
A financial asset that meets either of the following 2 conditions
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
Definitions and Classification
conditionsa) It is classified as held for trading if it is
i) acquired or incurred principally for the purposeof selling or repurchasing it in the near term
ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking or
An entity has NO choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 23
iii) a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument)
b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair value through profit or loss (only if the entity meets any one of the conditions in IAS 39)
If an entity meets the condition it has a choice (since 2006)
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Requirements imposed in 2006ndash The Fair Value Option (Jul 2005)
Hedge Accounting
bull Restrict a companyrsquos option in designating a financial asset (or financial liability) at FV through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 24
FA at FV through PL
bull Only allow to designate if conditions are met
3 Conditions to Designate
13
Definitions and Classification
Effective from 112006 Upon initial recognition an i d i fi i l fi i l li bili
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss onlybull when permitted by paragraph 11A of IAS 39 (in order
to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract) or
bull when doing so results in more relevant information because eitheri) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
1 Embedded Derivative Condition
2 Eliminates Inconsistency
copy 2005-07 Nelson 25
measurement or recognition inconsistencyii) financial assets financial liabilities or both is
managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis
3 Conditions to Designate
3 Managed on Fair Value Basis
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss ndash Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss are financial
instruments which on initial recognition are designated by the group as being at fair value through profit or loss
ndash A security is classified in this category if it meets the criteria set out below and is so designated by management
ndash The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 26
The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the designation1) eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition
inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases or
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
5
Morning Session
Todayrsquos AgendaSimple but
Comprehensive
Contentious and k i
Afternoon Session
key issues
Real Life Cases and Examples
bull Financial Instruments Recognition and Measurement (IAS 39)
bull Derivative (IAS 39)
bull Insurance Contracts (IFRS 4)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 9
bull Derecognition (IAS 39)
bull Hedging (IAS 39)
bull Financial Instruments Presentation (IAS 32)
bull Financial Instruments Disclosure (IFRS 7)
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
bull Financial Instruments
Scope Scope
Initial Recognition
bull Extended the scope to all contract to buy and sell of non-financial items that meet the scope
bull All financial instruments including derivatives are recognised in the balance sheet (on balance sheet)
Definitions bull Financial instruments including derivatives
are clearly defined
copy 2005-07 Nelson 10
Measurement
balance sheet)
bull Except for strict conditions are fulfilled all financial assets are measured at fair value
Derivatives bull More explanation on derivatives and backdrop of hedging
6
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Scope Scope
copy 2005-07 Nelson 11
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39IAS 39
Interests in subsidiaries associates and joint ventures accounted for under IAS 27 28 and 31Ri h d bli i d l hi h IAS 1 li
IAS 32
IAS 39
Interests in subsidiaries associates and joint ventures accounted for under IAS 27 28 and 31Ri h d bli i d l hi h IAS 1 li
IFRS 7
Rights and obligations under leases to which IAS 17 applies except for derecognition and embedded derivativesEmployersrsquo rights and obligations under employee benefit plans to which IAS 19 appliesFinancial instruments issued by the entity that meet the definition of an equity instrument in IAS 32Rights and obligations under an insurance contract as defined in IFRS 4 except for embedded derivativesContracts for contingent consideration in a business combination
Rights and obligations under leases to which IAS 17 applies except for derecognition and embedded derivativesEmployersrsquo rights and obligations under employee benefit plans to which IAS 19 appliesFinancial instruments issued by the entity that meet the definition of an equity instrument in IAS 32Rights and obligations under an insurance contract as defined in IFRS 4 except for embedded derivativesContracts for contingent consideration in a business combination
copy 2005-07 Nelson 12
(see IFRS 3) for the acquirer onlyContracts between an acquirer and a vendor in a business combination to buy or sell an acquiree at a future dateCertain loan commitments (IAS 37 and 18)Instruments and obligations under share-based payment transactions (IFRS 2) except for some contractsRights to payment to reimburse a recognised provision under IAS 37
(see IFRS 3) for the acquirer onlyContracts between an acquirer and a vendor in a business combination to buy or sell an acquiree at a future dateCertain loan commitments (IAS 37 and 18)Instruments and obligations under share-based payment transactions (IFRS 2) except for some contractsRights to payment to reimburse a recognised provision under IAS 37
7
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39Example 1
1 Tony buys a 6-month future contract in oil with a bank over the counter and Tony uses it to hedge with the oil that it would buy in 6 months for his factory
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil
copy 2005-07 Nelson 13
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil company and the oil company promises to deliver the oil in 3 months
Are these two contracts within the scope of IAS 39
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39
Contracts to buy or sell a non-financial item can be divided into 2 types1 that can be settled Forward contracts1 that can be settled
bull net in cash or another financialinstrument or
bull by exchanging financial instruments
2 that were entered into and continue tobe heldbull for the purpose of the receipt or
bull as if financial instrumentsbull within scope
U l
copy 2005-07 Nelson 14
p p pdelivery of a non-financial item
bull in accordance with the entityrsquos expected purchase sale or usage requirements
Usual executory contractsbull NOT within scope
8
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Definitions
copy 2005-07 Nelson 15
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to1 a financial asset of one entity and2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
Definitions and Classification
2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
copy 2005-07 Nelson 16
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
of one entity
of another entity
9
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial asset is any asset that isbull Cashbull An equity instrument of another entitybull A contractual rightA contractual right
i) to receive cash or another financial asset from another entityii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially favourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not
copy 2005-07 Nelson 17
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial liability is any liability that is bull A contractual right
i) to deliver cash or another financial asset from another entityii) h fi i l fi i l li bili i i h hii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another
entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the
copy 2005-07 Nelson 18
DerivativeDerivativeFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
10
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Equity instruments rArr is any contract that evidences a residual interest in
the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities
copy 2005-07 Nelson 19
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Example 2
Gold Bullionbull Is gold bullion a financial instrument (like cash) or is it a commodityg ( ) y
It is a commoditybull Bullion is highly liquidbull But there is no contractual right to receive cash or another financial
asset inherent in bullion
copy 2005-07 Nelson 20
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
11
Definitions and Classification
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 21
Definitions and Classification
1 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
FA at FV through PL
AFS fi i l
Loans and receivables
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
2 Available-for-sale financial assets
3 Held-to-maturity investments
4 Loans and receivables
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 22
bull Initial recognition and measurement principle for financial assets and financial liabilities are the same (to be discussed later)
bull But IAS 39 further defines financial asset into 4 categories for subsequent measurement (financial liability to be discussed later)
The 4-category classification will affect the subsequent measurementof financial assets but not the initial measurement
12
A financial asset that meets either of the following 2 conditions
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
Definitions and Classification
conditionsa) It is classified as held for trading if it is
i) acquired or incurred principally for the purposeof selling or repurchasing it in the near term
ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking or
An entity has NO choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 23
iii) a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument)
b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair value through profit or loss (only if the entity meets any one of the conditions in IAS 39)
If an entity meets the condition it has a choice (since 2006)
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Requirements imposed in 2006ndash The Fair Value Option (Jul 2005)
Hedge Accounting
bull Restrict a companyrsquos option in designating a financial asset (or financial liability) at FV through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 24
FA at FV through PL
bull Only allow to designate if conditions are met
3 Conditions to Designate
13
Definitions and Classification
Effective from 112006 Upon initial recognition an i d i fi i l fi i l li bili
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss onlybull when permitted by paragraph 11A of IAS 39 (in order
to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract) or
bull when doing so results in more relevant information because eitheri) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
1 Embedded Derivative Condition
2 Eliminates Inconsistency
copy 2005-07 Nelson 25
measurement or recognition inconsistencyii) financial assets financial liabilities or both is
managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis
3 Conditions to Designate
3 Managed on Fair Value Basis
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss ndash Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss are financial
instruments which on initial recognition are designated by the group as being at fair value through profit or loss
ndash A security is classified in this category if it meets the criteria set out below and is so designated by management
ndash The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 26
The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the designation1) eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition
inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases or
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
6
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Scope Scope
copy 2005-07 Nelson 11
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39IAS 39
Interests in subsidiaries associates and joint ventures accounted for under IAS 27 28 and 31Ri h d bli i d l hi h IAS 1 li
IAS 32
IAS 39
Interests in subsidiaries associates and joint ventures accounted for under IAS 27 28 and 31Ri h d bli i d l hi h IAS 1 li
IFRS 7
Rights and obligations under leases to which IAS 17 applies except for derecognition and embedded derivativesEmployersrsquo rights and obligations under employee benefit plans to which IAS 19 appliesFinancial instruments issued by the entity that meet the definition of an equity instrument in IAS 32Rights and obligations under an insurance contract as defined in IFRS 4 except for embedded derivativesContracts for contingent consideration in a business combination
Rights and obligations under leases to which IAS 17 applies except for derecognition and embedded derivativesEmployersrsquo rights and obligations under employee benefit plans to which IAS 19 appliesFinancial instruments issued by the entity that meet the definition of an equity instrument in IAS 32Rights and obligations under an insurance contract as defined in IFRS 4 except for embedded derivativesContracts for contingent consideration in a business combination
copy 2005-07 Nelson 12
(see IFRS 3) for the acquirer onlyContracts between an acquirer and a vendor in a business combination to buy or sell an acquiree at a future dateCertain loan commitments (IAS 37 and 18)Instruments and obligations under share-based payment transactions (IFRS 2) except for some contractsRights to payment to reimburse a recognised provision under IAS 37
(see IFRS 3) for the acquirer onlyContracts between an acquirer and a vendor in a business combination to buy or sell an acquiree at a future dateCertain loan commitments (IAS 37 and 18)Instruments and obligations under share-based payment transactions (IFRS 2) except for some contractsRights to payment to reimburse a recognised provision under IAS 37
7
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39Example 1
1 Tony buys a 6-month future contract in oil with a bank over the counter and Tony uses it to hedge with the oil that it would buy in 6 months for his factory
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil
copy 2005-07 Nelson 13
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil company and the oil company promises to deliver the oil in 3 months
Are these two contracts within the scope of IAS 39
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39
Contracts to buy or sell a non-financial item can be divided into 2 types1 that can be settled Forward contracts1 that can be settled
bull net in cash or another financialinstrument or
bull by exchanging financial instruments
2 that were entered into and continue tobe heldbull for the purpose of the receipt or
bull as if financial instrumentsbull within scope
U l
copy 2005-07 Nelson 14
p p pdelivery of a non-financial item
bull in accordance with the entityrsquos expected purchase sale or usage requirements
Usual executory contractsbull NOT within scope
8
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Definitions
copy 2005-07 Nelson 15
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to1 a financial asset of one entity and2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
Definitions and Classification
2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
copy 2005-07 Nelson 16
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
of one entity
of another entity
9
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial asset is any asset that isbull Cashbull An equity instrument of another entitybull A contractual rightA contractual right
i) to receive cash or another financial asset from another entityii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially favourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not
copy 2005-07 Nelson 17
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial liability is any liability that is bull A contractual right
i) to deliver cash or another financial asset from another entityii) h fi i l fi i l li bili i i h hii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another
entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the
copy 2005-07 Nelson 18
DerivativeDerivativeFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
10
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Equity instruments rArr is any contract that evidences a residual interest in
the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities
copy 2005-07 Nelson 19
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Example 2
Gold Bullionbull Is gold bullion a financial instrument (like cash) or is it a commodityg ( ) y
It is a commoditybull Bullion is highly liquidbull But there is no contractual right to receive cash or another financial
asset inherent in bullion
copy 2005-07 Nelson 20
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
11
Definitions and Classification
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 21
Definitions and Classification
1 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
FA at FV through PL
AFS fi i l
Loans and receivables
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
2 Available-for-sale financial assets
3 Held-to-maturity investments
4 Loans and receivables
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 22
bull Initial recognition and measurement principle for financial assets and financial liabilities are the same (to be discussed later)
bull But IAS 39 further defines financial asset into 4 categories for subsequent measurement (financial liability to be discussed later)
The 4-category classification will affect the subsequent measurementof financial assets but not the initial measurement
12
A financial asset that meets either of the following 2 conditions
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
Definitions and Classification
conditionsa) It is classified as held for trading if it is
i) acquired or incurred principally for the purposeof selling or repurchasing it in the near term
ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking or
An entity has NO choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 23
iii) a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument)
b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair value through profit or loss (only if the entity meets any one of the conditions in IAS 39)
If an entity meets the condition it has a choice (since 2006)
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Requirements imposed in 2006ndash The Fair Value Option (Jul 2005)
Hedge Accounting
bull Restrict a companyrsquos option in designating a financial asset (or financial liability) at FV through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 24
FA at FV through PL
bull Only allow to designate if conditions are met
3 Conditions to Designate
13
Definitions and Classification
Effective from 112006 Upon initial recognition an i d i fi i l fi i l li bili
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss onlybull when permitted by paragraph 11A of IAS 39 (in order
to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract) or
bull when doing so results in more relevant information because eitheri) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
1 Embedded Derivative Condition
2 Eliminates Inconsistency
copy 2005-07 Nelson 25
measurement or recognition inconsistencyii) financial assets financial liabilities or both is
managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis
3 Conditions to Designate
3 Managed on Fair Value Basis
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss ndash Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss are financial
instruments which on initial recognition are designated by the group as being at fair value through profit or loss
ndash A security is classified in this category if it meets the criteria set out below and is so designated by management
ndash The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 26
The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the designation1) eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition
inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases or
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
7
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39Example 1
1 Tony buys a 6-month future contract in oil with a bank over the counter and Tony uses it to hedge with the oil that it would buy in 6 months for his factory
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil
copy 2005-07 Nelson 13
2 Tony also signs a contract to buy oil from a US oil company and the oil company promises to deliver the oil in 3 months
Are these two contracts within the scope of IAS 39
Scope ndash Excluded from IAS 32 and 39
Contracts to buy or sell a non-financial item can be divided into 2 types1 that can be settled Forward contracts1 that can be settled
bull net in cash or another financialinstrument or
bull by exchanging financial instruments
2 that were entered into and continue tobe heldbull for the purpose of the receipt or
bull as if financial instrumentsbull within scope
U l
copy 2005-07 Nelson 14
p p pdelivery of a non-financial item
bull in accordance with the entityrsquos expected purchase sale or usage requirements
Usual executory contractsbull NOT within scope
8
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Definitions
copy 2005-07 Nelson 15
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to1 a financial asset of one entity and2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
Definitions and Classification
2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
copy 2005-07 Nelson 16
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
of one entity
of another entity
9
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial asset is any asset that isbull Cashbull An equity instrument of another entitybull A contractual rightA contractual right
i) to receive cash or another financial asset from another entityii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially favourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not
copy 2005-07 Nelson 17
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial liability is any liability that is bull A contractual right
i) to deliver cash or another financial asset from another entityii) h fi i l fi i l li bili i i h hii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another
entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the
copy 2005-07 Nelson 18
DerivativeDerivativeFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
10
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Equity instruments rArr is any contract that evidences a residual interest in
the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities
copy 2005-07 Nelson 19
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Example 2
Gold Bullionbull Is gold bullion a financial instrument (like cash) or is it a commodityg ( ) y
It is a commoditybull Bullion is highly liquidbull But there is no contractual right to receive cash or another financial
asset inherent in bullion
copy 2005-07 Nelson 20
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
11
Definitions and Classification
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 21
Definitions and Classification
1 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
FA at FV through PL
AFS fi i l
Loans and receivables
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
2 Available-for-sale financial assets
3 Held-to-maturity investments
4 Loans and receivables
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 22
bull Initial recognition and measurement principle for financial assets and financial liabilities are the same (to be discussed later)
bull But IAS 39 further defines financial asset into 4 categories for subsequent measurement (financial liability to be discussed later)
The 4-category classification will affect the subsequent measurementof financial assets but not the initial measurement
12
A financial asset that meets either of the following 2 conditions
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
Definitions and Classification
conditionsa) It is classified as held for trading if it is
i) acquired or incurred principally for the purposeof selling or repurchasing it in the near term
ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking or
An entity has NO choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 23
iii) a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument)
b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair value through profit or loss (only if the entity meets any one of the conditions in IAS 39)
If an entity meets the condition it has a choice (since 2006)
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Requirements imposed in 2006ndash The Fair Value Option (Jul 2005)
Hedge Accounting
bull Restrict a companyrsquos option in designating a financial asset (or financial liability) at FV through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 24
FA at FV through PL
bull Only allow to designate if conditions are met
3 Conditions to Designate
13
Definitions and Classification
Effective from 112006 Upon initial recognition an i d i fi i l fi i l li bili
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss onlybull when permitted by paragraph 11A of IAS 39 (in order
to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract) or
bull when doing so results in more relevant information because eitheri) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
1 Embedded Derivative Condition
2 Eliminates Inconsistency
copy 2005-07 Nelson 25
measurement or recognition inconsistencyii) financial assets financial liabilities or both is
managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis
3 Conditions to Designate
3 Managed on Fair Value Basis
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss ndash Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss are financial
instruments which on initial recognition are designated by the group as being at fair value through profit or loss
ndash A security is classified in this category if it meets the criteria set out below and is so designated by management
ndash The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 26
The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the designation1) eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition
inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases or
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
8
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Morning Session
Definitions
copy 2005-07 Nelson 15
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to1 a financial asset of one entity and2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
Definitions and Classification
2 a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity
copy 2005-07 Nelson 16
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
of one entity
of another entity
9
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial asset is any asset that isbull Cashbull An equity instrument of another entitybull A contractual rightA contractual right
i) to receive cash or another financial asset from another entityii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially favourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not
copy 2005-07 Nelson 17
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial liability is any liability that is bull A contractual right
i) to deliver cash or another financial asset from another entityii) h fi i l fi i l li bili i i h hii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another
entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the
copy 2005-07 Nelson 18
DerivativeDerivativeFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
10
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Equity instruments rArr is any contract that evidences a residual interest in
the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities
copy 2005-07 Nelson 19
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Example 2
Gold Bullionbull Is gold bullion a financial instrument (like cash) or is it a commodityg ( ) y
It is a commoditybull Bullion is highly liquidbull But there is no contractual right to receive cash or another financial
asset inherent in bullion
copy 2005-07 Nelson 20
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
11
Definitions and Classification
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 21
Definitions and Classification
1 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
FA at FV through PL
AFS fi i l
Loans and receivables
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
2 Available-for-sale financial assets
3 Held-to-maturity investments
4 Loans and receivables
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 22
bull Initial recognition and measurement principle for financial assets and financial liabilities are the same (to be discussed later)
bull But IAS 39 further defines financial asset into 4 categories for subsequent measurement (financial liability to be discussed later)
The 4-category classification will affect the subsequent measurementof financial assets but not the initial measurement
12
A financial asset that meets either of the following 2 conditions
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
Definitions and Classification
conditionsa) It is classified as held for trading if it is
i) acquired or incurred principally for the purposeof selling or repurchasing it in the near term
ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking or
An entity has NO choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 23
iii) a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument)
b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair value through profit or loss (only if the entity meets any one of the conditions in IAS 39)
If an entity meets the condition it has a choice (since 2006)
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Requirements imposed in 2006ndash The Fair Value Option (Jul 2005)
Hedge Accounting
bull Restrict a companyrsquos option in designating a financial asset (or financial liability) at FV through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 24
FA at FV through PL
bull Only allow to designate if conditions are met
3 Conditions to Designate
13
Definitions and Classification
Effective from 112006 Upon initial recognition an i d i fi i l fi i l li bili
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss onlybull when permitted by paragraph 11A of IAS 39 (in order
to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract) or
bull when doing so results in more relevant information because eitheri) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
1 Embedded Derivative Condition
2 Eliminates Inconsistency
copy 2005-07 Nelson 25
measurement or recognition inconsistencyii) financial assets financial liabilities or both is
managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis
3 Conditions to Designate
3 Managed on Fair Value Basis
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss ndash Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss are financial
instruments which on initial recognition are designated by the group as being at fair value through profit or loss
ndash A security is classified in this category if it meets the criteria set out below and is so designated by management
ndash The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 26
The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the designation1) eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition
inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases or
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
9
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial asset is any asset that isbull Cashbull An equity instrument of another entitybull A contractual rightA contractual right
i) to receive cash or another financial asset from another entityii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially favourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not
copy 2005-07 Nelson 17
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Financial liability is any liability that is bull A contractual right
i) to deliver cash or another financial asset from another entityii) h fi i l fi i l li bili i i h hii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another
entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entitybull A contract that will or may settled in the entityrsquos own equity instruments and is
i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments or
ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entityrsquos own equity instruments (For this purpose the entityrsquos own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the
copy 2005-07 Nelson 18
DerivativeDerivativeFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
Equity instrumentor
include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entityrsquos own equity instruments)
10
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Equity instruments rArr is any contract that evidences a residual interest in
the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities
copy 2005-07 Nelson 19
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Example 2
Gold Bullionbull Is gold bullion a financial instrument (like cash) or is it a commodityg ( ) y
It is a commoditybull Bullion is highly liquidbull But there is no contractual right to receive cash or another financial
asset inherent in bullion
copy 2005-07 Nelson 20
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
11
Definitions and Classification
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 21
Definitions and Classification
1 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
FA at FV through PL
AFS fi i l
Loans and receivables
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
2 Available-for-sale financial assets
3 Held-to-maturity investments
4 Loans and receivables
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 22
bull Initial recognition and measurement principle for financial assets and financial liabilities are the same (to be discussed later)
bull But IAS 39 further defines financial asset into 4 categories for subsequent measurement (financial liability to be discussed later)
The 4-category classification will affect the subsequent measurementof financial assets but not the initial measurement
12
A financial asset that meets either of the following 2 conditions
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
Definitions and Classification
conditionsa) It is classified as held for trading if it is
i) acquired or incurred principally for the purposeof selling or repurchasing it in the near term
ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking or
An entity has NO choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 23
iii) a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument)
b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair value through profit or loss (only if the entity meets any one of the conditions in IAS 39)
If an entity meets the condition it has a choice (since 2006)
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Requirements imposed in 2006ndash The Fair Value Option (Jul 2005)
Hedge Accounting
bull Restrict a companyrsquos option in designating a financial asset (or financial liability) at FV through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 24
FA at FV through PL
bull Only allow to designate if conditions are met
3 Conditions to Designate
13
Definitions and Classification
Effective from 112006 Upon initial recognition an i d i fi i l fi i l li bili
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss onlybull when permitted by paragraph 11A of IAS 39 (in order
to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract) or
bull when doing so results in more relevant information because eitheri) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
1 Embedded Derivative Condition
2 Eliminates Inconsistency
copy 2005-07 Nelson 25
measurement or recognition inconsistencyii) financial assets financial liabilities or both is
managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis
3 Conditions to Designate
3 Managed on Fair Value Basis
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss ndash Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss are financial
instruments which on initial recognition are designated by the group as being at fair value through profit or loss
ndash A security is classified in this category if it meets the criteria set out below and is so designated by management
ndash The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 26
The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the designation1) eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition
inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases or
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
10
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Equity instruments rArr is any contract that evidences a residual interest in
the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities
copy 2005-07 Nelson 19
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
Definitions ndash Financial Instruments Example 2
Gold Bullionbull Is gold bullion a financial instrument (like cash) or is it a commodityg ( ) y
It is a commoditybull Bullion is highly liquidbull But there is no contractual right to receive cash or another financial
asset inherent in bullion
copy 2005-07 Nelson 20
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
Derivative
11
Definitions and Classification
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 21
Definitions and Classification
1 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
FA at FV through PL
AFS fi i l
Loans and receivables
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
2 Available-for-sale financial assets
3 Held-to-maturity investments
4 Loans and receivables
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 22
bull Initial recognition and measurement principle for financial assets and financial liabilities are the same (to be discussed later)
bull But IAS 39 further defines financial asset into 4 categories for subsequent measurement (financial liability to be discussed later)
The 4-category classification will affect the subsequent measurementof financial assets but not the initial measurement
12
A financial asset that meets either of the following 2 conditions
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
Definitions and Classification
conditionsa) It is classified as held for trading if it is
i) acquired or incurred principally for the purposeof selling or repurchasing it in the near term
ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking or
An entity has NO choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 23
iii) a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument)
b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair value through profit or loss (only if the entity meets any one of the conditions in IAS 39)
If an entity meets the condition it has a choice (since 2006)
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Requirements imposed in 2006ndash The Fair Value Option (Jul 2005)
Hedge Accounting
bull Restrict a companyrsquos option in designating a financial asset (or financial liability) at FV through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 24
FA at FV through PL
bull Only allow to designate if conditions are met
3 Conditions to Designate
13
Definitions and Classification
Effective from 112006 Upon initial recognition an i d i fi i l fi i l li bili
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss onlybull when permitted by paragraph 11A of IAS 39 (in order
to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract) or
bull when doing so results in more relevant information because eitheri) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
1 Embedded Derivative Condition
2 Eliminates Inconsistency
copy 2005-07 Nelson 25
measurement or recognition inconsistencyii) financial assets financial liabilities or both is
managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis
3 Conditions to Designate
3 Managed on Fair Value Basis
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss ndash Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss are financial
instruments which on initial recognition are designated by the group as being at fair value through profit or loss
ndash A security is classified in this category if it meets the criteria set out below and is so designated by management
ndash The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 26
The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the designation1) eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition
inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases or
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
11
Definitions and Classification
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 21
Definitions and Classification
1 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
FA at FV through PL
AFS fi i l
Loans and receivables
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability
2 Available-for-sale financial assets
3 Held-to-maturity investments
4 Loans and receivables
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 22
bull Initial recognition and measurement principle for financial assets and financial liabilities are the same (to be discussed later)
bull But IAS 39 further defines financial asset into 4 categories for subsequent measurement (financial liability to be discussed later)
The 4-category classification will affect the subsequent measurementof financial assets but not the initial measurement
12
A financial asset that meets either of the following 2 conditions
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
Definitions and Classification
conditionsa) It is classified as held for trading if it is
i) acquired or incurred principally for the purposeof selling or repurchasing it in the near term
ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking or
An entity has NO choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 23
iii) a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument)
b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair value through profit or loss (only if the entity meets any one of the conditions in IAS 39)
If an entity meets the condition it has a choice (since 2006)
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Requirements imposed in 2006ndash The Fair Value Option (Jul 2005)
Hedge Accounting
bull Restrict a companyrsquos option in designating a financial asset (or financial liability) at FV through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 24
FA at FV through PL
bull Only allow to designate if conditions are met
3 Conditions to Designate
13
Definitions and Classification
Effective from 112006 Upon initial recognition an i d i fi i l fi i l li bili
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss onlybull when permitted by paragraph 11A of IAS 39 (in order
to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract) or
bull when doing so results in more relevant information because eitheri) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
1 Embedded Derivative Condition
2 Eliminates Inconsistency
copy 2005-07 Nelson 25
measurement or recognition inconsistencyii) financial assets financial liabilities or both is
managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis
3 Conditions to Designate
3 Managed on Fair Value Basis
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss ndash Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss are financial
instruments which on initial recognition are designated by the group as being at fair value through profit or loss
ndash A security is classified in this category if it meets the criteria set out below and is so designated by management
ndash The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 26
The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the designation1) eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition
inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases or
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
12
A financial asset that meets either of the following 2 conditions
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
Definitions and Classification
conditionsa) It is classified as held for trading if it is
i) acquired or incurred principally for the purposeof selling or repurchasing it in the near term
ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking or
An entity has NO choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 23
iii) a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument)
b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair value through profit or loss (only if the entity meets any one of the conditions in IAS 39)
If an entity meets the condition it has a choice (since 2006)
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Requirements imposed in 2006ndash The Fair Value Option (Jul 2005)
Hedge Accounting
bull Restrict a companyrsquos option in designating a financial asset (or financial liability) at FV through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 24
FA at FV through PL
bull Only allow to designate if conditions are met
3 Conditions to Designate
13
Definitions and Classification
Effective from 112006 Upon initial recognition an i d i fi i l fi i l li bili
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss onlybull when permitted by paragraph 11A of IAS 39 (in order
to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract) or
bull when doing so results in more relevant information because eitheri) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
1 Embedded Derivative Condition
2 Eliminates Inconsistency
copy 2005-07 Nelson 25
measurement or recognition inconsistencyii) financial assets financial liabilities or both is
managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis
3 Conditions to Designate
3 Managed on Fair Value Basis
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss ndash Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss are financial
instruments which on initial recognition are designated by the group as being at fair value through profit or loss
ndash A security is classified in this category if it meets the criteria set out below and is so designated by management
ndash The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 26
The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the designation1) eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition
inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases or
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
13
Definitions and Classification
Effective from 112006 Upon initial recognition an i d i fi i l fi i l li bili
Definition ndash for Financial Assets at Fair Value through PLFA at FV through PL
entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss onlybull when permitted by paragraph 11A of IAS 39 (in order
to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract) or
bull when doing so results in more relevant information because eitheri) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
1 Embedded Derivative Condition
2 Eliminates Inconsistency
copy 2005-07 Nelson 25
measurement or recognition inconsistencyii) financial assets financial liabilities or both is
managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis
3 Conditions to Designate
3 Managed on Fair Value Basis
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss ndash Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss are financial
instruments which on initial recognition are designated by the group as being at fair value through profit or loss
ndash A security is classified in this category if it meets the criteria set out below and is so designated by management
ndash The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 26
The group designates securities at fair value through profit or loss because the designation1) eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition
inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases or
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
14
Definitions and Classification
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 2
2) applies to a group of financial assets financial liabilities or both that is managed and its performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with the grouprsquos documented risk management or investment strategy and where information about these instruments are provided internally on that basis to the grouprsquos key management personnel or
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which
g p
Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss
copy 2005-07 Nelson 27
3) relates to securities containing one or more embedded derivatives which significantly modify the cash flows resulting from the securities and which would otherwise require separate accounting
ndash Financial assets and financial liabilities so designated are recognised initially at fair value with transaction costs taken directly to the income statement
ndash Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise
bull Those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale or
AFS financial assets
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinition ndash for Available-for-sale financial assets
as available for sale orbull Those not classified into other categoriesbull Implies
rArr Except for those held for trading all the remaining financial assets can be designated as AFS financial assets
rArr Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial assets
An entity has a choice
copy 2005-07 Nelson 28
be initially designated as AFS financial assets
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
15
HTM investments
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLDefinitionAFS financial
assets for Held-to-Maturity Investments
payments and fixed maturitybull That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to
maturity other thanndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those designated as AFS financial assetsndash those that meet the definition of loans and receivables
A d bt i t t ith i bl i t t t ti f th it i f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 29
bull A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment
bull Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments eitherndash because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) orndash because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is
not predetermined (such as for share options warrants and similar rights)
Definitions and ClassificationExample 3
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
ABC Co buys the following listed notes and intends to hold them to maturity
ndash 5 5-Year note
ndash HIBOR 3-Year bank note
ndash 10 1-year equity-linked note(at maturity ABC co can receive either
i i l ith i t t HSBC h if
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic HTM investments
rArr radic but the put option element shall be separated and
t d f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 30
principal with interest or HSBC shares if the price of HSBC shares falls below $150 each)
accounted for asEmbedded Derivative (to be discussed)
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
16
Definitions and ClassificationExample 4
Bond with index-linked interest
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
bull Entity A buys a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date
bull The bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity
bull Entity A has positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
copy 2005-07 Nelson 31
Yesbull However the commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments
result in an Embedded Derivative that is separated and accounted for as a derivative at fair value
Definitions and ClassificationExample 5
Callable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Callable bondbull Entity A buys a callable bond and the bond issuer has a call optionbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Yesbull If the holder intends and is able to hold it until it is called or until
maturity and the holder would recover substantially all of its carrying t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 32
amountbull The call option of the issuer if exercised simply accelerates the
assetrsquos maturity
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
17
Definitions and ClassificationExample 6
Puttable bond
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Puttable bondbull Entity A buys a puttable bond and Entity A has a put option to require
the issuer to redeem the bondbull Can Entity A classify the bond as a HTM investment
Nobull A financial asset that is puttable (ie the holder has the right to
i th t th i d th fi i l t b f
copy 2005-07 Nelson 33
require that the issuer repay or redeem the financial asset before maturity) cannot be classified as a HTM investment
bull Because paying for a put feature in a financial asset is inconsistent with expressing an intention to hold the financial asset until maturity
An entity shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity
Definitions and ClassificationHTM
investmentsDefinitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
y y y yndash if the entity has
bull during the current financial year orbull during the two preceding financial yearsbull sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-to-
maturity investments before maturity(more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-to-maturity investments)
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they
copy 2005-07 Nelson 34
The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if theyndash are so close to maturity or the financial assetrsquos call date (for example less than 3
months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial assetrsquos fair value
ndash occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial assetrsquos original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments or
ndash are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entitys control is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
18
Definitions and ClassificationExample 7
Sale of HTM investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Sale of HTM investmentsbull Entity A sells $1000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5000 bonds
on interim date of 2003 before the bonds will be matured in 2007bull Since Entity A wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the
bonds
bull The disposed bonds would be over an insignificant amount of the whole portfolio and it is not an exemption from Tainting Rule
copy 2005-07 Nelson 35
p p gbull The sale of part of the HTM portfolio ldquotaintsrdquo that the entire portfolio
and all remaining investments in the HTM category must be reclassified
bull Entity A will be prohibited from classifying any assets as HTM investments for 2 full financial years until the year of 2006
Definitions and ClassificationExample 8
Downgrade of Credit Rating
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Downgrade of Credit Rating Would a sale of a held-to-maturity investment following a downgrade of the issuerrsquos credit rating by a rating agency raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
Not necessarilybull A downgrade is likely to indicate a decline in the issuerrsquos creditworthinessbull IAS 39 specifies that a sale due to a significant deterioration in the issuerrsquos
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise
copy 2005-07 Nelson 36
creditworthiness could satisfy the condition in IAS 39 and therefore not raise a question about the entityrsquos intention to hold other investments to maturity
bull However the deterioration in creditworthiness must be significant judged by reference to the credit rating at initial recognition
bull Also the rating downgrade must not have been reasonably anticipated when the entity classified the investment as held to maturity in order to meet the condition in IAS 39
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
19
Definitions and ClassificationExample 9
Different categories of HTM Investments
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different categories of HTM InvestmentsCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule for held-to-maturity classification separately to different categories of HTM investments such asndash debt instruments denominated in US dollars andndash debt instruments denominated in Euro
Nobull The Tainting Rule is clear
copy 2005-07 Nelson 37
bull The Tainting Rule is clearif an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of HTM investments it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments
Definitions and ClassificationExample 10
Different entities in a group
HTM investments
Definitionfor Held-to-Maturity Investments
Subject toTainting Rule below
Different entities in a groupCan an entity apply the Tainting Rule separately to HTM investments held by different entities in a consolidated group for example if those group entities are in different countries with different legal or economic environments
Nobull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount
copy 2005-07 Nelson 38
bull If an entity has sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of investments classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated financial statements it cannot classify any financial assets as HTM investments in the consolidated financial statements unless the exemption conditions in IAS 39 are met
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
20
bull On 1 January 2005 the Group has
Definitions and Classification
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 3Case 3
y preclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities
bull The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders equity
bull On transition the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the
Explained why
Why volatility to equityto be discussed later
copy 2005-07 Nelson 39
j gshareholderrsquos equity
bull No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
Yes
No
No
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 40
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
HTM investments
Yes
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
21
Loans and receivables
bull Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are
Definition
Definitions and ClassificationFA at FV
through PLHTM
investmentsAFS financial
assets
not quoted in an active market other thanndash those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall
be classified as held for trading)ndash those initially designated as FA at FV through PLndash those initially designated as AFS financial assetsndash those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial
investment other than because of credit deterioration which shall be classified as AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 41
bull An interest acquired in a pool of assets that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund)
bull Examples include loan assets trade receivables rental deposits deposits held by banks helliphellip
Definitions and ClassificationExample 11
Classification of Investment in Preference Share
Loans and receivables Definition
Can an equity instrument such as a preference share with fixed or determinable payments be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
Yesbull If a non-derivative equity instrument would be recorded as a liability by the
issuer and it has fixed or determinable payments and is not quoted in an active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
copy 2005-07 Nelson 42
active market it can be classified within loans and receivables by the holder provided the definition is otherwise met
bull IAS 32 provides guidance about the classification of a financial instrument as a liability or as equity from the perspective of the issuer of a financial instrument
bull If an instrument meets the definition of an equity instrument under IAS 32 it cannot be classified within loans and receivables by the holder
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
22
Definitions and ClassificationDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
Hedge Accounting
NoDesignated as AFS
financial assetsYes
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule
With fixeddeterminable payments
No
With fixed maturityYes
Yes
No
No
With quote in Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 43
FA at FV through PL
AFS financial assets
Yes
HTM investments
Loans and receivables
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
NoWith quote inan active market
Yes
No
Definitions and Classification
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 4
bull Accounting report 2006Financial assetsbull The Group classifies its investments into
o financial assets at fair value through profit or losso held-to-maturity financial assetso loans and receivables and o available-for-sale financial assets
bull The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired or originated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 44
q gbull The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories are used
o when the relevant liability (including shareholdersrsquo funds) are relatively passively managed andor carried at amortized cost
bull Financial assets are classified as at fair value through profit or loss o when for example the Group acquire such assets to cover certain
insurance and investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
23
Definitions and ClassificationCase 5
China Life Insurance Company Limitedbull Accounting report 2006
Financial assets ndash Classificationndash The Group classifies its investments in securities into the following categories
bull held-to-maturity securities bull financial assets at fair value through income and bull available-for-sale securities
ndash The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 45
initial recognition ndash Financial assets other than investment in securities are loans and receivables
bull which are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market other than those that the Group intends to sell in the short term or available for sale
bull Loans and receivables mainly comprise term deposits policy loans securities purchased under agreements to resell and accrued investment income as presented separately in the balance sheet
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Initial Recognition
copy 2005-07 Nelson 46
Measurement
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
24
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
bull An entity shall recognise a financial asset or afinancial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments
Implies trade date accountingExcept for a regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (to be discussed)
liability
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 47
of financial assets (to be discussed)
bull As a consequence of this principle an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as assets and liabilities respectively
bull Examplesndash Committing to a purchase of equity securitiesndash Committing to write a derivative option
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
bull When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liabilityndash at its fair value plus transaction costsndash except for those classified
liability
copy 2005-07 Nelson 48
pat fair value through profit or loss
No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Why
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
25
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset
bull A regular way purchase or sale is a h l f fi i l
Derivative
bull A contract that requires or permits net l f h h i h l
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
purchase or sale of a financial assetunder a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned
bull A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets shall be recognised ( d d i d) i ith
settlement of the change in the valueof the contract is NOT a regular way contract
bull Instead such a contract is accounted for as
a derivative in the period between the trade date andthe settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 49
(and derecognised) using eithertrade date accounting orsettlement date accounting
bull The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial assets that belong to the same category of financial assets
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
Trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an assetbull Trade date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date and
b) derecognition of an asset that is sold recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade dateGenerally interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the settlement date when title passes
copy 2005-07 Nelson 50
liability until the settlement date when title passes
Settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entitybull Settlement date accounting refers to
a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the entity andb) the derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on
disposal on the day that it is delivered by the entity
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
26
bull When settlement date accounting is applied
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementFinancial
asset Derivative
When settlement date accounting is appliedndash an entity accounts for any change in the fair value of the asset to be
received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset
ndash In other wordsthe change in value is not recognised for assets carried at cost or amortised cost it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 51
at fair value through profit or loss andit is recognised in equity for assets classified as available for sale
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accountingbull On 28 June 2011 Entity X agrees to purchase a bond for settlement on
1 July 2011 at $10 million
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
ybull On 30 June 2011 the fair value of the bond is $101 millionbull On 1 July 2011 the bond purchase is settled for $100 million and the
fair value remains as $101 millionbull What would be the impact on the balance sheet of the bond purchase at
each of the dates of 28 June 30 June and 1 July
bull The balance sheet impact is shown for both the settlement date
copy 2005-07 Nelson 52
papproach and the trade date approach
bull The example illustrates initial measurement of the bond purchase under two scenarios 1) subsequently carried at fair value (AFS financial assets) and2) subsequently carried at amortised cost
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
27
Trade Date vs Settlement Date Accounting
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 12
Bond measured atSettlement date accounting Trade date accounting
Fair value Amortised cost Fair value Amortised cost28 June 2011Financial asset - bondFinancial liability
ndashndash
ndashndash
100(100)
100(100)
30 June 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset - bondFinancial liabilityEquity
01ndashndash
(0 1)
ndashndashndash
ndash101
(100)(0 1)
ndash100
(100)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 53
Equity (01) ndash (01) ndash
1 July 2011Financial asset - receivable(revaluation gain)Financial asset-bondCash paidEquity
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
ndash101
(100)(01)
ndash100
(100)ndash
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a unrelated party B on 1
Jan 2005
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 13
ndash A charges B at an interest rate of 2 as A looks for further business with B
ndash A normally charges other parties at a current market lending rate of 4
bull Discuss the implication of the loan
F i l t I iti l R iti N I t t D it
copy 2005-07 Nelson 54
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash No Interest Depositbull Entity X is required to deposit $50000 to a customer in order to
guarantee that it would complete the service contract in 5 yearsrsquo timebull When the contract completes (say after 5 years) the deposit would be
refunded in full without any interest
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
28
Initial Measurement (IAS 39AG64)bull The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is
normally the transaction price (ie the fair value of the
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
y p (consideration given or received)
bull However if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated using a valuation techniquendash For example the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that
carries no interest can be estimated as
copy 2005-07 Nelson 55
bull the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency term type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating
ndash Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of incomebull unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 6
Investments in debt and equity securitiesndash The grouprsquos and the companyrsquos policies for investments in debt and equity
securities other than investments in subsidiaries associates and jointly controlled entities are as followso Investments in debt and equity securities are initially stated at cost which is
their transaction pricebull unless fair value can be more reliably estimated using valuation
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 56
techniques whose variables include only data from observable markets o Cost includes attributable transaction costs except where indicated helliphellip
ndash These investments are subsequently accounted for as follows depending on their classificationi) Securities designated at fair value through profit or loss helliphellipii) Held-to-maturity securities helliphellipiii) Available-for-sale securities helliphellip
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
29
Fair value at Initial Recognition ndash Low Interest Loanbull Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan
2005 as one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
pp pndash A charges B at a interest rate of 2 as A expects the return on Brsquos
future operation would be higherndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 57
bull On initial recognition Entity A should recognise the carrying amount of the loan at the fair value of the payments that it will receive from the related party
bull How is the fair value of the payments at initial recognition calculated
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 14
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
31 12 2005 $50 000 x 2 = $ 1 000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 94331122005 $50000 x 2 = $ 1000 1 (1 + 6) $ 943
31122006 $ 1000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 890
31122007 $ 51000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 42821
Fair value at initial recognition $ 44654
copy 2005-07 Nelson 58
bull Discounting the interest and principal repayments using the market rate of 6 Entity A will recognise an originated loan of $44654
bull The difference of $ 5346 is expensed immediatelyndash as the expectation about future operating profit of Entity B does
not qualify for recognition as an intangible asset
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
30
Fair value at Initial Recognitionbull Entity A grants a loan of $50000 to a related party B on 1 Jan 2005 as
one kind of financial assistance to support Brsquos operation
Initial Recognition amp MeasurementExample 15
pp pndash A expects the return on Brsquos future operation would be higherndash However A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms
with Entity Bndash A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of
6bull Discuss the implication of the loan
copy 2005-07 Nelson 59
No Active Market Valuation Technique (IAS 39AG79)bull Short-term receivables and payables with no stated
interest rate may be measured
Initial Recognition amp Measurement
yndash at the original invoice amount if the effect of
discounting is immaterial
bull Implies no matter it is receivable from related party or interest-freebull No discounting may be requiredbull Effective interest estimates (imputed
copy 2005-07 Nelson 60
Effective interest estimates (imputed interest) may be required
bull Can management argue it is ldquorepayable on demandrdquo even they expect that it would not be repaid soonbull Is it an estimate or judgement issue
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
31
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivablesLoans and receivables
Financial instrumentFinancial
instrument
Financial asset
Financial asset
Financial liability
Financial liability
FA at FV through PL
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 61
Measurement bull Financial Assets ndash Subsequent Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement after RecognitionClassification determine
Subsequent Measurement
Except forFA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
pbull investments in equity instruments that
bull do not have a quoted market price in an active market and
bull whose fair value cannot be reliably measuredat Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 62
receivables
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
32
Measurement after RecognitionDerivativeHeld for trading (or
derivative)
Upon initial recognition designated at FA at FV
through PL (if allowed)
Yes
NoYes
Designated and effective hedging
instrumentNo
YesA Financial Asset
No
Yes
No
No
With fixeddeterminable payments
Hedge AccountingDesignated as AFS
financial assetsNo
Yes
With fixed maturityYes
No
Has positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and fulfils
tainting rule With quote in
Yes
Yes
No
copy 2005-07 Nelson 63
FA at FVthrough PL
HTM investments atamortised cost
Loans and receivables atamortised cost
YesWith quote in
an active market
May recover substantially all
initial investments
No
Yes
No
AFS financial assets atfair value
With quote inan active market
Yes
No
Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Cost less Impairment
Yes
No Debt A quote at active market Fair value measured reliably
Yes
No
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Gain or loss to Profit or loss
Gain or loss to Equity
using the effective interest method
using the effective interest methodLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 64
greceivables
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
33
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
Gain or loss recognised directly in equitybull Except for
bull Impairment losses andbull Foreign exchange gains and losses
(financial asset is treated as if it were carried at amortised cost in the foreign
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 65
currency for translation purpose)bull Cumulative gain or loss recognised
directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
Active market existsndash A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted
prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities
ndash The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 66
( y)bull For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid pricebull For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask pricebull If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most
recent transaction
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
34
Measurement after Recognition
bull Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an armrsquos length transaction g
No active marketndash An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation techniquendash To establish what the transaction price would have been on the
measurement date in an armrsquos length exchange motivated by normal business considerations
ndash Valuation techniques includebull Using recent armrsquos length market transactions between knowledgeable
copy 2005-07 Nelson 67
g g g willing parties
bull Discounted cash flow analysisbull Option pricing models
bull Can NAV of an unlisted entity be considered as fair value
bull It is much like a finance question helliphellip yes amp no
Measurement after RecognitionExample 16
Fair Value of Quoted Price bull Financial Controller Ms Luk manages a fund and the rules applicable
to the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on theto the fund require net asset values to be reported to investors on the basis of mid-market prices
bull In these circumstances would it be appropriate for an investment fund to measure its assets on that basis in the balance sheet of the fund
Nobull The existence of regulations that require a different measurement for specific
purposes does not justify a departure from the general requirement in IAS 39
copy 2005-07 Nelson 68
p p j y p g qto use the current bid price in the absence of a matching liability position
bull In its financial statements an investment fund measures its assets at current bid prices
bull In reporting its net asset value to investors an investment fund may wish to provide a reconciliation between the fair values recognised on its balance sheet and the prices used for the net asset value calculation
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
35
Measurement after RecognitionCase 7
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash The fair values of quoted investments are based on current bid prices ndash If the market for a financial asset is not active
bull the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques ndash These include
bull the use of recent armrsquos length transactions
bull Accounting report 2006Recognition and measurement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 69
g bull reference to other instruments that are substantially the same bull discounted cash flow analysis andbull option pricing models
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull For financial instruments where there is not an active market the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques Such techniques includendash using recent armrsquos length transactions ndash reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially
the same discounted cash flow analysis andor
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 70
ndash discounted cash flow analysis andorndash option pricing models helliphellip
bull The use of different pricing models and assumptions could produce materially different estimates of fair values
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
36
Measurement after Recognition
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 8
A ti t 2006A ti t 2006
bull The fair value of floating rate and overnight deposits with credit institutions is their carrying value The carrying value is the cost of the deposit and accrued interest
bull The fair value of fixed interest bearing deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow techniques Expected cash flows are discounted at current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet date
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Fair value of financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 71
current market rates for similar instruments at the balance sheet datebull If the fair value cannot be measured reliably
ndash these financial instruments are measured at cost being the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquisition of the investment or the amount received on issuing the financial liability
ndash All transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are also included in the cost of the investment
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FV
For investments in equity instruments thatbull do not have a quoted market price in an
active market andbull whose fair value cannot be reliably
measuredndash Included those derivatives that are
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 72
ndash Included those derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such quoted equity instruments
receivables
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
37
Measurement after Recognition
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVAmortised cost of a financial instrument isbull the amount at which the financial
instrument is measured at initial recognition
bull minus principal repaymentsbull plus or minus the cumulative amortisation
using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 73
yand the maturity amount and
bull minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility
receivables
Measurement after Recognition
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 9
Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companiesndash Insurance debtors other debtors and amounts due from group companies are
initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts o except where the receivables are interest-free loans made to related parties
without any fixed repayment terms or the effect of discounting would be immaterial
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 74
bull In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
38
Measurement after Recognitionbull The effective interest method is a method
ndash of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instruments (or group of financial instruments) and
ndash of allocating the interest incomeexpense over the relevant period
bull The effective interest rate is the rate ndash is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
paymentsreceipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or
ndash when appropriate a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument
copy 2005-07 Nelson 75
amount of the financial instrumentbull When calculating the effective interest rate
ndash an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example prepayment call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses
Measurement after Recognitionbull The calculation includes
ndash all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective i t t t ( IAS 18)interest rate (see IAS 18)
ndash transaction costs and ndash all other premiums or discounts
bull There is a presumption that ndash the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably bull When applying the effective interest method
ndash an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 76
an entity generally amortises any fees points paid or received transaction costs and other premiums or discounts included in the calculation of the effective interest rate over the expected life of the instrument
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
39
Measurement after Recognition
Loan fee income and costsThe current policy for
Hang Seng BankHang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report)
Case 10Case 10
bull The current policy for ndash recognition of loan fee income and servicing cost
bull is set out in note 3(a) above andndash incentive or rebate on loan origination
bull is charged as interest expense as incurred or amortised over the contractual loan life
bull On adoption of HKAS 39b t ti ll ll l f i d di tl tt ib t bl l i i ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 77
ndash substantially all loan fee income and directly attributable loan origination costs (including mortgage incentive payments) will be
bull amortised over the expected life of the loan as part of the effective interest calculation
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 14 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 (as calculated below)
Cash inflow Discount factor Present value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 78
bull Calculate the amortised cost each year end
31122005 $ 50000 x 4 = $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 1887
31122006 $ 2000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 1780
31122007 $ 52000 1 (1 + 6)3 $ 43660
Fair value at initial recognition $ 47327
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
40
Measurement after RecognitionExample 17
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf$ $ $ $
bull For example at 31122005 the entry is
Dr Loans receivable ($47 327 x 6) 2 840
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 48167
31122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 49057
31122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
copy 2005-07 Nelson 79
Dr Loans receivable ($47327 x 6) 2840Cr Interest income (PL) 2840
Being effective interest income recognised for the year
Dr Cash (interest received $50000 x 4) 2000Cr Loans receivable 2000
Being cash interest received
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Impairment
Impairment
At each balance sheet date
Subsequent Measurement
FA at FVbull assess whether there is any
objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial assets) is impaired
bull Conditions must be fulfilledin recognising impairmentloss helliphellip
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 80
receivables
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
41
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull A financial asset (or a group of financial assets) is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if and only if
Conditions for Impairment
ndash there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events bull that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset
(a lsquoloss eventrsquo) and bull that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated
future cash flows of the financial asset (or group of financial assets that) can be reliably estimated
copy 2005-07 Nelson 81
bull It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event that caused the impairment Rather the combined effect of several events may have caused the impairment
bull Losses expected as a result of future events no matter how likely are not recognised
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
FA at FVImplicitly no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss
at Fair Value
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 82
receivables
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
42
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV as the difference betweenndash the assetrsquos carrying amount andndash the present value of estimated future
cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest rate (ie the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition)
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 83
recognition)bull The carrying amount of the asset shall be
reduced eitherndash directly orndash through use of an allowance account
bull The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Measurement ndash Impairment
Sequence of Impairment Assessmentbull First assesses whether objective evidence
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV bull First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists
ndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and
ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant
bull If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 84
gndash it includes the asset in a group of financial
assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
receivables
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
43
Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loanbull Followed on Example 17 Entity A grants a 3-year loan of $50000 to an
important new customer in 1 Jan 2005
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
pndash The interest rate on the loan is 4ndash The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6
bull On initial recognition Entity A recognised $47327 and at 31 Dec 2005 the amortised cost was $ 48167 The repayment schedule is
Balance bfEffective
interest (6)Interest
received (4) Balance cf31 12 2005 $ 47 327 $ 2 840 ($ 2 000) $ 48 167
copy 2005-07 Nelson 85
bull At 2 Jan 2006 Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and 2007
31122005 $ 47327 $ 2840 ($ 2000) $ 4816731122006 $ 48167 $ 2890 ($ 2000) $ 4905731122007 $ 49057 $ 2943 ($ 2000) $ 50000
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 18
Cash to be received as estimated at 212006
Discount factor Present value
31122006 $ 0 1 (1 + 6)1 $ 0
31122007 $ 50000 1 (1 + 6)2 $ 44500
Carrying amount (per the balance as at 31122006) $ 48167Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at 212006 44500
copy 2005-07 Nelson 86
Impairment loss $ 3667
Dr Impairment loss (in income statement) $3667 Cr Allowance on impairment loss
(alternatively Loans and receivables) $3667
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
44
Measurement ndash Impairment
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 11
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired helliphellip
bull The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment existsndash individually for financial assets that are individually significant and ndash individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually
significant bull If it is determined that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or not
Impairment of financial assets
Individual Assessment
C ll i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 87
individually assessed financial asset whether significant or notndash the asset is included in a group of financial assets with similar
credit risk characteristics and ndash that group of financial assets is collectively assessed for impairment
bull Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognizedndash are not included in a collective assessment of impairment
bull The impairment assessment is performed at each balance sheet date
Collective Assessment
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull The amount of the impairment loss is
Outside the scope of IAS 36
FA at FV
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
bull The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference betweenbull the carrying amount of the financial asset
andbull the present value of estimated future cash
flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset
AFS financial assets
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Valueat Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 88
receivables
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
45
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2 conditions to effect impairment lossbull when a decline in the fair value of an AFS
Outside the scope of IAS 36
Impairment (if there is objective evidence)
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and
bull there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired
bull Then the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall bebull removed from equity andbull recognised in profit or losseven the asset has not been derecognised
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
copy 2005-07 Nelson 89
even the asset has not been derecognisedbull The amount of the cumulative loss that is
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference betweenndash the acquisition cost (net of any principal
repayment and amortisation) andndash the current fair valuendash less any impairment loss on that financial
asset previously recognised in profit or loss
receivables
Implication
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 19
Impairment reservesbull In view of the market downturn Entity C proposes to recognise
impairment or bad debt losses in excess of impairment losses that are d t i d th b i f bj ti id b t i i t i ldetermined on the basis of objective evidence about impairment in loan receivables from customers
bull Does IAS 39 permit such recognition
Nobull IAS 39 does not permit an entity to recognise impairment or bad debt
losses in addition to those that can be attributed to individually identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with
copy 2005-07 Nelson 90
identified financial assets or identified groups of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics on the basis of objective evidence about the existence of impairment in those assets
bull Amounts that an entity might want to set aside for additional possible impairment in financial assets such as reserves that cannot be supported by objective evidence about impairment are not recognised as impairment or bad debt losses under IAS 39
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
46
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 20
Impairment at Initial Recognition bull Entity A lends $2000 to Customer Bbull Based on past experience Entity A expects that 1 of the principal
amount of loans given will not be collectablebull Can Entity A recognise an immediate impairment loss of $20
Nobull IAS 39 requires financial asset to be initially measured at fair valuebull For a loan asset the fair value is the amount of cash lent adjusted for
any fees and costs (unless a portion of the amount lent is compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)
copy 2005-07 Nelson 91
compensation for other stated or implied rights or privileges)bull In addition IAS 39 further requires that an impairment loss is
recognised only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of a past event that occurred after initial recognition
bull Thus it is inconsistent with IAS 39 to reduce the carrying amount of a loan asset on initial recognition through the recognition of an immediate impairment loss
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 21
Impairment Based on Ageing Analysisbull Entity A calculates impairment in the unsecured portion of loans and
receivables on the basis of a provision matrixndash that specifies fixed provision rates for the number of days a loan has been
classified as non-performing as followsbull 0 if less than 90 daysbull 20 if 90-180 daysbull 50 if 181-365 days andbull 100 if more than 365 days
bull Can the results be considered to be appropriate for the purpose of
copy 2005-07 Nelson 92
calculating the impairment loss on loans and receivables
Not necessarilybull IAS 39 requires impairment or bad debt losses to be calculated as
the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial instrumentrsquos original effective interest rate
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
47
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 22
Impairment on Portfolio Basisbull If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in
Entity A is above its amortised costbull Does IAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan
Nobull If an entity knows that an individual financial asset carried at amortised cost
is impaired IAS 39 requires that the impairment of that asset should be recognised
bull IAS 39 states ldquothe amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the assetrsquos carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash
copy 2005-07 Nelson 93
flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assetrsquos original effective interest raterdquo
bull Measurement of impairment on a portfolio basis under IAS 39 may be applied to groups of small balance items and to financial assets that are individually assessed and found not to be impaired when there is indication of impairment in a group of similar assets and impairment cannot be identified with an individual asset in that group
Measurement ndash ImpairmentExample 23
Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amountbull IAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value
on AFS financial assets are recognised directly in equitybull If the aggregate fair value of such assets is less than their carrying
amount should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss
Not necessarilybull The relevant criterion is not whether the aggregate fair value is less than the
carrying amount but whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impairedA tit t h b l h t d t h th th i bj ti
copy 2005-07 Nelson 94
bull An entity assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets may be impaired
bull IAS 39 states that a downgrade of an entityrsquos credit rating is not of itself evidence of impairment although it may be evidence of impairment when considered with other available information
bull Additionally a decline in the fair value of a financial asset below its cost or amortised cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment (eg a decline in the fair value of a bond resulting from an increase in the basic risk-free interest rate)
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
48
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull 2004 Annual Report statesndash It is the Grouprsquos policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts
Case 12Case 12
It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis
ndash There are two basic types of provisions specific and general each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding
bull On adoption of HKAS 39ndash Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated
using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advancesndash Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or
copy 2005-07 Nelson 95
items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods
ndash Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions
ndash There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash Financial assets other than those accounted for as at fair value through income are adjusted for impairments where there are declines in value that are considered to be other than temporary
ndash In evaluating whether a decline in value is other than temporary the Group considers several factors including but not limited to the following1) the extent and the duration of the decline
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 96
1) the extent and the duration of the decline2) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer and3) the Grouprsquos ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to
allow for a recovery of value
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
49
Measurement ndash ImpairmentCase 13
China Life Insurance Company LimitedA ti t 2006
ndash When the decline in value is considered other than temporary bull relevant financial assets are written down to their net realised value and
the charge is recorded in ldquonet realised gains(losses) on financial assetsrdquo in the period the impairment is recognised
ndash The impairment loss is reversed through the income statement if
bull Accounting report 2006Impairment of financial assets other than at fair value through income
copy 2005-07 Nelson 97
bull in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt security increases andbull the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the
impairment loss was recognised through income statement
Measurement ndash Impairment
Impairment losses on equity instrument
Outside the scope of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets
at Fair Value
ndash shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost Impairment losses on debt instrumentndash If in a subsequent period
bull the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial assets increases and
copy 2005-07 Nelson 98
receivables bull the increase can be objectively related to
an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss
ndash Then the impairment loss shall be reversed with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
50
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
AFS financial assets Such impairment losses shall NOT be
reversed
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 99
receivables
Measurement ndash ImpairmentOutside the scope
of IAS 36
bull If in a subsequent periodthe amount of the impairment loss
larr Is Reversal allowedImpairment
FA at FV
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
ndash the amount of the impairment loss decreases and
ndash the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtorrsquos credit rating)
bull Then the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed eitherndash directly or
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PL
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Cost
Loans and receivables
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 100
ndash by adjusting an allowance accountbull The reversal shall not result in a carrying
amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed
bull The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss
receivables
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
51
Measurement ndash Impairment
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 14
o For available-for-sale securities the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and is recognised in the income statement helliphellip
o Impairment losses recognised in the income statement in respect of available-for-sale equity securities are not reversed through the income statement
g p
Impairment of investments in debt and equity securities and other receivables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 101
bull Any subsequent increase in the fair value of such assets is recognised directly in equity
o Impairment losses in respect of available-for-sale debt securities are reversed if the subsequent increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised bull Reversals of impairment losses in such circumstances are recognised in
the income statement
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Reclassification
Reclassification
An entit shall NOT reclassif a financialFA at FV An entity shall NOT reclassify a financial instrument into or out of the fair value through profit or loss category while it is held or issued
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 102
receivables
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
52
Measurement ndash Reclassification
A change in intention or abilityHTM i t t h ll b
Reclassification
FA at FV HTM investments shall bebull reclassified as AFS financial assetsbull re-measured at fair value andbull the difference between its carrying
amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
Tainting rule triggeredAny remaining HTM investments shall be
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
AFS financial assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 103
Any remaining HTM investments shall be reclassified as AFS financial assets On such reclassification the difference between their carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised directly in equity
receivables
Measurement ndash Reclassification
If a reliable measure becomes available on f i lFA at FV
Reclassification
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
fair valuethe asset shall be re-measured at fair value andthe difference between its carrying amount and fair value shall be accounted for depending the classification of such asset as bull FA at FV through PL or
at Fair Value
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 104
gbull AFS financial assets
receivables
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
53
bull In case ofh i i t ti bilit
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
bull a change in intention or abilitybull in the rare circumstance a reliable
measure of fair value is no longer available or
bull tainting rule expiresbull Then it becomes appropriate to carry a
financial asset at cost or amortised costrather than at fair value
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 105
receivables
bull The fair value carrying amount of the asset on that date becomes its new cost or
Measurement ndash Reclassification
FA at FV
Reclassification
on that date becomes its new cost or amortised cost as applicable
bull Any previous gain or loss on that asset that has been recognised directly in equity shall be accounted for as followsa) In the case of a financial asset with a
fixed maturitythe gain or loss shall be amortised to PL over the remaining life of the HTM i t t i th ff ti
HTM investments
at Fair ValueAFS financial assets at Cost
at Fair Value
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised CostLoans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
at Cost
at Amortised Cost
copy 2005-07 Nelson 106
HTM investment using the effective interest method
b) In the case of a financial asset that does not have a fixed maturity
the gain or loss shall remain in equityuntil the financial asset is sold or otherwise disposed of when it shall be recognised in PL
receivables
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
54
MeasurementMeasurement ndash Summary
FA at FV
SubsequentMeasurement Impairment ReclassificationReversal
Loans and receivables
FA at FV through PL
HTM investments
AFS financial assets
at Fair Value to PL
at Fair Value to Equity
at Amortised Cost
at Amortised Cost
at Cost
Not required
From Equity to PL
To PL
To PL
To PL
Not allowed
To HTM or AFS at Cost
To AFS at Fair Value
To AFS
Not described in IAS 39 i li itl t
NA
Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only
Related objectively to an event
Related objectively t t
copy 2005-07 Nelson 107
receivables 39 implicitly not feasible
to an event
FA FV
IAS 39
bull Held for trading
Classified to Current or Non-Current
Current
Refer to IAS 1 Refer to IAS 1 and IFRS 5 as and IFRS 5 as wellwell
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
Loans and
AFS financial assets
FA at FV through PLbull Designated initially
Held for trading
bull Designated initially
Not clearl defined
Current
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
Current
copy 2005-07 Nelson 108
receivables
HTM investments
bull Not clearly defined
bull Intention to hold to maturitybull When will it be matured
Non-Current
Current
Non-Current
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
55
Measurement ndash Current or Non-Current
bull IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (IFRS 53) thatndash Assets classified as non-current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation ofAssets classified as non current in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements shall not be reclassified as current assetsbull until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRSndash Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that
are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as currentbull unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with this IFRS
copy 2005-07 Nelson 109
accordance with this IFRS
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 110
Measurement bull Financial Liabilities ndash Subsequent Measurement
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
56
After initial recognition an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costinterest method except fora) financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or lossb) financial liabilities that arise
bull when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or
bull when the continuing
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 111
ginvolvement approachapplies
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee c) Financial guarantee contracts
d) Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or lossSi il t fi i l t t f i l th h fit l
bull Amortised costndash As those discussed in financial assets
FL at FV th h PL
Amortised cost
bull Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or lossndash Those held for trading
bull Acquired principally for selling in the near termbull Recent actual short-term profit takingbull Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging
instruments)ndash Those designated (if allowed)
bull Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured
Entity has NO choice
Entity has a choice
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 112
bull If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero it is a financial liability
Continuing involvement
bull Financial liabilities that arise whenndash a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for
derecognition orndash when the Continuing Involvement Approach applies
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
57
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial liabilities held for trading include
a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instrumentsFL at FV
th h PL b) obligations to deliver financial assets borrowed by a short seller (ie an entity that sells financial assets it has borrowed and does not yet own)
c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (eg a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value) and
d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified
through PL
copy 2005-07 Nelson 113
) p pfinancial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
bull The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
bull Accounting report 2006
Case 15
Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to group companiesndash Insurance creditors accrued charges and other creditors and amounts due to
group companies are o initially recognised at fair value and o thereafter stated at amortised cost
unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they
g p
copy 2005-07 Nelson 114
bull unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial in which case they are stated at cost
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
58
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contract is defined in IAS 39 as a
contract thatndash requires the issuer to make specified payments to Commitment to
Financial guarantee
reimburse the holder for a loss it incursndash because a specified debtor fails to make payment when
due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument
bull Financial guarantee contracts may have various legal forms such asbull a guarantee
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 115
a guaranteebull some types of letter of creditbull a credit default contract orbull an insurance contract
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull Financial guarantee contracts and commitment to
provide a loan at a below-market interest ratendash are within the scope of IAS 39
Financial guarantee
Commitment to pbull In consequence the issuer shall initially recognise and
measure it as other financial assets and liabilities and atndash its fair valuendash plus transaction costs
(unless classified as fair value through profit or loss)
low-rate loans
Initial Recognition
Trade Date Accounting
Regular Way of Financial
Assets
copy 2005-07 Nelson 116
Initial MeasurementFair Value
Transaction Cost+
bull If the financial guarantee contract was issued to an unrelated party in a stand-alone armrsquos length transaction bull its fair value at inception is likely to equal the
premium received unless there is evidence to the contrary
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
59
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementAfter initial recognitionbull An issuer of such contract and such guarantee shall
measure it at the higher of
Financial guarantee
Commitment to gi) the amount determined in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
ii) the amount initially recognised less when appropriate cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue
low-rate loans
copy 2005-07 Nelson 117
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurementbull However for financial guarantee contracts alone such
contracts may be excluded from the scope of IAS 39bull IAS 392e states that
Financial guarantee
ldquoif an issuer of financial guarantee contracts ndash has previously asserted explicitly that it regards
such contracts as insurance contracts andndash has used accounting applicable to insurance
contracts bull the issuer may elect to apply either
IAS 39
Asserted Explicitly
Used Insurance Accounting
copy 2005-07 Nelson 118
ndash IAS 39 or ndash IFRS 4
to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A)
The issuer may make that election contract by contract but the election for each contract is irrevocable
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
60
Financial Liabilities ndash Measurement
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 16
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006Changes in accounting policies ndash Financial Guarantee Contractsbull Effective January 1 2006 the Group has adopted IAS 39 and IFRS 4
amendments on financial guarantee contracts o Under the amended IAS 39 financial guarantee contracts that are not considered
to be insurance contracts are bull recognized initially at fair value and bull generally re-measured at the higher of the amount determined in
accordance with IAS 37 ldquoProvisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsrdquo and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate
copy 2005-07 Nelson 119
Assets and the amount initially recognized less when appropriate cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18 ldquoRevenuerdquo
bull Other than any financial guarantee contracts issued by the Grouprsquos banking operations which are accounted for under IAS 39 the Group o has previously regarded certain contracts it issued with financial guarantee
element as insurance contracts and o has used accounting applicable to insurance contracts
and accordingly has elected to apply IFRS 4 to account for such contracts
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified thatpbull A financial guarantee contract is
ndash a contract that requires the issuer (or guarantor) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument
bull Where the Group issues a financial guarantee the fair value of the guarantee is initially recognised as deferred income within trade and other payables
Wh id ti i i d i bl f th
copy 2005-07 Nelson 120
ndash Where consideration is received or receivable for theissuance of the guarantee the consideration is recognised in accordance with the Grouprsquos policies applicable to that category of asset
ndash Where no such consideration is received or receivablean immediate expense is recognised in incomestatement on initial recognition of any deferred income
Dr CashAssetsCr Payables
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
61
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 320 clarified that
bull The amount of the guarantee initially recognised as deferred incomendash is amortised in income statement over the term of the
guarantee as income from financial guarantees issued bull In addition provisions are recognised if and when
ndash it becomes probable that the holder of the guarantee will call upon the Group under the guarantee and
p
Dr PayablesCr Profit amp loss
Dr Profit amp lossCr Payables
copy 2005-07 Nelson 121
will call upon the Group under the guarantee and ndash the amount of that claim on the Group is expected to
exceed the current carrying amount ie the amount initially recognised less accumulated amortisation where appropriate
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 17
How much did it have helliphellip
Annual Report 2006 ndash Note 36 set outp
copy 2005-07 Nelson 122
Most critical hellip ldquoIn the opinion of the directors of the Companyndash no material liabilities will arise from the above guarantees which arose in the
ordinary course of business andndash the fair value of the corporate guarantees granted by the Company is immaterial
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
62
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementCase 18
Suncorp Technologies Limited ndash 2006 Annual ReportNote 3ndash In relation to financial guarantees granted to certain banks over the repayment
of loans by a jointly controlled entity the Group has applied the transitional provisions of HKAS 39
ndash The fair value of the financial guarantee contracts at the date of grant was approximately HK$34 million
ndash It represents a deemed capital contribution to the jointly controlled entity and has been included in the cost of investment in the jointly controlled entity
Note 26
copy 2005-07 Nelson 123
Note 26ndash In September 2006 the Group has given financial guarantees to two banks in
respect of the credit facilities of HK$56634000 granted to a jointly controlled entity for a period of 10 months
ndash The directors have assessed the fair value at the date of granting the financial guarantees to be approximately HK$3354000 and the amount is amortised to the consolidated income statement over the period of the facilities granted
Financial Liabilities ndash MeasurementReclassificationbull Similar to financial asset transfer
into or out of financial liabilities at Fi i l
Financial asset
Amortised costfair value through profit or loss is prohibited while it is held or issued
bull Unless in rare cases a reliable measure of fair value is no longer available
bull Then it should be carried at amortised cost
Financial instrument
Financial liability
FL at FV through PL
Continuing involvement
copy 2005-07 Nelson 124
Implicationbull Reclassification is infrequent or
rare
Commitment to low-rate loans
Financial guarantee
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
63
Morning Session
Todayrsquos Agenda ndash Morning
copy 2005-07 Nelson 125
Derivatives
Definitions ndash DerivativerArr is a financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics
Derivative
a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable (sometimes called the lsquounderlyingrsquo)
b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a i il t h i k t f t d
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 126
Derivative
Equity instrument
Financial instrument
Financial asset
Financial liability or
similar response to changes in market factors andc) it is settled at a future date
Settled ata future date
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
64
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 24
Type of contract Underlying variableInterest Rate Swap Interest ratesCurrency Swap (Foreign C rrenc rates
DerivativeTypical example
bull Future and forwardbull Swap and options
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
y p ( gExchange Swap) Currency rates
Commodity Swap Commodity prices
Equity Swap Equity prices (equity of another entity)
Credit Swap Credit rating credit index or credit price
Total Return Swap Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates
Purchased or Written Treasury
bull Swap and options
copy 2005-07 Nelson 127
Settled ata future date
Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Interest rates
Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency rates
Currency FuturesForward Currency rates
Commodity FuturesForward Commodity prices
Equity Forward Equity prices
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
2 Non-Derivative Transactionsbull Entity A makes a 5-year fixed rate loan to
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Entity Bbull Entity B at the same time makes a 5-year
variable rate loan for the same amount to Entity A
bull There are no transfers of principal at inception of the 2 loans since A and B have a netting agreement
bull Is this a derivative under IAS 39
radic
radic
radic
copy 2005-07 Nelson 128
Settled ata future date
Is this a derivative under IAS 39
Yes it meets the definition of a derivativebull The contractual effect of the loans is the equivalent of
an interest rate swap arrangement with no initial net investment
radic
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
65
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 25
bull Non-derivative transactions are aggregated and treated as a derivative when the transactions result in substance in a derivative
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
substance in a derivativebull Indicators of this would include
bull They are entered into at the same time andin contemplation of one another
bull They have the same counterpartybull They relate to the same riskbull There is no apparent economic need or
substantive business purpose for structuring the t ti t l th t ld t l h
copy 2005-07 Nelson 129
Settled ata future date
transactions separately that could not also have been accomplished in a single transaction
bull The same answer would apply if Entity A and Entity B did not have a netting agreement because the definition of a derivative instrument in IAS 39 does not require net settlement
Definitions ndash DerivativeExample 26
Prepaid forwardbull An entity enters into a forward contract to
purchase shares of stock in 1 year at the
Value change based on an underlying
Little or no initial net investment
S l d
Nobull The forward contract fails the ldquolittlerdquo or no
i iti l t i t trdquo t t f d i ti
p yforward price
bull It prepays at inception based on the current price of the shares
bull Is the forward contract a derivative
radic
times
copy 2005-07 Nelson 130
Settled ata future date
initial net investmentrdquo test for a derivative radic
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
66
Definitions ndash Derivative
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 19
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Derivative financial instruments include ndash options embedded in convertible bonds purchased by the Groupndash derivatives embedded in certain insurance contracts ndash interest rate swaps and futures ndash credit default swaps ndash cross currency swaps ndash forward currency contracts and
Derivative financial instruments
copy 2005-07 Nelson 131
ndash options on interest rates currencies and equities etc
bull Derivative financial instruments are classified as held for tradingndash unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments
bull All derivatives are carriedndash as assets when the fair values are positive andndash as liabilities when the fair values are negative
Embedded DerivativesIAS 39 introduce Embedded Derivativebull it is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument
that also include a non-derivative host contract Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contractndash to be modified according to a variable
bull say specified interest rate financial instrument price commodity price
ndash with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 132
foreign exchange rate index of prices or rates credit rating or credit index or other variable
bull A derivative thatndash is attached to a financial instrumentndash but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument orndash has a different counterparty from that instrumentis NOT an embedded derivative BUT a separate financial instrument
Remember what derivative is
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
67
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
bull Investments in convertible bonds (with equity conversion feature)
bull Equity-indexed interest or principal payments
Example 27
Embedded Derivative
Equity indexed interest or principal payments embedded in a host debt instrument (equity-linked interest or principal payments)
bull An option or automatic provision to extend the remaining term to maturity of a debt instrument
bull A call put surrender or prepayment optionembedded in a host debt instrument
bull Equity kicker
copy 2005-07 Nelson 133
bull Equity kickerbull Equity-linked notesbull Equity call and put optionsbull Inflation-indexed lease paymentsbull Contingent rentalsbull More helliphellip but so
Embedded Derivatives
IAS 39 requires an embedded derivativebull shall be separated from the host contract and
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
bull accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39if and only ifa the economic characteristics and risks of the
embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract
b a separate instrument with the same terms as the
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 134
embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and
c the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
68
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
times
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 135
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
To assess economic characteristics and risksbull If a host contract
bull has no stated or predetermined maturity and
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
bull represents a residual interest in the net assets of an entity
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of an equity instrument andan embedded derivative would need to possess equity characteristics related to the same entity to be regarded as closely
l t d
copy 2005-07 Nelson 136
relatedbull If the host contract
bull is not an equity instrument andbull meets the definition of a financial instrument
then its economic characteristics and risks are those of a debt instrument
bullbull Guarantee FundGuarantee Fundbullbull Alternatively should we Alternatively should we
name it as helliphellip bond name it as helliphellip bond with indexwith index--linked linked interestinterest
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
69
If separation is not requiredrArr Hybrid (combined)
contract shall be accounted for under
Embedded DerivativesIf separation is required and can be measuredrArr Host Contract shall be
accounted for under accounted for under applicable IFRS
accounted for under applicable IFRS
rArr Embedded Derivative shall be accounted under IAS 39 as a derivative
If separation is required but cannot be measuredrArr Entire Hybrid (Combined)
Contract is classified as financial instrument that
copy 2005-07 Nelson 137
financial instrument that is held for trading
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39Not Require to Separate the
Embedded Derivative
Embedded Derivatives
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co of China LtdPing An Insurance (Group) Co of China Ltd
Case 20
bullbull Accounting report 2006Accounting report 2006
bull Embedded derivatives are treated as separate derivatives and are recorded at fair valuendash if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the
related host contract andndash the host contract is not itself recorded at fair value through the income statement
bull Embedded derivatives that meet the definition of insurance contracts are treated and measured as insurance contracts
Embedded derivatives
copy 2005-07 Nelson 138
treated and measured as insurance contractsbull Derivative financial instruments held for trading are typically entered into with
the intention to settle in the near future ndash These instruments are initially recorded at fair value ndash Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are re-measured at fair value ndash Fair value adjustments and realized gains and losses are recognized in the
income statement
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
70
bull An embedded non-option derivative(such as an embedded forward or swap)
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of its stated or implied substantive terms
ndash so as to result in it having a fair value of zero at initial recognition
bull An embedded option-based derivative(such as an embedded put call cap floor or swaption)ndash is separated from its host contract on the basis of
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 139
the stated terms of the option featurebull The initial carrying amount of the host instrument is
ndash the residual amount after separating the embedded derivative
Host Contract Embedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If an entity is unable to determine reliably the fair value of an embedded derivative on the basis of its t d diti (f l b th
Embedded Derivatives
Host Contract
Hybrid (Combined) ContractTo separate embedded derivative
terms and conditions (for example because the embedded derivative is based on an unquoted equity instrument)
the fair value of the embedded derivative is the difference betweenbull the fair value of the hybrid instrument and bull the fair value of the host contractif those can be determined under IAS 39
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 140
Host ContractEmbedded Derivative
Hybrid (Combined) Contract= -
bull If the entity is still unable to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative using the above method
the combined instrument is treated as held for trading
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
71
Fair value cannot be reliably measuredIf an embedded derivative that is required to be separated cannot be reliably measured because it will be settled by an unquoted equity
Embedded DerivativesExample 28
y y q q yinstrument whose fair value cannot be reliably measured is the embedded derivative measured at cost
Nobull In this case the entire combined contract is treated as a financial
instrument held for tradingbull If the fair value of the combined instrument can be reliably
copy 2005-07 Nelson 141
measured the combined contract is measured at fair valuebull The entity might conclude however that the equity component of
the combined instrument may be sufficiently significant to preclude it from obtaining a reliable estimate of the entire instrument
bull In that case the combined instrument is measured at cost less impairment
Index-linked Principalbull Entity A purchases a 5-year equity-index-linked note with an original
issue price of $10 at a market price of $12 at the time of purchase
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
bull The note requires no interest payments before maturitybull At maturity the note requires
ndash Payment of the original issue price of $10ndash Plus a supplemental redemption amount that depends on whether
bull a specified share price index gt a predetermined level at the maturity datendash If the share index lt or = the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount is zero
copy 2005-07 Nelson 142
pp pndash If the share index gt the predetermined level
bull the supplemental redemption amount equal a factor of level of the share index at maturity
bull Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold the note to maturitybull Can Entity A classify the note as a held-to-maturity investment
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
72
Yes subject to the separation of embedded derivativebull The note can be classified as a HTM investment because
Embedded DerivativesExample 29
Index-linked Principal
The note can be classified as a HTM investment becausendash it has a fixed payment of $10 and fixed maturity andndash Entity A has the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity
bull However the equity index feature is a call option not closely related to the debt host which must be separated as an embedded derivative
bull The purchase price of $12 is allocated betweenndash the host debt instrument andndash the embedded derivative
For e ample
copy 2005-07 Nelson 143
bull For examplendash if the fair value of the embedded option at acquisition is $4ndash the host debt instrument is measured at $8 on initial recognitionndash Then the discount of $2 that is implicit in the host bond
(principal of $10 minus the original carrying amount of $8)is amortised to profit or loss over the term to maturity of the note using the effective interest method
Capital protection bond guarantee fund or bond with index-linked interestCan a bond with a fixed payment at maturity and a fixed maturity date be
Embedded DerivativesExample 30
p y y yclassified as a held-to-maturity investment if the bondrsquos interest payments are indexed to the price of a commodity or equity and the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold the bond to maturity
Yes but helliphellipbull The commodity-indexed or equity-indexed interest payments result in
an embedded derivative that is separated and accounted for as a
copy 2005-07 Nelson 144
derivative at fair value (IAS 3911) bull IAS 3912 (stated at fair value through profit or loss) is not applicable
bull since it should be straightforward to separate the host debt investment (the fixed payment at maturity) from the embedded derivative (the index-linked interest payments)
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
73
Embedded Derivatives
Economic characteristics and risks NOT closely related
timesHost Contract
Hybrid (Combined) Contract
Embedded derivative meets the definition of derivative
Hybrid instruments NOTd t FV th h PL
radic
radic
times
timesImpliesbull So long as the Hybrid
(Combined) Contract is d t FV th h
Embedded Derivative
copy 2005-07 Nelson 145
measured at FV through PL
Separate the Embedded Derivative and accounted for
under IAS 39
radic
Not Require to Separate the Embedded Derivative
measured at FV through PL
bull No separation is required
Management can choose it to avoid separation helliphellip
Embedded Derivatives
Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
Case 21
Annual Report 2006bull Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives
ndash Derivatives including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated asbull effective hedging instruments or bull financial guarantee contracts
ndash Gains or losses on investments held for trading are recognised in the income statementWh i b dd d d i i
copy 2005-07 Nelson 146
ndash Where a contract contains one or more embedded derivativesbull the entire hybrid contract may be designated as a financial
asset at fair value through profit or loss except where o the embedded derivative does not significantly modify the
cash flows or it is clear that separation of the embedded derivative is prohibited
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
74
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
copy 2005-07 Nelson 147
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk
IAS 32 IAS 39 IFRS 4 and IFRS 7(Morning Session) 21 July 2007
Full set of slides in PDF may be found in wwwNelsonCPAcomhk
QampA SessionQampA SessionQampA SessionQampA Session
copy 2005-07 Nelson 148
Nelson LamNelson Lam 林智遠林智遠nelsonnelsoncpacomhkwwwnelsoncpacomhk