jÄH® rÇ¤âu« · 2 jÄH® rÇ¤âu« - âu£L 14 Kªija gâ¥ã‹ K‹Diu Kjyh« gâ¥ã‹ K‹Diu jÄH® gHŠ rÇ¤âu¤ij Mu«g¤âÈUªJ TW« jÄœ üšfŸ ïšiy. gHªjÄœ

jÄH® rÇ¤âu«

2 jÄH® rÇ¤âu« - âu£L 14

Kªija gâ¥ã‹ K‹Diu

Kjyh« gâ¥ã‹ K‹DiujÄH® gHŠ rÇ¤âu¤ij Mu«g¤âÈUªJ TW« jÄœ üšfŸ

ïšiy. gHªjÄœ k¡fis¡ F¿¤J«, ïil¡fhy¤âš tªJmt®fnshL fy¥ò‰w MÇaiu¥ g‰¿í« jÄœ khztU« ãwU«bjËtha¿íkhW ïª üš vGj¥glyhÆ‰W. jÄHÇ‹ áªJeâ¥gŸs¤jh¡»‹ ehfÇf« Kjš (».K.5000) »¿¤Jî¡F¥ ã‹ áyü‰wh©LfS¡F¥ ã‰g£l fhy« tiuÆYŸs ehfÇf«, bkhÊc‰g¤â, thœ¡if Kiw, rka« M»at‰iw És¡fkhf ïª üšTW»‹wJ.

ï›îyf« KGikÆY« thœªj giHa ehfÇf rhâaUŸjÄœ¢ rhâanu bjh‹ikíilat®fbs‹gJ«, ãwbkhÊfS«rka§fS« njh‹Wtj‹ K‹ mt®fSila jÄœ bkhÊí«átkjK«, PhyKGikí« guÉÆUªjd bt‹gJ« ïª üiy¡f‰FªnjhW« cŸs¤âš cWâ¥gLtdthF«.

Iawî¡F VJthd bghUŸfis¤ j¡f nk‰nfhŸfŸ fh£otÈíW¤âÆU¡»‹nwh«. jÄœ k¡fŸ j‹ K‹ndhÇ‹ tuyh‰iwvËâ‰ f‰w¿a nt©Lbk‹D« xnu neh¡f¤Jl‹ ïª üšvGj¥glyhÆ‰W.

ethÈô® e.á.f.

jÄœ Ãiya«,

5.3.1939

_‹wh« gâ¥ã‹ K‹Diuïª üÈ‹ Kjyh« ïu©L gâ¥ò¡fË‹ ã‹ btËtªJŸs

MuhŒ¢á üšfis¥ gÆ‹w«, K‹ eh« gÆyhj üšfË‰fhz¥g£l MuhŒ¢áfis¤ jGÉí« ï« _‹wh« gâ¥ãš áyâU¤j§fŸ brŒJŸnsh«. ïª üÈ‰ fhz¥gL« Koîfisnaï‰iwPh‹ik MuhŒ¢áfŸ nkY« nkY« tÈíW¤J»‹wd.

e.á.f.

e.á. fªijah 3

1giHik

kÅjÅ‹ bjh‹ikïª Ãyîy»š kÅj‹ 1ïy£r¡fz¡fhd M©Lfshf

thœªJ tU»‹wh‹. mt‹ fhyªnjhW« thœ¡ifÆš âU¤jK‰W¥gytif ehfÇf§fS¡Tlhf tªâU¡»‹wh‹. mtdJ K‰gUt¤Jthœ¡if Kiwfis m¿ªJbfhŸSj‰FÇa Mjhu§fŸ Äf¢ áynt»il¤ JŸsd. kÅj‹ f‰fhy ehfÇf¤âš ïUªj fhy¤J¥ga‹gL¤âa fšyhíj§fŸ, cy»‹ všyh¥ ghf§fËY«f©blL¡f¥g£ld. ït‰iwí«, tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤â‰F K‰g£lrkhâfË‰ »il¤j bghUŸfisí« bfh©L kÅj‹ fh£LÄuh©oahf thœªjJ Kjš ehfÇf¤âš go¥gona ts®¢áailªJ âU¤jkilªjJ tiuÆYŸs tuyhWfis MuhŒ¢áahs®C»¤bjGâÆU¡»‹wd®.

rhKntš ya§2 v‹D« MáÇa®, ``kÅjÅ‹ bjh‹ik’’v‹D« üÈ‰ T¿ÆU¥gJ tUkhW:

``kÅj‹ ï«k©Qy»š všiyÆšyhj fhy« thœªJtU»‹whbd‹W«, mt‹ fh£LÄuh©oahÆUªJ m¿ÉY«,XG¡f¤âY«, ehfÇf¤âY« go¥gona K‹nd¿ tªâU¡»whbd‹W« j‰fhy MuhŒ¢áfshš btËah»‹wd. cnyhffhy¤J¡F K‹ f‰fhy« ïUªjbj‹gJ beLehshf m¿ªj c©ik.Ô¤j£o¡ f‰fsh‰ brŒj m«ò¤jiy, f‰nfhlÇ, f¤â, cË KjÈaMíj§fS« Kulhd ghid r£ofS«, kÅj vY«òfS« Ãy¤â‹nk‰ghf§fËY«, rkhâfËY« f©blL¡f¥g£ld. gÆ®¤ bjhÊšÉU¤âailjY« rkhâfŸ kiwªjd.''

``kÅj‹ óÄÆš njh‹¿a fhy¤ij¥ g¤jhÆu¡fz¡fhdmšyJ üwhÆu¡fz¡fhd M©Lfis¡ bfh©L msÉl

1. "Recent discoveries have established the fact that the years of man's career must beestimated in hundreds of thousands and probably even more than a million." - TheOrigin of Civilisation. Prof. Elliot Smith.

2. Samuel Liang - Antiquity of Man.


nt©Lbk‹W bjÇ»‹wJ. nk‰F Inuh¥gh bjhl§» âbg¤JtiuÆY« k¤âa MÞânuÈahÉY«, ciwgÅ¡ fhy¤J¥ gÅ_oÆUªj tlgFâfsšyhj ãwÉl§fËY« f©blL¡f¥g£lkÅj‹ ga‹gL¤âa gâdhÆu¡fz¡fhd fšyhíj§fŸ üjdbghU£fh£á¢ rhiyfËš it¡f¥g£oU¡»‹wd. ghãnyhÅaf£ol§fŸ 9000 M©LfS¡F K‰g£ldbt‹W brhšy¥gL»‹wd. kÅj‹ ï›îy»š cÆ®thH¤ bjhl§»aâš xU áW gFâvd¡ Twyh«.’’

#hthÉYŸs nrhnyh M‰w§fiuÆš xU kÅj k©ilnahL«, ïlJ bjhil vY«ò«, ïu©L bfhL¥ò¥ g‰fS« 1ô»‹önghÆÞ v‹gtuhš 1894« M©L f©blL¡f¥g£ld. m›btY«ò¡FÇa #hth kÅjid ÃÄ®ªJ Ã‰F« Fu§F kÅj‹v‹D« bghUËš ``ãâfªjnuh nghÞ vw¡lÞ''2 vd k¡fŸ üyh®TWt®. ïªj #hth kÅjÅ‹ fhy« g¤J ïy£r« M©LfS¡F3

m¥gh‰g£l bjd¥gL»‹wJ. #hth kÅjD¡F K‰g£LŸst‹`Õ¡»§ kÅj‹’4 ïtDila vY«òfŸ ÓdhÉYŸs Õ¡»§v‹DÄl¤â‰ f©blL¡f¥g£ld. ï«kÅjid k¡fûyh®`ád‹JnwhnghÞ5' vd tH§Fth®.

m©ikÆš #hth kÅjD¡F« K‰g£l fhy¤J xUbg©Â‹ k©ilnahL« ÑœthbaY«ò« f©blL¡f¥g£ld.ïit kÅjDila giHikia ï‹D« áy üW MÆu« M©LfS¡F m¥gh‰ bfh©LnghŒ ÉL»‹wd.6

kÅj‹ v›tsî fhy¤J¡F K‹ ï›îy»‰ njh‹¿ thœªJtU»‹wh bd‹gJ m¿a KoahkÈU¥gJ nghynt mtdJ

1. Dr. Eugene Dubois

2. Pithecanthropus erectus

3. The human being of whom we have any knowledge is the man of Java, whom theycall as Pithecanthropus, because of his strong likeness to the apes. He lived probableabout a million Years ago. - Men of Daum .40.

4. Peking man

5. Sinanthroqus.

6. ''The Java anthropologist Kolning Wald has recently found another example ofprehistoric man, a female skull and mandible of Pithecanthropus. The PrehistoricCongress and the Far East recently held at Singapore was thrilled by the claim thatPithecanthropus the Java pre-historic man was probably older than Sinanthropusthe Peking prehistoric man. If investigation and discussion lead to general adoptionof this opinion the antiquity of pre-historic man must be put back further than atpresent considered probable since Sinanthropus the Peking pre-historic man isplaced a million years ago. If the Java pre-historic man is older the antiquity of manis still greater by a few hundred thousand years Daily News Ceylon.

e.á. fªijah 5

ehfÇfK« v¥nghJ Mu«gkhÆ‰bw‹gJ« m¿aKoahkšïU¡»wJ.

MwhÆu« M©LfS¡F K‹ vG¥g¥g£l v»¥âa rkhâfŸï‹W cyf Éa¥ò¡fSŸ x‹whf És§F»‹wd. gšyhÆukh©Lfshf m§F thœªj ã‹dnu m«k¡fŸ Äf¥ bgÇa f£ol§fismik¡F« m¿Éid¥ bg‰¿U¥gh®fŸ. v»¥âa k¡fŸ át¥ gilªjfãy ÃwKilat®fshÆUªjh®fŸ. m¡fhy¤J v»¥âa® m¿ªâUªjk¡f£ rhâÆdÇ‹ cUt§fŸ, Kfbt£nlhL ÃwK« òy¥gL«goÃwikfshš rkhâ¢ Rt®fËš tiua¥g£oU¡ »‹wd. ïjdhšï¡fhy¤ij¥ nghynt m¡fhy¤J« njh‰w¤jhš ntWg£l gyk¡f£ T£l¤âd® thœªjh®fbsd m¿»‹nwh«

jh® ÃwkÅj‹ Kjš bt©Âw kÅj‹ tiuÆš cŸs všyh¢rhâÆdU« xnu bjhl¡f¤ij¢ nr®ªjt®fbs‹W«, thG«ïl§fË‹ bt¥gj£g Ãiy, czî, gH¡f tH¡f« M»a t‰whšXnu k¡f£ T£l¤âd® gy T£l¤âduhf¥ ãÇ»‹wd bu‹W«1

k¡fŸ üyh® TWt®. ï›thW k¡f£ T£l¤âd® gy ïd§fshf¥ãÇªJ thœj‰F Äf Ú©lfhy« vL¤âU¡f nt©Lbk‹gâšIaÄšiy.

ï¥bghGJ cy»š tH§F»‹w K¡»a bkhÊfŸMÆu«tiuís. mt‰iw ïy¤â‹, bAòU, MÇa«, âuhÉl« v‹gd ngh‰áy ïd§fshf¥ ãÇ¤JÉlyh«. ï¢ áy ïd§fŸ ã‹ áyïd§fSŸ ml§F«. ï› Éd§fŸ ïWâÆš x‹W mšyJïu©oš ml§F«. bkhÊüyh® ï›î©ikia e‹fhuhŒªJTW»‹wd®. k¡f£nlh‰w« x‹whdJ nghynt MâÆ‰ nwh‹¿abkhÊí« x‹nw v‹gJ« òydh»‹wJ. xU bkhÊnaMÆu¡fz¡fhd bkhÊfshf¤ âÇªJ tH§Ftj‰F Äf Ú©l fhy«nt©L bk‹gJ ïjdhY« bg‰wh«.

jÄH® c‰g¤âMuhŒ¢áahs® jÄHÇ‹ c‰g¤âia¡ F¿¤J xU jiy¥gl¡

TwhJ gy âw¥gl¡ T¿ÆU¡»‹wd®. mt‰iw m¿jš jÄH®tuyh‰¿‹ áy gFâfis És§»¡ bfhŸtj‰F¤ JizòÇí«.mt‰WŸ áy K¡»a bfhŸiffis ï§F¡ TW»‹nwh«.

1. First that all tribes of men from the blackest to the whitest, the most savage to themost cultured have such general likeness in the structure of their bodies and theworking of their mind is easiest and best accounted for by their being descendedfrom a common ancestry-Anthropology-Sir E.B.Tylor Kt. p.4.

The whole migrating tribes underwent bodily alteration through change of climatefood and habits so that the peopling of the earth went on together with the growthof fresh races-Ibid. p5.


k¤âa Máa mšyJ á¤âa c‰g¤âk¤âa MáahÉš thœªj XÇd k¡fŸ *á¤âa bu‹wiH¡f¥

gLt®. á¤âa c‰g¤â¡bfhŸif fhšLntš ghâÇahuhš bfh©Ltu¥g£lJ. ïj‰F Mjhu« ïU bkhÊfS¡F« bghJthíŸsïy¡fz«, brhš, ehátÊahŒ¥ ãw¡F« vG¤bjhÈfŸ M»aáyt‰¿‹ x‰WikfshF«. mt® T‰¿‹go, k¤âa MáahÉšthœªJtªj MÇaušyhj JuhÅa tF¥ãd® ïkakiyÆ‹tlnk‰F¡ fzthŒ tÊahf ïªâahit milªjd®. ït®fS¡F¥ã‹ gilvL¤J tªj MÇa® ït®fis bt‹W bj‰bföu¤âdh®fŸ ï¡ bfhŸifia nkšeh£L MuhŒ¢áahs® gy® tÊbkhÊªâU¡»‹wd®. j‰fhy MuhŒ¢áÆ‹go k‰iwa tF¥ãdÇ Y«gh®¡f¤ jÄH® fh¡nfáa mšyJ ïªJ Inuh¥ãa ïd¤ij¢nr®ªjt®fshf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd®. nuÆ‹ nAhš£ nuhÞ£(ReignholdRost) v‹D« MáÇa® k¡»È‹ (Macleane) T¿aijvL¤J¡fh£o¤ jÄH® á¤âa ïu£il tF¥ãš xUtbud¡bfhŸSjš, k¡fËd§fis¡ F¿¤J Muhí« všyh MuhŒ¢áahsuhY« kW¡f¥gL»‹wJ vd bkhÊt®. éÈa‹ É‹r‹ v‹D«MáÇa® (Prof Julian vinson) jÄH® á¤âa tF¥ig¢ nr®ªjt®fbs‹D§ bfhŸif e«g¡Tlhj _l¤jdkhdJ vd¡ T¿d®. nfht®v‹D« MáÇa® (C.F. Gover)fhš£btš ghâÇah® fh£oa á¤âa jÄœïy¡fz x‰Wikfis MuhŒªJ fh£o¤ jÄH® JuhÅatF¥ãdušybud¡ fh£Lt®. thw® v‹D« MáÇa® (Mr.Farrar)ïy¡»a«, rÇ¤âu« KjÈad ïšyhj xU rhâahiu, nfh£ilfisí«, Ãiyahd muáayik¥igí« Äf¥bgÇa Mya§fis í«cilnahU«, thdüš, cHî, á‰g«, berî, âU¤jkhd bkhÊ,ïy¡»a«, Úâ üš KjÈa ehfÇf¤â‹ á‹d§fis¥ bg‰¿UªnjhUkh»a jÄHnuhL x¥ãLjš jfhbjd¡ TWt®.

k§nfhÈa c‰g¤ââbg¤âÅ‹W« ïªâa ehL nghªj k§nfhÈa tF¥ãdnu

jÄH® vd 1800 tUl§fS¡F K‰g£l jÄH® v‹D« üš vGâaâU. fdfrig¥ ãŸisat®fŸ rhâ¤jd®. ï¡bfhŸifia bt®Fr‹ (Mr.Fergusson) A©l®(Sir. W.W. Hunter), kh®Zk‹ (Mr. Marshman) KjÈa MáÇa®fŸ tÊ bkhÊªâU¡»‹wd®. k¡fŸ ïd¤ij¡F¿¤j MuhŒ¢áahš ï¡bfhŸif V‰W¡ bfhŸs¥gl Éšiy.bkhÊÆ‹ xÈ r«gªjkh»a MjhuK« cWâ¥glÉšiy. âbg¤âYŸs k§nfhÈa bkhÊfËš jÄÊ‰ fhz¥gLtJ nghynt. H, P,‡ KjÈa vG¤bjhÈfŸ fhz¥gLjY«, nru®, thdt® vd¥gLtJ

1. Seythians

e.á. fªijah 7

nghy¢ Ód® thdt® vd¥gLjYkh»a ïitna jÄH® k§nfhÈatF¥ãd® v‹W bfhŸtj‰FÇa Mjhu§fshF«.

RnkÇa c‰g¤âjÄHiu¢ RnkÇa® vd¢ rhâ¤njh® lh¡l® x¥ng£, g©oj®

rtÇuha ãŸis M»nahuht®. ï¡ bfhŸifÆ‹go, RnkÇa®ghuÓf¡ Flh¡ flš tÊahfî«, nghy‹ fzthŒ kh®¡fkhfî«ïªâahit milªJ nk‰F¡ flnyhu¤âY«, tl ïªâahÉY«Fona¿d®. ï¡bfhŸif¡F Mjhu« RnkÇahî¡F« ïªâahî¡F«bghJth»a btŸs¥ bgU¡if¡ F¿¡F« òuhz¡ fijí«, ïUehLfS¡F« bghJth»a všy«1 v‹D« kiy¥bgaU«, RnkÇabkhÊ¡F« jÄG¡FKŸs xÈ x‰Wikí khF«. nehthÉ‹ ngiHvšy« mšyJ všbth©£ kiyÆ‰w§»ajhf¢ RnkÇa tuyhWTW»‹wJ. ï¡bfhŸifÆ‹ go jÄH® bkrbgnjÄahÉÈUªJtªjtuht®.2

ïªJ M¥ãÇ¡f MÞânuÈa c‰g¤âï¡bfhŸifÆ‹go, ïªJ rK¤âu¤â}nl ïªâah,

bj‹dh¥ãÇ¡fh, MÞânuÈah, Ódh KjÈa ehLfis¤ bjhL¤J¡bfh©oUªj óf©l¤âÅ‹W ïªâahit milªjt®fnsjÄHuht®. ï¡bfhŸifia MjÇ¥ngh® F%¡Þ (Crooks), Ñ‹ (Keane),khÇÞ (Morris) v‹D« MáÇa®fsht®. ïªJ rK¤âu¤â}nl »lªjóf©l¤J¡F by_Çah vd¥ bgaÇ£ld® nA¡fš v‹D«g©oj®. by_Çah¡ f©l¤ânyna k¡fŸ c‰g¤â MâÆš V‰g£lbj‹W«, by_Çahnt giHa jÄHfbk‹W« j¡f fhuz§fŸfh£o¢ rhâ¤jd® âU. gh.nt. khÂ¡f eha¡fut®fŸ.

k¤âajiu c‰g¤âï¡bfhŸifÆ‹go k¤âajiu¡fliy mL¤j ehLfËYŸs

rhâah® bkrbghnjhÄahÉ‰ w§»¥ ã‹ gYáÞjhd« tÊahfïªâahit milªJ Fona¿d®. ïJ RnkÇa ehfÇf« cjakhtj‰F K‰g£l brŒâ. rÇ¤âu fhy¤J¡F K‰g£l ïªâa rkhâfŸ»ß£, irãuÞ, mdnuhÈah, ghãnyhÅah KjÈa k¤âa jiu¡fliy mL¤j ehLfË‹ rkhâfis x¤âU¡»‹wd. ï¡ bfhŸif

1. ïshÉUj« nkUÉ‹ áfu¤âbyh‹W. všyÉUj« ïshÉUjkhÆ‰W¥nghY«.

2. We therefore conclude that the so-called Mediterranean race had its origin in penin-sular India,which was a part of the original Dravidian home which was in the submergedcontinent and connected South India with Africa when the Indo Gaangetic besin hadnot probably been formed. so theDravidian elementis not to befound in Indian culturealone but islargely traceable in Cretan, Agegean, Sumerian, Babylonian Egyptian,Polynesian and other cultures of ancient world. Origina and spread of the Tamiles: V.R Ramachandra Dikshitar M.A.page 29.


ia¢ ányl®(Dr. slater), n#«Þ Ah®bdš (JamesHornell) KjÈnah®MjÇ¥g®.

»ß£oÅ‹W« òw¥g£L¢ á‹dháahÉY«, bkrbghnjhÄahÉYª j§»¢ RnkÇanuhL gH»at®fshŒ, áªJ M‰w§fiuÆštªJ j§»a k¤âajiu¢ rhâahuhf¤ jÄH® fhz¥gL»‹wd® vdlh¡l® r£bl®Í (Dr. Chatterjee) v‹D« MáÇa® rhâ¥g®.

ã. â.ÓÅthr Ia§fhÇ‹ bfhŸifï›tháÇaÇ‹ bfhŸif¥go Mâfhyªbjh£L¤ jÄœ k¡fŸ

ïªâa eh£oš thœªJ tU»‹wd®. kÅj c‰g¤âMâÆšj©lfhuÂa¤J¡F« flY¡F« ïilÆš V‰g£lbjd mt®XÇl¤J¡ T¿ÆU¡»‹wd®1.

ïy§ifí‰g¤â 2

ï¡ bfhŸifÆ‹go kÅj‹MâÆš ïy§ifÆny c‰g¤âah» #hth KjÈa ehLfS¡F¢ br‹¿U¡»wh‹. ahthÅaUilagiHaüš x‹W MjhÄ‹ tÄr¤âYŸs ãukh ahthÉ‰ br‹Wk¡f£ rªjâia¥ bgU¡»d® v‹W TW»‹wJ. ïy§ifÆYŸsMj«ghy«, Mj«kiy KjÈad ï¡bfhŸif¡F MjhukhF«

1. ` Man there fore a must prubably rose and grew in the compratiyaly narrow strip ofcoast between the jungle [Dandakaraniam] and the Indian ocean`' -Stone Age inIndia p.3.

''Since south India is in the centre of the diffusion area of palaeolithic stone industriesand may have been their birth place, the same might be also true regarding the firstbeginning of the higher civilizations and.................... whether it was in South India,in Ceylon, or possibly in one of the farther South East Asian countries that the firstworld culture started we do not know. In this region, at any rate, we are on the soilwhich is quite likely to be the most ancient place of human civilization. Madras, as asymbol of a wider zone, though not as a city, may therefore well be considered as thepossible birth place of a long enduring and wide spread civilization in the earliesthistory of mankind - Madras, the oldest culture centre of the world - U.R. Ehrenfels- The Hindu Sep. 4 - 1949.

2. "Dr. Durbois discovered in 1894 in Java the bones of what then was considered to bethe most primitive man a kind of missinglink. The tropical origin of man has gainedsome support from tradition. The origin of man in Ceylon according to the oldtradition is illustrated by the names, Adam's peak and Adam's Bridge. The Koranwhich places the paradise in the seventh heaven says that, "after the fall Adamdescended to Ceylon and propagated the human race. ''It may also be noted thataccording to some old Javanese munuscripts recently published (Clarendon press)Brahmah, descendant of Adam went from Ceylon and colonised Java - The Aryans -A Lecture by the Hon. Mr. K. Balasingam 1920.

e.á. fªijah 9

`ïij (Mj«kiyia ) Mâbg‰nwh® rhg« bg‰wã‹ thœªjïlbkd¡ bfhŸt® muhãa®. ó®t »¿Þjt®fŸ Mj«, VthŸ ï›Él¤â‰ brÊ¤J ts®ªj XU jUÉ‹ fÅia¥ òá¤J, XU ÉrhÈ¤jïiyia cL¤jh®fbs‹wd®. ïj‹ áfu¤J¡F¢ bršY«ghijfSŸ ïnyrhd ghijia (Mjh« V¿¢ br‹wjhjyhš)ãjhÉ‹ ghij v‹W« miH¥g®.1

áªJeâ¥ gŸs¤jh¡F ehfÇf«áªJeâ¥ gŸs¤jh¡»š mu¥gh, bkhfŠrjnuh, r§Fjnuh

KjÈa jÄHÇ‹ giHa efu§fŸ òijbghUŸ MuhŒ¢áahsuhyfœªJ f©Lão¡f¥g£LŸsd. m§F¡ fhz¥g£l khofnshLToa åLfŸ, åâfŸ, nfhÆš, Fs§fŸ, vG¤J¥ bgh¿¤jK¤âiufŸ M»at‰whš jÄHÇ‹ tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤â‰F K‰g£lehfÇf« btË¢r¤J¡F¡ bfh©L tu¥g£oU¡»‹wJ. mu¥gh,bkhfŠrjnuh KjÈa efu§fËš thœªj k¡fË‹ ehfÇf¤ijÉs¡F« _‹W bgÇa üšfŸ r® #h‹ kh®õš (Sir John Marshall)v‹D« MáÇauhš btËÆl¥g£LŸsd. mª üÈ‰ fhQ« bghU£RU¡f« tUkhW:

gHŠrÇ¤âuMuhŒ¢á e«ik IahÆu« M©LfS¡F m¥gh‰bfh©LnghŒ ÉL»‹wJ. áªJeâÆ‹ »H¡F nk‰F¥ gŸs¤jh¡Ffisí« gY¢áÞ jhd¤ijí« neh¡FÄl¤J ïªâah, RnkÇahnthL« 2všy¤njhL« bjhl®ò« x‰Wikí« cilajhŒ ïUªâU¡»‹wJ. ïj‰F MjhukhfîŸs á‹d§fŸ gŠrh¥ãY«, áªJÉY«ÄFâahf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd. gŠrh¥ãYŸs mu¥gh bt‹D«giHa efÇ‹ mÊghL áªJ eâÆ‹ Ñœ C‰WtiuÆY« mfH¥g£lJ. brštts« bghUªâa mH»a efbuh‹W m›Él¤âšIahÆu« M©LfS¡F K‹ ïUªjjhf m¿a¥gL»‹wJ. v› tifahd ehfÇf« m§F ÃyÉabj‹W m¿j‰FÇa Mjhu§fŸ »il¤âU¡»‹wd. ef® br§fšyhš f£l¥g£oU¡»‹wJ. Rt®fŸ Ãyk£l¤J¡F nkš br§fšyhš f£l¥g£oU¡»‹wd. Ñœ¤js«Kulhd br§fšyhš ïl¥g£oU¡»‹wJ. áy Rt®fŸ f‰fshšvL¡f¥g£LŸsd. bkhfŠrjnuhÉY«; mj‹ R‰whlšfËY«f‰fŸ »il¥gjÇJ. åâfŸ xG§fhf mik¡f¥ g£oU¡»‹wd.

1. ïy§if¢ rÇ¤âu« g¡f« 3 - nah‹nghjf®

This.......... is likely to prove that there was a grain of scientific truth in the simplebelief of the first Arab pilgrims and traders who came to South India. Prof. S.M.Nainar accounts in his translation and commentary of Tuhfat-al Mujahidin thatthey visited Malabar on their way to the Adam's Peak where they hoped to worshipthe foot-prints of the "first prophot" or - culture hero, as a scientific languagewould put it - Madras the oldest culture centre of the world - The Hindu Sep. 4 1949.

2. RnkÇahÉYŸs X® ïl«.


åLfŸ bgU«ghY« »zWilad thÆU¡»‹wd. »zWfË‹C‰WfŸ M‰¿Å‹W« tªjd. FË¡F« miwfnshL Toa åLfŸgy fhz¥gL»‹wd. åLfË‹ mG¡F Ú® btËna fÊtj‰F¢br§f‰ gâ¤j thŒ¡fhšfŸ ïUªjd. thŒ¡fhšfŸ åâÆš KobtŒâd. åâÆš fÊîÚ® bršY« br§f‰ gâ¤j thŒ¡fhšfËUª jd.ï› thŒ¡fhšfŸ efU¡F btËna bršy Éšiy. å£L¡ Tiu Æ‹eh‰òw¤JKŸs mG¡FfŸ ÕÈ tÊahf tªJ bjh£oÆšÉH¡Toajhf¡ TiufS¡F¥ ÕÈfŸ mik¡f¥ g£oUªjd. åLfŸkhofnshL Toad thÆU¡»‹wd. kho¡F¢ bršY« gofŸmHfhf¡ f£l¥ bg‰¿U¡»‹wd. åLfË‹ mik¥ig¡bfh©L mªefu« Äf¢ áw¥ò‰¿Uªjbjd¤ bjÇ »‹wJ. bkrbghnjÄahï«KiwÆš x¤âU¡fÉšiy. m§FŸs rhjhuz åLfŸ ÑHhdÃiyikÆš ïUªjd. áW FoirfŸ ï‹nwš mu©kidfŸngh‹w khËiffns m§F¡ fhz¥gL »‹wd.

bkhfŠrjnuhÉš åLfsšyhj bgÇa f£ol§fS« fhz¥gL»‹wd. mt‰¿‹ ga‹ ahbj‹W Ô®khdkhf¡ Tw KoahJ.xUnghJ mit tÊgh£L¡FÇa ïl§fsh ÆU¡fyh«. rhªâdhšbkGf¥g£l f£olbkh‹W áw¥ghf m›Él¤â‰ fhz¥gL»‹wJ. mJ xU nghJ murh§f rig TL« ïlkhÆU¡fyh«. mH»af£ol§fnshLToa nfÂ x‹W« m› Él¤â‰ fhz¥gL»‹wJ.ïJ k¡fŸ ÚuhLtj‰F mik¡f¥g£l jhf ïU¡fyh«.

m§F thœªj k¡fË‹ thœ¡if Kiwfisí«, gH¡ftH¡f§fisí« m¿ªJ bfhŸs¡Toa á‹d§fŸ gy fhz¥gL»‹wd. nfhJikí«, th‰nfhJikí« m§F¥ gÆ® brŒa¥g£ld.czÉ‹ bghU£L k¡fŸ ML, khLfisí«, nfhÊfisí«ts®¤jh®fŸ. czÉ‹ bghU£L k¡fŸ M‰W Ûid¥ ga‹gL¤âd®. giHa MÇa® ï›îzÉ‰ fU¤J¢ brY¤âdh®fbsd¤bjÇaÉšiy. gy Éy§FfË‹ v‹ò¡TLfŸ m§F¡ fhz¥g£ld.mt‰whš, vUik, x£lf«, ahid , gytif khÅd§fŸ m§Fthœªjdbt‹W bjÇ»‹wJ. ôÅfh©(unicorn) v‹D« xUbfh«òila Fâiuí« m§F thœªjjhf¤ bjÇ»‹wJ. òÈ, Fu§F,Kaš KjÈa Éy§FfË‹ cUt§fŸ fšK¤âiufË‰ fhz¥gL»‹wd. ïjdhš m§FŸs k¡fŸ ï›Éy§Ffis m¿ªâUªjh®fbsd¤ bjÇ»wJ.

bkhfŠrjhnuhÉYŸs k¡fŸ bgh‹, btŸË, br«ò, <a«KjÈat‰wh‰ brŒj g£ila§fis¥ ga‹gL¤âd®. mt®fŸbtŸËÆ‹ gaid e‹f¿ª âUªjd®. ïU¡Fntj fhy MÇa®btŸËia m¿ah®. btŸËia m¿ªj fhy¤J mt®mjid bt©

e.á. fªijah 11

bgh‹’ vd tH§»d®. mt®fŸ rhjhuz Mguz§fisí«, ghid,r£ofisí« br«ãdh‰ brŒJ ga‹gL¤âd®. vY«ò, Mid¤jªj«, á¥ã, kÂ M»ad mÂfy‹fshf¥ ga‹gL¤j¥g£ld.ÚyÃw¡ f©zhoah‰ brŒj iftisfS« fhz¥g£ld.f«gËí«, gŠR« berî brŒa¥g£ld. üš ü‰F« ïuh£ilfŸgy fhz¥gL»‹wd.

<£o, nfhlÇ, FWthŸ, Éš, ft© KjÈad mt®fŸga‹gL¤âa ngh®¡ fUÉfshF«. ftÂš it¤bj¿í« cU©il¡f‰fŸ Äf¥ gy fhz¥gL»‹wd. thS«, j‰fh¥ò¡FÇa Míj§ fS«ïUªjd. k£gh©l§fŸ âÇifÆ‰ brŒa¥g£ld. tGtG¥ghdÃw« óáa ghid r£ofS« fhz¥g£ld.

áWt® ÉisahLtj‰nf‰w Éisah£L¥ bghUŸfŸ bgÇJ«fhz¥gL»‹wd. m¡fhy¤J x›bthU ãŸisí« x›bthUÉisah£L¥ bghUis it¤âUªjJ vd¤ bjÇ»‹wJ.»Y»Y¥ig, ghit, CJFHš, áWt©ofŸ M»ad Éis ah£L¥bghUŸfË‰ áy. m¡fhy Éisah£L t©ofis¥ nghy ï¡fhy«áªJ ehLfËš ga‹gL¤J« t©ofŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd.

m§F¡ f©blL¡f¥g£l bghUŸfSŸ m¡fhy tH¡»ÈUªj XÉa vG¤JfŸ bgh¿¤j fšK¤âiufŸ K¡»akhdit.mit RnkÇa bkhÊ¡FÇadthÆU¡fyh«. RnkÇabkhÊ¡F«, ï«bkhÊ¡F« bghJthd xU bjhl¡f« ïU¤jY§TL«. khL, vUik,x‰iw¡ bfh«òŸs Fâiu KjÈat‰¿‹ XÉa§fŸ fš K¤âiufË‰fhz¥gL»‹wd. ïit m¡fhy k¡fË‹ xÉa« tiuí« âwikia¡fh£L»‹wd. K¤âiufË‰ fhz¥gL« vG¤Jfis¥ ngh‹W r£oghidfËY« fhz¥gL»‹wd. m› btG¤JfŸ ï‹D«thá¡f¥glÉšiy. vG¤J¡F¥ gâš ga‹gL¤j¥g£l áy F¿fnsm›btG¤JfshF«. x›bthU F¿í« x›bthU brhšiy¡ F¿¡F«.ÓdÇ‹ vG¤bjGJ« Kiw ïjndhL x¤âU¡»wJ. xU ku¤â‰ ãÇªjïu©L »isfSŸ x‹W ï›btG¤J«, k‰wJ ÓdvG¤JkhÆU¡fyh«. mu¥ghÉš ga‹ gL¤j¥g£l vG¤JfŸK‰whf kiwªJÉ£ld. ï›btG¤ij¡ F¿¤J¥ gytifahfC»¥gJ gad‰wJ. m« bkhÊ rk‰»Ujk‹W vd¤ Ô®khdkhf¡Twyh«. mJ âuhÉl bkhÊna bt‹gJ rªnjf«. K¤âiufËšxÉa§fis¥ bgh¿¥gâš kh¤âuk‹W; á‰g¤bjhÊÈY« m«k¡fŸ âwik milªâUªjd®. br§fšÈ dh‰ brŒj jiyÆšyhjkÅj¢ áiy x‹W m§F¡ f©blL¡f¥ g£lJ. ïJ »nu¡fÇ‹ifntiy v‹W KjÈ‰ fUj¥g£lJ. »nu¡f® tUif¡Fïu©lhÆu¤ijªüW tUl§fS¡F K‰ g£lJ ï¢áiy v‹W ï¡fhy« e‹whf¤ JÂa¥gL»‹wJ.


m¡ fhy k¡fË‹ rkaK« xUthW m¿a¥gL»‹wJ.r¡âtÊghnlbgU«ghY« k¡fS¡FÇa jhÆUªjJ. giHa ehŸtÊghL bgU«ghY« ï› tifÆdnj. _‹W Kf§fSilabjŒt¤â‹ tot« x‹W fhz¥gL»‹wJ. ïJ át‹ áiyahF«.ã‰fhy¤J tªj MÇa® átidí« jkJbjŒt§fnshL nr®¤J¡bfh©lhbu‹gâš Ia« ïšiy. Éy§Ffisí«, ku§fisí«k¡fŸ tÊg£ld®. ïwªjt®fis¢ RLjY«, òij¤jY« m¡fhytH¡F.

áªJ M‰W¥ gŸs¤jh¡»‹ ehfÇf« všyh«, bkrbgh njÄahKjÈa ehLfË‹ ehfÇf¤njhL« x‰WikíilaJ. fšyhíj§fS¡F¥ ã‹DŸs cnyhf Míj§fŸ bgÇJ« ga‹gL¤j¥g£lhY«, m¡ fhy« fšyhíj§fŸ K‰whf kiwªJ nghfÉšiy.giHa ehfÇf¤J¡F«, fiy ts®¢á¡F« m¿F¿ahf¢ áªJ M‰W¥gŸs¤jh¡»‰ fhz¥g£l K¤âiu ngh‹w bghUŸfŸ 1všy¤â Y«fhz¥g£ld. ï›Éu©L ehLfS¡FÄilna ngh¡Ftu¤âUªjbj‹ w¿a¥ ãw Mjhu§fSKŸsd. bkrbghnjÄahÉ‹giHa tuyh‰whš, bkhfŠrjnuhÉ‹ ehfÇf« ». K. 3000 M©LfS¡F K‰g£lbj‹W eh£lyh«. ïª ehfÇf« f§if¡fiu tiuÆ‰ guªâUªjnjh v‹gJ Ia¤J¡ »lkhdJ. nk‰Tw¥g£l ïªâak¡fË‹ fhy« ïU¡F ntj fhy¤J¡F KªâaJ. MÇa®, MLkhLfSl‹ ïl«É£L ïl« bgaU« T£l¤jtuhÆUªjd®. ïªâaó®tFofnshL Xahj ngh® òÇªJ bfh©oUªjikahš, mt®fŸbkhfŠrjnuh ngh‹w gykhd xU efiu mik¤âU¡fkh£lh®fŸ.bkhfŠrjnuhÉYŸst®fŸ Fâiuia m¿ahjt®fshÆUªâU¡fyh«. ntj fhy ïªâa® Fâiuia e‹whf m¿ªâUªjd®. ïUtifÆdU« m¿ªâUªj cnyhf tiffŸ ntW ntwhdit. bkhfŠrjnuhk¡fË‹ ehfÇf« ntj fhy¤njhL á¿J« bjhl®òglhjJ.1

bkhfŠrjnuh mu¥gh v‹D« giHa efu§fË‹ ehfÇf¤ij e‹F MuhŒªjtU«, bkhfŠrjnuh vG¤JfŸ gyt‰iwthá¤jtUkh»a bAuÞ ghâÇah® T‰W:

ã‰fhy ïªâa® nk‰F¥ òwkhf¢ br‹W, bkrbghnjÄahÉ‹bj‹ nfhoÆ‰Fona¿¢ RnkÇa® v‹DŠ rhâahuhÆd®.

nahf¤âš å‰¿U¡F« ghtidíila _‹W KfKŸsÃ®thzkhd flîË‹ áiy x‹W fhz¥gL»‹wJ. mj‹ jiyÆšKofŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd. ï¢áiyia¢ NœªJ gy Éy§F fË‹cUt§fŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd. ï¡flîŸ gRgâ v‹D« bga® bgWt®.

`M© v‹D« flîŸ k‰iw¡ flîsU¡F¤ jiytuhf¡fhz¥gL»‹wd®. ``M©’’ v‹D« bgaU¡FÇat® PhÆW vd¤bjÇ»‹wJ. PhÆW x›nth® khjK« x›nth® å£oš j§F«.x›bthU å£oš j§F«nghJ« PhÆ‰¿Dila tot«

1. TheCambridge shorter.Historyof India- Allan P.2-6

e.á. fªijah 13

bt›ntwhf¡ bfhŸs¥g£lJ. PhÆW j§F« åLfŸ v£L. Mfntm¡ fhy« v£L khj§fS«, xU khj¤âš eh‰g¤ijªJ eh£fSÄUªjd. giHa ïªâa®, flîS¡F v£L tot« c©L vd¡fUâd®. v£L ïuháfshd: ML, e©L, á§f« , f‹Å, Jyh«, Fl«,Û‹, ahœ v‹gdth«. ï› tot§fis¡ flîsuhf it¤J k¡fŸtÊ¥g£ld®. ï› tot§fSŸ Û‹ Äf¥ òfœ bg‰wJ. rhrd§fŸgyt‰¿š ï¥bga® fhz¥gL»wJ. j‰fhy átDila tot«rhrd§fËš bjËthf¢ brhšy¥gL»wJ. átD¡F _‹Wf©fS©bl‹W«, m¡f©fŸ jÅ¤jÅ tÊgl¥g£ld bt‹W«rhrd§fŸ TW»‹wd.* flîŸ murdhfî«, mur‹ flîS¡F¥gâš mt‹ Mizia V‰W el¤Jgtdhfî« fUj¥g£lh‹.flîS¡F ïWt‹ v‹D« bga® fhz¥gL»‹wJ. xU rhrd¤âš`jh©lt‹ ïª ehšku« v‹W fhz¥gL»‹wJ. ïj‰F¤ jh©ltŠbrŒí§ flîbs‹gJ bghUŸ.

K¤âiufËÈUªJ thá¡f¥g£lt‰WŸ áy brh‰fŸ, ahœ,ehŒ. ntš, fhyhŸ, v©, MŸ, v©ik (át‹), fy¡F, e©L, e©^®,ntÿ®, cHt‹, mJ, M©L, Fl, Flî, jL, x£L, F£il, cjî,mL, m‹W, khW, mÇ, K»š, kiH K»š KjÈad. nfhÆš všyh¡flîŸ mJ, vd X® rhrd¤â‰ fhz¥gL»‹wJ, `nfhÆÈYŸsflîŸ všnyhÇY« bgÇa flîŸ’ v‹gJ ïj‹ bghUŸ.K¤âiufËš FwŸ bt©ghÉdhyha ghlšfŸ gy fhz¥gL»‹wd. m¡ fhy vGJ« Kiw ïlJ òw¤âÅ‹W tyJ òw¤njbr‹W, ãwF ty¥òw¤âÅ‹W« ïl¥òwkhf¢ brštnjahF«.

1. ''A nude three-faced God seated in a sort of yoga pose wearing crescent - like gear,

Round this figure several figures are placed. Is has been said this is a figure of

Pasupathi. An (M©) is supposed to be the highest God, the God of heaven; in fact

he I, as we shall see later on, identified wish the sun. Now the sun in the course of the

year travels through the constellations of the zodiac, which were called houses,

Accordingly each month of the sun being in a different house/ the sun was supposed

to take a different form and since the constellations of Proto -India as said above

were only eight the forms of the sun i.e. / the Supreme Being were the eight. The

eight forms of the Supreme Being were the eight constellations Which were the

following The Ram, the Harp, the Crab, the Mother, the Scale, the Arrow, the Jar

and the Fish or the two fishes. Images of the Supreme Being under these forms were

worshipped in different parts of the country. The most popular of these gods seems

to have been fish. Several inscriptions refer to this;

This is the idem about Siva of modern Hinduism, Which we find clearly expressed

with reference to God in the Inscriptions of the Proto-Indians and the idea was so

well known of three eyes as we find in two inscriptions revealed to those people the

idea of the Supreme Being. The three eyes were worshipped. -Rav.Father Heras.


*tl ïªâahÉY« bj‹ÅªâahÉY« tH§»a ãuhÄvG¤JfŸ, bkhfŠrjnuh vG¤JfËÅ‹W« ts®¢áailªjit.bj‹Åªâa âuhÉl®fSila vG¤J bkhfŠrjnuh vG¤ij nenuã‹g‰¿aJ. âUbešntÈÆ‰ »il¤j rÇ¤âu fhy¤J¡F K‰g£lghid r£ofËY«, Úy»Ç kiyÆš bt£l¥g£LŸs rhrd§fËY«, iAjuhgh¤ rkhâfËY« ï›btG¤J fhz¥gL»‹wJ.

tlãuhÄ vG¤JfŸ bkhfŠrjnuhÉ‹ neuhd vG¤J fsšyvG¤Jfis¥ g‰¿ m¿ahj MÇa® ï›btG¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤âÆU¡»‹wd®. mnrhf ãuhÄ vG¤J MÇa® ifah©lKiwia¥ ã‹g‰¿ vGj¥g£lJ . ï› Éu©o‰F« ïilna cŸsnt‰Wik ïJnt. ïit ah« fh£oa vG¤â‹ milahs§f nshLbjËthd x‰Wikia¡ fh£L»‹wd. ï¢ rªj®¥g¤âš jÄœ vG¤JbkhfŠrjnuh vG¤âÅ‹W« njh‹¿‰bwd¡ Twyh«.

bkhfŠrjnuhÉYŸnsh® âuhÉluhÆ‹ikÆ‹ tlïªâahÉYŸst®fŸ jÄiHna ngádh®fŸ. Mdhš m« bkhÊï¥bghGJ ïªâahÉš tH§F« âuhÉl bkhÊahf¤ bjÇaÉšiy.

áªJeâ¥ gŸs¤jh¡»š »il¤j áy rhrd§fËš fhz¥g£l thdü‰ F¿¥ig¡ bfh©L bkhfŠrjnuh KjÈa efu§fË‹ehfÇf« ».K. 5610 M©LfS¡F K‰g£lbjd bAuÞ ghâÇah®TWt®. kÅj‹ óÄÆš njh‹¿Míj§fË‹ gaid m¿tj‰F¥

1. The two Brahmi script, one of northern and the other of southern India are

developments of the Mohenjodaro script that of the south Indian is the continuation

and development of the Mohenjodaro script of the Dravidian people of south India

Several sings of the Mohenjodaro script are found in the prehistoric pottery of the

Mohenjodaro script are found in the prehistoric pottery of the Tinnevelly District

in rock inscriptions of the Nilgiris and tomb is in the Hyderabad state. The north

Brahmi is not the natural continuation of the Mohenjodaro script. This script was

adopted by the incoming Aryans is not know any writing as the time of their

invasion. The Brahmi scrip of Asoka is the difference between them, which never

the less reveal obvious similarities with our signs. In this connection, it may be

pointed out that one at least of the signs of Mohenjodaro to cut direct ancestor of

one of the letters of the Tamil alphabet.

`Being Dravidians, the in habitants of Mohenjo Daro and Northern India naturally

spoke a Dravidian language, yet this language was not one of the Dravidian languages

now spoken in India. But probably their Parent which may be called in the Proto-

Dravidian. The largest proportions of the words used in the Proto-Dravidian are

also found in Tamil. This confirms the common belief that Tamil is the oldest of

the present languages- Light of the Mohenjo Daro riddle-H Heras the New Review

No 19 vol. IV

e.á. fªijah 15

gšyhÆu« M©LfŸ br‹¿U¡f nt©Lbk‹W« cnyhf¤â‹gaid m¿ªJ Míj§fŸ brŒa¥ gH»¡ f‰fhy¤âÅ‹W« cnyhffhy¤J¡F mt‹ tUtj‰F ïUgâdhÆu«1 mšyJ xU ïy£r«M©LfŸ br‹¿U¡f nt©Lbk‹W« k¡fŸ üyh® TWt®. áªJbtË ehfÇf« f‰fhy¤â‹ mªjK« cnyhf fhy¤â‹ bjhl¡f kh»afhybkd¤ bjÇ»‹wJ. Mfnt m« k¡fŸ f‰fhy ehfÇf¤âš m§FFiwªjJ ïUgâdhÆu« M©LfshtJ thœªjh®fshjš nt©L«.

áªJ eâ Ôu¤J ehfÇf« ntbw›Él¤njDÄUªJ tªjbj‹WTWtj‰F X® fhuzKÄšiy vd¢ r® #h‹ kh®õš v‹D«MáÇa® TWt®.2

MÇa® ïªâahit miltj‹ K‹ áªJ eh£oY«,ïªâahÉ‹ kW ïl§fËY« thœªnjh® , bkrbghnjÄah, v»¥JKjÈa ehLfË‹ ehfÇf¤njhL x‰WikíilaJ«, áytifÆšnkyhdJkhd ehfÇf« bg‰¿Uªjh®fŸ vd nk‰go MáÇa®TW»‹wd®.

iuÞÈ v‹D« MáÇa®, âuhÉlnu ïªâa gH§Fofbs‹W«, ïªâahÉÅ‹W« br‹w bkrbghnjÄa ehfÇf«brÄ¤âa ehfÇf¤J¡F mo¥gilahÆUªj bj‹W§ TWt®.3

áªJbtË ehfÇf¤ij¡ bfh©L jÄH® tl ïªâah ÉÅ‹W«bj‰nf nghªjh®fbsd¢ brhšy¥gL»‹wJ. áªJ ehfÇf fhy¤âšïªâah KGikÆY« xnutifahd gH¡ftH¡fKila k¡fŸthœªâU¡»wh®fŸ. bkhfŠrjnuh ehfÇf¤â‹ Mu«g fhy« ».K.10,000 vd¡ TWt® njÆy® v‹D« MáÇa®.

RnkÇa® jÄHnuMuhŒ¢áfŸ, RnkÇa® ïªâahit milªJ jÄH® MÆd®.

mšyJ jÄH® RnkÇahit milªJ RnkÇauhÆd® v‹D«bfhŸif¡F¡ bfh©L tªJÉL»‹wJ.

1. Some geologists have suggested twenty thousand years while other say a hundredthousand more- anthropology p.25. Sir E.E.Taylor Kt.

2. There is no reason to assume that the culture of this region was imported forming

other lands or that its character was profoundly modified influences- (Sir John

Marshall). ``Never for a moment was it imagined that five thousand years ago

before even the Aryans were heard of the Punjab and Sind, if not other parts of India

as wall, were enjoying an advanced and singularly uniform civilization of their own,

closely akin, but in some respects even superior, to that of contemporary

Mesopotamia and Egypt - Mohenjo-Daro and Indus Civilization - sir john Marshall.

3. The Dravidians were original inhabitants of the Indian Peninsula and Developed a

civilization which was taken to Mesopotamia and formed the Semitic civilization

Risely - People of India.


RnkÇah xU áW ehL. m§F thœªj k¡fŸ RnkÇahÉ‹mašehLfËš thœªjt®fisÉl cl‰ T‰whY«, bkhÊahY«ntWg£lt®fŸ. RnkÇa® ïªâahî¡F tªJ Fona¿duhÆ‹ mt®jk¡F many cŸs ehLfË‰ Fona¿a ã‹dnu ntW ehLfS¡F¢br‹¿U¡f nt©L«. ït®fŸ m›thW RnkÇahî¡F mL¤jehLfË‰ br‹W Fona¿at®fshf¡ fhzhikÆ‹ ntWehLfË‹W« nghªjtnu RnkÇa® v‹W òy¥gL»‹wJ.

*bkrbghnjÄahî¡F« ïªâahî¡F« áªJ ehfÇf fhy¤njbeU§»a bjhl®ãUªjhf¤ bjÇ»wJ. nguháÇa® bA‹¿ ãuh§ngh£ v‹gh® m©ikÆš gh¡lh£L¡F¢ rÛg¤âYŸs nlšm¡uh¥ v‹DÄl¤âš mfœªJ f©Lão¤j k©ghid r£ofisí« ãwt‰iwí« bfh©L ïªJ RnkÇa bjhl®ig e‹FÉs¡»ÆU¡»‹wd®.

tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤â‰F K‰g£l bj‹Åªâa rkhâfŸbj‹ÅªâahÉš á¤öU¡F tl»H¡nf _‹wiu ikš öu¤âš

gh©Ltu«, njthš v‹D« rkhâfŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd. rkhâÆ‹c£òw«, ÑnH xU fU§f‰wfL«, eh‰òw§fËš x›bth® fš jfL«nk‰òw¤âš X® fU§fš jfLkhf MW fU§f‰ wfLfŸ ml§»ajhŒfhz¥bgW»‹wJ. nkny _oÆU¡F« fšÈ‹ eLnt kÅjÅ‹ãz« EiHa¡Toa t£lkhd Jthu« fhz¥gL »‹wJ. m¤Jthu« tÊahf¥ ãz§fis cŸnsÆ£L _‹W mšyJ, ehY mocau¤J¡F k©zhš _oÉLtJ m¡fhy tH¡fkhÆUªjJ.k©Âdhš brŒj Ú©l jhÊfËš ãz§fis it¤J ml¡fŠbrŒtJ« m¡ fhy tH¡F ï› tifahd jhÊfS« m§F¡fhz¥g£ld. ãz¥ bg£oÆ‹ toîŸs m¤ jhÊfSŸ kÅjvY«ò« itukhd k©Q«, k©il X£o‹ J©LfS« á¿ak©ghid, r£ofS«, gH§fhy <£oÆ‹ myF, thŸ KjÈadî«f©blL¡f¥g£ld. ghid, r£ofŸ mH»a totKiladthŒ¡

* ''We have no evidence that animals were worshipped in Mesopotamia. Yet the

contemporary civilization of India supplies ample evidence that this was so in the

country. Thus we may have here more link in the (as yet) incompletely discovered

claim of similarities connecting the early culture of Mesopotamia with that of the

Indus Valley- Dr. Frank fort, field director of the Iraq expedition of the Oriental

Ins-titute of the University of Chicago - The Illustrated London News -Nov 6th

1937.

Prof. Frankfort emphasizes the importance the Sumerians evidently attached to

cattle and the possibility of bull worship. In connection with a vase design, including

a bull... showing a humped bull of Indian type unknown in Mesopotamia... he said

that, although no scene of animal worship had yet been found on Mesopotamian

sites, it was a common motive of ancient Indian seal stones. ''Our vase fragments he

added put the problem of India -Sumerian connections on entirely new basis- Ibid.

e.á. fªijah 17

fhz¥gL»‹wd. ï¢ rkhâfis c©L g©Ândh® ïU«ã‹gaid e‹whf m¿ªâUªjh®fŸ.

âUbešntÈ¡F¥ gâidªJ ikš »H¡»š giHa ïLfhblh‹W fhz¥gL»‹wJ. jhÊfSŸ it¤J¥ òij¡f¥g£lv‹òfŸ m§F fhz¥gL»‹wd. ãz§fË‹ x›nth® cW¥òkh¤âu« jhÊfS£ fhz¥gLjÈ‹ m¡ fhy¤âš ãz§fis¢ RL«tH¡F« ïUªjbj‹W fUj¥gL»‹wJ. jhÊfË‹ thŒfŸãz§fis cŸns ïlKoahj XL¡fKiladthŒ¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd. bgh‹ jf£lhš brŒj K£il toîila ïiyfŸ nfh¤jbe‰¿ÆyÂí« bgh‹khiy x‹W f©blL¡f¥ g£lJ. f©blL¡f¥g£lt‰WŸ ïU«ãdhš brŒa¥g£ld. thŸ, F¤JthŸ,<£oÆ‹ myF, m«ã‹ myF KjÈad. bt©fy¥ bghUŸfŸ:gh¤âu«, nkhâu«, fh¥ò, khiy KjÈad bt©fy¤jh‰ brŒa¥g£l bghUŸfŸ mH»a ntiy¥gh£nlhL ToadthŒ¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd. ï›înyhf¤jh‰ brŒj tisªj bfh«òila vUikfS«, gR¡fS« fhz¥gL»‹wd. ïita‹¿ vY«òfS«, fšyhíj§fS« jhÊfSŸ fhz¥g£ld.

nk£L¥ghisa¤J¡F v£L ikš öu¤âYŸs áWKifv‹D« »uhk¤âš »s¿ vL¤j jhÊfŸ ehyo cauK« ïu©liuao FW¡fsî« ciladthf ïU¡»‹wd. ï¤ jhÊfS¡FŸ,k©ilXL, vY«ò, kÂ, fšJ©L, j©Ù® Fo¡F« gh¤âu«,nrhW©Q« gh¤âu«, ïU«ghíj«, á¿a ghid r£ofŸ KjÈadfhz¥g£ld. ghid, r£ofŸ ešy KiwÆš brŒa¥g£oU¡»‹wd. áyghid r£ofŸ tGtG¥ghd fW¥ò Ãw« ór¥bg‰wdthf ïU¡»‹wd. ï§F fhz¥g£l ehYfhYilajhÊfis¥ ngh‹wd bgU«ga®, gšyhtu« v‹D« ïl§fË‰fhz¥g£ld.

Mâ¢rbešÿ®¢ rkhâfËš k©ilnahL jÄHdJ k©ilnah£o‹ msî¡F¢ rÇahf ïU¡»‹wJ. ïªâahÉš fhz¥gL«tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤J¡F K‰g£l rkhâfŸ ãÇ£l‹, ãuh‹Þ, k¤âab#®kÅ, ÞfhªândÉah, rh®oÅah, áÇah, fhnfrÞ KjÈaÉl§fËš fhz¥g£l rkhâfis x¤âU¡»‹wd*.

ïªâa bkhÊ2` jh« òâjhf tªj tlïªâahÉš jkJ bkhÊia eh£Ltâš

MÇa® á¤âailªjJ nghy¤ bj‹ÅªâahÉš á¤â vŒjhâUªjJM¢rÇa¥ gl¤j¡fnj. MÇa® tUif¡F K‹ tl ïªâahÉš tH§»abkhÊ jÄœ v‹gâš vd¡F¢ á¿JTl¢ rªnjfÄšiy.

1. J.B. Brown- Quoted in `The Stone Age in India -. 42

2. It is indeed strange how the Aryans failed to supplant the Dravidian supplant theDravidian speech in the southern part of India, though it most successfully did in


gYáÞjhd¤âYŸs kiy¢ rhâahÇ‹ bkhÊÆš jÄœ¢ brh‰fŸkh¤âukšy, mitfË‹ brhš tot§fS« fU¤J¡fS« Rt¿ÆU¥gij¤ bjËthf¡ fhzyh«. mnef rk‰»Uj gj§fŸ jÄœ¢brh‰fshf ïU¤jiy MuhŒ¢á¡fhu® x¥ò¡ bfhŸS»‹wd®.MÇa® tªJ tl ïªâahÉš FonaWtj‹K‹ m§F tH§»a bkhÊjÄœ v‹gij ïJ tÈíW¤J»‹wJ. tl ïªâahÉš ï¥nghJtH§F« bkhÊfis MuhíÄl¤J ï« Kont V‰gL»‹wJ. tlïªâahÉš MâÆš jÄœ tH§»‰W v‹W brhštj‰F khwhdrªnjf« vJî« ïU¥gjhf¤ bjÇaÉšiy vd¥ nguháÇa® v«. o.g©lh®¡f® TWt®.

j‰fhy« tl ïªâahÉš tH§F« rk‰»Uj r«gªjKiladbt‹W fUj¥gL« bkhÊfŸ ïy¡fz mik¥ãY«, trd xG§»Y« âuhÉlbkhÊia x¤âU¡»‹wd. âuhÉl bkhÊÆYŸstrd§fis tlïªâa bkhÊfŸ vt‰¿nyD« m«bkhÊ¢brh‰fis¢ brhšY¡F¢ brhš it¤J bkhÊbga®¤jš ïyFÉšmikí«. f‰fhy ïªâah KGikí« tH§»a bkhÊ jÄnH.rk‰»Uj ãuh»Uj r«gªjkhd bkhÊfŸ tH§fÉšiy. ï›î©ikia ã.â. ÓÅthr Ia§fh® ``ïªâahÉ‹ f‰fhy«’’ v‹D«üÈš És¡»ÆU¡»‹wd®.

North India, where I have no doubt the Dravidian language prevailed before theadvent of the Aryans. This will be seen from the fact that Bruhi the language of themountaineers in the Khanship of Kelat in Baluchistam contains not only someDravidian words, but a considerable infusion of distinctively Dravidian forms andideas... It is also a well-known fact accepted by all scholars that there are manySans-krit words which are all Dravidian and this will confirm the conclusion that theDravidian tongue was prevalent in North India before the Aryans came and occupiedit. The same conclusion is forced upon us by an examination of all vernaculars ofNorth India. No reasonable doubt can therefore be entertained as to the Dravidian...speech once being spoken in North India - Lecture in the Ancient History of Indiaon the period from 650 to 325 BC delivered in 1918 by M.D. Bandarkar MA,Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Calcutta University.

The neolithians of north India spoke languages of their own which, I bold, wereallied to the so-called Dravidian family of languages and not to Sanskrit prakrit-Stone in India P.44.

''Thsites, it was a common motive of ancient Indian seal stones. Òur vase fragmentshe added put the problem of India -Sumerian connections on entirely new basis-Ibid.y modern dialects of North India now called Sanskritic or gaudian have a funda-mental grammatical frame work and a scheme of syntax, the same as that of theDravidian dialects can be translated into any one set of dialects by the substitutionof word for word without causing any breach of idiom. These facts can only provethat people were speaking dialects allied to Tamil. Tamil once inhabited the wholeof India and not that these people must necessarily have come into India fromoutside the country. No single fact has yet been adduced that compels us to believethat the ancient people of India were not autochthons - History of the Tamils P.2.

e.á. fªijah 19

ãw ehLfËš tH§F« jÄnHhL cwîila bkhÊfŸfkÞf‰fh, ÃíáyhªJ. ï¤jhÈÆYŸs uÞfhÅ KjÈa

ehLfËš tH§F« bkhÊfŸ jÄG¡F cwîiladthf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd. Ód bkhÊ¡F«. jÄG¡F« bjhl®ò c©bl‹W brhšy¥gL»wJ. vãnua«, »nu¡F, rk‰»Uj« KjÈa bkhÊfËš jÄœ¥gj§fŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd. giHa b#®k‹, fhâ¡, ïy¤â‹ KjÈabkhÊfËYŸs brh‰fŸ, jÄHoahf¥ ãwªJŸsd. RnkÇa bkhÊjÄnHhL r«gªjKilaJ. ïªJ Inuh¥ãa bkhÊfS¡F«jÄG¡F« giHa bjhl®ò fhz¥gL»‹wJ. ã‹y©oš tH§F«bkhÊÆš mndf« jÄœ¢ brh‰fŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd.1

nAhnfhd® v‹D« b#®k‹ MáÇa® Inuh¥ghÉY«, nk‰FMáahÉY« mnef ïl¥bga®fŸ jÄœ¥ bga®fshf ïU¥gij¡fh£oÆU¡»‹wd®. mt® fh£oat‰WŸ áy, Þ MW = r¤j« nghL«MW. ïs¥ MW = ïs« MW; kjMW - kj¤j MW v‹gd.

cy»YŸs bkhÊfŸ všyht‰iwí« MuhŒªJ bršYÄl¤J, mit xU bghJ¤ bjhl¡f¤J¡F¡ bfh©LnghŒ ÉL»‹wd v‹W«, všyh bkhÊfS¡F« mo¥gilÆš âuhÉl r«gªj«fhz¥gL»‹w bj‹W« áwªj MuhŒ¢áahs® TW»‹wd®.2

1 The languages spoken now at Kamschatca, the north eastern corner of Asia, isconsidered to be a dialect of Tamil (Sir W. Hunter). The language spoken by theMaores in the far-off New Zealand which denote utmost southern limits of 700Kathams of Tamil Land from Cape Comorin and the languages spoken in thenumerous groups of islands between these two boundaries are allied to Tamil (IndianAntiuquity Vol. X.) The language spoken at Twscany in Italy is a dialect of Tamil,(J.R.A.S.). It is said that the Chinese has some affinity to it. (T.P.P.1913) The threeclassic languages of the world viz. Sanskrit, Hebrew and Greek contain Tamil wordsinvocabulary (Rys Davids). - Tamil India P. 38.

"There are hundreds of Indo-European words which are to be traced to old Dravidianforms, forcing us to draw the conclusion that there is an ancient connection betweenthe Dravidians and Indo-European Languages Herr Schoener as well remarked" -Rev. S. Gnanaprakasar O.M.I.

2 The problem of the affiliation of the Dravidian languages has been studied for manyyears and various theories have been propounded towards its solution. Caldwell wasof opinion that the family to which they are most nearly allied is the Finno-ugricbranch of Scythian group of languages. Bleek pointed out Australian affinities andwas supported by Norris and Trumbetti. Relation with Gumerian Oceanian and theAustic dialects have also been discovered.

Caldwell supposed that the Dravidian tongues exhibit traces of their existence at atime prior to the final separation of the Indo-European languages from the Scythian.It may be that we shall discover that most of the tongues spoken by men go back tocommon sources and that the Dravidian group has preserved a large number ofroots. To what else does the discovery of affinities between language groups sowidely separated as Oceanian, Indian, African, Dravidian. Indo-European and Ural-Altaic point" - Quarterly Journal of Mythic Society Vol. XXI No. 2


giHa ãÇ¤jhÅa®fSŸ m¿thËfŸ âuhÉl® v‹WmiH¡f¥g£ld®. ïjdhš giHa âuhÉlÇš xU ãÇÉd®ãÇ£lÅš Fona¿dh®fŸ v‹W fUj¥gL»‹wJ.1

jÄHÇ‹ ïªâa c‰g¤âjÄH® ãw ehLfËÈUªJ tªJ, ïªâa eh£oš Fona¿ dh®fŸ

v‹W TWtj‰FÇa fij x‹nwD« gHªjÄœ ïy¡»a§ fËšfhz¥glÉšiy. PhÆW fhÆ« bfhoa btŒÆš, bj‹Åªâ ahÉšfhz¥gL« bgÇa ÃHšku§fŸ, mH»a òŸËd§fŸ, òÈ, á§f«ahid KjÈa bfhoa fh£L Éy§FfŸ KjÈat‰iw¡ F¿¤njmit TW»‹wd. mt‰¿š, gÅia¡ F¿¥gj‰FÇa brh‰fŸfhz¥gLtJ nghš gÅ¡f£oia¡ F¿¥gj‰FÇa brhš fhz¥glÉšiy; j£gKŸst‰iw ÉU¥ò¡FÇadthfî«, bt¥gKŸst‰iw btW¥ò¡FÇadthfî« mit TW»‹wd. k¤âa MáahÉYŸs rkóÄfisí«, rhyâa® ehLfisí« F¿¡F« jÄœ¥ gj§fŸfhz¥glÉšiy. ahid, òÈ KjÈa Éy§FfS«, âiz, tuFKjÈa jhÅa§fS«, nt§if KjÈadî« jÄœeh£L kiyfËšfhz¥gLtdthF«.

Äf¥giHa fhyªbjh£L kÅj‹ ifÆdhš brŒj bghUŸfS«, mt‹ ga‹gL¤âa Míj§fS« bjhl®ghf¤ bj‹Åªâ ahÉš»il¡»‹wikahš giHa f‰fhyª bjh£L cnyhf fhy« tiuÆšk¡fŸ bj‹ÅªâahÉš thœªJ go¥goahf ehfÇf«milªâU¡»‹wd®. mt®fŸ x›bthU tifahd ehfÇ¡ fhy¤J«ga‹gL¤âa brh‰fŸ jÄœ bkhÊ¡FÇadthŒ ïU¡»‹wd. m¡fhyk¡fË‹ gH¡ftH¡f§fisí«, thœ¡if Kiwfisí« gHªjÄÊy¡»a§fŸ ÉÇthf¡ TW»‹wd. ï‹ndhu‹d kW¡f¡ Tlhjgy fhuz§fshš jÄœ k¡fŸ bj‹Åªâa gH§FofŸ vd¤ JÂªJTwyh«.2

1. It would be interesting to note that the term "Dravid" which frequently applied towise persons among the early Britons in the pre-Roman days may have also someconnection with the Sanskrit word "Dravid" thus showing how the early Dravidiansfrom India colonized and civilized Great britain - Quarterly Journal of MythicSociety Vo. XXI 3.

2. Moreover the artefacts and other relics of ancient times discovered so far in SouthIndia form an unbroken series, showing that there has been in this country a regularevolution of culture which was never rendered discontinuous by any catastrophe,from the lowest palaeolithic stage to the latest age of metals, the language existedin south India during the course of the evolution. The words necessary for thelinguistic expression of every stage of the culture are found in the earliest strata ofTamil, and the customs of this early age continued sufficiently long to be enshrinedin the earliest extant specimens of Tamil literature. It may therefore be taken asfairly certain that the Tamils were indigen

e.á. fªijah 21

MÇaU« jÄHU«áªJeâ¥ gŸs¤jh¡FfËš fhz¥gL« bkhfŠrjnuh,

mu¥gh, r§Fjhnuh KjÈa jÄHUila giHa efu§fË‹ mÊî¡FVJ, btŸs¥ bgU¡nf m‹¿¥ gilbaL¥ò m‹W vd MuhŒ¢áahs® TW»‹wd®. áªJ ehfÇf¤âš MÇaÇ‹ ehfÇf« á¿J«fhz¥glÉiy. Mfnt mu¥gh, bkhfŠrjnuh KjÈa ef®fË‹mÊî¡F¥ ã‹dnuna MÇa® ïªâahit milªjd® Mjšnt©L«.

`».K. 2000 tiuÆš MÇa® ïªâahit milªjd®’ v‹WrÇ¤âu¡fhu® TW»‹wd®. MÇa® ïªâahit milªjnghJ ï§Fthœªnjh® jÄH®fns. ït®fŸ MÇauhš jhR¡fŸ v‹W miH¡f¥g£ld®. jhR¡fS¡F«, MÇaU¡F« ïilÆš Xahj ngh® elªjbjd ïU¡F ntj¥ ghlšfŸ TW»‹wd. jhR¡fŸ fÇaÃwKilat®fbs‹W brhšy¥gL»‹wd®. jhR¡fis mÊ¡F«go ïªâuidnt©o MÇa KÅt®fŸ ghoa ghlšfŸ gy ïU¡Fntj¤âšfhz¥gL»‹wd. jhR¡fŸ, ML, khL KjÈa ÄFªj brštKilauhŒ, kâšfŸ Nœªj mH»a efu§fËš thœªjd®.

beL§fhy¥ nghuh£l¤â‰F¥ ãwF jhR¡fŸ vd¥g£l jÄH®bj‰nf br‹W j§»d®. ïU¡F ntjfhy«1 ».K. 1200 tiuÆš v‹Wbrhšy¥gL»‹wJ.

ghuj«gh©L ò¤âuU¡F« JÇnahjdhâaU¡F« ïilna elªj

nghiu¡ TW« üš ghujkhF«. tlbkhÊÆYŸs ghuj«, giHaghlšfnshL fhy¤J¡F¡ fhy« gho¢ nr®¡f¥g£l òâaghlšfisíKilaJ. m¥ ghlšfŸ ».K. ehyh« ü‰wh©ošbjhF¡f¥g£lit. 2».K. 400 Kjš ».ã. 400 tiuÆ‰ brŒa¥g£lghlšfŸ mjÅl¤nj fhz¥gL»‹wd vd É‹r‹ áÄ¤ v‹D«MáÇa®TWt®. 1ghuj¥ ngh® ».K. 1500¡F« ».K. 750 ¡F« ïilÆšne®ªjbjd lh¡l® »UZzrhÄ Ia§fh® TWt®. 2ntyhªij¡nfhghiya®, ghuj¥ ngh® ».K. 1194ïš ÃfœªjJ v‹g®.3 ghuj«

1. The Rig Veda (verse - veda) of Indian Aryans (Circa 1200 B.C.)" A Short History ofHindu India - Krishnaswami Aiyangar M.A. Prof. of Indian History and Archaeol-ogy, University of Madras.

2. The Mahabharata, aswe have it now was probably put together at least as early asthe fourth century B.C. from traditional war songs founded on events which tookplace at a much earlier date. - Ibid - p.33.

3. "The Mahabharata which, in its present form, is rather an encyclopaedia of moralteaching than an epic properly so called, includes compositions supposed to rangein date between 400 B.C. and 400 A.D. -"The Oxford Student's History of India -Vincent Smith p. 28)


ï‰iw¡F 5000 M©LfS¡F K‹ Ãfœªjbjd it¤âah v‹D«MáÇa® TWt®. ghuj fhy¤âUªj Éahruhš ghuj« brŒa¥g£lbj‹gJ«, mJ IahÆu« M©LfS¡F K‰g£l Ãfœ¢á v‹gJ«k¡fsJ bghJthd e«ã¡if.

ghuj¤â‰ ã‰fhy¥ ghlšfŸ gy cŸsd v‹W MuhŒ¢áahs®xU jiyahf x¥ò¡bfhŸ»‹wikÆ‹, mj‹ K‰fhy ã‰fhy¥ghlšfis¥ ãÇ¤j¿ad‹¿ mJ bj‹Åªâa gHŠrÇ¤âuMuhŒ¢á¡F¢ áwªj ãukhzkhf kh£lhJ.

âbusgâÆ‹ Ra«tu¤J¡F¢ br‹wt®fSŸ gh©oamur‹xUtbd‹W«, nrhHU«, gh©oaU«, jUkD¡F¡ fhÂ¡ifmË¤jh®fbs‹W«, mU¢Rd‹ gh©oa‹ òjšÉah»a á¤uh§fijia kzªjhbd‹W« ghuj« TW»‹wJ.

ïuhkhaz«ïuhkhaz« vGj¥g£l fhy¤ij¡ F¿¤J MuhŒ¢áahs®

gytifahd fU¤J¡fis btËÆ£oU¡»‹wd®. ïuhkhaz« ».K. _‹W mšyJ ehyh« ü‰wh©oš brŒa¥g£lbjd lh¡l®»UZzrhÄ Ia§fhut®fŸ TWt®4. ïuhkhaz¤â‹ bgU«gFâ».K. Iªjh« ü‰wh©o‰F K‹ brŒa¥g£lbj‹W«, gyü‰wh©LfS¡F¥ ã‹ ghoa ghlšfS« mâš nr®¡f¥g£ LŸsdv‹W« É‹r‹ áÄ¤ v‹D« MáÇa® TWt®. 1ïuhkh az¤â‹bgU« gFâ ».K. Mwh« ü‰wh©oš brŒa¥g£l bj‹gnjbgU«ghY« MáÇa®fsJ fU¤jhf ïU¡»‹wJ.

ghuj Ãfœ¢á ïuhkhaz Ãfœ¢á¡F¥ ã‰g£l bj‹gJlh¡l® »UZzrhÄ Ia§fhÇ‹ fU¤jhF«.

ïuhkhaz Ãfœ¢á ghuj¤J¡F K‰g£l Ãfœ¢á v‹W«,ïuhkhaz« vGj¥gLtj‹K‹ khghuj« vGj¥g£lJ v‹W«bgU«ghY« MáÇa®fŸ fUJ»‹wd®.

ïuhtz‹, ntj§fË‰ gÆ‰áíilatbd‹W«, mt‹rhkntj¤J¡F ïir tF¤jhbd‹W« TW« gH§fijfS« cŸsd.khghuj fhy¤jtuh»a Éahr®, ntj¤ij eh‹F TWgL¤ âdhbu‹gJ IÔf«. ïuhtz‹ ntj§fis¥ gÆ‹W rhk ntj¤J¡Fïir tF¤jhdhÆ‹ mJ ghuj Ãfœ¢á¡F¥ ã‰g£l Ãfœ¢áahjšnt©L«. ntjfhy« ».K. 1200 tiuÆš v‹W K‹XÇl¤â‰Tw¥g£lJ.

1. "The inter-tribal wars typified in the Mahabharata took place in the period between1500 and 1000 B.C. while the events of Ramayana showld be placed between 1000and 750 B.C. - Ancient India p.3

2. The Chronology of Ancient India pp. 51 - 1043. It (Ramayana) was composed probably in the fourth or third century B.C." - History

of Hindu India p.33.

e.á. fªijah 23

ïuhkhaz«, Mªâu®, nrhH®, gh©oa®, nfus®fis¥ g‰¿¢brhšY»wJ. R¡»ßt‹ thdu åuiu¥ gh®¤J `bgh‹D«K¤JKila gh©oadJ bgh‹kakhd fghl¤ij¡ fh©Õ®fŸvd¡ T¿ajhfî« TW»‹wJ. ïuhkhaz¤âš cŸs gH«ghlšfisí«, òJ¥ ghlšfisí« ãÇ¤J m¿ªJ bfhŸshjtiuÆš, ïuhkhaz« bj‹Åªâa gHŠrÇ¤âu¤ij m¿ªJbfhŸtj‰F¢ áwªj ãukhzkhfhJ. ».K. Iªjh« ü‰wh©L¡F¥ ã‹tlïªâahÉYŸst®fŸ bj‹dh£il¡ F¿¤J v›tsîm¿ªâUªjh®fŸ vd És¡»¡ bfhŸtj‰F ïuhkhazK«, ghujK«áwªj üšfshF«.

ghuj ïuhkhaz¥ ghlšfŸ bjhF¡f¥gLtj‹ K‹, ». K. 543-ïš ïy§ifiamilªj Éra‹, gh©oa‹ Fkhu¤âiakzªjhbd‹W kfhtÄr« v‹D« á§fs ïâfhr« TW»wJ. nrhHmurdh»a všyhs‹ ïy§ifia bt‹W ».K. 204 Kjš eh‰g¤Jeh‹F M©LfŸ muR òÇªjh‹. všyhs‹ rÇ¤âu¤jhš, m¡ fhy¤âšnrhH ïuh¢áa« Äf c‹dj Ãiy milªâUªjbjd¤ bjÇ»wJ.všyhsDila rkhâ, mÊªj ÃiyÆš ï‹W« mDuhjòu¤â‰fhz¥gL»‹wJ. C®ty§fËš m¢ rkhâ¡F K‹dhf¡ bfh£LKH¡Ffis ÃW¤â bksdkhf¢ brštJ ï‹W« tH¡fhfïU¡»‹wJ. âObud X® ïuh¢áank‰g£L c‹dj ÃiyiamilªJ Élkh£lhJ; mj‰F¥ gy ü‰wh©LfŸ nt©L«.


2k¡fŸ

Itif Ãy«cy»YŸs Ãy¥gu¥ò, ïa‰if mik¥ãš fhL, kiy, taš,

fl‰fiu, ghiytd« v‹D« IªJ tifÆš ml§F«. cyF¡nf cÇaï› itªJ mik¥ò« ïªâahî¡F©L. m›tª Ãy§fËš tsU«ku«, bfho, ó©L, KjÈat‰¿‹ áw¥òfshš mª Ãy§fŸ Kšiy,F¿Šá, kUj«, beŒjš, 1ghiy v‹D« bga®fis¥ bgW«. jÄH®Éªâa kiy¡F¤ bj‰nf thH ne®ªjj‹ ã‹ ghiy Ãy¤ijm¿ahuhjÈ‹ mt® KJntÅ‰ fhy¤J btŒÆÈ‹ bt¥g¤jhš kuŠbrofŸ Ôªj Kšiyí§ F¿Šáí« rh®ªj Ãy§fis¥ ghiy Ãy«vd¡ T¿d® m›tª Ãy§fS¡FÇa bjŒt«, czî, Éy§F, ku«,òŸ, giw, bjhÊš, ahœ KjÈad m›t¤âiz¡FÇa ghlšfËšTw¥gL»‹wd.

Kšiy¡F¤ bjŒt« khnah‹; czî tuF«, rhikí«; kh,KaY« áWkhD«;ku« bfh‹iwí« FUªJ«; òŸ, fhd§nfhÊí«kÆY« 2 átY«, giw 3 VW nfh£giwí«, KuR«; brŒâ, tuFfisf£lY«, mit mW¤jY«, flh ÉLjY«, Ãiu nkŒ¤jY«,VWnfhlY«; g©, Kšiy jiyt‹ bga®, FW«bghiw ehl‹;jiykfŸ bga® »H¤â, kidÉ; ï¥ bga® kUjÃy¤J¤jiykf£F« cÇaJ; ó, Kšiyí« njh‹¿í«; Ú®, fh‹ahW; C®,ghoí« nrÇí«; k¡fŸ, bga®, ïila®, ïil¢áa®; Ma®,MŒ¢áa®.

F¿Šá¡F¤ bjŒt« KUfntŸ; czh Itd bešY«âizí«; kh òÈí«, ahidí«, g‹¿í«; ku« m»Y« âÄR«nj¡F«, nt§ifí«; òŸ »Ëí«, kÆY«; giw bt¿ah£L«; giwí«,bjh©lf¥ giwí«, Fuit¥ giwí«, brŒâ njdÊ¤j Y«,»H§ffœjY«, F‹w khLjY«, âid¡»Ë fojY«; ahœF¿Šáahœ; jiykf‹ bga® áy«g‹, bt‰g‹, bghU¥g‹;

1 Kšiyí« F¿Šáí« KiwikÆ‰ âÇªJ

ešÈaš gÊªJ eL§F JaUW¤J¥

ghiy ba‹gnjh® got§ bfhŸS« (áy¥)

2. fîjhÇ 3. VW jGtš

e.á. fªijah 25

jiykfŸ bga® bfho¢á, Fw¤â; Ú® mUÉ ÚU« RidÚU«; C®áWFoí« F¿¢áí« ó F¿Šáí« fhªjS«, nt§ifí«, Rid¡Ftisí«; k¡fŸ bga® Fwt®, ïwîs®, F‹wt®.

kUj¤J¡F¤ bjŒt« ïªâu‹; czh brª bešY« bt©bzšY«; kh vUikí«, Ú®ehí«; ku« tŠáí§ fhŠáí« kUJ«;òŸ Ú®¡ nfhÊí«, jhuhî«; giw kzKHî«, bešyÇ »izí«,brŒâ bešyÇjY«, mit flhÉLjY«, gÆ®¡F¡ fisf£lY«;ahœ kUj ahœ; jiykf‹ bga® Cu‹ k»œe‹; jiykfŸ bga®»H¤â, kidÉ; ó jhkiu¥ óî« br§fGÚ®¥ óî«; Ú® kid¡»zW«, bghŒifí«, ahW«; C® ng%® vd¥gL«; k¡fŸ bga®fila®, fil¢áa®, cHt®, cH¤âa®.

beŒj‰F¤ bjŒt« tUz‹, czh Û‹ Éiyí« c¥ò Éiyí«;kh Rwî«, Kjiyí«; ku« ò‹idí« PhHY« f©lY«; òšm‹dK« m‹¿Y« mf‹¿Y«; giw Û‹ nfh£giwí«, ehthŒ¥giwí« brŒâ Û‹ É‰wY« c¥ò É‰wY« mit gL¤jY«; ahœÉsÇahœ; jiykf‹ bga® Jiwt‹, bfh©f‹; jiykfŸ bga®Eis¢á, gu¤â; Ú® kz‰ »zW«, ct®¡fÊí«; ó btŸËjœ¡ifijí« beŒjY«; C® fynkW g£odK« áW Foí«, gh¡fK«;k¡fŸ bga® guj®, gu¤âa®, Eisa®, Eis¢áa®.

ghiy¡F¤ bjŒt« fhË; czh Mwiy¤jdî« Cbu¿ªjdî«; kh tÈaÊªj ahidí«, òÈí«, brªehí«; ku« ïU¥igí«,Xikí«; òŸ fGF« gUªJ« òwî«; giw ór‰ giwí« Cbu¿giwí« Ãiwnfh£ giwí« brŒâ ÃiunfhlY« rh¤bj¿jY«,NiwahlY«; g© gŠru«; jiykf‹ bga® ÛË, Éliy, fhis;jiykfŸ bga® vÆ‰¿, ngij; ó kuh« óî§, Fuh« óî«, ghâÇ¥óî«; Ú® tWÚ®¡ TtY« mW Ú®¢ Ridí«; k¡fŸ vÆd®, vÆ‰¿a®,kwt®, kw¤âa®; C® bfhšFW«ò.

Itif Ãy§fË‹ fU¥bghUŸ KjÈat‰whš mª Ãy§fË‹j‹ikí« k¡fË‹ thœ¡if Kiwí« XusÉš És§F»‹wd.

F¿Šá Ãy k¡fŸkÅj‹ MâÆš F¿Šá Ãy¤ânyna jdJ thœ¡ifia¤

bjhl§»dh‹. bfhoa Éy§»d§fËÅ‹W« mtid¡ fh¥gj‰nf‰w FiffŸ m§FjhD©L. k©Âdhš Vd§fis¢ brŒJmt‰¿š Úiu Ãu¥ã it¤âU¡f mt‹ m¿ahj fhy¤nj Rid Úiu¥gU»dh‹; kiyÆYŸs ÚU‰WfŸ tw©ldthÆ‹ f‰ghiw ÛJgŸs§fËš nj¡» Ã‹w ÚiumUªâdh‹. fhyoÆ‰ »lªj f‰fŸmtD¡F K‰gUt¤J Míj§fshf cjÉd; gy tot§fË‰


fhz¥g£l f‰fŸ, nfhlÇ, <£o, cË KjÈa gy tifahd Míj§fis¢ brŒtj‰FÇa m¿it mtD¡F mË¤jd. ïªÃiyikÆšïUªnj mtdJ g©ghL ts®ªJ giHa f‰fhy¤ij milªjJ.m¡fhy k¡fŸ ga‹gL¤âa fšyhíj§fŸ fl¥gh, bešÿ®,tlM‰fhL, br§f‰g£L KjÈa ïl§fË‰ f©blL¡f¥g£ld.

kiyÆš thœ¡ifia¤ bjhl§»a kÅj‹ fhŒ, fÅ »H§F,É¤J KjÈat‰iw c©Lthœªjh‹. ïit všyh¡ fhy§fËY«»ilahk‰ nghfnt mt‹ C©tiffisí« czthf¡bfh©lh‹. J£l Éy§FfËÅ‹W« j‹id¡ fh¥gh‰¿¡ bfhŸtj‰nf m‹¿, czÉ‹ bghU£L« mt‹ nt£ilahl nt©oÆUªjJ. Mfnt mt‹ nt£il MLtâš âwik milªjh‹

kÅj‹, MâÆš nt£il¤ bjhÊiyna nk‰bfh©lh‹. cyfKGikí« fhz¥g£l giHa f‰fhy¡ fUÉfŸ XnutoÉdthÆU¤jÈ‹, kÅj‹ ntldhÆUªj nghJ 1XÇl¤âšj§»Æuhkš ïl« É£L ïl«

bga®ªJ thG« thœ¡if cilatdhÆUªjh‹ vd¤bjÇ»‹wJ.

ntltdhf ïUªj fhy¤J kÅj‹ ïu©L áwªj bjhÊšfis¡ f‰W¡ bfh©lh‹. x‹W ÉšÈ‹ ga‹; k‰wJ jofis¤njŒ¤J beU¥ò c©lh¡FtJ kiyÆš k©o tsU« _§»šïyFÉš ãs¡f¡Toajhf ïU¤jš mt‹ fU¤â‰g£lJ._§»iy¥ ãsªJ mj‹ ïu©L jiyfisí« cy®ªj bfhofshšïG¤J¡f£o, Éšiy¢ brŒJ, mâš Ú©l TÇa K£fis it¤JvŒa¥ gH»¡ bfh©lh‹.

ï‹W« kiyfËš thG« kiy¢ rhâÆd® òÈia xnum«ãdhš bfhšy¡ Toa vŒí« âwikíilat®fshf ïU¡»‹wd®.

kiyÆl¤J tsU« _§»š, fh‰W¡F mirªJ x‹nwhLx‹W ciuŠRjyhš Ô ãwªjJ. ïjid¡ f©Q‰w kÅj‹, ïu©Lku¤ J©Lfis ciu¤J beU¥ig c©lh¡f m¿ªJ bfh©lh‹.mt‹ ïiw¢áia beU¥ãš th£o bkJth¡» c©lh‹. m«òÉšfSl‹ âÇªj fhy¤J, mt‹ Éšiy¤ njhËš jÇ¤J¡ bfh©L«cl«ig¤ njhyhš kiw¤J¡ bfh©L« âÇªjh‹. ã‹ò njhY¡F¥gâš f«gË mšyJ JÂ ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ. ï›thW ngh®¡F«tH¡f« bkhfŠrjnuh k¡fËilna fhz¥g£lJ.

1. The ancestor of the human race must have lived in the Paliocene epoch, and theman was a roving animal at an early period. who wandered for from his home- Menof the Dawn P. 40

e.á. fªijah 27

ï›tH¡fnk óQyÂí« tH¡fkhfî« mâš (òŠá) kh‹njhiy¡ fh£L« tH¡fkhfî« kh¿‰W ïjid MuhŒ¢áahs®cWâ¥gL¤âíŸsh®fŸ.

Mlt® nt£ilÆ‹ bghU£L btËna br‹¿Uªj fhy¤nj,bg©fŸ gH§fis¥ bghW¡FtâY«, »H§F tiffis mfœtâY« _§»yÇá, rhik, kiybeš KjÈat‰iw¢ nrfÇ¥gâY« neu«ngh¡»d® FHªijfis ts®¥gJ« mt®fŸ flikahf ïUªjJ.ï¥gUt¤âš kÅj‹, åL thÆšfsik¡f¡ f‰W¡ bfhŸsÉšiy.åLfŸ mik¤J thœtijÉl ÃHš ku§fË‹ Ñœ mšyJ bgÇakiy¤ jhœthu§fËš j§Ftnj bj‹Åªâa bt¥gÃiy¡F V‰wjhfïUªjJ. kiH, btŒÆšfËÈUªJ j‹id¡ fh¥gh‰W« neh¡fkhfMâÆš kÅj‹ ålik¡fÉšiy. m¡ fhy kÅjdJ brštkh»aczî¥ bghUŸfis¢ nrfÇ¤J it¥gj‰ fhfnt åLfsik¡f¥g£ld. ïl«É£L ïl« bga®ªJ âÇí« thœ¡ifiank‰bfh©oUªjikahY«, Ãiyahd åo‹ik ahY« å£ošj§» thG« cz®¢á m¡fhy kÅjD¡F c©lhf Éšiy. Mfnt ,bg©fS¡nf brh¤JÇik cilajh»a thœ¡if Kiw ts®¢ámilªjJ. ï› thœ¡if¡F thŒ¥ghf ï‹DŠ áyfhuz§fËUªjd.

K‰fhy kÅj‹ bgÇa kz¡»Çiafsh‰ f£L¥glÉšiy.fhjy® X® jÅÆl¤âš rªâ¤J ïa‰if kzŠ brŒJ bfh©ld®.áy eh£fË‹ ã‹ cwÉdiu miH¤J ÉUªâLtnj m¡fhykz¡»Çiaahf ïUªjJ. âUkz¡ f£L¥ghL v¥bghGJ«Ãiyahf ïU¡fÉšiy. MltU¡F¢ brh¤J¡fËš brhªjÄšyhâUªjJ« ïl« É£L ïl« bgaU« thœ¡ifínk ïj‰F¡fhuzkhf ïUªjd. bg©fns brh¤J¡F mâfhÇfshŒ thG«thœ¡if Ú©l fhy« bjhl®ªJ tUtjhÆ‰W.

MltU« kfËU«, áw¥ghf¥ bg©fŸ, j«ik my§fÇ¤J¡bfhŸs ÉU«ãd®. Fw¥bg©fŸ, XŒî neu§fËš kÂfis¥bghW¡» mt‰iw khiyahf¡ nfh¤jÂªjd®. mt‰nwhLky®fis¥ g¿¤J¡ bfhofshš khiyahf¤ bjhL¤J¢ Nod®.j«Kila fhjy® åu¤â‹ m¿F¿ahf nt£ilaho¡ bfh©L tªjòÈ¥gšiy¡ fÆ‰¿š nfh¤J¡ fG¤âyÂªjd®. ïJnt âUkzfhy¤âš fzt‹ kidÉ¡F¢ N£L« jhÈahf kh¿‰W. fztidcila bj‹Åªâa¥ bg©fŸ, jhÈia Äf¥ òÅjKilajhf¥ngÂtU»‹wd®. bg©fŸ j«ik my§fÇ¥gj‰F¥ ga‹gL¤âak‰bwh‹W jiHcil. ïJ mnrhF, kh, rªjd« KjÈat‰¿‹ïiyfis cy®ªj bfhofËš ãÂ¤J mÂa¥gLtbjh‹whF«.bj‹ÅªâahÉYŸs kiy¢ rhâahÇilna ï› tH¡f« ï‹W«fhz¥gL»‹wJ.


``Fw¢áWÄa® âizÛJ ÉG« FUÉfis¥ gu© ÛâUªJFËÇ j£il KjÈa fUÉfis¤ j£o xÈ¤J x¥òt®.1 kiyÆl¤JŸs RidfËš Mo¥ ó¡fis¢ No¡ Fuit MLt®. Fwt®ïuh¡fhy¤nj gu© ÛâUªJ, g‹¿, ahid KjÈa Éy§FfŸâidia mÊahjgo fhtš òÇt®. guÂl¤nj mt®fŸ kh£oabeU¥ò¡ bfhŸËfŸ cL¡fŸ nghš És§F«2. fhdt® jh« vŒJbfh‹w g‹¿ia¡ TWngh£L¢ R‰w¤âdU¡F mË¤J¤ jhK«c©g®. 3 FwkfË® ghiwÆl¤J¤ âizia¡ fhaÉ£L¢ Ris ahl¢bršt®. mjid¥ gh®¤âUªj Fu§FfŸ âidia¡ ft®ªJ bršY«.

`ïuÉny âid¥òd¤ij nkatU« ahidia¥ gu© ÛâUªjfhdt‹ fL« Éiríila ftzhš v¿t‹. v¿a¥g£l fš, m«òngh‰ br‹W nt§ifÆ‹ ó§bfh¤ij¢ áj¿, kiy¢rhuÈYŸsnjid¢ áij¤J¥ gyh¥gH¤JŸ j§F« (mf«292). ca®ªj âiz¥òd¤nj á§f¤ij x¤j tÈíila fhdt‹ gu©ÛâUªJ fŸisc©L k»H, bfho¢á rªjd¡ FH«ig¡ fÇa TªjÈl¤nj jlÉbk¤bjd tU»‹w fh‰¿ny jiH¤j Ú©l Tªjiy¡ ifÆdhšmir¤J cy®¤â¥ bgÇa kiyÆ‹ g¡f¤nj ïUªJ F¿Šá¥g©ghLtŸ. âidia nkatªj ïisa tÈa fËW âid¡fâiuc©zhJ«, Ã‹w ïl¤âÅW« bgauhJ«, cw§fhj gáa f©iz_o cw§F« (mf« 102). kiy¢rhuÈl¤nj ÄsF¡ bfho gl®ªâU¡F«. g‹¿, bfh«ãdhš k©bzL¤J cGj òGâÆš, Éij¤jâid ÉisªâU¡F«. âidÆ‹ fâiu¥ òâJ c©z nt©oafhdt®, kh‹ ïiw¢áia¥ òG¡»a ghidÆš kiu¥ghiy ciyahf th®¤J¤ âid mÇáia¥ bgŒJ rªjd Éwfhš rik¤j nrh‰iwthiHÆiyÆ‰ gil¤J¥ gynuhL« ïUªJ©g® (òw« 168).

F¿Šá Ãy¤ njh‰w«`mH»a mirÉšyhj kiy, ms¤j‰fÇa jtKila bgÇah®

ngh‹W Ã‰F«. mH»a g£lhil cL¤njhU«, ïÅa kHiy¥ng¢RilnahU«, eh‰ rªâÆ‰ T£lkhf cyhînthU« gy®

1. FUÉnah¥ãí« F‹w¤J¢ br‹W it» aUÉ ahoíŠ

RidFilªJ« tUnth«. (áy¥)

2. FWªbjhif 150, 315

3. ãz®¢Rt‰ g‹¿ njh‹Kiy¥ ãzbthL

fiz¡fhnydš ifÄf¡ ft®jÈ‰fšyju U«òiH aš»¡ fhdt‹ÉšÈ‰ wªj bt©nfh£ nl‰iw¥òidÆU§ fJ¥ã‹ kidnahŸbf©o¡FoKiw gF¡F beLkiy ehl . (e‰. 336).

e.á. fªijah 29

e£igíil nahUkh»a mH»a gu¤ija® kd« nghy všiym¿a¥glhjh», mÇa bghUSila üšfis¡ fšyhjtÇ‹cŸs«nghy behŒj Eiuia¢ RkªJ bkŒia ÉU«ò« nknyh®e£ò nghy kiyÆl¤ bj¥bghGJ« mUÉ xo¡ bfh©oU¡F«.gáa jhSila âid¥ òdªnjhW« gu© ÛJ brU»a rªjd¡f£ilí« m»Ykh»a bfhŸË És¡»‰ ftÇkh‹ M¿¡»lªJÃ¤âiu brŒí«

`jfu ku§fshš mHF bg‰w FË®ªj kiy¢rhuÈš, eiw, ehf«,gyh, kh, Ruò‹id, <u¥gyh, br©gf«, FU¡f¤â, F¿Šá, nt§if,M¢rh, Niu, tŸË, khš, fhªjŸ, Fuh, gÅ¢r«, âyf«, _§»š,bt£á, fh£LkšÈif, âšiy, br§fU§fhÈ, rªjd«, m»š,ïyt§f«, Vy«, ïU¥ig KjÈa ku§fS« bfhofS« beU§»tsU«. ït‰¿}lhf¥ ghŒªJ tU»‹w MW, nj‹T£o‹ òw¤ijkiw¤J kiy¢rhuÈ‰ guªJ ó§fhtd¤â‹ jhij misªJ kiythœ Fw¢ áWÄa® MLŠRidia Ãiw¡F«. ï› tifahdFW§fhLfË‰ Fwt® njbdL¥g®. g‹¿ òd¤ij mÊahJ fhtšòÇí« Fwt®, g‹¿fŸ f©L btU©nlhL«go ïU©La®ªjntÈÆl¤JŸs ku§fŸnjhW« it¤j btË¢r« xË brŒí«.filahk¤J¢ nrhiyfŸ eh‰wÄFªj ky®fis my®¤J«''(bgU§fij).

``fhdt®, Ú® c©Qj‰F¤ âÇí« kh‹ T£l§fË‹ fh‰RtLgâªj Fs¡fiuÆYŸs »l§FfËš kiwªâUªJ. ÚU©z tU«mf¤â¥ ó¥ngh‹w kW¥òila g‹¿fis eL ahk¤nj nt£ilahLt®. gfš fhy¤nj jhkiu¥ óÉ‹ òwïjœ ngh‹w brÉíilaKašfŸ x‹nwD« btËna nghfhjgo x‹nwhLx‹W bjhL¤jtiyfis ïG¤J¡ f£o M v‹w thíila ehŒfSl‹ br‹Wgáa òj®fis mo¤J mt‰iw X£o nt£ilahLt®. (bgU«gh©)

Kšiy Ãy k¡fŸF¿Šá Ãy¤nj k¡fŸ bgU»d®. kiyÆl¤nj »il¡F«

czî¥ bghUŸfŸ mt®fS¡F¥ nghjhkÈUªjd. Mfnt mt®fŸkiyfËÅ‹W«. ÑnH br‹W fhLfËš thH¤ bjhl§»d®.m›Él¤J thH Mu«ã¤jnghJ mt®fŸ thœ¡ifÆš XuoK‹D¡F¢ br‹wd®. ML, khL, vUik KjÈat‰iwí«, K‹ jk¡Fnt£il¡FjÉahÆUªj ehiaí« mt®fŸ j« åLfËš ts®¤Jtªjd®. ïjdhš ML, khL KjÈat‰iw ts®¤J mit mË¡F«ga‹fis¡ bfh©L thœ»‹w Ãiyia milªjd®. KšiyÃy¤âš ML, khL, ÉiuÉš bgUFtj‰FÇa thŒ¥ò©L. ïjdhšvšnyhU« brh¤JilauhÆd®. Mfnt mt®fŸ FL«g§ fshf¥


ãÇªJ thœ¡if el¤âd®. F¿Šá Ãy¤nj thœªj fhy¤J ïa‰ifkz¤J¡F¥ ã‹ òÈ¥g‰whÈ mÂªJ jiH cil mË¤jškz¡»Çiaahf ïUªjJ. ï¥bghGJ ïa‰if kz¤â‹ K‹ikªjU« kfËU« kzÉid M‰Wjyh»a f‰ò ÃfœªjJ.khiyfshY« jiHfshY« my§fÇ¤j gªjÇ‹ Ñœ M©fS«bg©fSkh»a R‰w¤âd®To ÉUJ©lã‹, M© k¡fis <‹wjhÈ jÇ¤j1 eh‹F bg©fŸ kzkfis KG¡ fh£o¥ òJ MilcL¤â my§fÇ¤J mtis kzkfD¡F mË¤jš m¡fhy kz¡»Çiaahf ïUªjJ. ònuh»j® òÇí« rl§FfŸ ã‰fhy¤J c©lhÆd. ï›thW âUkz§fŸ eil bg‰wikahY« všnyhU¡F«brh¤J ïUªjikahD«, M©fns brh¤J¡FÇik cilauhÆd®.Äf¥ gy ML khLfis it¤âU¡F« xU FL«g¤jtÇ‹ jªijbršt¤jhš mila¡Toa všyh Kj‹ikfisí« bg‰wh‹. Ãy§fis¢ áWáW TWfshf¥ ãÇ¤jÈdhš MLkhLfis¥ nkŒ¥gj‰FÇa thŒ¥òfŸ F‹W«. Mfnt gy FL«g§fŸ x‹W nr®ªJthœªjd. ï› tif¥ gy FL«g§fS¡F xUt‹ jiytdh‹. MâÆšmur‹ njh‹Wtj‰F ï« Kiwna fhuzkhf ïUªjJ

ïilaid¡ F¿¡F« nfh‹ v‹DŠ brhš murid¡F¿¡»‹wJ. kªijfis nkŒ¡F« ïiladJ nfhny mâfhu¤J¡FÇa br§nfhyhÆ‰W. k‰w ehLfËš ïila® ïl« É£L ïl«âÇí« k¡fshf ïUªjd®. ïªâa eh£oš ïila® XÇl¤ânynaj§»¤ jkJ thœ¡ifia el¤âd®.

fh£ol¤nj kªijfŸ guªJ br‹W nka, Ma® ku ÃHÈšj§» ïUªJ, FHšfËš ïÅa ïuhf§fis CJt®. mt®fË‹FHšfŸ _§»š, bfh‹iw¥gH« M»at‰whš brŒa¥g£ld.khLfis nkí«go É£L beLneu« ntiyÆ‹¿ ïU¥gt®fshjÈ‹ Ma®, FHÈš ïÅa ïiria¥ ghLtâš âwik ailªjd®.MaÇš xU ãÇÉd® FW»a fhYila FW«ghLfis ts®¤J mitbfhL¡F« f«gËÆdhš Mil beŒjd®. mt® FW«g® v‹wiH¡f¥g£ld®.

`Óœ¡if mo¤jyhš ko¤j thíila nfhty® FoÆU¥ò á¿aFoirfshyhdJ. FoirfË‹ fhšfËl¤J MLfŸ â‹gj‰F¤jiHfŸ f£l¥ g£oU¡F«. mt‰¿‹ fjîfŸ gy jofis¡bfh©L¡ f£l¥g£lit. jofis tÇªJ tuU it¡ nfhš gu¥ã¡»lhŒ¤ njhš ÉÇ¤j gL¡ifÆš Kâa ïila‹ fhtyhf¥gL¤âU¥gh‹. K‰w¤nj miwa¥g£l F¿a KisfËš jhkÂ

1. eh‹F bg©fŸ kzkfis KG¡fh£L« tH¡f« ïuhkehjòu«kw¢rhâÆdÇilna c©L vd¤ bjÇ»wJ.

e.á. fªijah 31

bjhL¤j Ú©l fÆWfŸ f£l¥g£oU¡F«. Ciu¢ R‰¿ ïl¥g£lKŸntÈ Æl¤nj br«k¿ahL« btŸshL« gL¤ Jw§F«

`jÆ® òŸËahf¤ bj¿¤j thíila nkh®¥ ghidia¥ óthšbrŒj R«kh£o‹ÛJ jiyÆš it¤J¡ F¿Šá Ãy¤nj nghŒ¡fhiyÆny nkhiu É‰F« jhSUÉ mirí« fhJ« giz¤jnjhS«, M‰¿‹ fUkzš ngh‹w TªjY«, ešy 1khik ÃwKKilaMŒkfŸ gwitfŸ JÆbyG»‹w itfiw¡ fhy¤nj vGthŸ.vGªJ Kil¡fhshdJ btŸËa Kiffis x¤j FÉªjK»œfisíila ïÅa jÆiu¥ òÈÆdJ KH¡f¤ij íila k¤ijMuthÇ¡F« go fÆ‰whš ïG¤J¡ filthŸ. filªjã‹bt©bzia vL¥ghŸ. ã‹ nkhU¡F Éiyahf¡ »il¤j bešiy¡bfh©Lrik¤j czthš R‰w¤jhiu c©Q«go brŒthŸ.ï›thwhd MŒkfŸ jh‹ beŒia É‰w Éiyahf¡ f£oahf¥ gR«bgh‹id th§fhshŒ ghbyUikiaí«, fÇa vUik eh»idí«beŒ¡F« x¥ghf¢ brhšÈ th§FthŸ.

`ïila® v¥bghGJ« brU¥ò¤ jÇ¤âU¡F« fhŒ¤j fhÈd®;gR¡fS¡F tU¤jŠ brŒí« jo ô‹¿a ifÆd®; ïu©LjiyfËY« c¿Æidíila fh¡fis¢ RkªJ bršYjyhš jG«òÄFªjJ« kÆUilaJkh»a njhSila®; fh£Lku§fË‹ ca®ªj»isfËYŸsî«, bfhofËYŸsîkh»a gy ó¡fŸ fyªJbeU§f¤ bjhL¤j khiyÆid mÂªnjh®; X® cilÆid cila®;gh‰nrhwh»a czÉd®. ï›tifauhd Ma® gR¤ âunshnlfh£oš j§Ft®; j§»¤ Ô¡fil nfhyh‰ filªJ bfh©l beU¥ãidíila Ô¡bfhŸËahš ïl¥g£l fÇa JisÆidíilaFHÈl¤nj ghiy¥g©iz¥ ghLt®. ghiy¥g© gho btW¤jhuhÆ‹ cŸns Jis cila FÄÊ‹ joia tis¤J¡ f£odku‰fÆ‰iw Éuyhš bj¿¤J thá¡F« eu«ãidíila Éšyh»aahÊš F¿Šá v‹D« g©ghLt®.

``gil¤jiyt® ïU¥gJ« Él¤j®, bjhlÇ KjÈa KŸku§fŸ NœªJ ts®ªj ntÈíilaJkh»a CÇl¤nj åLfË‹K‰w§fËš ão¤âuŸ Ã‰gJ nghš tuF KjÈa jhÅa§fŸ ÃiwªjFâ®fŸ Ã‰F«. jiythÆÈl¤nj ahidÆdJ fhiy x¡F« tuFâÇiffŸ el¥bg‰¿U¡F«. åLfŸ, F¿a t©o¢ r¡fu§fS«,fy¥igfS« rh®¤â it¤jÈdhš njŒªj RtU«, òif Nœªjbfh£ošfSKilad. khÇ¡ fhy¤J nkf¤ij x¥g åLfŸ tuFit¡nfhÈdhš nta¥g£oU¡F«. tuifí« gU¥igí« ï£L¢rik¤j gU¥ò¢ nrh‰¿id Ma® c©g®. 2nfhty® 3fGnthnl

1. ehUÇ¤j M«gš j©L ngh‹w Ãw«. 2. bgU«gh©3. fG - joÆ‹ ïu©L jiyfisí« ÓÉ¡fw¤j‰fÇa gR¡fË‹ fG¤âÈl¥

gLtJ - fÈ¤bjhif


fwit¡ fy§fŸ it¤j c¿nahL njh‰igÆl¤nj N£L¡nfhiyíÄ£L¢ RU¡»a igfis¤ ö¡» Ú©l bfh‹iw¡ fhia¥ãsªJ brŒj FHÈš ïÅa ïiria¥ gho¤ jkJ gR¡fiskiHbgŒj Ãy¤nj nkŒ¡f¡ bfh©L bršt®. khLfis nkŒ¡f¥nghF« ïila® _§»‰ FHhŒfËš czit ï£L kh£o‹ fG¤â‰f£o¢ bršt® (mf«. 303); KJ»ny ï£l Xiy¥ g¿fËš ïiyFiHfis cUÉ¥ngh£L el¥g®

``fhªjŸ khiyaÂªj nfhty® VWfSila ML, khL,vUik KjÈa T£l§fis nkaÉ£L gš bfh£L«go eL§F »‹wFË® tU¤jª Ôu¡ ifÆYŸs bfhŸËÆl¤nj cŸs§ ifia¡fhŒ¢á mjdhš bfh©l bt«ikia¡ f‹d¤nj jlît®(beLešthil).

Kšiy Ãy¤âYŸsh® jŠ áWÄaiu, VW jGÉ åu¢ brašfh£L« fhisaU¡F mË¥gJ« tH¡fkhf ïUªjJ. TÇabfh«òila bfhG¤j vUij mÉœ¤JÉl xUt‹ mjid¥ ão¤Jml¡Fjny `VW jGîjš' MF«. VW jGî§fhš vUJfŸ, gyïisPÇ‹ Fliy¡ TÇa bfh«òfshš ãsªJ bfhšYtJ« c©L.VW jGî« fh£áia¥ g‰¿a brŒí£fŸ gy fÈ¤bjhifÆšfhz¥gL»‹wd.

`kf£bfhil ne®ªj Ma®, nru¡ To ïiwtDila FªjhÈ¥gilnghny TÇjhf¡ bfh«òfis¢ ÓÉ VWfis bjhG Él¤njòF¤âÉ£lh®''.

m›Él¤J VWfis¡ jGÉ¥ ngh¡F« goia c£bfh©LtªJ âu©L kiH KH¡fK« ïoí« nghy MuhthubkH¥ òifbahL JfŸ vH VW jGÉdh®¡F¡ bfhL¤j‰F ešy kfË® âu©LÃ‰g Ú®¤JiwÆY«, My ku¤â‹ ÑG« giHa tÈÆidíilakuhku¤â‹ ÑG« ciwí« bjŒt§f£F¢ brŒí« Kiwikfis¤jGÉ¤ bjhGÉny ghŒªjh®.

``vU¤âdJ neh¡if mŠrhdhŒ mj‹ nkny ghŒªj ïilaid m›btUJ rht¡ F¤â¡ bfh«ãl¤nj vL¤J¡bfh©Lcliy¡ Fiy¡»‹w njh‰w«, JbusgijÆ‹ JŒa TªjÈny ifiaÚ£oa J¢rhjdDila beŠir¥ ãsªJ gift® eLnt jh‹brh‹d tŠád¤ij thŒ¡f¢ brŒj åknrdid¥ ngh‹wJ."

`m§‡d« ghŒªJ bfh«ãl¤nj ão¤J¡ bfh©L« kh®ãnycW«go jGÉ¡bfh©L« fG¤âl¤nj ml§»¡ »lªJ« ïÄšK¿í«go jGÉíª njhS¡F eLnt fG¤ij¥ òFjÉ£L¥ ão¤J«beU§»¡ bfh«òfŸ j«nkny gLjiy V‰W¡bfh©L«, Ãiu¤J¤j«nkny br‹w Maiu¥ ã‹d®¡ ÑnH åœ¤J, Ú©l kU¥òij¡F«go F¤â, mt®fŸ jGî»‹w fG¤âl¤ij¤ jGt¡

e.á. fªijah 33

bfhlhnj VWfŸ mtiu Ú¡» ÃW¤âd. m§‡d« ÃW¤âd ã‹òŠbr‹W jGîthiu¥ nfh£ol¤nj rh«go F¤â ã‹br‹WjGîthiu bgwhkš Ã‹w átªj Ãw¤ijíila VW, cÆ® Fiw»‹wehËl¤nj mt® ã‹nd br‹W F‰w¤ij¢ brŒJ Jif¤JcÆiuí©Q« T‰Wtid¥ ngh‹wJ''.

``nfhg¤njhnl bt›ÉjhŒ¤ j‹ nkny br‹w átªj V‰iw¢brÉaoÆ‰ bfh«òfis¥ ão¤J¡ bfh©L fhah« ókhiy mÂªjbghJt‹ jGÉdh‹. *

Kšiy Ãy¤njh‰w«`bghUŸtÆ‰ ãÇªjhiu vâ® V‰F« f‰òil khjiu¥ nghy¢

rLâahf KH§»¡ flš Nœªj cyf« KGtJ« k»H K»‰T£l§fŸ gUt fhy¤nj kiH bgŒjd. fh®fhy«, bgÇa fl Èl¤njÚiu c©l K»yh»a Éjhd¤ij¡ f£o, ïªâu Éšyh»a öizmHF bgw eh£o, És§F»‹w Ä‹dyh»a És¡if kh£o,Myh§f£oah»a bt©kziy mHF bgw¤öÉ, mH»a KH¡f¤ij KuRnghš mâ®¤J, bgÇa j©Âa JËfis¢ brhÇªJ.ntÅiy¤ jh§Fjyhš nkÅ thoa óÄia KG¡fh£L«. ï›Él¤nj gyU« ÉU«ò«go bjhiyÉ‰ bghUŸ njl¥ ãÇªJbgh‹dhguz§fsh»a bršt¤njhL ïU£fhy¤nj tªj ïÅacÆ®¡fhjyid milªj MguzkÂªj bg©fË‹ ïilnghy¥bgÇa mH»a bfhofis many gu¥ã m¥bg©fË‹ g‰fŸ nghyKšiyfŸ mU«òfis¥ gu¥ã Ã‹wd. mt‰¿dany Fuî« jsî«FUªJ« bt©fhªjS« muÉ‹ gšY¥ nghy mU«ãd. mitmÉœ»‹w gj« gh®¤J t©LfŸ Câd. ï›thW fh® fhy¤nj mHFbg‰w fhd«, mH»a všiyia íiladth», cw§F»‹w ãofË‹ÉrhÈ¤jiffŸ xU§nf Ãiu¤jd nghš tisªj fâUilaâizí«, nrhsK« cilajhŒ ïU¡F«. fit¤j fâUila tuF«,fh® vŸS«, òf® Ãw¥ óîila mtiuí« bjh§F»‹w FiyíilagaW«, cSªJ«, bfhŸS«, bfhGª Jila Jtiuí«, njhiubešY«, ãwî« msÉl¥glhkš ÉisªâU¡F«. ca®ªj kiyÆ‹mUfhikÆš bg© kiuah ghš RuªJ xG¡» btŸËa óîilaKR©ilÆ‹ gáa FiHia nkí«. á¿a bg©khid¤ jGÉaKW»a kU¥òila M©kh‹, br¿ªj ïiyíila fhahî« bgÇabfh‹iwí« ãlhÉ‹ jisíl‹ ã‹Å ky®ªj óîila KšiyÃy¤âš gf‰fhy¤âš JÆY«. ÉÇªj òŸËíila kh‹ T£l«,M£L¡ T£l¤njhL ÉisahL«. ó§bfh¤JfSila nrhiyí«,ešy áwªj g©l§f nshL gy® To efu¤jhU¡F É‰F« njh‰wK«,

1. fÈ


gy M¡fË‹ ghiy¥ bgW»‹w thœ¡ifí« cila nfhty®Kšiy Ãy¤âš ToÆU¥g®.'' (bgU§fij).

kUj Ãy k¡fŸfl‰fiu¡F« Kšiy Ãy¤J¡F« ïilna »l¡F« Ãy«

tašfshfÉUªjd. giHa f‰fhy¤J¡F¥ ã‹ m§F thiH, beš,fU«ò, KjÈa gÆ®fŸ c©lh¡f¥g£ld. ï›Él¤âš kÅj‹Ãy¤ij cGJ jhÅa§fis c©lh¡fî«, MWfËÈUªJ tašfS¡F Ú®¥ ghŒ¢rî« gH»¡bfh©lh‹. btŸs¤ij ï› tifahfM©likÆ‹ ïtD¡F ntshs‹ v‹D« bga® V‰g£lJ.MWfS¡F¤ öu¤nj ïUªj kÅj‹. kiH Úiu¡ Fs§fËš nj¡»,thŒ¡fhš tÊahf¥ gÆ®fS¡F¥ ghŒ¢rî«, »zWfŸ, ÚU‰WfËÈUªJ Úiu¥ ga‹gL¤jî« f‰W¡ bfh©lh‹. ï›thW fhiuM©likÆ‹ ït‹ fhuhs‹ vd¥g£lh‹.

ï¥ gUt¤âš kÅj‹, ku«, jofshš åLfŸ mik¤Jmt‰WŸ jhÅa§fis¢ nrÄ¤J it¤jh‹. njit¡F ÛâahdÉisbghUŸfis¡ flšÛ‹ c¥ò KjÈat‰W¡F¥ gujtnuhL«,ghš, beŒ KjÈat‰W¡F ManuhL«, fšyhíj«, kh‹ bfh«ò, jªj«,ïiw¢á KjÈat‰W¡F¡ FwtnuhL« g©lkh‰W¢ brŒjš mt®¡FïyFthf ïUªjJ. g©l§fis¥ ãwÉl§fS¡F¡ bfh©L bršynt©oÆUªjikÆ‹, kÅj‹ t©o brŒa¥ gH»¡ bfh©lh‹.kÅjDila ehfÇf« go¥gona ts®¢áí‰W kUj Ãy¤âšKotilªjJ.

`gáa f©Qila vUik, f‹iw ÃidªJ gáa ïiy Æl¤Jïu§»¢ brhÇªj ghÈ‹ ÃwKila m‹dK«, ehiuí«, mt‰¿‹FŠRfS« taÈl¤JŸs Muthu¤J¡ fŠá vG«. fU«ãl¤âšö§F« nj‹T£oÅ‹W« nj‹, my®ªj brªjhkiu ky®ÛJbrh£L«. ï¤ njh‰w« mªjz® Ô ts®¥gj‰F beU¥ã‹ ÛJ beŒbrhÇªjij x¡F«. ï› tifahd nrhiyfËš gG¤j Fiy fSilafKF«, _§»Y«, thiHí«, Fiyfis cila bj§F«, gyhî«,FUªJ«, khî«, ò‹idí«, brUªâí«, bgh‹ ngh‹wó§bfh¤JfSila òÈef¡ bfh‹iwí« ïit ngh‹w ãwî«ïilbtËÆ‹¿ c©lh¡f¥g£oUªjikÆ‹ PhÆ‰¿‹ fâ®fŸcŸns EiHa KoahikÆdhš gf‰ fhy¤J« nrhiyfË‹ mf¤njïUŸ br¿ªâU¡F«. tašfËš jhË‰ goªj fd¤j fâUil a beš,tu¥ã‰ rhŒªJ »l¡F« bgÇa vUJfis¡ bfh©L cG« cHtÇ‹xÈí«, taÈš ntiy brŒí« TÈ M£fË‹ MuthuK«. tašfË‹ïilÆilna fis ãL§F nthU«, gáa ïiyfË‰ fŸisth®¤J¥ gUFnthUkh»a filáauJ ghlY«, »ËfË‹ ghlš

e.á. fªijah 35

fS«, k¤js¤â‹ Xirí«, âiz¥giwÆ‹ MuthuK«, kh®¢ridíila KHÉ‹ M®¥ò«, kilfË‹ thŒfis¤ âU¤J« kŸsÇ‹XijjÈí« ïilpo‹¿vG«. (cjad‹ fij)

`cHt®, Ef¤âny vUJfis¥ ó£o¥ bg© ahidÆ‹ thiax¤j tisªj thíila fy¥igÆ‹ cL«ã‹ Kf¤ij x¤j bgÇabfhG kiwí«go mK¡» cGJ Éijfis Éij¥g®. gÆ®fŸÉisªJ mW¡F« gUt¤ij milªjnghJ, mt‰WŸ j§F«,FW»a fhÈidí«, fÇa fG¤âidíKila fhil gw¡fyh‰whjdî« fl«ã‹ ó¥ngh‹w ÃwKiladîkh»a j‹FŠfis¡ T£o¡bfh©L, fh£ol¤nj br‹W j§F«.

``bfhšydJ K¿ªj Fw£oid x¤j fhiyíila e©o‹ò‰W áijí«go nfhiu¥ òšiy¡ F¤â vL¤j k© »l¡»‹wbfh«òila fÇa vUJfŸ, bgÇa tašfËl¤nj Ã‹W ngh®brŒí«. mjdh‰ nrwhoa Ãy¤ij x¡f Äâ¤J cHt® eh‰WKofis eLt®. tašfËš fis g¿¥ngh® beŒj‰ óit¢ NobtW¤jhuhÆ‹, KŸËÆ‹ óit¥ g¿¤J¡ nfhiu¥ òšÈ‹ j©il¥gšyh‰ »Ê¤J Koªj ehuhš bjhL¤j khiyia <Uila fÇa jiyÃiwí«go NLt®; r©ãdJ fhÆl¤nj cŸs bgh‹ ngh‹w jhijkh®ãl¤nj óRt®. ïU«ò¤jfL ngh‹W âiuahj bkšÈanjhÈidíila ntiybrŒnthÇ‹ ãŸisfŸ, gHŠ nrh‰¿‹âuizia btW¤J, tu«ãl¤J¡ f£oa òâa it¡nfhyhš ntŒªjfÉªj FošfË‹ K‰w¤nj mtÈo¥g®. m›nthiria¡ nf£l»ËfŸ mŠá¥ gw¡F«. ï›thW ïila whj òJtUthÆidíilaJ«, tisªj fâ®fis íilaJkh»afHÅÆl¤J¡ FsÉ¡ T£l¤ij x¤j K‰¿d bešYilajhŸfis¤ bjhÊyhs® mW¤J¥ gh«òiw»‹w kUâ‹ ÃHä‰nghuL¡Ft®. Jz§ifahL« ngŒ¡ T£l« bt©J»š cL¤JÃ‹wJ nghš, áyªâÆ‹ tiyfŸ nghiu¢ NœªJ »l¡F«. m¥ngh®fis¡ flhÉ£l ã‹d® it¡nfhiyí« ãÇ¤J, <u« òyU«go É£L, nkš fh‰¿ny ifahš öÉ¤ ö‰¿d bghÈ, nkUit¥nghš njh‹W«.

kUj ÃyŠNœªj FoÆU¥òfËš gR¡f‹Wfis¥ ãÂ¡F«jh«òfŸ f£od j¿fŸ el¥g£l g¡f¤âidí«, Ú©l VÂ¡F«v£lhj cauK«, jiyia¤ âwªJ cŸns bfh£l¥g£l bešÈidíKila giHa Fâ®fisíKila åLfËš, j¢r¢áwh® brŒjÉisah£L¤ nj®fis cU£o¡ bfh©L âÇªj áWãŸisfŸ,jkJ js® eilahY©lhd tU¤j« j«ikÉ£L Ú§F«go brÉÈ¤jhaÇl¤J¥ ghiyí©L, mt®fis¤ jGÉ¡ bfh©L cw§Ft®.m§FŸsh® be‰ nrh‰nwhL nfhÊ¥ ng£o‹ ïiw¢á¥ bghÇaiy


c©g®. ahidÆ‹ Fuš nghy¢ r¤jÄL« MiyfËš fU¥gŠrh‰iw¡ f£oahf¡ fhŒ¢Rt® (bgU«gh©).

``mf‹w fHÅÆl¤nj gáa fU«ã‹ ghif¡ fhŒ¢R»‹wbfh£oÈš beU¥ã‹ òif RLjyhš taÈl¤JŸs beŒj‰óthoÆU¡F«. fhŒªj be‰ fâiu¤ â‹w vUik¡ f‹WfŸ ca®ªjFâ®fË‹ g¡f¤nj gL¤Jw§F«. Fiyíila bj§F« thiHí«,fhíila, fKF« kz« åR« kŠrS«, khku§fS«, E§Filagidí«, mo guªj nr«ò«, Kis¤j ïŠáí« m¡ fHÅÆl¤njbr¿ªJ njh‹W«. xŸËa be‰¿íila kfË®, cyU»‹w bešiy¤â‹D« nfhÊia v¿ªj bgh‹dh‰ brŒj kfu¡ FiH, ó© mÂªjáwh® kidÆ‹ K‰w¤nj ifahYU£L« _‹W cUisíila áWnjÇdJ cUisia¤ jL¡F«.'' (beLešthil)

``beU¥ò vÇtJ ngh‹w jhkiuia ïilÆilna nr®¤JmÇªJ FÉ¤j brªbeš mW¡F« ntiyah£fŸ fŸis mUªâ,t©o¢ r¡fu« nr‰WŸ òijªjjhÆ‹ rfl« bršYj‰F Ãy¤âšnghl¡ fU«òfis¡ bjÇªbjL¡F_u‹''. (mf« 116)

``fsk®, MuthuKila Éoa‰fhy¤J, M£fis miH¤JmutŠ brŒí« cHtuJ ö‰whj bghÈÆÅ‹W vGªj behŒjšTs§fŸ thd¤ij ïU©l nkf« nghš kiw¡F«go, ïUŸòy®»‹w Éoa‰ fhy¤J it¡nfhiy¥ bga®¤J miy¤J¡flhÉLt®; bjhÊ‰ brU¡fhš ne®ªj nrh®î Ú§F«go, fh‰wo¡f¥ó¤jtsÉa jËUila khÉ‹ »Ë ngh‹w fhŒ¡ bfh¤Jfis¥ãÊªJ, khJs§fhŒ KjÈad nr®¤J¥ òË¡F« br›É c©lh¡f¢brŒJ òJ¡Fl§fËš Ãiw¤J it¤j rhu¤ij btŒÆÈny thl¥ngh£l gid Xiyah‰ nfhÈa j£L¥ ãHhÉš th®¤J, kLÉš khLÚ® Fo¥gJ nghš Fo¥g®; Fo¤J, bfhŸS« gaW« fyªJ ghšÉ£L¢ rik¤J btŸË¡ nfhš tiuªjJ nghš njh‹W« btŸËaTiH, nt©oa k£L« c©lã‹, be‰ FÉaiy¢ Nlhf¢ R‰¿¥bghGJ rÇa, kUâ‹ ÃHÈš vUJfnshL j§Ft®'' (mf«)

``filáa® fhiyÆš KoÆl¤nj it¤J Koªj ó¡fis¡fist®. fisªJ jiyÆl¤nj eh‰W Kofis¢ RkªJ tašfS¡F¡bršt®; br‹W fŸis c©L fË¤J¥ g©nzhL ghLt®. brªbe‰fânuhL mWF«, Ftisí« fyªJ bjhL¤j khiyia nkÊÆ‰N£o V®ó£o cGnth®, V® k§fy« ghLt®. bešiy mÇªnjh®,N£il flhÉ£L, Kfit¥ gh£il¥ ghLt®. »iz¥ bghUe®bjËªj Xiríila »iz¥ giwia¡ bfh£Lt®. cHt®, ïu¥gt®R‰w¤ijí«, òu¥gt® R‰w¤ijí« cHÉl¤nj Éis¥g®.'' (áy¥.)

e.á. fªijah 37

``taÈl¤J kÆš câ®¤j ïwif, cHt® N£nlhL âu£L«tašfisí«, bfhGÉa Ûidí«, Ä¡f fŸisí Kilnah‹''. (òw«13)

``Éisªj tašfËš ÉG« òŸis X£Lth® gd§fU¡fh»aÉwfhš Ûid¢ R£L kJ mUªJt®''. (òw«. 29)

kUj Ãy¤âYŸs ghz® FoÆU¥ò``tiy åRnth®, tŠákuK« ehŠákuKkh»a btŸËa

bfh«òfis¡ iffS¡F eLnt fyªJ it¤J, _§»‰nfhiytÇ¢rhf Ãiu¤J, jhiH ehuhš f£o, jU¥ig¥ òšyhš ntŒªjFW»a ïw¥igíila FošfËš tá¥g®. K‰w§fËš Ûid thÇvL¡F« g¿fŸ »l¡F«. ò‹id¡ bfh«g®fis bt£o ïl¥g£lJ« nkny gl®ªj RiuÆ‹ fhŒfŸ bjh§f¥ bgWtJ« kzšgu¥ãíŸsJkh»a gªjÇ‹ ÑnH ïisnahU« KânahU«ToÆU¥g®. ã‹, faY« ïwhY« ãwG« Mœªj Fs§fis¡ fy¡»Û‹ ão¥g®. tisªj FLÄíila tiyåR« ït®fŸ nfhilfhy¤J« t‰Wjš m¿ahj Fs§fËš fiuia¡ fh¤âU¥g®.

`mt®fŸ, F‰whj bfhÊa yÇáia¡ fÊahf¤ JHhÉ¡ fhŒ¢áaTiH mf‹w thíila j£L¥ ãHhÉny cyuth‰¿¥ ò‰wh«gHŠnrh‰iw x¤j òwKila bd‹ Kisia ïo¤J¢nru mânyfyªJ ïÅik ãw¡F«go ïu©L gfY« ïu©L ïuî« mÇahkšit¤J¢ rhoÆ‹ f©nz K‰¿d bt›Éa e¿a fŸis Û‹N£nlhL mUªJt®.''

`` ö©oÈ‰ nfh¡F« ïiuÆ£L it¡F« njh‰igia íilaÛid¤ j¥ghk‰ ão¡F« gh©rhâÆd‹ _§»‰ nfhË‹ jiyÆ‰f£od fÆ‰¿l¤nj ö©oiy¡ bfhSÉ mJ kiwa¥ bghâªjïiuia¡ ft®ªJ mf¥glhJ nghd this Û‹, Ú®¡fÂ¤jhŒ Ã‹wãu«ãdJ fh‰whyirí« ÃHiy ÚÇš f©lŠR« Fs¤ânyjhkiuiaí« ïªâu Éšiyí« x¤j ÃwKila ky®fŸ kyU«''.(mf«.)

beŒjš Ãy k¡fŸKšiy Ãy¤J¡F mL¤jgoahf beŒjš Ãy« Fona‰w¥

bg‰wJ. ÉrhÈ¤j beŠR« tÈikíKŸs beŒjš Ãy k¡fŸflÈl¤nj glFfËš br‹W Û‹ ão¤jd®. ïu©blhU ku§fŸxU Ä¡f¥ ãiz¡f¥g£l f£Lku§fns mt®fsJ K‰gUt¤J¥glFfshfÉUªjd. ïª Ãy¤âš ÛD« c¥ò« ÄFâahf¡ »il¤jd.ït‰iw¥ gujt® k‰w Ãy§fS¡F¡ bfh©L br‹W , ãwbghUŸfS¡F¥ g©lkh‰W¢ brŒjd®. ïjdhš m§FŸsh®bgU«ghY« thÂf¤ij nk‰bfhŸs nt©oatuhÆd®. ït®fŸbghâ khLfË‰ g©l§fis V‰¿¢ br‹wd®. ï¥ gujtÇÈUªnj


nk‰nf M¥ãÇ¡fh muhãah KjÈa ehLfS¡F«, »H¡nf kyhahÓdh KjÈa ïl§fS¡F« g©l§fis ehthŒfËš V‰¿¡ bfh©Lbr‹W thÂfŠ brŒj khYÄfŸ njh‹¿d®.

``gujt® flÈ‰ ão¤j ïwhiy¢ R£L¤ â‹g®; tašMikfis¥ òG¡» c©g®; kzÈl¤nj gl®ªj ml«ã‹ óit¤bjhL¤J¤ jiyÆ‰ R£Lt®; ÚÇš Ã‰F« M«g‰ óit¥ g¿¤J¢NLt®; M£L¡»lhŒfisí«, fîjhÇfisí« bghUJ ÉisahLj‰F¡ bfh©L br‹W mf‹w k‹¿l¤nj TLt®''.

``átªj jiyíila gujt®, Ãiwíth ehËny Û‹ ão¤j‰F¥nghfhJ jiHíL¤j fÇa j« kfËnuhL âuSt®. âu©L beoaö©o‰ nfhšfŸ rh®¤âÆU¡F« FW»a ïw¥igòila fl‰fiu¡FoÆU¥ã‹ eLÉš Ãyî nr®ªj ïUis¥ nghy tiy»lªJ cyU«kzYila kidÆ‹ K‰w¤âš áidíila RwhÉ‹ bfh«igeLt®; e£L mjÅl¤J V¿a tÈa bjŒt§ fhuzkhf, ÉGJilajhiHÆ‹ moÆl¤nj Ã‹w bt©lhËÆ‹ óit mÂt®;jhiHÆ‹ kyiu¢ NLt®; gidÆ‹ fŸis c©L MLt®. ã‹flyhoí«, c¥ò¥ nghf M‰W ÚÇny FË¤J«, e©Lfis M£oí«,âiuÆny Éisahoí«, ghitfis¥ g©Âí« gf‰ bghGij¡fÊ¥g®.''

``flyUnf ïU¡F« gujtUila mf‹w bjUÉl¤nj mÇafhtiyíila g©lrhiy c©L. g©lrhiyÆš âu©L flÈšV‰Wj‰F¡ bfh©Ltªj g©l§fS«, flÈÈUªJ ïw§»ag©l§fS«, R§f§ bfhŸtj‰F K¤âiu bgh¿¤J¥ g©lrhiy¡F¥ òw«ng mL¡f¥g£l g©l§fS« kiynghš FÉªJ»l¡F«. R§f§ bfhŸnth® v¥bghGJ« XŒÉ‹¿¢ R§f§ bfhŸt®.g©lrhiyÆ‹ K‰w¤nj M© ehŒ, nkHf¡»lhnahL_£ilfËny¿¡ Fâ¤J ÉisahL«.'' (g£od¥ghiy)

``thid K£L« khl¤âYŸs gujt® kfË® miuÆl¤njcL¤j bkšÈa J»yira¤ njhif kÆšfis¥ nghy¡ fhÈl¤jdth»a áy«òfŸ xÈ¡f, üyhš tÇªj gªJfis mo¤J ÉisahLt®. ã‹, K¤ij x¤j th®ªj kzÈny ifÆ‰ òidªj tisfŸmira¥ bgh‹dhš brŒj fH§if¡ bfh©L bk¤bjdÉisahLt®.''

``Mfha¤nj âÇ»‹w njt® cyF¡F K£L¡fhyhf C‹¿it¤j xU g‰W¡ nfhL nghy É©iz¤ Ô©L« btË¢r åL, VÂrh®¤â VWj‰F mÇaJ«, bj‹d§»LF KjÈat‰whš ntahJrhªâ£L _l¥g£ljhí«, ïuh¡fhy¤nj bfhS¤âa És¡FÉs§F»‹wjhí« ïU¡F«. flÈl¤nj bršnth®, ï¡ fy§fiuÉs¡f¤ij¡ f©L, JiwKf¤ij m¿ªJ j§Ft®. bj‹d§

e.á. fªijah 39

Ñ‰Wfshš ntŒªj kiy ngh‹w jÅ åLfŸ fhz¥gL«. K‰w§fËškŠr£ brofS«, óŠbrofS«, tsU«. mt®fnsh m§FŸsgyh¥gH¤ijí«, ïsÚiuí«, thiH¥gH¤ijí«, E§ifí«,tŸË¡ »H§ifí« Rf®t®.'' (bgU«gh©)

ckz®, gh¤âfËny flš Úiu É£L, gË§F ngh‹w c¥igÉisÉ¥g®. Éisªj c¥ig¡ FÉaš FÉayhf thÇ¡ FÉ¥g®.ï§‡d« FÉ¡f¥g£l c¥ig rfl§fËš V‰¿¢ br‹W, Kšiy,F¿Šá, kUj« KjÈa Ãy k¡fS¡F É‰g®. ï›thW bršY«ckz¢ rh¤juJ bryî r§f üšfSŸ mHfhf¢ brhšy¥gL »‹wJ.

``ckz®, bjh¤JË¥ghahš ntŒªj t£lkhd Tlhu Kilat©ofËš c¥ig V‰¿¢ bršt®. t©oÆ‹ K‹òw¤nj nfhÊ¡TLfŸ »l¡F«. nkny Tlhu¤âš cuš ngh‹w c¿Æš òËa§fhŒ,bešÈ¡fhŒ KjÈad CwÉ£l fho¥ghid bjh§F«.nt¥ãiyia¡ FHªij¡F¡ fhtyhf¡ ifÆl¤nj it¤âU¥gt S«,FHªijia¡ if¡bfh©ltSkh»a ckz¥ bg©, vU¤ijKJ»ny mo¤J X£LthŸ. jiHahš f£od khiyí« bgÇa tÈaïW»d njhS«, KW¡F©l cl«òKila ckz®, á¿a Jisiaíila Ef¤âš bgÇa fÆ‰whny vUJfis xU Kf¥gl Ãiu¤J¡f£o, ïis¤jhš ó£Lj‰F¥ gy vUJfis¡ bfh©L g¡f¤njbršt®. bršYÄl¤J c¥ã‹ Éiyia¡ TWt®''. (bgU«gh©)

``ct® Ãy¤nj Éisªj c¥ã‹ Éiyia¡ T¿¥ òGâíilatÊahš bjhiyÉl¤nj bršnthU«, ifÆl¤â‰ nfhYilaUkh»a ckz® T£lkhf¢ bršt®. br‹W tisªJ RU©lbfh©il miraî«, miuÆš f£oa gy jiHfshyhd ciljsuî« bešY¡F¥ gâš c¥ò¡ bfhŸçnuh' vd¢ nrÇfŸ njhW«EtYt®.'' (mf« 390)

`ca®ªj âiuíila fl‰gu¥ãš âÄnyh‹ ö©oÈ‰ ão¤jÛid, jiHíilíila bg©fŸ ÉHh¡ bfh©lhL« åâÆ‹ÉiygfU« fl‰fiu¢ áWFoÆYŸst‹.'' (mf«. 320)

``bghGJgl¤ âiuÆl¤nj Éisaho mir»‹w Ãiu¤jtisaÂªj T£l¤jhnuhL c¥ã‹ FÉaš Ûnj¿ tU»‹w âÄiyv©Q« Jiwt‹.'' (mf« 190)

bgÇa flÈl¤J Û‹ão¡F« áWFoÆYŸs gujt® fÇafl‰fiu taÈl¤J cHhJ ÉisÉ¤j btŸËa fš ngh‹w c¥ã‹Éiyia¡ T¿, kiyeh£L¡F¢ bršY«, nfhiy¡ ifÆYilackzÇ‹ fhj‹ klkfŸ, tisaš xÈ¡F«go ifåá bešY¡F¥gâš c¥ò ' vd¢ nrÇÆl¤nj Éiy TWjÈ‹, å£o‰ »lªj ehŒ ,m› nthiria¡ nf£L¡ Fiu¥g mtŸ mj‰F mŠádhŸ''. (mf«.140)


``bgÇa flÈÅ‹W« v« jªij bfhz®ªj bfhG¤j Û‹fUth£il¡ ftU« ò£fis kzYila ò‹id ÃHÈÈUªJX¥ãí« átªj e©o‹ xL§»a tisia¡ »©oí«, PhHš ku¤â‹ca®ªj bfh«ãY« fÊÆl¤JŸs tisªj jhiHÆY« ãÂ¤jCrš Moí«, Ñœfh‰W kziy¡ bfhz®ªJ FÉ¡»‹w flšKf¤nj Ma¤njhnl btŸËa âiuíila flyhoí«, mH»aónthLToa jiHíL¤J« mÂ¤njíŸs gytif¥ ó¡fSilanrhiyÆš tUjyh»a bfsitia, ngíila ï›ñÇl¤J¡bfhoat‰iw m¿ªJ TW« bg©o® brhšy¡ nf£L m‹idÃ‹id¡ fhtš bfh©lhŸ.'' (mf«)

``òyîÛ‹ btŸSz§f‰ òŸnsh¥ã¡ f©lh®¡fty nehŒ brŒí kz§»Jnth fhÙ®.''

``flšò¡FÆ® bfh‹W thœt® Ã‹ida®''

``XLªâÄš bfh© LÆ® bfhšt® Ã‹ida® ''

``fŸthŒ Úy§ ifÆndªâ''

òŸth íz§f‰ fothŸ'' (áy¥gâfhu«)

ghiy Ãy k¡fŸghiy Ãy«, kÅj‹ Fona¿ thœj‰nf‰w thŒ¥òilaj‹W

nt£ilahl Éy§Ffis¤ Ju¤â¢ bršY« vÆd® m›Él¤âšáy fhyª j§FtJ©L. mt® bfhoa beŠRila®; ghiyÃy tÊnabršnthiu tÊg¿¤J©Q« thœ¡if cilat®. mt®fŸKšiyÃy xJ¡FfËY« F¿Šá Ãy xJ¡FfËY« kidÉk¡fnshL thœt®.

``vÆd®fsJ FošfŸ mÂY« vÈí« EiHahjgo <ªâ‹xiyahš nta¥ bg‰W , K£g‹¿Æ‹ KJF nghy¤ njh‹W«.ãŸisia¥ bg‰w vÆ‰¿ FoÈ‹ xU òw¤nj ãŸisnahL kh‹njhyh»a gL¡ifÆš Kl§»¡ »l¥ghŸ. k‰iwa vÆ‰¿a® fu«igÃy¤ij¥ ghiwah‰ »©o, vW«ò nr®¤J it¤âU¡F« òšyÇáiathÇ vL¥g®. vL¤J¥ gh®it kh‹ f£o Ã‰F« ÉsÉ‹ ÃHYilaK‰w¤nj njh©oa ÃyîuÈš brhÇªJ F¿a cy¡ifÆdh‰ F¤Jt®;Mœªj »z‰¿š bkh©l ct® Úiu xUthŒ nghd ghidÆšciyahf th®¤J K¿ªj mL¥ãš it¤J M¡»a nrh‰iw ïiw¢át‰wnyhL nj¡»iyÆš ï£L c©g®.

``vÆdÇ‹ muÂl¤nj cŸs mf‹w åLfËš giftiu¡F¤âa TÇa ntšfS« gÇirfS« m«ò¡ f£LfS« É‰fS«Ãiuahf¢ rh®¤â¡ »l¡F«. ca®ªj kâšfŸ Cf« òšyhšnta¥g£oU¡F«. jiy thÆšfËš nj‹ T£il¥ ngh‹w m«ò¡

e.á. fªijah 41

f£LfSl‹ Joí« ö§F«. å£L thÆÈš r§»Èahš f£l¥ bg‰wehŒfŸ Ã‰F«. ï›tifahd FoÆU¥ò, KŸ ntÈÆidí« mjid¢Nœªj fht‰ fh£ilí« cilajhf ïU¡F«. thÆ Èl¤nj Ú©lKidíila fG ku§fŸ Ãiuahf eh£l¥ bg‰¿U¡F«.m§Fiwnth® be‰ nrh‰iwí«, ehŒ, nt£ilaho¡ bfhz®ªjr§FkÂ nghY« K£ilíila cL«ã‹ bghÇaiy í« czthf¡bfhŸt®''.

`ï«kw¡ FoÆYŸs N‰bfh©l kfË® ahid vâ®¥goD«tÈa ïo ïo¥ãD« mŠrh®. tÈikahš bfhŸis bfh©L©Q« czÉid íilatD«, th£ngh® brŒí« FoÆ‰ ãwªjtD«, òÈÆ‹ Ûir ngh‹w jhoíilatDkh»a kwt‹ mª Ãy¤J¤jh‹ F¿it¤j Éy§if¤ j¥ghkš ão¡»‹w nt£il ehŒnghy¡ fhtYila Kšiy Ãy¤nj nghth‹; nghŒ mt®fË‹gR¡fis mo¤J¡ bfh©L tªJ Éoa‰ fhiyÆ‰ fŸS¡F Éiyahf¡ bfhL¥gh‹. mj‰F¥ ã‹, å£ony bešyh‰ rik¤j fŸisí©L k‹¿l¤nj tÈa»lhia mW¤J¤ â‹W k¤js« KH§fïl¤njhis ty¥g¡f¤nj tis¤J Ã‹whLth‹.'' (bgU«gh©)

``br«k¿¡ »lhÆ‹ bfh«ònghš KW»¥ ãlÇÆl¤njö§F« kÆU« átªj f©QKila kwt®, ïUkš Ô®¡F«kUªnjhL beU¥ã‰ fU»a tÆÇa nfhnyhL Éšiy¥ ão¤J Eiubj¿¤j k¤JfŸ brU»¡ »l¡F« ïl¤nj Ã‰F« ÃiufË‹ òw¤nj,fhÈš f£oa brU¥ò xÈ¡F«go br‹W fhtYila ïl¤njf‹WfnshL Ãiuia¡ ft®ªJ bfh©L bršt®.'' (mf«)

``ghiy Ãy¤âš mu¤â‹ thŒngh‹w gu‰f‰fŸ ÃiwªJ»l¡F«. m« nk£L Ãy¤nj t£lkh»a kâš NœªâU¡F«. m§Fthœnth®, m§Fiwí§ fhË¡F¥ gÈahf¡ bfhL¤j átªjïiw¢áÆÅ‹W« xGF»‹w ïu¤jK« gáa ÃzK« bfhGÉaFlU« v£L¤ âirfËY« áªâ¡ »l¡F«. nt«ã‹ »isfËšnt®fsh‰ f£oa CršfŸ bjh§F«. tÊgLnth® gÈahf¥ ãL§»it¤j f©fsh»a És¡F ãufhá¡F«. kh‹ bfh«ò« kÆÈwU«njhuz§fshf¤ ö§F«. âu©l _§»È‰ f£oa bfhomirí«.g¢ir¡ »Ë ngh‹wtsh»a fhË, nflfK«, thS«, m«ò¡ f£L«,v©tif¥ gilfS« M»a ït‰iw¤ jÇ¤âU¥ghŸ. K¤J¥ ngh‹wgšY« faš ngh‹w kj®¤j ÉrhÈ¤j f©Q«, áiy X¤jòUtKKila fhLbfGbršÉ fiyia thfdkhf¡ bfh©Lfšyh‰ brŒj kâš Nœªj Mya¤âš å‰¿U¥gh‹. Éšiyíilakwt® m¡ nfhÆÈ‹ xU òw¤J xJ§»ÆUªJ m› tÊna bršY«tÂf® T£l¤ij mo¤J¥ g¿¥g®. eLf‰fË‰woia¡ nfh¤J¥gR¡fis mf¥gL¤â it¡F« ïl§fS«, M£fis¡ bfh‹W


ãz§fis _o¡FÉ¤âU¡F« f‰F«g§fS«, x‹nwhL x‹Wã‹Åa g‰iwfSila kiyfS«, bt£oa fhšfis ï£Lit¤âU¡F« FÊfS«, jiyfis kiw¤J it¡F« òšY«,bghªJfS«, btËah»a rt® Ãy§fS« ÚÇšyhj MW«,Kotilahj tÊí«, CÇšyhj fhL«, tÊíiladthŒ¥ ã‹tÊÆ‹¿ÆU¡F« Ãy§fS«, Rid t‰¿a gwit ÃyK«, gu‰f‰fshyh»a F‹WfS«, ï›thW ïa‰ifahfî«, bra‰ifahfî«mikªJ x‹Wnghš msî fhz‰fÇad. gythŒ¡ FË®¡fhy¤âY« bt¥gKiladth»a ïl§fS©L''.

``Xik, cÊŠáš, cyit, cfhŒ, fL, jh‹¿, bfhoa KŸSila bjhlÇ, ehf«, muR, M®, M¤â, ïUŸ, ï©l«, Fuî,nfh§F, fŸË, fl«ò, KŸË, KU¡F, gyhR, âu©l fhYilavUik, ïyî, ïÅa fhíila bešÈ, thif KjÈaî« ãwîkh»atÆu ku§fŸ fhŒªâU¤jÈ‹ kÆY«, FÆY« mt‰¿Åilnabršyh. E©Âa bgh¿íila òwhÉ‹ átªj fhYila nrtšbtŸËa áwFila ng£nlhL Éisah£L ÉU«ã, tÈa THh§f‰fis ÉG§»¥ bghÇ»‹w fŸËÆ‹ ft®g£l bfh¥ãš ïUªJöu¤nj Xir nf£F«go f¤J«. njhyh»a Kiyíila fh£L¥g‹¿Æ‹ ãzh bkÈªj eilíila ahidnahL cy®ªj kuiyí©LÉlhÆdhš fhdš ÚÇl¤J XL«. beU¥ò¥ ngh‹w gá Ú§fhjbr§Fu§F ifÆl¤nj kfit¤ jGÉ¡ fhŠNiuÆ‹, ïiyÆ‰áªâÆU¡F« njid¡ ifÆdhš bjh£L e¡F«. many ïUªj fLt‹mij¥ gh®¤J¥ bghwhJ fhŠNiuÆ‹ »isÆÈUªj njid C£o,mj‹ jhf¤ij¤ jÂ¡F«. bt¥gKila kiy¢ rhuÈYŸs_§»È‹ câ®ªJ És§F»‹w K¤ij, kiH¤JË bad¡ fh£L¡nfhÊÆ‹ NLila nrtš myfh‰ F¤â vL¡f kh£lhJ j¤â Ã‹WjsU«. f‹¿id¤ jGÉa bgÇa moíila fÇa ão <u« cy®ªjehUila KU§ifÆ‹ btŸËa óth»a czit btW¤J,bešÈÆ‹ gR§fhia¥ gšYila bfhL¥ ãl¤nj ml¡»¡bfh©LtÊ bršY« òânah® nr‰iw¤ njh©o¤ jiHahš _oa gŸs¤âšcyhî«. átªj jËUila ïU¥igÆ‹ gáa ó§bfh¤J¡fisÉU«ã¤ ö§F« btsthš, gy g¡f§fË Y« beU§»¥ gw¡F«''.(cjad‹ fij)

m«ig vŒí« Éšiy¡ ifÆnyíila kwt® FoÆ‰ ãwªjbjŒtnk¿ MLgtŸ, jdJ C® eLntíŸs k‹¿l¤J¤ bjŒt¤j‹ikí‰W bkŒ«kÆ® áÈ®¤J, ÃÄ®¤âa iffis x‰iwí«ïu£ilíkhf mÉea¤njhnl T£o¤ jhs¤J¡F x¥g mobga®¤J¡ fhdt® Éa¥g ModhŸ. Mo¡ TW»‹whŸ :-

e.á. fªijah 43

``K‹brhšÈa E§fl‹ bfhlhikÆ‹ tÈa ÉšiyíilavÆd® k‹WfŸ ï‹W ghœg£ld; 1C®fË‰ ¿u©l ÃiufŸÄ¡fd. bfh‰wit¡F¡ fl‹ bfhlhikÆ‹ ï« kw¡FoÆ‰wha«g‰¿ tU»‹w vÆd®, jk¡F Kiwikah» tU»‹w Mbw¿ Niw,MnfhŸ KjÈat‰whš Éisí« bršt§F‹¿, mw¡Fofis¥nghy¢ ád§FiwªJ, brU¡F ml§»d®. fiyah»a C®âiaíila bršÉ jh‹ bfhL¤j bt‰¿¡F Éiyah»a cÆ®¥gÈiac©z¡bfhL¥ãd‹¿ EŠ áiy¡FÇa bt‰¿ia¡ bfhL¥ghsšyŸ. fsî bfh©L©Q« Ciz íila k¡fhŸ! EŠ R‰w¤jh®kJî©L brU¡F« ï›thœ¡ifia ÉU«òåuhÆ‹ bršÉ¡Fne®ªj flid¡ foâ‰bfhLÄ‹.

``mjid¡ nf£l, jª jiyia¤ jhnk gÈahf mÇªJ it¡F«vÆd®, bjhšFoÆ‰ ãwªj njtuh£oÆ‹ beËªj Tªjiy¢rilahf¡ f£o, m«KoÆny á¿a btŸËa muÉ‹ F£oahf¥bgh‹ehÆid tisa¢ R‰¿¡ fht‰ fhL Nœªj njh£l¥ gÆiumÊ¤j g‹¿Æ‹ nfh£il¥ g¿¤J, mjid ïisa btŸËa ãiwbaD«gorh¤âd®; jWf©ikíila tÈa òÈÆ‹ thia¥ ãsªJcâ®¤j gšiy btŸËa khiyahf¤ jÇ¤jd®. mjdJ tÇí«òŸËíKila njhiy nkny nkfiyahf cL¤jd®. Éšiy¡ ifÆ‰bfhL¤jd®. bfhL¤J mtid KW¡F©l nfhLilafiyÛâU¤âd®. ã‹ giwia¡ bfh£o mtis tÊg£ld®.

``kh‰whÇ‹ ÓùÇl¤J Ãiuft®j‰F åu® bt£ákhiyia¢Nod®; bfh‰witÆ‹ bfhoia K‹nd ca®¤â¢ br‹wd®.giftÇ‹ fh£ol¤nj mt®¡F neU« Ôik¡F m¿F¿ahf¡fÇ¡FUÉ Fuš vG¥ã‰W. ï›thW br‹W ft®ªJ bfhz®ªjgR¡fis ntš to¡F« bfhšyD«, Jobfh£L« òiyaD«,ghzU« òŸË‹ ÃÄ¤j¤ij MuhŒªJ brh‹ndhU« M»aït®fS¡F¥ gFªjË¤jd®; gH§ fl‹, bfhlhikÆ‹ f£ bfhlhjfŸ É‰F« mtS¡F« bfhL¤jd®''. (áy¥gâfhu«)

``tÇªJf£od ÉšY«, filFH‹w kÆU«, òÈ ngh‹wgh®ití«, jWf©ikíKila kwt®, tÊ¢bršnthÇl¤â‰ bgW«bghUËšiyahÆD« j§fŸm«ò g£L mt® gij¥gij¡f©Lk»œt®. (fÈ) mt®fË‹ jho KW¡»a kh‹ bfh«ò ngh‹wJ''.

bjhÊš g‰¿a rhâfŸ k¡fŸ, jh« thœªj Ãy« g‰¿ ntl®, ïila®, vÆd®, Fwt®,

cHt® KjÈa bga®fis¥ bg‰wJ nghynt, bjhÊY« xG¡fK«g‰¿ mªjz® mur® tÂf® ntshs® KjÈaî« ãwîkh»a

1. bfhŸisÆlhikahš ma‰ »uhk§fËš ÃiufŸ Ä¡fdthÆdv‹wthW.


bga®fis¥ bg‰wd®. Ãf©L üšfË‰ fhz¥gL« x›bthUFy¤âd®¡FÇa bga®fS« mtut® nk‰bfh©l bjhÊš g‰¿vGªjdbt‹W ïÅJ És§F«. mªjz®, mur®, tÂf®, ntshs®KjÈnah® bgU«ghY« ef®fËš thœªjt®fsht®. murdJfUk¤jiyt® M»nah® ïª eh‰FoÆš ml§Ft®. MÇauJ ãuhkzr¤âÇa itáa N¤âu® v‹D« tF¥ò¡F« jÄH®fSilaeh‰Fy§fS¡F« bjhl®ã‹W. MÇaUila rhâfŸ brŒbjhÊyhd‹¿¥ ãw¥ãdhš V‰g£ld. MÇa® ïªâa eh£ilailªj nghJmt®fËilna rhâ¥ãÇî V‰glÉšiy. k¡fË‹ Ãw¤ij¡bfh©nl mt®fŸ rhâfis V‰gL¤âd®. mt®fË‹ rhâ¡F¥ãw¥ng fhuz«. ïjid kDÄUâ KjÈa üšfË‰ gw¡f¡fhzyh«. ÄUÄfË‰ fhz¥gL« mQnyhk ãuânyhk® ngh‹wfy¥ò¢ rhâfŸ bj‹dh£o‰ »ilah. ÄUâfË‰ fhz¥gL«N¤âuU¡FÇa jUk§fS«, ÉÈÈa ntj¤â‹ giHa V‰gh£ošmoikfS¡FÇa jUk§fshf¢ brhšy¥gLtdî« xnu tifahf¡fhz¥gL»‹wd.

m›tª Ãy§fËYŸs k¡f£FÇa âiz¥ bga®fŸ m›tªÃy§fË‰ ãw¤jÈdhY«, ãw® mª Ãy§fË‰w§» mª Ãyk¡f£ FÇabjhÊiy¥ òÇtâdhY« V‰gLbk‹gJ ``bgaU« Éisí«v‹whÇUtifa âiznjhW kUÉa âiz Ãiy¥ bganu'' v‹D«bjhšfh¥ãa¢ N¤âu¤jhš És§F«.

mªjz®jÄœeh£L¤ Jwnth®mªjz buz¥g£ld®. mt® fhÉ

njhŒªJL¤j cilÆduhŒ, K¡nfhš, kiz, fuf« M»at‰iwc¿Æš it¤J¤ njhËl¤nj RkªJ, Fil ÃHÈ‰ bršY« bryÉd®,vd¥gHªjÄœ ïy¡»a§fË‰ fhz¥gL»‹wJ.*

1. ``v¿¤JU fâ® jh§» naªâa FilÚHY¿¤ jhœªj fufK Kiu rh‹w K¡nfhYbe¿¥gl¢ ftyirï ntnwhuh beŠr¤J¡F¿¥ngtš bra‹ khiy¡ bfhis eilaªjÙ® (fÈ9)

(ïj‹ bghUŸ) FilÆdhš btÆiy¤ jh§» c¿Æny it¤j j©Ù®¡fuf¤ijí«, K¡nfhiyí« njhËl¤nj RkªJ bršY« ïašòilamªjd®.

``Ó®ÄF áw¥ãdh‹ kuKj‰ ifnr®ªjÚ®kÈ fuf« ngh‰ gHª ö§F jhiH”

(ï-Ÿ) j¡fzh_®¤â Myku¤nj jhÄU¥gj‰F K‹ndö¡» it¤j Ú®Ãiwªj F©oifia¥ nghy¥ gHªö§F« ``K¡nfhyªjz® KJbkhÊÃidth® nghy (fÈ 126)

e.á. fªijah 45

``mªjz bu©ngh uwnth® k‰bw›îí®¡FŠbrªj©ik ó©blhGf yh©''

vd¤ âUtŸSt® mªjzÇ‹ ïašig Ú¤jh® bgUik v‹D«mâfhu¤â‰ TW»‹wikÆdhY«, mªjz® v‹ngh® jÄœeh£L¤JwÉfns vd ïÅJ És§F«. JwÉfshf ïUªj ï› tªjz®murU¡F¤ öJ bršy‰FÇa® v‹W Tw ïlÄšiy.

fšÉ, m¿î xG¡f§fË‰ áwªJ flî£ óir KjÈad M‰¿¥òÅj thœ¡ifíilauhŒ, ïšyw¤â‹ Ã‹nwhU« mªjz®vd¥g£ld®. ï¡T£l« ts®¢áí‰W mªjz® v‹D« rhâahf¥bgU»‰W.

`` Ia® ntâa® ïUãw¥ghs®bkŒa® Ä¡ft® kiwnah® óRh®mªjz® ünyh® mW bjhÊyhs®brªÔ ts®¥ngh® ca®ªnjh uhŒªnjh®Mâ tUz® ntj ghuf®É¥ãu® bjhG Fy¤njh® ntŸÉahs®K¥òÇ ünyh® KÅtbu‹ ¿itj¥ãš gh®¥gd® j«bgauhF«.

v‹D« âthfu¢ N¤âu¤jhš mªjzuJ bjhÊš xG¡f« M»adïÅJ És§F«. mªjz® öa xG¡f¤âduhtuhifÆdhnyna,

``kw¥ãD nkh¤J¡ bfhsyhF« 1gh®¥gh‹ãw¥bghG¡f« F‹w¡ bfL«''

vd tŸStdh® xG¡fKilil v‹D« mâfhu¤â‰ T¿d®.

mªjz® murÇlÄUªJ öJ bršYj‰FÇa®. mt® murdJcWâ¢ R‰w§fËš xUtuhfî ÄUªjd®.

``XjYª öJ« ca®ªnjh® nkd'' v‹D« bjhšfh¥ãa¢N¤âu¤â‰ brhšy¥g£l ca®ªnjh® mªjznu. mªjz®¡F Xjšï‹¿aikahjJ.

``kw¥ãD« 2x¤J¡bfhsyhF«'' v‹gâš kw¥ãD« v‹wc«ikahš gh®¥gh® x¤ij kw¤jš Tlhbj‹gJ nj‰wkh»‹wJ.

``mªjz®- fhõha« ngh®¤j FHh§fŸ (e¢.ciu)

j©blhL ão¤jjhœf k©ly¤J¥gotî©o¥ gh®¥gd kfnd (FWª 156)f‰nwhŒ JL¤jgot¥gh®¥gh‹K¡nfhyir Ãiy fL¥g (Kšiy¥gh£L)

``üny fuf« K¡nfhš kiznaMí§ fhiy mªjz®§ FÇa'' (bjhš-kuò)

1. gh®¥gh‹ - Mya¤ij¡ f©fhÂ¥gt‹.2 xj¥gL« Jâ¥ ghlšfŸ. ï‹W Mya§fËš njthu« ghLnth® XJth®

vd¥gLjš m¿f.


öbjhŒ gh®¥gh‹ got btŸnshiy..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .í©zh kU§ »È‹ndh‹ ifaJbgh‹dh FjY K©bld... (mf« 337)

mªjzuJ ïašò âUKUfh‰W¥ gilÆ‰ Tw¥gL»‹wJ.mJ tUkhW:-

mªjz®, 1Xjš, XJÉ¤jš, nt£lš, nt£ã¤jš, <jš, V‰wš,v‹D« ïašã‰ F‹whj, giHa ca®ªj ešy Fy¤ jhŒ jªijaÇl¤J¥ãwªnjh®; eh‰g¤bj£oah©L ãukrhÇa§fh¡F Äašãd®,

óûyÂªjj‰F¥ ã‹ xU ãw¥ò«, K‹ xU ãw¥òkh»a ïUãw¥òila®; j« tÊgL flîis m¿ªJ JâghL Äašãd®; Kªüšbfh©L K¥òÇah¡»a _‹W üyh»a óûiy mÂnth®;ÚuhLÄl¤J¤ njhŒ¤J¥ òyuhj Milia miuÆª »lªJòyU«go cL¤J c¢áÆ‰ T¥ãa ifÆduhŒ, flîsJ bgaiueh¥òil bga® c¢rÇ¤J¤ Jâ¤J, thrÄ¡f kyiu¢ rh¤â¡ flîistÊgLÄašãd®.

``.................kªâu¤J tUk¤Jiz rh‹w tªjzhsU«''

``j©òd yh£o‹ j¡fiz na‰Fkªjzhs uilf Éiuªbjd''

``brªÔ aªjH yªjz‹ fh£l¢nrjh eWbeŒ ahá‹W F¤â''

``mªjzhs® 2M»il TwmªjzhsÇ‹ btªâwšåu‹brh‰Wiz¤ njhH‹''

vd tU« cjaz‹ fij mofshš mªjz® ïašòfŸ áym¿a¡»l¡»‹wd. mªjz® âUkz¢ rl§F òÇthuhjš fÈ¤bjhifÆY« Tw¥gL»‹wJ.

``fhjš bfhŸtJit eh£ fÈ§f¤J bshL§»akhj®bfh© khndh¡»‹ klªij j‹Wizahf

1 Xjš nt£l yit ãw®¢ brŒjäj ny‰wby‹ whW òÇª bjhG»aw« òÇaªjz® tÊ bkhÊª bjhG» (gâ‰W¥g¤J)

ïit mW bjhÊšfŸ mWtifvd¡ F¿¡f¥gLtJ bjhÊiy¡ F¿ahJgo¥gonaca®ªj MW tiffis¡ F¿¡F«.

2 M»il = thœ¤J

e.á. fªijah 47

nth¤Jilaªjz bdÇtyŠ brŒth‹ nghš (fÈ 69)mf¥bghU£LiwÆš thÆšfËš xUtdhfî« gh®¥gh‹

m¿a¥gL»‹wh‹. gh®¥gh‹ v‹gj‰F e‹Wª ÔJ« MuhŒªJiu¥ngh‹ vd¥ nguháÇa® ciuTWt®.

gh®¥gd® KU¡»‹ j©il C‹¿¢ bršytbuz¡ FWªbjhifÆš XÇl¤â‰ brhšy¥gL»‹wJ.

1``gh®¥gd kfnd gh®¥gz kfndbr«ó KU¡» d‹dh® fisªJj©blhL ão¤j jhœf k©ly¤J¥got î©o¥ gh®¥gd kfnd'' (FWª. 157)

gh®¥gd® ïšy§fis¥ g‰¿¥ bgU«ghz‰W¥ gilÆ‰brhšy¥gL»‹wJ mJ tUkhW;

jiy thÆÈl¤JŸs fhšfË‰ f‹WfŸ f£oÃ‰F«. åLrhzhf¤jhš bkGf¥ bg‰wJ. mjdf¤nj tÊgL flîË‹ cUt«fhz¥gL«. å£oDŸ nfhÊí« ehí« òfh. tisªj thíila »Ëntj¤â‹ ïiria¥ gÆY«. ntj¤ij X«ò»‹w mªjzÇ‹ å£ošmUªjâia x¤j f‰ò«, mH»a be‰¿í«, tisaÂªj ifíKilagh®¥gÅ ciwtŸ. mtŸ ïuhrh‹d« v‹D« bešiy¡ F¤âamÇáÆdhš gh‰nrhW rik¥ghŸ; bfh«k£o, khJis KjÈafhŒfis bt£o ÄsF¥bgho öÉ¡ fUnt«ã‹ ïiyia ï£LbeŒÆny bghÇ¥ghŸ. ï›tifahf¢ rik¤j bghÇanyhLkhtLÉ‹ CWfhiaí« ï£L¥ gá¤J tªjt® fS¡F¢ nrh‰iwmË¥gh‹.

fãy® ghoa 2òwh}‰W¢ brŒí£fshš (òw« 14 : 113) mªjz®C‹ òá¡F« ïašãd®' vd¢ áy® rhâ¥g®. fãy® j«ik¥ ghz®tÇirÆš it¤J¥ ghodikÆš, m§‡d« T¿dhu‹¿, mt® C©

1 `óâí k©Q« bgh¤jf¡ f£L«khDÇ koí kªâu¡ fy¥igí«fhbdL kizíª f£LW¤ âah¤jTiwbtŸq¿¡ F©oiflf fhÉd®, (cjaz‹ fij)

`»ÊªJ ájhmUL¤J ÄHªjh®nghš , V‰¿uª J©L« bgU¡f¤J ü‰¿jœ¤,jhkiu x‹d áw¥ãd® jhK©Â‹ Ô}ô£o í©Q« gotªj® Ôait,M‰WÊ ah‰¿¡ fGîò njh‰w«, mÉ®KU¡fªnjhYÇ¤j nfhty®Jt®k‹D«, Milaa® gho dUkiwahÇ Úo‹, cUt§ jk¡F¤ jhkha,ïUãw¥ghdhf bfh%c khÔnj (jf^®-ah¤).

2 Ã‹ KHªjhis¥ bghUªâa v‹ iffŸ òyhšeh‰wKilabr›Éa gáaCidí« Jitaiyí« f¿iaí« nrh‰iwí« c©L tUªJŠ brayšyJntW braÈ‹ikahšbkÈªJd. ( òw« 14)

rhoia¤ âwªJ kJití«, M£L¡»lhiabt£o¢ rik¤j Jitiaí«,C‹ fyªj nrh‰iwí« ÉU«ã¤jUit. (òw« 113)


òá¥gt® v‹W Tw ïlÄšiy. r§f fhy¤J¢ brŒísh»abgU«ghzh‰W¥gil mªjzÇ‹ irt czit¥ g‰¿¡ TWjnymt® C‹òá¥gtušy® v‹gij e‹F És¡F«.

nghjhad®, mgÞj«g® KjÈnahÇ‹ j®k üšfËš òá¡f¤j¡fî«, òá¡f¤ jfhjdîkh»a gwit, Éy§Ffis¥g‰¿¡Tw¥gLjÈ‹, tleh£oš ãuhkz® khÄr cztUªâd® v‹WbjËtha¿a¥gL»‹wJ.

mur®jÄœeh£il M©nlh® gu«giu tÊÆš tU»‹w mur uht®.

nru, nrhH, gh©oa® v‹D« bgU Ãyk‹dU«, ïtuJMiz¡F£g£L«, áyrka§fËš Miz¡F c£glhJÄUªjá‰wur® gyU« jÄœeh£il¥ òuªjh®fŸ. jÄœeh£L _ntªj®mo¡fo XUtnuhL XUt® r©ilÆ£ld®. k¡fŸ m¥ ngh®Muthu§fËÅilna thœªjd®. ï›thW ngh® ÃfœªjjhšjÄœeh£oš gytifahd fiyfS« v¥gots®ªjd v‹D« nfŸÉvHyh«. ïj‰F Éil mË¤jš ïyF. nghU¡F¥ gÆ‰w¥g£lt®fS« gu«giuahf¥ ngh®¤ bjhÊY¡FÇnahUnk nghÇ‰fyªJbfh©ld®. Vidnah® kâyh‰ NH¥g£l efu§fSŸthœªjd®. efU¡F¤ öu¤nj thœªj »uhk k¡fŸ manyíŸs FWÃyk‹duhš mo¡fo jh¡f¥g£L¤ J‹g¤J¡fhshdh®fŸ. mt®fsJML, khLfŸ bfhŸisao¡f¥g£ld. á¿J vâ®¥ò¡fh©ã¤jhY«, mt®fŸ jaÉ‹¿¡ bfhšy¥g£ld®. kJiu, f%®,fhÉÇ¥ ó«g£od« ngh‹w ef®fËš thœªnjh® nghÇdhš neU«Mg¤JfS¡F cŸshfhJ thœªnjh® nghÇš neU« Mg¤JfS¡FcŸshfhJ thœªjd®. kâyhš mu© brŒa¥g£l ef®fŸgifauruhš ïyFÉš jh¡fKoahkÈUªjd. mu©gL¤j¥g£lefÇnyna if¤bjhÊY«, thÂfK« ÉU¤âailªjd. ngh® åuÇ‹fhtiy¥ bg‰W, tÂf® XÇl¤âÅ‹W« ï‹ndhÇl¤â‰F¡T£lkhf¢ br‹wd®. cŸeh£L¥ ghijfis murdJ ngh®åu®fhtš òÇªjd®. á¿a ghijfŸ tªJ TL« bgÇa ghijfËš R§f«mwÉl¥g£lJ. murh§f« k¡fË‹ ey¤J¡fhf ïUªjJ.

murdJ mâfhu« I«bgUŠ rigfshš f£L¥gL¤j¥g£lJ. k¡fË‹ rh®ghsuh»a efukhªj®, ònuh»j® 1kU¤Jt®,ÃÄ¤j®, mik¢r® v‹D« IªJ T£l¤âdU« I«bgUŠ rigÆšml§Ft®. khrd« rd§fË‹ e‹ikÆ‹ bghU£L thjhod®.gh®¥gh® rka¢ rl§Ffis nk‰gh®¤jd®. kU¤Jt® murdJ«,FofsJ nehŒ r«gªjkhd fUk§fis¡ ftÅ¤jd®. ÃÄ¤j®

1 khrd« gh®¥gh®kU¤Jt® ÃÄ¤jnuhlik¢ruháyhtit¡fd¤jhiuªJ(áy¥.5.157mU-ciu nk‰)

e.á. fªijah 49

bgUeh£fS¡F V‰w KT®¤j¤ij Éâ¤jnjhL Kj‹ikahdfUk§fis MuhŒªJ K‹djhf m¿É¤jd®. mik¢r® eh£o‹tUthŒ bryî KjÈat‰iw¡ ftÅ¤jd®. ï¢ rigfŸ rªâ¤J¤ j§flikfis Mnyhá¥gj‰F efu§fËš jÅ k©lg§fËÈUªjd.1

mur‹ bfhYÉU¡F« áw¥ò¡ fhy§fËš ït®fŸ mur‹ g¡fÈšÃ‹wd®. murh§f¥ bghW¥ò murÅl¤J«, I«bgU§ FG Él¤J«kh¤âu« j§»ÆUªjJ. nru nrhH gh©oa®fsJ M£á Æšï›tifahd XG§F ïUªjJ. ïJ _ntªjU« Xnu c‰g¤â¡FÇat®fbs‹W m¿ªJ bfhŸtj‰F cjÉ òÇ»‹wJ.

mur® bgU« Ml«gu¤njhL«, mâfhu¤njhL« ToÆUªjh‹. mt‹, etu¤âd« gâ¤J¢ brŒa¥g£lJ«, Ñœ mf‹wJ«, nkšXL§»aJkh»a Koia mÂªâUªjh‹. ifÆš bgh‹ tis í«ty¡fhÈ‰ bgh‹ åu¡fHY« mÂªâUªjh‹. K¤J khiyfŸ mt‹kh®ãš És§»d mt‹ á§fhrd¤âš ïUªj nghJ, mšyJbtËna br‹wnghJ xu§fËš K¤J¤ ö¡»a Fil ão¡f¥g£lJ. mt‹ ahid, Fâiu mšyJ nj® ÛJ rthÇ brŒjh‹.fhiyÆY«, khiyÆY« mu©kid thÆÈš nks« 2XÈ¤jJ3ehÊif t£oÈš neuk¿ªJ, brhšnth® mu©kidÆ ÈUªjd®.

mu©kidÆ‹ xU gFâ muá¡fhî«, mtsJ gÇthu§fS¡fhî« XJ¡f¥g£oUªjJ. jh‹ muRÇik vŒâa fhy¤j‹¿ mtŸKojÇ¡fÉšiy. bgUeh£fËš mtŸ murndhL á§fhrd¤âšclÅUªjhŸ. Mdhš mtŸ Ko mÂaÉšiy. mtËU¡F«mªj¥òu¤âš Mlt® mDkâ¡f¥glÉšiy. TD«, FwS«, ca®FL«g¥ bg©fS« mtis¢ NœªâUªjd®. nt©kh‹, Ãyh K‰w¤âš br§F£Ltid¡ fhztªj Ãfœ¢á áy¥gâfhu¤âš ã‹tUkhW Tw¥gL»‹wJ.

nroa® áy® ïÅa nks¤ij xÈ¤J¡ FHÿâ¥ ghod®.TD« FwS«, f¤öÇí« rªjdK« Vªâ¢ br‹wd®. ngofŸ ifÆl¤nj thrid¥ òifí«, ókhiyí«, óî« ÄUJthd mizí«it¤âUªjd®. áy® f©zhoí«, cilí«, mÂfy‹ fS« VªâÃ‹wd® És§F»‹w khiyaÂªj nroa® muá thœf v‹Wthœ¤âd®.

Úâ bršY¤Jtj‰bfd¤ jÅ¡ fUkfhu® ïUªjd®. murDila Ô®¥ng všyh¤ Ô®¥òfS¡F« KothÆUªjJ. Úâ brY¤J«fUkfhu® k‰wt®fËÅ‹W« ãÇ¤j¿a¡ Toajhf Énrlkhdjiy¥ghif mÂªâUªjd®. bghUËÅ‹¿ Ãaha« tH§f¥ g£lJ.

1 kJiu¡fhŠá.

2. fhiy Kur«, khiyKur«

3. t£oÈš Ãu¥ãa Ú® xGFjiy¡bfh©L neu« ms¡F« fUÉ


j©lid fLikahfÉUªjikahš F‰w§fŸ áythf ïUªjd.âUoa bghUSl‹ f©Lão¡f¥g£ltD¡F¢ áu¢ nrjnkj©lidahf ïUªjJ. Éaãrhu« brŒgtD¡F« bfhiy¤ j©l«Éâ¡f¥g£lJ. Éaãrhu« brŒí« neh¡f¤njhL mayt‹ å£o‰ãuntá¤jtdJ fhš Fiw¡f¥g£lJ. murDila f£lisfŸc¤ânahf¤jhš ahidÛâUªJ nksko¤J És« guŠbrŒa¥g£ld.

R§fK«, Ãy tÇí« murdJ tUthÆ‰ bgU« gFâahfïUªjd. všyh¤ JiwKf§fËY« V‰WkâahF« g©l§fŸ ÛJ«,ïw¡FkâahF« g©l§fŸ ÛJ« Ô®it Éâ¡f¥g£lJ. flÈÈUªJïw¡»a g©l§fS«, ku¡fy§fËš V‰Wj‰F¡ bfh©Ltu¥g£lg©l§fS« murdJ K¤âiu bgh¿¤J¢ R§f¢rhiyfËš mL¡f¥bg‰¿Uªjd. ÃytÇ gzkhf mšyJ jhÅakhf¡ bfhL¡f¥g£lJ.á‰wurU« mâfhÇfS« âiw bfhL¤jd®. nghÇ‰ »il¤jbfhŸis¥ bghUŸ, K¤J¡FË¥ò, fhLgLâuÉa«, fh£o‰ão¡F« ahid M»at‰whš murD¡F tUthŒ »il¤jJ. ÉisÉšM¿byh‹W murD¡FÇajhf ïUªjJ.

mur‹ bkŒfh¥ghsuhY«. gÇrd§fshY« NH¥g£oUªjh‹. ïUªjnghJ« mt‹ FofnshL jhuhskhf mstshÉdh‹. eh£oš eilbgW« ÉHh¡fS¡F mt‹ jiyik t»¤jh‹.gŠr« mšyJ bfhŸisnehŒ V‰g£l fhy¤J, mt‹ Mya§fËšáw¥ò tÊghL brŒjh‹. FofË‹ Rf J¡f§fËš mt‹ g§Fbfh©lh‹. »uhk§fis¥ gift® if¥g‰¿a fhy¤â‰ FofŸmurÅU¡F« efÇš j§»d®.

Mya§fËY«, åLfËY« k¡fŸ murdJ Ú©l Míisnt©o¡ flîis¤ Jâ¤jd®. I§FWü‰¿‹ XÇl¤âš ``v§fŸMj‹ ÚL thœf v‹W v‹ m‹id tz§»dhŸ. v‹ fhjy‹ÉiuªJ åL tUf v‹W ah‹ tz§»nd‹'' vd xU jiyÉT¿ajhf¢ brhšy¥gL»wJ.

``mur‹, ö§Fkhiyfshš myfÇ¡f¥g£l gL¡ifÆnyJÆ‹W itfiwÆš vGth‹. vGªJ fhiy¡fl‹ fÊ¤J¤bjŒt¤ij tÊgLth‹. K¤J khiy És§F« kh®ãl¤njrªjd¤ij¥ óRth‹. óá, thrid bghUªâa ókhiyia mÂth‹.kÂfsG¤â¢ brŒj nkhâu« ÉuÈ‰ »lªJ, ifÆl¤ JŸsåutisnahL És§F«. fŠá ï£l J»iy cL¤J, mj‰F nkšmÂí« mÂfy‹fis mÂth‹. mÂªJ ehsitÆl¤ âUªJåuU¡F« ghzU¡F«, g£l§fS«, gÇáY« tH§Fth‹''.(kJiu¡fhŠá)

e.á. fªijah 51

murdJ nfhÆš``á‰g üiy m¿ªj j¢r® üiy neuhf¥ ão¤J¤ âirfis¡

F¿¤J¤ âirfË Yiwíª bjŒt§fis¤ Jâ¥g®. Jâ¤J, mur®¡FÇa kidfisí«, k©lg§fisí« TWgL¤Jt®. kidfS«,k©lg§fS« kâÈdh‰ NH¥g£oU¡F«. kâÈ‹ thÆš ÃiyfŸMÂfS« g£l§fSkh»a gÇa ïU«òfŸ nr®¤J mik¡f¥g£L¢ rhâÈ§f« cU¡» tÊ¡f¥ bg‰¿U¡F«. fjîfŸ x‹nwhLx‹W nr®¤J¤ jhËl¡Toajhf ïu©lhf¢ brŒa¥ g£lit.Ãiy¡F nkYŸs RtÇl¤J, eLnt ïy¡FÄ ïU¡f ïu©Lg¡f¤J« ïu©L ãofŸ br§fGÚ® kyiu¥ão¤j ghtidahfÃ‰F« á‰g ntiyghL brŒa¥g£oU¡F«. gyku§ fis¢ nr®¤JïilbtË Æ‹¿¡ flhÉ¢ brU»a Ãiy bt©¢ áW fLF m¥g¥bg‰¿U¡F«. nfhòu thÂš ahidfŸ bt‰¿¡ bfhofSl‹nghf¤j¡fjhf kiyÆ‹ eLit btËahf¤ âwªjJ nghš njh‹W«.kzš gu¥ãa mu©kid K‰w¤âš ftÇkhD« m‹dK« cyÉÉisahL«. atd® brŒj ghitfË‹ ifÆš beŒô‰¿¡ bfhS¤âaÉs¡FfŸ å£o‹ mf¤nj vÇí«. És¡»š beŒ t‰¿ xË kG§FªnjhW« bg©fŸ beŒ th®¤J¤ âÇia¤ ö©Lt®. nfhÆÈl¤Jmur‹ j§F« c£òw«, ntW mur‹ mšyJ F‰nwtš brŒí« M©k¡fS« mQfhj mU§fhtY ilaJ. nfhÉÈ‹ c¢áÆš ïªâuÉšngh‹w gy bfhofŸ mirí«. bt© rhªâdh‰ f£oa âu©lö©fŸ ÚykÂ nghš fUikíiladth ÆU¡F«. br« ãdh‰brŒjJ ngh‹w beoa RtÇ‰ gy mH»a ó¡fisaila bfhofŸá¤âÇ¡f¥g£oU¡F«.

``mur‹ JÆY« f£oš t£ltoÉdjhf¥ ngh® ahidÆ‹jªj§fsh‰ brŒa¥g£lJ. mJ, ïiytothf¢ ÓÉa ahid¤jªj§fisí« (òÈ KjÈat‰¿‹ tÇnjh‹w¥) gy ÃwKilakÆ®fisí« cŸns it¤J¢ á§f« KjÈa Éy§Ffis nt£ilahL»‹w bjhÊšfis¥ bgh¿¤j jfLfŸ it¤J MÂfshš ij¤J_£LthŒ bjÇahkš brŒa¥g£oU¡F«. f£oÈ‹Ñœ eh‰òw¤J«K¤J khiyfŸ ö§F«. eLbtË, òÈÆ‹ ÃwKila ehlhÉdhšbtËkiwí«go ã‹d¥g£oU¡F«. fhšfŸ âu©ldthÆU¡F«.f£oÈ‹ nkš ÄUJthd bk¤ij ÉÇ¡f¥ g£oU¡F«. mj‹ nkšm‹d¤öÉ gu¥ã mizfË£L¡ fŠá njhŒ¤j J»š ÉÇ¤J¢br§fGÚ® ky® gu¥g¥ bg‰¿U¡F«. f£oÈ‹ nkš Éjhd¤âšâ§fS« cnuh»Âíkh» at®fË‹ tot§fŸ vGj¥g£oU¡F«''.(beLešthil)


ghriw``mur‹ gilfSl‹ br‹W, fh£lhW Nœªj mf‹w, beoa

fh£ol¤nj ãlî KjÈa g‰iwfis bt£Lth‹; m›Él¤njfhtyhf ïU¡F« giftÇ‹ mu©fis mÊ¥gh‹; fh£oYŸsK£fis bt£o, ntÈahf ïLth‹. ï›thW ïl¥g£lJ«,gilfŸ flš nghy MuthÇ¡F« ïl¤jJkh»a ghriwÆl¤njj§»a mur‹ JÆš bfhŸshâU¥gh‹. åâ, jiHahš ntŒªjTiuia íilaJ. eh‰rªâah aikªj K‰w¤âš kj« ghí«fJ¥ãidíila ahid fhtyhf Ã‰F«. be‰ fâ®fËÅilnafU«igí«. mâkJu¤ jiHiaí« it¤J¡ f£oa czit¤â‹dhj ahid, mt‰iw¡ bfh«ã‹nk‰ ngh£l J«ã¡if Æl¤njbfh©L be‰¿ia¤ Jil¡F«.

àhid¤ bjhÊiya‹¿¥ ãwbjhÊiy¡ fšyhj ahid¥ ghf®ahid¥ ng¢rh»a tlbkhÊ¢ brh‰fis¥ gyfh‰ T¿¡ ftUilaF¤J¡ nfhyh‰ F¤â ahid¡F¡ ftd¤ij C£Lt®. gy bkhÊfis¥ngR»‹w bgÇa gil¡F eLnt XÇl¤ij všnyhU« MuhŒªJmjid murD¡F¡ nfhÆyhf¡ bfhŸt®; bfh©l ïl¤njt£lkhf¡ F¤J¡fhšfis eLt®. f£L¡ Tlhukhf¡ fÆ‰iwtÈ¤J¡ f£Lt®. K¡nfhYila mªjz® m¡ nfhÈ‹ ÛJ fhÉnjhŒ¤j Milia ï£L it¤jh‰ nghy É‰fis x‹¿‹ g¡f¤bjh‹whf C‹¿ mt‰¿‹ ÛJ JÂfis¤ ö¡Ft®. ã‹ É‰fË‹g¡f¤nj v¿nfhšfisí« C‹¿¥ gÇirfisí« mL¡ fhf¡ F¤âit¥g®. ï›thW brŒa¥g£l murdJ nfhÆÈl¤J, tisaÂªjK‹ifí« Tªjš mir»‹w mH»a KJF« xŸËa thistÇíila f¢áÈ£L it¤âU¥nghUkh»a k§ifa®, Vtyhs®bfhS¤â xG§fhf it¤j És¡FfŸ mizíªnjhW« ifÆl¤JŸs gªj§fis¡ bfhS¤â¥ ão¥g®.

àhidfSilaî« FâiufSilaî« kÂnahir ml§»aeLahk¤J¢ áWöWfŸ bkšÈa fh‰W¡F mirªjh‰ ngh‹wjiy¥ghif jÇ¤J¢ r£ilÆ£l bkŒfh¥ghs® NœªJ âÇa¥bghGij ehÊif t£l¤âš m¿ªJ j¥ghk‰ TWnth®, munr!ehÊif t£oÅ‰ fh©»w ehÊif ï¤Jiz v‹W brhšYt®.mt‹ miuÆš Fâiu¢ rî¡if¢ brU» ÆU¥nghU«, r£ilÆ£nlhU«, m¢rªjU« njh‰wK« jWf©ikí« cilnahU kh»aatd® òÈia¢ r§»ËÆ‰ ãÂ¤jh‰ nghy vGj, thÆÈ‹ Kf¥ãšit¤J mHF brŒj ešy ïšÈny, mH»a És¡if vÇa it¤J¡fÆ‰¿‹ ÛJ âiuÆ£L¥ ãÇ¡f¥g£l miw¡F cŸns cŸsgL¡if¡F¢ bršth‹. ifahY« Kf¤jhY« th®¤ij brhšnthU«,r£il ï£nlhUkh»a CikfŸ, gŸË bfhŸS Äl¤ij¢ NœªJ

e.á. fªijah 53

âÇt®. ÄFªj ngh® brŒa nt©L bk‹D« ÉU¥ãdhš Ã¤âiubgwhJ, bt£L©l ò©Qila ahidfis ÃidªJ«, giftuJahidÆ‹ Jâ¡if aW«go bt£o, koªJ brŠnrh‰W¡ fl‹fÊ¤j åuiu Ãid¤J«, TÇa gfÊfŸ mGª Jifahš njhš »ÊªJtUªâ¥ òšY©zhkš Ã‰F« FâiufË‹ tU¤j¤ij Ãid¤J«,XU ifia¥ gL¡ifÆ‹ nkš it¤J, XU ifÆ‹ åu tisiaKonahnl nruit¤J, ï¥ gil behªj msî¡F ehis v›thWbghUJbkd ÃidªJ« »l¥gh‹. murdJ ghriwï›ÉašãdJ''. (Kšiy¥gh£L)

``mur‹ , ahidia v¿ªJ bfh‹w bgÇa åuÇ‹ ò©iz¡f©L gÇfÇ¤j‰F, És¡FfŸ thil¡ fh‰W¡F¤ bj‰nf rhŒªJvÇa, nt¥ãiyia¤ jiyÆny f£oa ntiy¤ jh§»a gil¤jiyt‹ ò©g£l åuiu Kiwna fh£l, kÂ f£od foths¤njhL«, jÉnrhL« ghŒªJ bršY« ïašòila FâiufŸ fÇanr‰iwíila bjUÉny j«ÛJ ÉG« JËfis cjw ïl¤njhËÅ‹W« eGÉ åœªj mH»a c¤jÇa¤ij ïl¥g¡f¤nj miz¤J¡bfh©L njhËny ö§F« this vL¤j‰F¤ njhËny it¤j ty¡ifíilatdhŒ¥ ò©g£l åu®¡F mfky®¢á njh‹w neh¡»,K¤Jkhiy ö§F« bt© bfh‰w¡ Fil kiH¤ JËia¤ jL¥g,eŸbs‹D« ahk¤J« Ã¤âiu bfhŸshdhŒ, áyåunuhL«ò©g£l åuiu¥ gÇfÇ¤J¤ âÇth‹''. (beLešthil)

``fsî brŒnjh® ifÆ‰ bghUŸ nfhlY«, M¿byh‹WnfhlY«, R§f§nfhlY«, mªjz®¡F ïiwÆÈ bfhL¡F§fhšï¤Jiz¥ bghUŸ E«Äl¤J ah‹ bfhŸsbyd¡ T¿¡ bfh©LmJ nfhlY«, kw¥ bghUshf¥ gift® ehL nfhlY«, jkU«mªjzU« ïštÊ¥ ãw‹wha§ nfhlY«, bghUËš tÊ thÂfŠbrŒJnfhlY«, mw¤â‰ ¿Çªjhiu¤ j©l¤â‰wFkhW bghUŸnfhlY« nghštdî§ bfhŸf''. ( e¢ádh®¡»Åa®)

tÂf®`thÂf thœ¡ifia nk‰bfh©nlh® tÂf® vd¥g£ld®.

ït® Ef¤âš gfyhÂ nghy eLÃiyíila beŠád®. j«Kilagy ru¡Ffisí« ãw® ru¡Ffisí« eLî ÃiyiknahL Éiykâ¥g®; bfhŸS« ru¡if¤ jh« bfhL¡F« bghU£L Äifahf¡bfhŸsh®; bfhL¡F« bghUisí« jhªjh« th§F« bghUS¡F¡Fiwa¡ bfhlh®. ïyhg¤ij btËahf¢ brhšÈ É‰g®'' .(g£od¥ghiy)

1. bghiwkÈ fGij beL Ãiu jæïa âUªJ thŸ tat®. (mf«. 89)


``tÂf®, kiyÆl¤jî« flÈl¤jîkh»a bghUŸfiscyf¤jt® EfU«go bfhL¡FÄaš òilnah®. mt® khÂ¡f«,K¤J, rªjd« M»at‰iw¥ ãwehLfË‰ bfh©L br‹W É‰g® ngh®brŒjÈ‹ m«òfŸ ij¤j ò©fŸ M¿a jG«òfŸ mt®fŸkh®ãl¤nj fhz¥gL«. mt® Milia ïW¡»íL¤J miu Æl¤Jcil this¢ brU»ÆU¥g®. ÉšÈl¤J m«ig it¤J¡ F¿j¥ghkš vŒí« tÈíila®; KUfntis¥ nghy¡ ifÆl¤njntiy¥ ão¤âU¥g®; ahid jªj¤jh‰ brŒj ciw íila thistÇíila ehlhÉdh‰ f£o¤ njhË‰ ö§fÉ£L¢ bršYÄašãd®; brU¥ò¤ bjh£l fhÈd®; r£ilÆ£l nkÅa®; gyh¥gH§fŸ nghy x¤j fdkhf¢ nr®ªj ÄsF _£ilfis¡ fGijfËny‰¿ mt‰¿‹ g¡f¤nj fhtyhf¢ bršYŠ bryÉd®''. (bgU« gh©)

`tÂf®, r§f Ãâia¥ bg‰wt® ngh‹w bršt®. Fâiu kU¥ò«,bgWj‰fÇa beU¥òÄG« ehf¤â‹ kÂí«, á§f¥ ghY«, bjŸËaâiuíila flÈl¤J _¥ãšyhj njî¡fŸ filª bjL¤jmGjK«, nt©LkhÆD« nghŒ¥ bgW« mÇa g©l§ fisíila tÂf® åâ. (cjaz‹ fij)

tÂf®, mÂ¤jÂ¤jhíŸs gy kiyfis¡ f©lh‰ngh‹wdî«, gUªJ ïis¥gh¿ÆUªJ ã‹ cau¥ gw¡F«j‹ikíiladî«, gybjhÊš kh£áik¥g£ldîkh»a ešyïšy§fËš, kiyÆl¤jî«, Ãy¤âl¤jî« ÚÇl¤jîkh»a gyg©l§fis¡ FÉ¤J, mt‰iwí«, ãw njr¤âÅ‹W§ bfhz®ªjK¤J, bgh‹, kÂ M»at‰iwí« É‰g®. (kJiu¡ fhŠá)

ït®fŸ âiuflnyhoí« âuÉaÛ£LÄašãd®. `èhthŒfÉœªj ehŒf‹nghš'' (cjaz‹ fij)

``_ªÚ® tH¡f« kfc^nthošiy'' v‹D« bjhšfh¥ãa¢N¤âu¤jhš jÄœk¡fŸ ku¡fy nk¿¢ br‹W« bghUç£odh®fŸvd És§F»‹wJ.

ntshs®`cHÉ¤bjhÊiy¡ if¡bfh©nlh® ntshs® vd¥g£ld®.

cGJ©nlh®, cGÉ¤J©ngh® vd ïtUŸ ïu©L tif.cGJ©nlh® åœ§Fo cHt® vd¥g£ld®. ntsh© k¡fË‹ca®it¤ âUtŸStU«, f«gU« nt©oa msî vL¤J¡T¿ÆU¡»‹wd®.

``nru nrhH gh©oaU« á‰wur®fS« ntsh© tÄr¤âšnjh‹¿at®fŸ. á¿a Ãy§fisíila uhÆndh® åœ§Fo cHtbud¥g£ld®. ïjdhš k‰iwa ntsh© k¡fŸ bršt®fshí«

e.á. fªijah 55

bgÇa Ãy§fŸ cilat®fshí« ïUªjh®fbs‹W« És§F »‹wJ.fÇfhy‹ mWthsiu bt‹W, mt® eh£il¤ jdJ njr¤njhLïiz¤jnghJ, bt‰¿ bfh©l Ãy¤ij ntsh© ãuò¡fS¡F¥gF¤jË¤jh‹. m¥ ãuò¡fŸ tÊÆš tªnjh® bgU ÃyKilauhŒ,M§»y murÇ‹Ñœ áW rÛ‹jh®fsh ÆU¡»‹wd®. mt®fŸï¥bghGJ KjÈkh®, v‹wiH¡f¥gLt®, KjÈah® v‹gj‰F Kj‰rhâ v‹gJ bghUŸ. bjY§F eh£il bt‹w ntsh© FL«g§fŸntŸkh v‹wiH¡f¥gL»‹wd®. m§FŸs bgÇa rÛ‹jh®fŸï‹W« ntŸkh kuãdnu. ntshs® f‹dl njr¤âš btŸshsgu«giuia¤ jhã¤J¥ gy ü‰wh©Lfshf M£á òÇªjd®.ntshs® f§if Fy¤jt®, f§if tÄr¤jt® v‹W«miH¡f¥g£ld®. ntshs® mâfkhf thœ»‹w ikNÇ‹ xU gFâg¤jhtJ, gândhuhtJ ü‰wh©oš f§fhtâ v‹ wiH¡f¥g£lJ.xÇrhit M©l ï‹bdhU gu«giu f§if tÄr« vd¥g£lJ.(1800 tUl§fS¡F K‰g£l jÄH®)

``k‹d® ã‹ndhbu‹wikah‹ KoíilnahU« KoÆšyhnjhU«, cGÉ¤J©nghU«, cGJ©nghUbkd k‹dU«,ntshsU« gy bu‹wh®. `ntsh© khªj®¡F ntªJ ÉL' v‹D«kuãa‰ N¤âu§fsh‹ ntshs® ïUtifba‹g. murnuîªâwkhtd gift® nkY«, ehL fh¤j‹ nkY«, rªJ brŒÉ¤j‹nkY«, bghUŸ tUthŒ nkYkh«. mtUŸ cGÉ¤J©ngh®k©oy kh¡fS«, j©l¤ jiytUkhŒ¢ nrhHeh£L¥ ãlñU«mGªöU«, eh§TU«, ehñU«, MyŠnrÇí«, bgUŠá¡fY«,tšyK§ »HhU« KjÈa gâÆ‰nwh‹¿ ntbsdî« mubrdî«cÇik baŒândhU«, gh©oa eh£L¡ fhÉâ¥g£l bkŒâ ndhU§FW§Fo¥ ãwªnjh® KjÈnahUkhŒ, Koíil ntªj®¡Fk¡f£bfhil¡F cÇa ntshsuhF«. ïU§nfhnt©khdU§fo¥ãlñ® vdî«, MyŠnrÇ kÆªj}U©nfÂ Únuhbu¥ngh‹'vdîŠ rh‹nwh® brŒí£ brŒjh®. cUt« g~nw® ïsŠ nr£br‹Å mGªö® ntËil kf£nfhlY« mt‹ kfdh»a fÇfh‰bgUts¤jh‹ eh§T® ntËil kf£nfhlY§ TWt®. (e¢ádh®¡»Åa®)

``tiyP® K‰w¤âš Û‹ãwG«. ïiw¢á É‰gh® K‰w§fËšÉy§FfŸ âÇí«. ntsh© k¡fŸ ï›thW ÛD«, Éy§F« j«ik¡bfhšth® K‰w§fËš mŠrhJ brU¡»¤ âÇí«go mt®fËl¤âÅ‹W« bfhiy¤ bjhÊiy¥ ngh¡Ft®; njî¡fis tÊgLt®.ahf§fis¥ g©Â mt‰whš mñâfis mt® EfU«gobrŒt®.ešy vUJfnshL gR¡fis X«òt®; bgÇa ò©Âa§fis¢brŒt®; mt‰iw¢ brŒa kh£lhjh®¡F¤ jhdŠ brŒt®; jh«ÉisÉ¤j bešiy czthf¡ bfhL¥g®. tisªj nkÊíila


ntsh© k¡fŸ ï›thW jUk§fŸ òÇí« e‹bdŠ Rilnah®.(g£od¥ghiy) ntshs® v‹gj‰F cgfhÇfŸ v‹gJ bghUŸ``ïUªnjh¥ã ïšthœtbjšyh« ÉUªnjh«ã ntsh©ik brŒj‰bghU£L'' v‹D« Fwshš mjid m¿f. mt®fŸ bgU«ghY« C‹òáahjt®fŸ vd¤ bjÇ»‹wJ.

nknyh®mªjz®, mur®, tÂf®, ntshs® v‹D« ehštU« nknyh®

v‹W«, Vndh® ÑnHh® v‹W« gHªjÄœ üšfŸ TW« ïJ,

``nknyh® Kiwik ehšt®¡F KÇ¤J'' v‹Dª bjhšfh¥ãa¢N¤âu¤jhš eÅ És§F«. nk‰go N¤âu¤J¡F nknyh® v‹WmiH¡f¥gL«. Kiwik ehšt®¡F« cÇ¤J v‹gJ bghUŸ. ntWbghUŸ TWjš bghU¤jkhf¤ bjÇaÉšiy. ``nknyh® _t®¡F¥òz®ªj fuz« - ÑnHh®¡fh»a fhyKK©nl'' v‹D« f‰ãa‰N¤âu¤ij vL¤J¡ bfh©L, nknyh® vd¥g£nlh®. mªjz® mur®tÂf® v‹D« _tbu‹W«, ÑnHh® vd¥g£nlh® ntshs bw‹W«TWthUKs®. ïJ nk‰go N¤âu¤J¡F¥ ãiHahf¥ bghUŸbfh©likahš ne®ªj ïl®ghnlah«. nknyhuh»a mªjz®,mur®, tÂf®, ntshs® v‹D« _t®¡F tF¤j fuz«ÑnHh®¡fh»a fhyK©L v‹gnj m¢ N¤âu¤â‹ br«bghUshF«.ehštU« nknyhbudgoD« mªjziu¢ áw¥ghf ca®ªnjh® vd¡TWjš kuò. ``XjYª öJ« ca®ªnjh® nkd'' v‹gâš ca®ªnjh®v‹gJ áw¥ghf mªjziuna F¿¡»‹wJ.

ÑnHh®gytif¡ if¤bjhÊš òÇnthU«, VtšòÇnthU«, gu«giu

ahf¤ bjh©LòÇnthU« ÑnHh® vd m¡ fhy¤J tH§f¥ bg‰wd®.``monah® gh§»D« Éidty gh§»D«'' v‹D« bjhšfh¥ãa¢N¤âu¤jhš ïJ És§F«. monah® vd¥g£nlh® gu«giuahf¤bjh©L òÇnthnuah«. ït®fŸ MÇa tF¥ãdÇ‹ N¤âutF¥ãdiu X¤jt®fŸ Mfyhbkd¡ fUj ïlK©L.

mªjz® gh®¥gh® v‹ngh® jÄœ k¡fnsmªjz® gh®¥gh® v‹ngh® jÄœk¡fsšy®; MÇak¡fns

v‹D« j¥ghd bfhŸif jÄœeh£oš V‰g£ljdhš gy jiyjLkh‰w§fŸ c©lhÆd bj‹dh£oš MÇa¡ fy¥bg‹gJ bfhŸifmsÉš V‰g£lnj m‹¿ ïu¤j¡ fy¥ãdhš V‰glÉšiy,

xU fhy¤J¢ irt, bgs¤j kj§fŸ bj‹dh£lf¤njgilbaL¤J tªjd. bgs¤j ird üšfŸ tlbkhÊÆš vGj¥g£

e.á. fªijah 57

oUªjikahš, mª üšfis¡ f‰W¥ bgs¤j, ird®fnshL vâ®¤Jthj¥ngh® òÇj‰F¤ bj‹dh£od® rk‰»Uj« gÆšth uhÆd®.rk‰»Uj fšÉ¡F XU fhy¤J ÄFªj kâ¥ò V‰g£oUªjJ. M§»y§f‰w ï¡ fhy¤ jÄH® gy üšfis M§»y bkhÊÆš vGâ tUjšnghynt, ï¡fhy rk‰»Uj É¤Jth‹fŸ nfhÆ‰ »Çia, rka¢rl§F KjÈad ïa‰Wj‰FÇaî« ãwîkh»a üšfis¢rk‰»Uj¤âš vGâ it¡fyhÆd®. fhyfâÆš rk¡ »Uj« flîŸbkhÊ v‹D« bfhŸifí« V‰gLtjhÆ‰W. nfhÆ‰ »Çia, rka¢rl§F M»ad rk‰»UjkahÆd gh®¥gd® rk¡ »Uj¤ij¥gÆ‹wJ«, MÇa® bfhŸiffŸ áyt‰iw¡ if¡bfh© lJ« M»afhuz§fŸ g‰¿ mt® jÄHušyh® v‹W fUj¥gL »‹wdnua‹¿c©ikÆš mt®fŸ jÄH®fns. tl eh£L¥ ãuhkzU¡F«,bj‹dh£L¥ gh®¥gdU¡F« cÇa Mrhu§fŸ bt›ntWãuhkzbu‹gJ ãukhz§'fis¥ gÆ‹wjhš tªj bga®.

ãuhkz, r¤âÇa, itáa, N¤âu® v‹D« eh‹F tUzK«jÄHU¡»ilÆš ïU¡fÉšiy. óûyÂªj mur® itáaiu¥g‰¿í« jÄœ cyf« m¿ahJ (1800 tUl§fS¡F K‰g£l jÄH®)gh®¥gh® v‹gj‰F, nfhÆiy nkyhf¥ gh®¥ngh® v‹gJ bghUŸ.

bkfÞâD« ïªâahî«».K. 321 Kjš297tiuÆš bksÇa rªâuF¥j‹ tlïªâahÉš

M£áòÇªjh‹. ït‹1brÿrR Ã‰nfh‰w® v‹D« »nu¡f murÅ‹òjšÉia kz« brŒâUªjh‹. mt‹ fhy¤âš 2bkfÞâ‹,brYrá‹ rh®ãš ghlÈòu¤âš(g‰dh) j§» ÆUªjh‹. ï¡ »nu¡f®ïªâahití«, ïªâa k¡fisí« g‰¿ vGâíŸsh®. mt® vGâaüš kiwªJÉ£lnjD«, mtuJ üÈÈUªJ giHa rÇ¤âuháÇa®fŸ vL¤jh©l gFâfËš ïªâahit¥ g‰¿a áy tuyhWfŸfhz¥gL»‹wd. mt‰¿‰ Tw¥gL« k¡fŸ XG¡f§fË‰ bgU«ghyhd ïªâa k¡fŸ všnyhU¡F« bghJthÆUªjd v‹WrÇ¤âuháÇa®fŸ T¿ÆU¡»‹wd®. bkfÞâ‹ T¿ÆU¥gJ tUkhW:

ïªâa® vG tifahf¥ ãÇ¡f¥g£oUªjd®. j¤Jtrh¤âu¤âš nj®ªj xU T£l¤âd® Kj‰ rhâahuhf¡ bfhŸs¥g£ld®.k‰iw¡ T£l¤âdiu Él ït®fË‹ bjhif FiwthÆUªjJ.ït®fŸ vrkhduhfnth, ntiy¡fhuuhfnth ïU¡fÉšiy. kWcyf¤J¡FÇa fUk§fis všyh« mt®fŸ e‹F m¿ªâUªjh®fbsd k¡fŸ e«ãdh®fŸ. Mfnt , k¡fŸ ït®fis¥ ãz¢rl§FfŸ òÇtj‰F« cÇa fhy§fËš flî£ gÈia¢ brY¤J

1. Selecus Nikotor 2. Megasthenes


j‰F« miH¤jh®fŸ. ï›tifahd »Çiafis¢ brŒtj‰F¥ gâšcgfhukhf ït®fŸ ÄFªj bghUis¥ bg‰wd®. bghJ k¡fŸït®fshš bgÇa e‹ikfis milªjd®. M©o‹ Mu«g fhy¤njk¡fŸ To ïU¥gh®fŸ. m¥nghJ ït®fŸ m›th©oš ÃfHïU¡F« ãÂ, gŠr«, fh‰W, kiH M»at‰iw m¿É¥ gh®fŸ.ït‰iw m¿ªJ¡ bfh©l murD« k¡fS« ÃfH ïU¡F«J‹g§fS¡F Ma¤jkhÆUªjd®. jh« T¿a tU§fhy gy‹fË‰bghŒ¤j j¤Jt rh¤âÇfŸ jkJ MíË‹ ÄFâ¡ fhy¤ij Ãfœfhygy‹fis¡ TwhJ bksdkhf¡ fÊ¤jd®.

(jÄœ üšfËš _‹W fhyK« cz®ªnjh® vd¡ Tw¥gL«m¿t® v‹D« FGÉdnu ïtuhjš TL«)

ït®fS¡F mL¤jgoÆYŸnsh® V®¤ bjhÊY¡ FÇnahuht® ït®fŸ k‰wt®fËY« Toa bjhifÆduh ÆU¡»‹wd®. ït®ngh® KjÈa bghJ¡ fUk§fS¡FÇa fhy¤ij¤ jÉu Ûâ neu«KGtijí« Ãy¤ij¥ g©gL¤â¥ gÆÇLtâ‰ bryÉL»‹wd®.eh£o‹ ÛJ gilbaL¤J tUnth® ït®fis¤ J‹òW¤Jt âšiy.bghJ e‹ik¡FÇat®fŸ v‹D« v©z¤âdhš ït®fŸ všyhmgha§fËš Ã‹W« fh¥gh‰w¥gL»‹wd®. giftuhšmÊ¡f¥glhjdî« ÄFªj Éisit¡ bfhL¥gtDkh»a Ãy§fË‹ga‹ eh£Lk¡fË‹ czî¡F¥ nghJkhdjhÆUªjJ. ït®fŸFL«g§fnshL eh£ilna jk¡F ciwÉlkhf¡ bfhŸt®. efuthœ¡ifia ït®fŸ ÉU«òtâšiy. ïªâah ehL KGikÆYKŸs Ãy« murD¡F¢ brhªjkhdJ. k¡fŸ vtnuD« brhªjkhfÃy« it¤âU¡f mDkâ¡f¥gLtâšiy. Ãy tÇia¤ jÉuÉisÉ‹ ehËbyh‹W« murD« FÇajh ÆUªjJ.

_‹wh« goÆYŸnsh® ïila®. ït®fŸ bgU«ghY«MLkhLfis nkŒ¥gt®. ït®fŸ eh£oyhtJ efu§fËyhtJÃiyahf thHhJ, Tlhu§fË‹ Ñœ¤j§»d®. nt£ilahoí«bgh¿it¤J« J£l Éy§Ffis¥ ão¤jd®.

ehyhtJ goÆYŸnsh® á‰ãfŸ. ït®fË‰ áy® Míj§fis¢ brŒjd®. áy® gÆÇLnthU¡F«, ãwF¡F« nt©oafUÉfis¢ brŒJ bfhL¤J mt®¡F¤ Jizahf ïUªjd®.

IªjhtJ goÆYŸnsh® gilah£áfŸ. ït®fŸ ngh®brŒí« KiwfË‰ gÆ‹¿Uªjd®. bjhifasÉš ït®fŸ ïu©lhtjhf ïUªjd®. nghÇšyhj fhy§fËš ït®fŸ bghGJngh¡FfËY«, nrh«òjd¤âY« fhy¤ij¥ ngh¡»d®.

e.á. fªijah 59

MwhtJ goÆYŸnsh® f©fhÂkh®. fh£oš el¥gt‰iwvšyh« m¿ªJ, murD¡F¢ brhšYtJ ït®fS¡F ntiyahÆUªjJ. mur‹ ïšyhj ïl§fËš Ãaha« tH§F« mâfhÇfËl¤J m¿É¥gh®.

VHhtJgoÆYŸnsh® bghJ¡ fUk§fËš MnyhridTW« T£l¤âduht®. k‰wt®fŸ všnyhiuí« Él ït®fŸ áWT£l¤âd®. ca®ªj XG¡f¤J¡F«, m¿î¡Fkhf ït®fŸ kâ¡f¥gL»wh®fŸ. murdJ bgh¡»õrhiy ntiy¡F« murD¡FMnyhrid TWtj‰F« ï¡ T£l¤âÅ‹Wjh‹ áy® bjÇªbjL¡f¥gL»‹wd®. gil¤jiytD« jiyik Úâgâí« ï› tF¥ig¢nr®ªjt®fns.

ïªâa murh§f« ï›thW ãÇ¡f¥g£oU¡»‹wJ. j¤j«T£l¤ij¡ flªJ, kz§fŸ brŒJ bfhŸs vtU« mDkâ¡f¥gLtâšiy. jkJ tF¥ò¡FÇajšyhj bjhÊš òÇtj‰F« xUtU«mDkâ¡f¥glÉšiy. cjhuzkhf¥ ngh® åu‹ xUnghJ«gÆÇLnthdhŒ tuKoahJ. á‰g‹ m¿tdhŒ (j¤Jtrh¤âÇtuKoahJ).1ïªâa k¡fË‹gH¡f tH¡f«

ïªâa k¡fŸ všnyhU« br£lhd thœ¡ifíila®.áw¥ghf¡, Tlhu§fËš j§F« nghJ ï›th¿Uªjd®. xG§f‰wT£l§fis mt®fŸ btW¤jd®. Mfnt XG§fhf elªJ bfhŸt®.fsî á¿jhf ïUªjJ. rªâuF¥jÅ‹ Tlhu¤âš 400,000 k¡fŸj§»dh®fŸ. v¥nghjhtJ 200 2owhk¢R¡F mâfkhf¡ fsîelªjjhf¡ Tw¥glÉšiy. mt®fS¡FŸ vG¤J _y« r£l§fŸ»ilahJ.

mt®fŸ vG¤ij¥ g‰¿m¿ah®. bfhL¡fš th§fšfŸPhgf¤ij¥ bghW¤âUªjd. Ml«guÄšyhj thœ¡if el¤âdnghJ« mt®fŸ k»œ¢áíl‹ ïUªjd®. ahf§fËy‹¿mt®fŸkJ mUªjÉšiy. kJ, bešÈUªJ to¡f¥g£lJ. mÇáÆdhšM¡»a fŠá mt®fË‹ K¡»a czthÆUªjJ. mt®fsJ r£l§fis¡ ftÅ¡F«nghJ mt®fŸ mUikahf tH¡F¡F¢ br‹wh®fbsd¤ bjÇ»wJ. bfhL¡fš, th§fš xUt® xUtÇl¤â‰ bfh©le«ã¡ifia¡ bfh©L eilbg‰wikahš g¤âu§fŸ vGjglÉšiy. mt®fŸ btËna br‹wnghJ å£ilí« å£oYŸsbghUŸfisí« fh¥gj‰F vtiuí« ÃW¤jÉšiy. mt®fŸv¥bghGJ« jÅikahfnt cztUªâdh®fŸ. všnyhU« ï‹d

1. kfÞjÅÞ T¿ago

2. 66.5 jhÅa vil


neu¤âš cztUªj nt©L« v‹D« ÃaâÆU¡fÉšiy. gábfh©l neu§fËš x›bthUtU« c©ld®.

cl«ig ciuŠRtijna mt®fŸ áwªj cl‰gÆ‰áahf¡fUâd®. mj‰fhf¥ gyKiwfŸ ifahs¥g£ld. mG¤jkhdfU§fhÈ cUisfis cl«ãš mG¤â cU£Ltnj mt‰WŸáwªjJ. mt®fË‹ rkhâfŸ Ml«guÄ‹¿¢ rhjhuzkhf ÆUªjd.rkhâ¡F nkš k©iz¡ bfh£onkL c©lh¡f¥g£lJ. mt®mHifí« Mguz§fisí« ÉU«ãd®. cilfŸ bgh‹ÅdhšmyfÇ¡f¥g£oUªjd. Mguz§fËš tÆu§fS« Éis ía®ªjf‰fS« mG¤j¥g£oUªjd. óntiy brŒj ršyh¤ JÂfis mt®cL¤âd®. gÇthu§fŸ mt®fË‹ ã‹dhš Fil ão¤J¢ br‹wd®.c©ikí«, òfG« ngh‰w¥g£ld. ÉntfÄšyhj Kâat®¡FÉnrl cÇikfŸ bfhL¡f¥glÉšiy.

mt®fŸ gy bg©fis kzªjd®. mt®fŸ xU nrhovU¤ij¥ bg©fS¡F Éiyahf¡ bfhL¤J bg‰nwhÇlÄUªJth§F »‹wd®. áy® jk¡F thœ¡if¤ Jiz nt©Lbk‹W kzŠbrŒ»‹wd®.

gy® ï‹g¤â‰fhî«, åLfŸ gy FHªijfshš Ãu¥òtj‰fhfî« kzŠ brŒ»‹wd®. ahfrhiyfËY«, flî£óirfËY« XUtU« KomÂaÉšiy. gÈÆL« Éy§FfŸbt£o¡ bfhšy¥glÉšiy. _¢ir¥ ão¤J¤ âU»¡ bfhšy¥g£ld.

bghŒ¢ rh£á brhšnthD¡F¡ fLªj©l« Éâ¡f¥g£lJ.xUtdJ cW¥ò¡F¥ g§f« Éis¤jtdJ mnj cW¥ò bt£l¥g£lJ, ifí« bt£l¥g£lJ. á‰ãÆ‹ f©iz mšyJ ifiaïšyhk‰ brŒjt‹ bfhiy brŒa¥g£lh‹.

murDila cÆ®, bg©fË‹ ifÆš ïUªjJ. m¥ bg©fŸjhŒ jªijaÇlÄUªJ Éiy¡F th§f¥g£lt®fsht®. thÆY¡FbtËna fhtyhsU«, ngh® åuU« fhtš òÇªjd®. mur‹ kJî©lka¡f¤âš ïU¡F« nghJ mtid¡ bfhšY« bg© ïÅtU«murD¡F kidÉah»‹whŸ. mur‹ gf‰fhy¤J¤ JÆš bfhŸsh‹.jd¡F khwhf el¡f¡ Toa râfS¡F¥ gaªJ mt‹ mo¡fo jdJgL¡ifia kh‰WtJ©L. ngh®¡ fhy§fËš kh¤âukšyhJtH¡FfS¡F¤ Ô®¥gË¤j‰F« mt‹ btËna brš»‹wh‹. ÚâbrY¤J« ïl¤âš mt‹ KG neu¤ijí« bryÉL»wh‹. mªneu¤âš eh‹F ntiyah£fŸ mtdJ cl«ig khcUisfshšciuŠR»‹wd®. cUisfshš ciuŠR«nghnj mt‹ tH¡FfisÉrhuiz brŒ»wh‹. nt£ilahLj‰F«, ntŸÉ¢ rhiyfË‰ gÈbrY¤j‰F« mt‹ btËna brš»wh‹. nt£il¡F¢

e.á. fªijah 61

bršY«nghJ bg©fŸ gy® mtid NGªJ Ã‰ »‹wd®.ït®fS¡F¥ òw¤nj <£o jÇ¤j åu® NœªJ Ã‰»‹w d®. åâfË‰fÆWfŸ f£l¥gL»‹wd. fÆW f£l¥g£l ïl¤nj bršY« M©mšyJ bg©Q¡F kuzj©lid Éâ¡f¥gL »‹wJ. nks«,ršyÇ KjÈa th¤âa§fnshL gÇthu§fŸ brš »‹wd. mur‹,tis¤J mil¡f¥g£l ïl¤nj caukhd ïl¤ âš Ã‹Wm«òfis vŒ»wh‹. mtD¡F¥ g¡f¤âš ïu©L mšyJ _‹WMíjª jÇ¤j bg©fŸ Ã‰»‹wd®. btËahd ïl§fËšnt£ilahL« nghJ mt‹ ahidÆ‹ m«ghÇ ÛâUªJ m«òfisvŒ»‹wh‹. bg©fŸ áy® nj® ÛJ« áy® Fâiu ÛJ«, áy® ahidÛJ« brš»‹wd®. nghU¡F¢ brštij x¥g mt® gy Míj§fis¤jh§»¢ brš»‹wd®.

murh§f mik¥òmurh§f c¤ânahf¤jÇ‰ áy®, rªijfisí«, áy®

uhQt¤ijí«, áy® efu¤ijí« nk‰gh®¡»‹wd®, áy® MW tÊahfÃy§fS¡F Ú®¥ ghŒ¢Rtijí«, áy® Ãy msitfisí« áy®M‰¿‹ á¿a fhšthŒfshš Ú® bršY« kilfisí«f©fhÂ¡»‹wd®. áy® ÉwF bt£Lnth®, j¢R ntiy, bfhšntiy, Ru§f ntiy KjÈad òÇnthiu nk‰gh®¤J tÇ j©L»‹wd®. ït® åâfisí« mik¡»‹wd®. öu¤ijí«, »is¥ghijfisí« m¿É¡F« ö©fŸ ikY¡bfh‹whf el¥gL »‹wd.

efuM£á, MW rigÆduhš el¤j¥gL»‹wJ. Kj‰ ãÇÉd®if¤bjhÊš r«gªjkhd všyht‰iwí§ f©fhÂ¥g®. ïu©lh tJãÇÉd® ãw fhLfËÅ‹W« tUnthiu¡ ftÅ¤J, mt®fŸj§Fj‰nf‰w trâfis¥ òÇ»‹wd®. m¥ òâat®fS¡F¤ Jiz ahfïU¥ngh® mt®fË‹ ngh¡if¡ ftÅ¤J mâfhÇfS¡Fm¿É¡»‹wd®. ãw eh£lt®fŸ ïw¡f ne®ªjhš mt®fË‹cilikfŸ cwÉdÇl« nr®¥ã¡f¥gL»‹wd. ïwªjt®fË‹ãz§fŸ òij¥ã¡f¥gL»‹wd. _‹whtJ ãÇÉd®, eh£ošV‰gL« ïw¥ò, ãw¥ò¡fis¡ ftÅ¡»‹wd®. ca®ªjt® jhœªjt®v‹w ngjÄ‹¿ všnyhU¡»ilÆY« V‰gL« ïw¥ò ãw¥òfŸjtwhkš gâa¥gL»‹wd. ehyhtJ ãÇÉd® rªijfis¡ ftÅ¡»‹wd®. ït®fns ÃiwfS¡F« msîfS¡F« bghW¥ghÆU¡»‹wd®. bghJ k¡fS¡F m¿É¤jã‹ fhy¤â‰ »il¡F«ÉisbghUŸfŸ g»u§f¤âš É‰f¥gL»‹wd. x‹W¡F mâfkhdg©l§fËš thÂfŠ brŒa vtU« mDkâ¡f¥glÉšiy.IªjhtJ ãÇÉd® if¤bjhÊ‰ g©l§fis¡ ftÅ¡»‹wd®. òâag©l§fS«, giHa g©l§fS« bt›ntwhf it¤J É‰f¥gL»‹wd. òâat‰iwí« giHat‰iwí« fyªJ É‰nghU¡F¡ F‰w«Éâ¡f¥gL»‹wJ. MwhtJ ãÇÉd® thÂf¥ bghUŸfË‹


ÉiyÆš g¤âš x‹iw¤ j©L»‹wd®. ï›thW MW ãÇÉdU«flik M‰W»‹wd®. ït® x‹W nr®ªJ bghJ¡f£ol§fË‹ghÉ¥ò, mt‰¿‹ gGJgh®¥ò, g©l§fË‹ Éiy, rªij,JiwKf«, Mya§fŸ M»at‰W¡F¥ bghW¥ghÆU¡»‹wd®.

efÇ‹ Ãaha mâfhÇfŸ ïuhQt¤ij el¤J»‹wd®. ït®fŸIªJ cW¥ãd®fŸ ml§»a MW rigfshf¥ ãÇ¡f¥g£oU¡»‹wd®. x‹W fl‰gil mâfhÇfnshL X¤JiH¡»‹wJ.ïu©lhtJ nghU¡FÇa ïaªâu§fisí«, ngh®åuÇ‹ czití«ãw bghUŸfisí« bfh©L bršY« vUJfisí«, t©ofisí«ftÅ¡»‹wJ. ïJ, ntiyah£fisí«, giwao¥ nghiuí«,ršyÇ¥ nghLnthiuí«, Fâiu¥ghfiuí«, ïaªâu« gGJgh®¥nghiuí«, mt®fË‹ cjÉahsiuí« mË¡»‹wJ.ršyÇfshš brŒa¥gL« Xir¡ F¿¥ig m¿ªJ ntiyah£fŸFâiufS¡F¥ òš bfh©L tU»‹wd®. _‹whtJ ãÇî fhyh£gil¡F« bghW¥gh ÆU¡»‹wJ. ehyhtJ, Fâiu¥gil¡F«,IªjhtJ nj®fS¡F«, MwhtJ ahid¥ gil¡F« bghW¥ghÆU¡»‹wd. muádÇ‹Míjrhiy c©L . x›bthU ngh®åuD«Míj§fisMíjrhiyÆY«, Fâiu mšyJ ahidia ïyha¤âY« É£L¢ brš»‹wh‹. mt®fŸ ahid¡F¡ fothsÄLtâšiy.nj®fis vUJfŸ ïG¤J¢ bršY»‹wd. mit njiu ïG¤J¡fis¤jhš ó£Ltj‰F¡ FâiufŸ g¡fnj el¤â¢ bršy¥gL»‹wd. nj®¥ghfÅ‹ ïu©L g¡f§fËY« x›bthU åu®ïU¡»‹wd®. ngh® ahid ehY åuiu¡ bfh©L brš»wJ. xUt‹ghfD« _t® ngh® brŒnthUkht®.

j¤Jt rh¤âÇfŸkfÞÔdÞ j¤Jt rh¤âÇfis ïUtifahf¥ ãÇ¡»‹wd®.

xU ãÇÉd® 1ãuh¢nk‹ v‹W« k‰w¥ãÇÉd® 2rh®nk‹ v‹W«miH¡f¥gL»‹wd®. ãuh¢nk‹fË‹ bfhŸiffŸ c©ikahfïU¡»‹wikÆ‹ mt® Äfî« kâ¡f¥gL»‹wd®. fU¥g¤âÈUªnjmt®fŸ m¿thËfË‹ ghJfh¥ãš ïU¡»‹wd®. jhÆdJ«FHªijÆdJ« ey¤J¡fhf¢ áy »Çiafis¢ brŒtjhf¥ ghrh§FbrŒJ, m¿thËfŸ mtS¡F nt©oa ò¤âkâfis¡ TW»‹wd®.mt®fË‹ ò¤âkâfis MtnyhL nf£»‹wtš Äfî« mâ£lrhË v‹W fUj¥gL»‹whŸ. ãwªjã‹ FHªij xUtÇ‹ ã‹xUtuhf m¿Éš ca®ªj gyÇ‹ ghJfh¥ãš ïUªJ tU»‹wJ.

j¤Jt rh¤âÇfŸ, tis¤jil¤j eL¤jukhd nrhiyfË‹k¤âÆš tá¡»‹wd® . mt®fË‹ thœ¡if rhjhuzkhdJ; mt®fŸ

1 Brachmanes - ãuhkz® 2. Sarmaanes- ò¤jFUkh®,

e.á. fªijah 63

òš, kh‹ njhš KjÈat‰¿‹ ÛJ gL¡»‹wd®; khÄr«òá¥gâšiy; bg© nghf¤ij btW¡»‹wd®; nf£gj‰F m¿it¡bfhL¡F« gyt‰iw¥ ngRtâš mt®fŸ fhy¤ij¥ ngh¡F»‹w d®.mt®fŸ ngRtij¡ nf£ngh® bksdkhfî« , mikâahfî«ïU¤jš nt©L«. ï› Éâia¤ jh©Lnth® vtuhÆD« ïw¡fÄ‹¿ m¡ T£l¤âÅ‹W« Éy¡f¥gL»‹wd®. ï›thW thG«x›bthUtU« K¥g¤njG M©LfS¡F¥ã‹ j¤j« ïšy§f S¡F¢brš»‹wd®. m¥bghGJ mt®fŸ mH»a ršyh(káÈ‹)Milfis cL¡»‹wd®. ÉušfËš nkhâu§fS«, fhâ‰ F©lyK« mÂ»‹wd®. bjhÊš brŒ»‹w Éy§Ffsšyhj ãwt‰¿‹Cid¥ òá¡»‹wd®. fhukhdJ« mâf« jhË¡f¥ bg‰wJkh»aczit mt®fŸ ÉU«òtâšiy. v¤jid kidÉaiuí« mt®fŸkzªJ bfhŸsyh«. moikfËšyhikahš, Toa bjhifkidÉa®fisí« ãŸisfisí« cilauh ÆU¤jš jk¡FthŒ¥ghF bk‹W v©Q»‹wd®.

ãuh¢nkÅa® rh¤âu c©ikfis¤ j« kidÉaU¡F¢brhšÈ¡ bfhL¥gâšiy. ãwU¡F kiw¡f¥g£l m› î©ikfisbtË¥gL¤â, mt‰¿‹ JŒika¡ bfL¤J ÉLth®fŸ. mšyJc©ik m¿î ÄFªj j«ikÉ£L¥ ãÇªJ ÉLth®fŸ v‹W mt®fŸmŠR»‹wd®. ešy kidÉí«, fztD« Rf J¡f§fis¢ rkkhf¡fUâ thœ¡if el¤J»‹wd®. mt®fŸ mo¡fo ngR« fUk§fËškuz« x‹whF«. ãw¥ig¥ nghy ïw¥ò« tU« v‹W«, mt®fŸrÇ¤âu« TW»‹wJ. kÅjD¡F neU« Rf J¡f§f bsšyh« fdîngh‹w khia v‹W«, ïšyhÉo‹ xU bghUŸ áyU¡F¤J‹g¤ijí«, ntW áyU¡F ï‹g¤ijí« bfhL¡f Koahbj‹W«,xnu bghUŸ bt›ntW fhy§fËš ne® ÉnuhjkhdmDgt§fis¡ bfhL¡f¡ fhuzbk‹d v‹W« TW»‹wd®.

ïa‰if Ãfœ¢áfis¡ F¿¤jsÉš mt®fŸ FiwthdÉs¡fKilat®fshÆU¡»‹wd®. mt®fŸ f£L¡fijfise«ò»‹wd®. Ãaha MuhŒ¢áÆY« gh®¡f¢ rhjidÆš âwikíilat®fshf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd®. mt®fË‹ bfhŸiffŸ,gytifÆš »nu¡f® bfhŸiffnshL x‰WikíiladthŒ¡fhz¥gL»‹wd. »nu¡fiu¥ nghynt mt®fS«, cyf«, X®fhy¤âš c‰g¤âahdbj‹W«, mJ cU©il toÉdbj‹W«,mjid c©lh¡»a flîŸ mj‹ všyh¥ ghf§fËY« br¿ªâU¡»‹whbu‹W« TW»‹wd®. ï› îy»‹ bjhl¡f¤â‰F Kj‰fhuz« c©bl‹W« mJ ÚÇÅ‹W c©lhÆ‰bw‹W«, Ãy«, Ô,Ú®, fh‰W v‹D« eh‹F ój§fisÉl IªjhtJ ój« x‹Wc©bl‹W«, mâÅ‹W« thdK«, å©Û‹fS« c©lhÆd


v‹W« mt® e«ò»‹wd®. óÄ cy»‹ k¤âÆš ïU¥gjhf¡fUj¥gL»‹wJ. gil¥ò cÆÇ‹ ïy¡fz«. ïit ngh‹w gyfU¤J¡fŸ »nu¡f® bfhŸiffnshL x¤âU¡»‹wd.

ïÅ rh®nk‹fËš iAny ãnahŒ' v‹D« ãÇÉd® Äfî«kÇahij brŒa¥gL»‹wd®. mt®fŸ fh£oš thœªJ m§F»il¡F« ïiyfisí«, gH§fisí« òá¡»‹wd®; ku¥g£ilfis¤ ij¤J cilahf cL¡»‹wd®. bg©nghfK«, kJkhÄrK«mt®fS¡F Éy¡F. mur‹ ït®fËl« jd¡F nt©oa öJt®_y« Mnyhridfis¢ brŒ»wh‹; mt®fŸ _y« flîS¡FtÊghL brŒÉ¡»‹wh‹.

ït®fS¡F mL¤jgoÆš cŸnsh® kU¤Jt®. mt®fŸkÅjÅ‹ ïa‰ifia¥g‰¿ MuhŒ¢á brŒ»‹wd®. mt®fË‹ gH¡ftH¡f§fŸ rhjhuzkhdit. mt®fŸ tašfËš tá¥g âšiy.mt®fË‹ czî mÇáí«, thËí«. ït‰iw mt®fŸ vtÇlnkD«nf£L¥ bg‰W¡ bfhŸS»‹wd®. mšyJ, ÉUªjhf¤j§FÄl§fË‰ bgW»‹wd®. ït® jkJ fiyÆ‹ áw¥ghšk»œ¢á¡nf‰w âUkz§fis xG§F brŒt®. ãw¡F« FHªijfŸM© mšyJ bg© v‹W K‹ m¿ªJ brhšYt®. mt®fŸ czîKiwfshš nehia kh‰W»‹wd®. kUªij mUikahf¥ ga‹gL¤J»‹wd®. K¡»akhf¡ ijy§fisí«, ó¢Rfisínk mt®fŸga‹gL¤J»‹wd®. k‰iwa KiwfŸ ïa‰if¡F khWghlhditv‹W TW»‹wd®. ït®fS« ntW áy tF¥ãdU«, ehŸ K‰W«mirahJ xÇl¤âš Ã‰wš ngh‹w gÆ‰áfis¢ brŒ»‹wd®.

ït®fisa‹¿ kªâuÉ¤ij¡fhuU«, jtntl« ó©nlhUÄU¡»‹wd®. ït®fS« ca®ªj âU¤j Kilat®fshf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd®. kW cyf¤ij¥ g‰¿ v©z«, g¤âiaí«, òÅj¤ijí«c©lh¡Fbk‹W mt® TW»‹wd®. ïtUŸ áyÇlÄUªJ bg©fŸrka rh¤âu¤ij f‰»‹wd®.

ghlÈò¤âuh (g‰dh)f§ifah‰¿‹ mfy« 100 1Þuhoah. mj‹ Fiwªj MH« 120

mo. f§fh eâí« ï‹bdhU MW« TLÄl¤âš `gÈngh¤âuh'v‹D« x® ef® ïU¡»wJ. ïj‹ Ús« v‹gJ Þuhoah, mfy«gâidªJ Þuhoah. mJÚ©l rJutothdJ. mij¢R‰¿ku¤âdhš ïl¥g£l mu© c©L. m«òfŸ vŒa¡Toajhf¢RtÇ‹ ïilÆilna Jthu§fŸ brŒa¥g£oU¡»‹wd. RtU¡FK‹dhš mfÊ x‹W ïU¡»wJ. efÇ‹ fÊîÚ® ïjDŸ ÉG»‹wJ.

1 606 mo 9m§GyKŸs x® »nu¡f msit.

e.á. fªijah 65

ï› Él¤âYŸst®fŸ ïªâah KGikÆY« thœgt®fËY«áwªjt®fŸ. mur‹ jdJ FL«g¥ bganuhL gÈngh¤âuh mšyJrªâu nfh¤âuh' v‹D« bgaiu¢ nr®¤J¡ bfhŸs nt©L«.

mfÊfŸ 600 mo mfyK«, 30 KH MHKilad. kâš 570nfhòu§fS«, mWg¤JehY thÆšfS« cilajhÆU¡»wJ.ïªâa® x›bthUtU« Rjªâu thœ¡if íila tuhÆU¡»‹wd®.moikfŸ xUtU« fhz¥glÉšiy.1

1 IndianAntiQuary vol. 6.P, -123-125,131-133,238-239,239-245


3flî£ bfhŸif

âUkhšKšiyÃy k¡fŸ âUkhiy¡ Fy bjŒtkhf¡ bfh©L

tÊg£ld®. âUkhiy¥ g‰¿¡ Tw¥gL« tuyhWfisneh¡FÄl¤J mit f©z‹ tÊghnl v‹W e‹F És§F»‹wJ.ï› tÊghL ghuj¥ nghU¡F¥ã‹ V‰g£lbjd¢ rÇ¤âu MáÇa®TW»‹wd®. Kšiy Ãy k¡fŸ âUkhY¡F¥ gh‰ nrhW bgh§»¥gil¥g®. Ma® ntŒ§FHÿj MŒ¢áa® kha‹ òfœ gho¡FuitahLt®. Fuit ba‹gJ fhkK«, bt‹¿í« bghUshf¡Fuit¢ brŒíŸgh£lhf vGtnuD« x‹gâ‹knuD« ifãiz¤jhLtJ.

gÇghlÈš f©zD«, f©zÅ‹ _¤njh‹ gynjtD«xUtuhf it¤J tG¤j¥gL»‹wd®. gÇghlÈš khnahid¤Jâ¡F« ghlbyh‹iw ciueilÆš jU»‹nwh«.

khnahnd! khnahnd kWãw¥gW¡F« khášyhj átªjghj§fSila ÚykÂ ngh‹W És§Fª njh‰wKila khnahnd!Ãy«, Ú®, Ô, fh‰W, ÉR«ò v‹D« IªJ ój§fS«, ït‰nwhL PhÆW,â§fŸ ntŸÉ Kjšt‹ v‹D« _t® nr®ªj m£l _®¤j§fS«,ââÆ‹ áWtuh»a mRuU«, fhág‹ k¡fsh»a Mâ¤j®g‹ÅUtU«, F‰wk‰w v£L tR¡fS«, gâbdhU cU¤âuU«, jhÉ¢bršY« Fâiu tÆ‰¿‰ ãwªj mRÉÅnjt® ïUtU«, ïakD«mt‹ Vtšnf£»‹w T‰WtU«, x›bth‹W VGtif¥g£l_tif cyfK«, cy»‹ cÆ®fS« Ã‹f© njh‹¿a guªjd® v‹WmÊahj bkŒíila ntjKiu¤jJ. ah« mt‰iwbašyh« TWj‰FcÇakšny khÆD« <©L áyt‰iw¥ ãwH ciu¡»‹nwh«.ntjkh»a jlhf¤JŸ ky®ªj ãukD« mt‹ jhijí« Ú v‹WehtyªÔÉ‹ mªjz® mUkiw òfY«. fhtš fh¤J Ã‹w, mH»aMguzkÂªj mkuiu x£o¡ ft®ªJ tªj mÄ®j¤jhš <‹whdJJ‹g¤ij¡ fisªj òŸËid C®âahf cilnahŒ! m‹idÆ‹Ja®fisªj fUlid vGj¥bg‰w bfhonahŒ! cdJ ghj§fis¤

e.á. fªijah 67

bjhHhjt®fS Ksnuh? FwŸ totkhf cyif ms¡»‹w fhy¤J¡ÑnHGyifí« vŠrhkš msªj moÆid íilnahŒ!všyht‰iwí« vÇ¡»‹w beU¥ò T‰Wt®, Pk‹ , F‰wÄšyhjMÆu§ fâUila Mâ¤j® g‹ÅUt® vd ïtbušyh« x‹WTL«cf ïWâ¡ f© óÄ ÔÆil mÄœªjJ. m¡ fhy¤J« g‹¿ah»mjid kU¥gh‰ bga®¤bjL¤jhba‹W«, ÉR«ãÅ‹W« xGF«òdiy btŸis m‹d¢ nrtyhŒ áw»dhŒ òy¤âdh v‹W« óÄÆYiuí« njtuh»a KÅtU« thd¤J ciuí« K¥g¤J _tU«ÉR«ãÃ‹W Ã‹id¤ Jâ¤J¥ ghLt®. m‹ndh® ghLtJ jk¡FK‹ndhuh»a ghLnthÇ‹ Kiwiana. v« ghlšfŸ jhK«, v«K‹ndh® ghL« KiwÆdnt. Ã‹ bjh‹ik m¿a Koahjj‹ikÆš vk¡F« mt®¡F« nt‰Wik ï‹W.

thRnjnd! gy njtnd! bgh‹Åw nkÅíila fhknd!g¢Rl«òila khny! MŒ¢áanuhL ifnfh¤jhLjÈ‹ mt® FyK«ïlK« MÆndhŒ! m¿a¥glhj kuãndhŒ! m‹guJ ÉlhjÃidÉ‹ f©nzhŒ! khahj Ãiy ng‰iw íilatnd! giHaKiwÆš tªj òjšth! ešy ahGilaghz! tdkhid aÂªjbršt! bt‰¿¢ r§Filatnd! bgh‹Åw¤jhš Ä¡f MiliaíilnahŒ! ty«òÇ¢ r§if¤ jh§»am©zny! k‰nghÇš tšyt!ïy¡FÄÆ‹ ehaf! bgUtÈíila kŸs ! bgÇa cyfª njh‹whjfhy¤J, Ãiwªj btŸs¤â‹ eLnt ãukid¡ bfh©lcªâ¡fkykh»a bghUF£L¤ jhkiuia íilia! Ã‹ r¡funkcyF¡F ÃHyhtJ. (gÇghlš 3)

âUkhY¡F cÆ®¥gÈ bfhL¤J tz¡fŠ brŒa¥g£ljhfv› Él¤J« Tw¥glÉšiy. âUkhš tz¡fK« ntj§fË‰brhšy¥gL« ÉZQ tz¡fK« ntwhdit. ntj§fË‰ brhšy¥gL« ÉZQ NÇaid¡ F¿¡F«. NÇa‹ njh‹¿ c¢á¡F tªJkiwjyh»a _‹¿l§fS« ÉZQÉ‹ _‹W mofbs‹Wbrhšy¥gL«1 át‹ , KUf‹, âUkhš, cik KjÈa tz¡f§fŸjÄœeh£L¡F¢ brhªjkhdit.

KUf‹F¿Šá Ãyk¡f£F¡ flîŸ KUf‹. KUftÊgh£il¥ g‰¿¤

âUKUfh‰W¥gil, gÇghlš KjÈa üšfŸ ÉÇ¤J¡ TW»‹wd.ghku® Kjš PhÅfŸ tiuÆš x›bthUtU« j¤j« m¿î¡Fv£oa tiuÆš KUf¡ flîis¥ gythW tÊg£ld®.

1 Vishnu , the wide-steper explained by Yaskaas thesun who steps from the easternhorizon to thezenith and from the zenith to theborizon andwhose name was probablyderived from Tamil vin, the sky - Stomw agein India .52


âUKUfh‰W¥gilÆ‹ gHKâ® nrhiyÆ‰ Fw¤âa® brŒJ nghªjtÊghnl Äf¥gHikíilaJ. mjid ï› Él¤J¤ jU»‹nwh«.

``nfhÊ¡bfhoia e£L¢ á¿a âizaÇáia¥ ó¡fnshLfyªJ gÈahf¤ öÉ k¿aW¤J C®fŸnjhW« vL¡F« jiyikíila ÉHhÉl¤J KUf¡ flîŸ vGªjUSth®''.

`m‹g® V¤JÄl¤J«, gok¤jh‹ ïiH¤j bt¿ahLfs¤ J«,fh£oY«, bghÊÈY«, mH»a M‰¿il¡ FiwÆY«, MW fËY«,Fs§fËY«, eh‰rªâÆY«, fl«goÆD«, C®¡F eLnt všnyhU«ïU¡F« ku¤joÆY«, m«gy¤âY«, MÔ©L F‰¿ ÆY« KUf¡flîŸ vGªjUSth®. FwkfŸ CU¡F eLnt nfhÊ¡ bfho e£L,m› Él¤ij KUfD¡F¡ nfhÆyhf my§fÇ¤J beŒiaí«,bt©áW fLifí« be‰¿Æl¤nj m¥ã, áW kªâu§ fis Xâtz§FthŸ; tz§» mH»a ky®fis¢ áªâ ïu©L ntWÃwKila Milfis X‹¿‹ nkš x‹whf cL¤J, átªj üiy¡ifÆ‰ fh¥ghf¡ f£o, bt©bgh¿ öîthŸ; öÉ¡bfhG¤j»lhÆ‹ ïu¤j¤njhL fyªj btŸsÇáia¥ gÈahf ï£L¤ jhÅa§fisí« gÈahf¤öÉ¥ gáakŠrnshL rªjd¤ij¤ bjË¤J¡FË®ªj br›tÇ khiyiaí« eªâah t®¤j khiyfisí« XusthŒmirí«go ö¡FthŸ; kiy¥ g¡f¤âYŸs C®fis¥ gáí«,ãÂí« tUªjhkš ïU¡F«go thœ¤JthŸ; e¿a ög§ bfhL¤J,mUÉÆ‹ Xiríila gy th¤âa§fŸ XÈ¡f, átªj ó¡fisí«átªj âidiaí« gu¥ã, KUf‹ tU«go tÊgLthŸ''. (KU fh‰W¥gil)

``bgÇa nghÇl¤J¢ Nug‹khit¡ »isnahL mÊ¤j Rl®ÉL»‹w nt‰gilíilnahŒ! fiwÆšyhj fh®fhy¤J bt© nkf«vGªjhy‹d e¿a m»š KjÈat‰¿‹ òifia ÉU«ãndhŒ!MWKfK«, g‹Åu©L njhSKilahŒ mH»‰ ãwiu bt‹wtŸËaJ ey¤ij eaªnjhŒ ãÇªj fzt® Û©L tªJ òz®ªJ, ã‹Ú§fhJiwj‰ bghU£L tu« nt©o kfË® ahiH Û£L Ã‹id¥ghL»‹w gh£il ÉU«ãndhŒ! ãwªj Ph‹nw Ã‹id vâ®¤Jïªâu‹ Kjyh»a njt® mŠáa Ãw¥òilnahŒ ïUãw¥ãidí«m¥ ãw¥gh‹ tªj ïu©L ehk¤âizí«, ïs»a beŠr¤âizí«, x¥ãšyhj òfÊidíKila mªjzUila itâfXG¡f¤âid¥ bghUªândhŒ! Ã‹idah§fŸ nkÅ mL¤jL¤JtÊgLtj‹ ga‹, m› tÊghLfŸ bk‹nkY« Ã‹ òfÊD«gythUjnyahF«''. (gÇghlš)

fsî¡ fhy¤nj fhjyid ÃidªJ bkÈí§ Fw¢ áWÄiaKUf‹ tU¤âajhf¡ fUâ bt¿ah£blL¥gJ«F‹wthz® tH¡F.

1. KUF bkŒ¥g£l òy¤â nghy¤ jhîò bj¿¡F«. (òw«. 259)

e.á. fªijah 69

bt¿ahL« KUfóir brŒnth‹, nrh‰iw¥ gil¤J¢br«k¿¡F£oaW¤J¢ brªbe‰ bghÇ áj¿ tz§»¢ áWÄÆ‹be‰¿ia¤ jlÉ ÉLjny bt¿ah£blL¥gâ‹ ÉgukhF«1.

tUz‹ flnyhu§fËÈUªj gujt® tiy ts«gl nt©o¥

óuiz¡fhy§fËš kzÈl¤nj Rwh¡nfhL e£L bt©lhËkyiu¢ No Mo tUzid tÊgLt®.

MÇaUila rka¡ bfhŸiffŸ bjhl¡f¤âš ef®fËy‹¿¥ãwÉl§fË‰ guÉÆU¡Fbk‹W bfhŸs ïlÄšiy MÇaUilatUz tÊghL«, jÄHUila tUz tÊghL« j«KŸ ntWghLilad. ó®tFofsh»a jÄH®fSila tUz‹ v‹D« flî£bgaiu MÇa® j« flîS¡F ï£L tH§»dh®f bs‹gJ Äfî«bghU¤j kh»‹wJ.2

ïªâu‹kUjÃy k¡fŸ gÆ® ts«glnt©o *ïªâuid tÊg£ld®.

ïªâu‹, ïU«ò¤ j©il¡ ifÆš Vªâa flîŸ v‹W brhšy¥gLt‹.

``t¢áu¤ j©l¡if beonah‹ nfhÆY£ngh®¥òW Kur§ fw§f'' (òw«. 241)

ïªâuD¡F¡ bfhona‰¿¤ âUÉHh¡fŸ eilbg‰wd v‹Wáy¥gâfhu«, kÂnkfiy KjÈa üšfshš m¿»‹nwh«. cHt®tašfËš gU¥nghL mÇá ï£L¥ bgh§»a nrh‰iw¥ gil¤J,ïªâuD¡F tÊghL brŒjš bgU«ghY« K‰fhykugh ÆUªjJ.ïªâu‹ v‹D« brhš ïiwt‹ v‹gj‹ c¢rÇ¥ò ntWghbl‹Wg©oj® rtÇuha ãŸis mt®fŸ TWt®. bjhšfh¥ãa¤âš`ntªj‹' v‹D« bganu fhz¥gL»‹wJ. g©ilehŸ k¡fŸ, ÚâmurÅ‹ M£áÆš kiH bgŒ»‹wbjd e«ãdh®fŸ. muridna,k¡fŸ bjŒtkhf¡ bfh©L tÊg£l fhyK©L. ïJ g©il

1 fse‹ »iHªJ¡ f©Â N£otsef® áy«g¥ gho¡ f©Â N£o¤JUt¢ brªâid FUâbahL öcŒKUfh‰W¥ gL¤j îUbfG eLehŸ (mf« 22)

2. The Aryan God.Varuna was probably the God of the Dravidian trible being on theborders of the sea to whom the Aryan Rishis accorded a place in their pantheon[Dravidian India P. 96.]

ntj§fËš tUz‹ mRu‹ vd¥gLjyhY« mRu‹ âuhÉlshjyhY«tUz‹ bj‹dh£L;j bjŒtnk aht‹.


v»¥âa® tuyh‰whš czuyh«. Mfnt, ïiwt‹ tÊghnl ïªâu‹tÊghlhf kh¿‰W v‹W fUj ïlK©L.

bfh‰witghiyÃy k¡fŸ, bfh‰wit¡F vUik, ML KjÈa Éy§F

fis bt£o¥ gÈÆ£Ltz§»d®. bjhšfh¥ãa® bfh‰wit,ghiyÃy¤J¤ bjŒtbkd¡ TwÉšiy. òuhÙf® bfh‰witiackhnjÉahnuhL x‹WgL¤â¡ T¿d®. átr¤â tz¡f« ca®ªjj¤Jt¡ bfhŸifíila k¡fS¡»ilÆnyna fhz¥g£lJ.mt®fS¡F ï› tifahd nfhu tz¡fKÇajhf v›Él¤JŠbrhšy¥glÉšiy. r©ilÆš bt‰¿ia¡ bfhL¥gbjd¡fUj¥g£l ngh®¤ bjŒt« fhyfâÆš átbgUkhÅ‹ r¤âah»acik vd¥ ãiHahf¡ bfhŸs¥g£lJ. âUKUfh‰W¥ gilÆšKUf¡ flîŸ bfh‰wit áWt‹ vd¡ Tw¥gL»‹wd®. òuhzkj«r§f fhy¤J¡F¢ áy ü‰wh©LfS¡F K‹dnu gut¤ bjhl§»É£lJ.

eh‰bgU§ flîs®ef®fËš át‹, âUkhš, gynjt‹, KUf‹ KjÈa bjŒt§

fS¡F Mya§fËÈUªjd. ãw bjŒt§fS¡F« Mya§fŸ ïUªjnghJ«, ïªeh‰ bwŒt§fSnk bgU§flîsuhf tÊgl¥ g£ld®1

ïjid,

V‰Wty DaÇa btÇkU sÆ®rilkh‰wU§ fÂ¢á kÂÄl‰ nwhD§flšts® òÇtis òÇínkÅalš btª ehŠá‰ gid¡bfhonahDk©QW âUkÂ òiuínkÅÉ©Qa® ò£bfho Éwš btŒnahD«kÂkÆ YaÇa khwhbt‹¿¥ãÂKf ñ®â bah© brŒnahDbkdPhy§fh¡F§ fhy K‹ã‰nwhyh fšÈir ehšt®. (òw« 56)

v‹D« òweh}‰whš ïÅJ m¿ayhF«.

áy tÊghnl jÄH®fË‹ Mâ tÊghlhÆUªjJ. Mfnt, jÄœk¡fŸ átbgUkhid KGKj‰ flîshf¡ bfh©L tÊ g£ld®.

1 ãwth ah¡if¥ bgÇnah‹ nfhÆYkWKf¢br›nt sÂâfœ nfhÆY«thštis nkÅ thÈnah‹ nfhÆYÃy nkÅ beonah‹ nfhÆY« (áy¥)

e.á. fªijah 71

Vida flîsiuí« átndhL x‹WgL¤ânah, mšyJr«gªj¥gL¤ânah òuhz§fŸ TW»‹wd.

`ÈjšÉÊ eh£l¤ âiwnah‹ Kjyh¥gâthœ rJ¡f¤J¤ bjŒt Ûwhf''

vd kÂnkfiy v‹D« bgs¤j üÈ‰ Tw¥gLjyhš, átidna všyh¤bjŒt§fS¡F« nkyhf it¤J tÊg£lh bu‹gJ e‹F És§F«.

bkhfŠrjnuhÉš át tÊghL ïUªjbj‹W K‹ndhÇl¤âš És¡f¥g£lJ. átkj« ïªâa ehl‹¿ mbkÇ¡fh,»nu¡f« KjÈa ehLfËY« guÉÆUªjJ. nkhnr, flîsUÉa g¤Jf£lisfis *át‹ khj¤â‹ Mwh« ehŸ btËÆ£lh® v‹Wbrhšy¥gL»‹wJ. nkhnrÆ‹ fhy« ».K. 1500. v»¥ij mL¤jehLfËš irtrka« tH§»a bj‹gj‰F ïJ áwªj MjhukhF«.Äf¥giHa áthyabkh‹W m©ikÆš mbkÇ¡ fhÉšbfhyuhnlh M‰nwhu¤âYŸs óÄÆ‰ f©Lão¡f¥g£lJ. m¢rk óÄ k‰w¤ jiu¥ghf¤âÈUªJ J©o¡f¥g£L ïy£r¡fz¡fhd M©LfshÆU¡f nt©Lbk‹W MuhŒ¢á¡fhu®fUJ»‹wd®. rk óÄ k£l¤jâš Xo¡bfh©oUªj bfhyunlhMW VHhÆu« mo MH¤J¡F Ãy¤ij mÇ¤J¢ br‹¿U¡»wJ.ï›thW Ãfœtj‰F 10,0000 tUl§fŸ ão¤âU¡f nt©Lbkd Ãyüyh® TW»‹wd®. át‹ Mya¤J¡F¥ g¡f¤âYŸs ïl§fŸf©Lão¡f¥g£oU¡»‹wd. átdhya« miu¢ rJu ikYŸsrJukhdJ«, br§F¤jhdJkhd xU kiyÆYŸsJ. ïjid¡ f©Lcyf« ãuÄ¤jJ. m§F¤ Ô¤j£o¡ f‰fsh‰ brŒj m«ò¤ jiyfŸfhz¥g£ld.1

* Thes events occurred on the 6th day of the third month Sivan- Analysis of suriptureHistory P. 7) ``sivan (may) History an `s of the World vol .1.pï383)

Cavalcade Dec,1937 - London

1 ''In september the world was thrilled by the story of the American sientist of whoscaled the `lost word' of Shiva's temple in the Canyon of Arizona. Shiva's templeexplorers found flint arrow head and white footed mice.

cavalcade Dec, 18 - 1937 - London.

In the wild mountainous State of Colorado, seventh largest in America scientist of theW.S.Museum of Natiural Historythree monthsago announced discovery of a lostworld . the focal point . was ~shiva `s Grand Temple a half square mile of solid rockplateau iscloated from the mainland by9000 ft. Cahyous eroded by rivers sime 200/000 years ago. (News Review -london sepy 23-1937 ) ``shiva`s Temple is one of thesurface points which have been leftt highand dry bywater in four sides.conservativeestimates put the date when animal life was cut off from the rest of theworld as at least 100,000 years ago. Times of ceylon sunday illusated June 17-1937.


cÆ®¥gÈghiyÃy k¡fŸ fhË¡F vUik KjÈa Éy§Ffis¥

gÈbfhL¤J tÊg£lh®fbsd m¿»‹nwh«. KUf tÊgh£ošbt¿ah£lhs‹ X® M£L¡F£oia mW¥gJ tH¡fkhÆUªjJ.KUf‹ ciwtJ« , miuÆl¤nj k¿ f£l¥g£lJkh»a fl«igm‹g®fŸ gy tif¥ óir¥bghUŸfSl‹ br‹W tÊg£lh®fbsd¥ 1gÇghlÈ‰ Tw¥gL»‹wJ. k¿ mW¡F« tH¡f«, âU¥gu§F‹w« ngh‹w My§fËš k¿ia fl«g ku¤â‹ miwÆš f£L«tH¡fkhf kh¿‰W v‹W fUj ïlK©L. k¿ f£l¥gL« fl«ngjÄH® ntŸÉfË‹ ôgkhf kh¿ÆU¤jš TLbkd¡ fUj ïlK©L.bj‹dh£L mur® brŒJ nghªj ntŸÉfŸ tleh£lhÇ‹ahf§fnsh vd¢ rªnj»¡f ïlK©L. jÄHuJ ntŸÉ¢ rhiy fËškh‹JŠr« v‹W brhšy¥gL»‹wJ.2 jÄH® brŒJ nghªj ntŸÉv‹gJ xkF©l¤âš beŒ brhÇªJ bghÇöÉ¢ brŒa¥ gL«Xk¡»ÇiaahF«. XkF©l§fËš ts®¡f¥gL« _tif m§»fS«átbgUkhÅ‹ _‹W f©fsh»a NÇa‹, rªâu‹, m¡»Å v‹D«xËíil¥ bghUŸfis¡ F¿¥gdthF«. át bgUkhDila _‹Wf©fS« jÅ¤jÅ tÊgl¥g£ld v‹W áªJeâ¥ gŸs¤jh¡»‰fhz¥g£l K¤âiufË‰ bgh¿¡f¥g£ oU¡»‹wd v‹W bAhÞghâÇah® TW»‹wh®. g¤J¥gh£L KjÈa r§f üšfËšbrhšy¥gL« ntŸÉfŸ v‹gd ï› tifÆdnt. MÇa® tUif¡FK‰g£l jÄHÇ‹ bfhŸiffis mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©blGªjMfk§fËš ï› tifahd ntŸÉfns brhšy¥gL»‹wd. jÄH®I«bgU« ahf§fshf¡ bfh©lt‰WŸ, ãukahf«,ntjnkhJjY«, njtahf«, xk« ts®¤jY«, khDlahf«ÉUªnjh«gY«, ãâ®ghf« Ú®¡fld‰w Y«, ójahf« gÈpjY«MF«.

r§f üšfËš átbd‹D« bga® fhz¥glhikahš áttÊghL ã‰g£lbjd¢ áy® fUâd®. g©ilwhËš flîË‹ bgaiu btË¥gl¢

brhšYjY«. vGjY« tH¡»šiy, ï«kuò g‰¿na flîË‹ bga®fŸ

_ykªâubkd ïufáakhf it¤J¥ ngh‰w¥gL »‹wd. ghyÞÔd eh£oš

nanfhÉ‹ bgaiu btË¥gl¢ brhšgtU¡F kuzj©lid ngh‹w

j©lidfŸ ïUªJ tªjd. nanfhth v‹D« bgaU¡F¥ gâš ntW bga®

vGj¡ ifahs¥g£lJ. bgÇat®fis¥ bga® brhšÈ miHahik

ah»aÉHF ï‹W« ekJ eh£oš c©L.

1 gÇ 17

2 áWjiy ešÉ¥ bgU§f© kh¥ãiz

aªâ aªjz uU§fl ÅW¡FK¤Ô És¡»‰ WŠR« (òw« 2)

e.á. fªijah 73

Mfk§fS« , ntj§fS« ne®Énuhjkhd üšfŸ v‹gij¢rÇ¤âuháÇa®fŸ všyhU« x¥ò¡bfhŸ»‹wd®. Mfk§fS«,ntj§fS« ïiz¡f¥g£l òuhz¡fhy¤J¤ jÄH®, MÇa®bjŒt§fsh»a ïªâu‹, tUz‹, m¡Å KjÈa bjŒt§fis¤â¡F¥ghyfhuhf¡ bfh©lik ftÅ¡f¤j¡fJ. ôg«, ahf« KjÈabrhšbyh‰Wikfis¡ bfh©L jÄH® brŒJ nghªjd. MÇauJahf§fisna ahbkd¤JÂjš TlhJ. gRî¡F thíiwbfhL¤jiy¤ jÄœ eh£lt® áwªj ò©Âakhf¡ fUâd® ïjid,

`àht®¡F khÄiw t‰bfhU g¢áiy aht®¡Fkh« gRÉ‰ bfhUthíiw aht®¡Fkh K©Q«nghbjhU if¥ãoaht®¡Fkh« ãw®¡ »‹Diujhnd.

vd Mfkrhuhkh»a âUkªâu¤JŸ âU_y® T¿ÆU¡»‹wh®. jÄH® jkJntŸÉfËš ôgkh»a j¿Æš gRit¡ f£o¥ òšY« bfhL¤jh®fŸ vd¡ TWjšV‰òil¤J, `gw¥ig¥ gL¤bj§F« gR nt£L vÇnah«ò« áw¥g®'' vd¢ r«gªj_®¤âRthÄfŸ T¿a njthu¤âš gRnt£L v‹gj‰F ïJnt bghUŸ. nt£lš v‹gj‰FX«gš v‹gJ bghUŸ . ï‹W« kz¡»ÇiafË‹ KoÉš kz« gªjUŸ gRit¡bfhz®ªJ thíiw bfhL¤jY«, òJkid¥ ãuntrfhy¤J¥ gRit mjD£f£othíiw bfhL¤jY« tH¡fkhÆU¡»‹wd.

ï¡ fhy« knfRuóir v‹D« bgaUl‹ eilbgWtnjm¡fhy¤ jÄH® ntŸÉahÆU¤jš TL«. knfRu óirÆ‹ áw¥ig¤âUkªâu« áw¥ghf¡ TW»‹wJ. tŸStdhU« ÉUªnjh«giy¥ghuh£o¡ TW»‹wd®. ntŸÉ KoÉš gyU¡F¢ nrhwË¤jštH¡fhÆUªjJ.* jÄœ mur® òÇªj ahf§fËš Éy§Ffistij¤jh®fŸ v‹W v§FŠ brhšy¥glÉšiy. ïuhtz‹ KjÈajÄœ ntªj® MÇauhš ïa‰w¥gL« bfhiy r«gªj¥g£l ahf§fis mÊ¤jh®fŸ v‹nw brhšy¥gL»‹wJ. ïuhtz‹, jhuf‹

``v‹ng Éwfhf miw¢á aW¤â£L¥

bgh‹ ngh‰fdÉš bghÇa tW¥D«

v‹D« âU_y® âUh¡F« f©L ÃidîTu‰ghtJ jÄHuJ ntŸÉí«,MÇauJ ahfK« ntW. jÄHuJ ntŸÉ v‹gj‰F ÉUªbj‹gJbghUŸ.

``gÇªnjh«ã¥ g‰w‰nw bk‹g® ÉUªnjh«ãntŸÉ jiy¥glhjh®

v‹D« Fwshš ïJ e‹Fm¿a¥gL«.

* mU§fo¥ bgU§fhiyÉUªJ‰wÃ‹¿UªnjªJ Ãiy (òw«- 166)


M»nah® Mfk§fË‰ Tw¥gLtJ nghynt Ô ts®¤J¡ flîistÊg£lh®fŸ.

ntj«át‹, KUf‹, âUkhš, gynjt‹ KjÈa bjŒt§fS¡F¤ Jâ

MÇa ntj§fËš ïšiy. ïU¡F ntj¤â‰ brhšy¥gL«cU¤âuD«, átD« xUtušy bu‹W«, ã‰fhy¤J ïUtU«xUtuhf¡ fUj¥g£ld bu‹W«, cU¤âu tÊgh£il¡ TW«ïU¡F ntj¤â‹ g¤jh« k©oy« ã‰fhy¤â‰ nr®¡f¥g£lbj‹W« ntj MuhŒ¢á¡fhu® TW»‹wd®.

KUf‹, át‹, âUkhš, gynjt‹ KjÈa bjŒt§fis¤ jÄœüšfŸ tG¤JÄl¤J `kiwfŸ Ã‹id¤ Jâ¡F«'' v‹W TW»‹wd.ït®fË‹ bga®fns fhz¥glhj MÇa kiwfisna jÄœ¢rh‹nwh® F¿¥ã£oU¡»‹wd® vd¡TWjš v£Lizí«bghUªjhJ.

bjhšfh¥ãa¤âš vG¤JfS¡F kh¤âiu TWÄl¤J`mªjz® kiw¤nj' v‹W« ã¿njhÇl¤J eu«ã‹kiw¤nj v‹W«Tw¥gLjÈ‹ giHa mªjz® kiwfŸ v‹gd g©nzhL gyïa§fis ïa¡»¥ghL« ïir¥ghlšfbsd e‹F m¿ayh«.gÇghlY¡F¥ g© Tw¥g£oU¤jY«, bjhšfh¥ãa¢ brŒíËaYiuÆš cjhuzkhf¡ fh£l¥g£l njtghÂ¢ brŒí£fŸg©nzhL flîis tG¤J« ghlšfshf¡ fhz¥gLjY«,kiwfbsd¡ »s¡f¥g£l jÄœ¥ ghlšfŸ njtghÂ¢ brŒí£fŸngh‹wdthfyh« vd cŒ¤j¿a it¡»‹wd. átbgUkh‹,KUf¡flîŸ, âUkhš, gynjt‹ KjÈa eh‰bgUª bjŒt§fŸ nkšï¥ ghlšfŸ ghl¥g£likÆ‹ mit eh‹ kiwvd¥g£oU¤jY§ TL«. Mw§f§fŸ vd¥gLtd m¥ ghl§fis¤jhs« ïuhf§fS¡nf‰g¥ ghL« KiwahÆU¡fyh«.

Mfk§fËš âuhÉl ntj« ghL«go brhšy¥gL»‹wJ.Mfk§fËš ïuhf§fis¡ F¿¡f tH§»a bga®fŸ jÄÊšjh‹ïU¡»‹wd. 1njthu âUthrf§fns âuhÉl ntj§fbsdtH§»dhY«, mt‰W¡F K‹D« âuhÉl ntj§fS©bl‹gj‰F¥ g©fns rh‹W.

jÄœ kj«MÇaÇ‹ tUif¡FK‹ bjhl¡f« jÄH®. átkjK«, irt

á¤jhªj¡ bfhŸifí Kilat®fshÆUªjd®. ``ïªâahÉš cŸskj§fŸ všyht‰WŸS« irt á¤jhªj Phdnk Äf nkyhdJ. ïJáw¥ghf¤ bj‹Åªâahî¡F mšyJ jÄHU¡F¢ brhªjkhdJ.

1 several world of them emloyed in them in describing the Bagas used in singing of theDravida Vedas belong the Tamil language - Elements of HinduIcnography p.56-T.a.GoinathaRao

e.á. fªijah 75

bj‹Åªâa k¡fË‹ bgUikia m¿a ÉU«ò« x›bthUtU«mt® Phd¤ij¥ gÆy nt©L«. irt rka«, MÇaU¡F K‰g£ljÄH®fsJ rka«. ïJ x›bthU jÄHÅ‹ cŸs¤âY«gâªâU¡»wJ. flîŸ, cyf«, cÆ®, Éid KjÈat‰¿‹ j¤Jt¤ijÉs¡F« ïª üšfŸ ïJtiuí« M§»y bkhÊÆš btËtuÉšiy.mª üšfŸ jÄœbkhÊÆš kh¤âu« ïU¡»‹wd 1v‹W lh¡l®ngh¥iga® T¿ÆU¡»‹wh®.

eluhr totkhf¡ flîis tÊgL« Kiw bj‹ÅªâahÉ‰nf cÇaJ. 2IªJ bjhÊšfisí« xU flîns brŒ»wh® v‹D«bfhŸifia ï› tot« cz®¤J»‹wJ.

``njh‰wª JoajÅ‰ nwhíªââaik¥ã‰rh‰¿L k§»Æny r§fhu« - C‰wkhŒ C‹W ky®¥gj¤nj c‰w JnuhjK¤âeh‹w ky®¥gj¤nj ehL''.

1 The saiva siddahutasystem is the most elaborate. influential and mostintrinsicallyvaluable and undoubtedld valuable of allreligions of India. It is peeuliarlythe South Indian and Tamil religion.and must be studied by every une who hoÃs tounderstand the influence of the great south -India people...Saivaism is the oldáehistorical religion of south -India essentiaI existing frompre- aryan times. andholde sway over the hearts of Tamil Úole But this great attemÉ to solve theáoblems of Tamil Úole. But this great attemÉ to solve the áoblems of God. and soul,humanity nature evil suffering. and the unseen world , has never beenexoundedinEnglish. Its text books exisd inTamil only Thiruvasagam Dr. Page.

2. The Worshi of sive as Nataraja for example is a sÃcial oult Úenuliar to south India.The innumerable shcines and images eonneeted with its worshi¿hich as still existingthere áove the áe-emminence and oÇlarity of this from of sivain the south. ``southIndian Brinzes . 47-6. G.o. Gangoly.


4bkhÊ

kÅj‹ MâÆš iriffËdhš jdJ v©z§fis¥ ãw®¡Fcz®¤âdh‹; mL¤jgoÆš irif¡fnshL áy xÈ¡F¿fisí§fyªJ ngryhdh‹. ïJ CkU«, brÉlU« tH§F« bkhÊngh‹wJ. xUt‹ åu«, nfhg«, nrhf« , fË¥ò M»aî« ãwîkh»acz®¢áfis vŒJ«nghJ mt‰W¡nf‰w mÉea§fnshLxÈ¡F¿fŸ áyt‰iw vG¥òjiyí« fh©»nwh«. MâÆš kÅj‹ngáa mÉea bkhÊÆÈUªnj T¤J mšyJ ehlf« njh‹¿‰W.cz®¢áfS¡nf‰g¥ ãw¡F« xirfis ÉU¤â brŒj Èdhnygh£L«, ïirí« njh‹¿d. ã‹ xU gh£il¥gho mj‰nf‰geo¤J¡ fh£lyh»a T¤J njh‹WtjhÆ‰W. kÅj‹ K‰gUt¤JtH§»a bkhÊna MlYl« ghlYkhF«. ïit Kiwna ehlf¤jÄœ, ïir¤jÄœ v‹D« bga®fis¥ bg‰wd. ï‹W« Mya§fËšÃfG« »ÇiafŸ gy ehlf¤ jÄiH¥ ã‹g‰¿ad.

kÅj‹ ãwªjJ Kjš tsutsu v›thW bkhÊia¥ ngr¡f‰W¡bfhŸS»whndh m« KiwÆidna bkhÊÆ‹ ts®¢á¡F«x¥ãlyh«. K‰fhy kÅj‹ MâÆš tH§»a brh‰fŸ XuirÆdgHªjÄœ¢ brh‰fŸ bgU«ghY« ï›tifÆdnt. kÅj‹ tH§»aMâbrh‰fis¡ bfh©L m¡fhy ehfÇf¤ij m¿ªJ bfhŸsyh«.kÅj‹ ngRtâš Kâ®¢á milªj ã‹dnu vG¤bjGj¥ gÆ‹wh‹.

vG¤JK‰fhy kÅj‹ jdJ v©z§fis XÉa thÆyhf

És§»dh‹. kÅjid¡ F¿¡f kÅjidí«, fhiy¡ F¿¡f¡fhiyí«, ifia¡ F¿¡f¡ ifiaí«, ãw¥bghUŸfis¡ F¿¡fm›t¥ bghUisí« vGâ¡ fh£Ltnj XÉa vG¤J¡fis tiuí«KiwahÆUªjJ. ï›btG¤J¡fŸ v©z§fis cz®¤j¥ga‹g£ldnta‹¿, xÈ Kiwahf¥ ga‹glÉšiy. Mfnt, mt‹ng¢áš tH§F« brh‰fË‹ c¢rÇ¥ò njh‹W« KiwÆšvG¤J¡fis M¡fyhÆdh‹. gy xÉa§fis tiuªJ mitcz®¤J« bghU£ bga®fË‹ Kjš xÈfis¢ nr®¤J c¢rÇ¡f¥ng¢R tH¡»YŸs brh‰fŸ ãw¥gnj m« KiwahF«. mL¤j

e.á. fªijah 77

goÆš x›bthU brhšiy¡ F¿¡fî« x›nth® F¿pL mik¡f¥g£lJ. ï« Kiwia¤ jGÉaJ Ód®fSila bkhÊ. Auh¥ghbkhfŠrjiu KjÈaÉl§fËš tH§»a vG¤JfS« ï›tifÆdnt. ïJ vG¤J _‹whtjhf milªj ÃiyahF«. bkhÊ Æl¤JtH§F« všyh¢ brh‰fisí« c¢rÇ¤J¥ gh®¤J mt‰¿l¤J¡fhz¥gL« xÈfŸ všyht‰iwí« bjhF¤J ï¤jid v‹Wfz¡F¢ brŒJ, x›bthU jÅ xÈ¡F« x›bthU vG¤jh»a F¿pLmik¤J, vG¤J¡ T£o¢ brh‰fis c¢rÇ¡F« Kiwna ehyhtJvG¤J milªj âU¤jkhF«. m›thW mik¡f¥g£l vG¤J¡fŸïUg¤bjh‹gJ. mt‰WŸ cÆ® g¤J1 bkŒ gâbd£L MŒj« x‹W,Ií« Xsî« T£blG¤JfŸ.

``bgabuG¤J KobtG¤J« j‹ikvG¤bjd btG¤â‹ bgaÇa«ãdnu''

v‹gJ âthf® N¤âu« âthfu«. ehštif vG¤Jfis¥ g‰¿¡TW»‹wjhÆD«, mt‰¿‹ j‹ikfis¥ g‰¿ És¡fÉšiy.m›btG¤Jfis¥ g‰¿a Égu« m¡ fhy¤âš kw¡f¥g£lJnghY«.

``toî bga® j‹ikí© Koî eh‹fheilbgW ehty® ehoa btG¤nj''

``cUnt íz®nt bahÈna j‹ikvd åbuG¤J ÛÇUgFâa''

vd ah¥gU§fy ÉU¤â íilah® ï› Éu©L N¤âu§fiscjhuz§fshf¡ fh£oíŸsh®.

ï›thW x›bthU xÈ¡F« x›bthU F¿ahf vGJ« vG¤JKiw V‰g£L gy ïy¡»a§fS«, ïy¡fz§fS«vGj¥glyhÆd. jÄœ vG¤J¡fŸ t£l tothŒ vGj¥g£likÆ‹ `t£blG¤J' v‹D« bgaiu¥ bg‰wd. bjhšfh¥ãa«t£blG¤âš bGj¥g£l üny.

MÇa® ïªâahit milªjnghJ vG¤bjGJ« Kiwiam¿ahâUªjh®fŸ v‹gJ tuyh‰wháÇa®fŸ všyhuhY«xUjiyahf X¥ò bfhŸs¥gL»‹wJ. vG¤bjGJ« Kiwiam¿ahikÆdhš MÇa® j« K‹ndh® brŒj ghlšfsh»antj§fis be£LU¢ brŒJ ghJfh¤J tªjd®. jÄHU¡F«,MÇaU¡F« cwî V‰g£l fhy¤J, MÇa k¡fŸ jÄHÇ‹ cjÉia¥bg‰W tlbkhÊ¡FÇa xÈfS¡F¤ jÄœ beL§ fz¡F¥ nghytÇtoth»a vG¤J¡fis M¡»¡ bfh©lh®fŸ. ïâš v£Liz

1 ``F‹wh¡F¿iyªJª bjhl®beoiyªJ« (áy¥gâfhu ciunk‰ nfhŸ)


rªnjfK« V‰gl ïlÄšiy . ïj‰F khwhf , MÇaiu¥ ã‹g‰¿najÄH® jÄœ beL§fz¡if M¡»¡ bfh©lh®fŸ vd xU áy®TWtJ K‰W« tuyh‰W¡F KuzhdJ.

jÄœk¡fŸ MÇa bkhÊÆ‹ bghU£L¥ bgÇJ« ciH¤âU¡»‹wh®fbs‹gj‰F, rhz¡»a®, rhaz®, fh®¤âahad®, r§fu®,k¤t®, uhkhDr® KjÈa bj‹dh£lhnu âU£lhªj«. MÇa®üšfŸ vJî« bj‹dh£lhÇ‹ cjÉÆ‹¿ K‰W¥ bgwÉšiyv‹nw Twyh« rk‰»Uj« v‹gj‰F e‹whf¢ brŒa¥g£lJ v‹gJbghUŸ. mj‰F MáÇa® átdh»a jÄH® flîŸ v‹gJòuhÂf®kj«.

MÇa ïd¤ij¢ nr®ªj k¡fŸ MáahÉY«, Inuh¥ghÉY«fhz¥gL»‹wd®. á‹d MáahÉYŸs ÄªjÅ v‹DÄl¤âšMÇaUila bjŒt§fsh»a Ä¤âu‹, tUz‹, ïªâu‹, mRÉÅfŸKjÈa bjŒt tÊghoUªj bj‹gJ fšbt£Lfshšm¿atU»‹wJ.1 gy T£l§fshf¥ ãÇªJ bt›ntW ehLfËšj§»a MÇa rhâahÇilna fhz¥glhJ ïªâa MÇaÇilnak£L« fhz¥gL« òâaKiwfŸ, mt®fŸ gHf ne®ªj ó®tFofshš V‰g£ld v‹W TWtâš ahJ« òJik ïšiy . ïjid ¡bfh©L jÄH® MÇaU¡FbkhÊ r«gªjkhf¡ flik¥glÉšiyvd¤ JÂayh«.

jÄœ üšfŸï‰iw¡F VHhÆu« M©LfS¡FK‹ jÄH® vG¤bjGJ«

Kiwia m¿ªâUªjikÆ‹, jÄÊš üšfŸ gy ïUªjd v‹WmDkhÅ¡f ïlK©L. bkhfŠrjiuÆ‰ fhz¥g£l K¤âiu fË‰bgh¿¡f¥g£LŸs FwŸ bt©gh¡fŸ murÇilna Ãfœªjngh®fisí«, flîŸ tÊgh£ilí«, ãwt‰iwí« TW»‹wd. m«K¤âiufŸ fhz¥g£l ïl« m¡ fhy¤âa üš Ãiya§fSŸx‹whŒ ïUªjš TL«.

áy fhy¤âš XoªJ nghf¡Toagid xiyÆš vGj¥g£ldî«, x‹nwh áynth ãuâfis ciladîkh»a giHa jÄœüšfŸ âU«g¥ gobrŒJ ngh‰Wth® ïytuhÆ‹ koªJ nghjšïašng.

r§f üšfbsd ï¥bghJ m¢ál¥bg‰wt‰WŸ Iªü‰W¡Fnk‰g£l òyt®fË‹ bga®fŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd. ïiwadh®fsÉaYiuÆ‹go jÄœ¢ r§f« eilbg‰w fhy¤J¥ ghoa

1 ÄªjÅeh£oš Ä¤âu tUz tz¡f« fhz¥ gLtj‰F¡ fhuz« xUfhy¤J ïªâa MÇa¥ngh®åu® m§F¢br‹¿Uªjh®fŸ vd¡TWt® É©l»£Þ v‹D« MáÇa®.

e.á. fªijah 79

òyt®fŸ 8598 ng®. ï¥bghJ ek¡F¡ »il¤JŸs üšfS«bjhšfh¥ãa« Äf¥ gHikíilabjd¡ fUj¥gL»‹wJ. ïJ ».K.350-¡F¥ ã‰g£lj‹W v‹W rÇ¤âu¡fhu® TW»‹wd®. mj‰Fmt®fŸ bfhŸS« Ãaha« tUkhW;-

bjhšfh¥ãa« vG¤J 24,27,28- M« N¤âu§fshš eLnt ša,Ÿa, Ša, ªa, «a, ›a, «t vd tUŠ brh‰fŸ tH§»dbt‹Wm¿ayh«. âU¡FwŸ ».K. Kjš ü‰wh©L tiuÆ‰ brŒa¥g£lJ.âU¡FwËyhtJ r§f¢ brŒí£fËyhtJ ï› tifahd brhšX‹nwD« fhz¥glÉšiy. Mfnt bjhšfh¥ãa«. ».K. _‹wh«mšyJ ehyh« ü‰wh©oš brŒa¥g£lbj‹gJ ãiHahfhJ.

ghÂÅ¡F¥ ã‹ mt® üny áwªj ïy¡fzkhf¡ bfhŸs¥g£lJ. ghÂÅ jd¡FK‹ És§»a MáÇa®fshf¡ TW« mWg¤JehštUŸ ïªâu‹ xUtdhf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wh‹. ïtdh‰brŒa¥g£l üš Iªâu«. bjhšfh¥ãa¢ áw¥ò¥ ghÆu¤âš Iªâu«Ãiwªj bjhšfh¥ãa‹' vd¢ brhšy¥gL»‹wJ. bjhšfh¥ãa®ghÂÅ¡F¥ ã‹ÅUªjtuhÆ‹ ghÂÅa¤ijna gÆ‹¿U¥gh®.m›th¿šyhikÆ‹ bjhšfh¥ãa® ghÂÅ¡F Kªâatuht®ghÂÅÆ‹ fhy« ».K. ehyh« ü‰wh©L.

`rfu¡»sÉí« mt‰nwhu‰nwmI Xs btD _‹wy§ fiuna''

``MnthlšyJ afu KjyhfhJ''

v‹D« bjhšfh¥ãa¢ N¤âu§fS¡F khwhf¢, rk«, rJ¡f«, rªâ,ry«, r§F, rªj«, rfl«, ôg« v‹DŠ brh‰fŸ r§f üšfËšmo¡fo fhz¥gL»‹wd. Mfnt bjhšfh¥ãa« fil¢ r§f«xL§Ftj‰F¢ áy ü‰wh©LfS¡F K‹ brŒa¥g£l übyd¡Twyh«.

g©il¡fhy¥ òyt®fŸ üšfis¢ brŒíŸ eilÆšïa‰¿d®. mt®fŸ tH§»a brŒíŸfŸ bt©gh, mftš, fÈ¥gh,tŠá¥gh v‹D« ehštifÆd. `gh v‹gJ nr£òy¤âÈUªjfhy¤J« xUt‹ vG¤JŠ brhšY¤ bjÇahk‰ ghlnkhJ§fhš,mt‹ brhšY»‹w brŒíis Éf‰ã¤J ï‹d brŒíbs‹Wcz®¤Jj‰ nfJth»¥ guªJg£L¢ brhštnjh® xir''1

xUt‰bfhUt‹ ïašò tifah‹ xU bghU©ikia¡f£Liu¡F§fhš vG« br¥gnyhiria cilaJ bt©gh. xUt‹nf£f mj‰F¤ jh§ fUâathbwšyh« tiuahJ, brhštjhf mfÉ¡TW« xir MáÇa¤J¡FÇaJ. fÈ¥gh JŸsnyhir bg‰WtU«.JŸsyhtJ xU eilÆ‹¿ ïilÆilía®ªJ tUjš; f‹W

1 nguháÇa® ciu


JŸË‰bw‹wh‰ nghy¡ bfhŸf. fÈ¥gh v‹gâš gÇghlšnjtghÂ KjÈa brŒí£fŸ ml§F«. ïit g©nzhL ghl¥gL«ïir¥ghlšfŸ. njtghÂ flîisna Jâahf¡ bfh©L ghL«gh£L. kiwfŸ v‹gd njtghÂ¥ ghlšfsh yh¡f¥g£ldthfyh«. tŠá¥gh ö§»a XiríilaJ. Xir g‰¿na ghlšfŸbt›ntW tif MÆd v‹gJ mjdhš És§F »‹wJ.Xirj¤Jt¤J¡nf‰g¤ njh‹W« vd K‹ XÇl¤âš És¡f¥g£lJ.

ghlšfË‹ bjhl¡f«F¿Šá Ãy¤nj kfËU«, ikªjU« jÅÆl¤âš vâ®¥g£L

xUtiuxUt® fhjÈ¤J kiwÉš kzªJ¡ bfh©ld®. gHªjÄœ¥òynth® ï¡fs bthG¡f¤âid¥ bghUshf¡ bfh©L ghod®.ghLÄl¤J kiy eh£lt® eil, cil, ghtidfisí«, ãwt‰iwí« vL¤J¤ T¿d®. KšiyÃy¤ jiyt‹ ãÇªJ âU«ã tUªJizí«, jiyÉ M‰¿ÆU¥gij¥ bghUshf¡ bfh©L, KšiyÃyk¡fË‹ gH¡ftH¡f§fŸ fU¥bghUŸfisí«, ãÇªj jiyt‹âU«ã tU«nghJ tÊÆl¤J¡ fhQ« fh£áfisí« mt®fŸghod®. jiyt‹ jiyÉia kzªJ, »H¤ânahL ïšÈš ciwÄl¤J, mt‹ gu¤ij tÆ‰ ãÇjY«, mJ fhuzkhf¤ jiyÉãz§»ÆU¤jY«, ã‹m›ñlš jÂªJ ïUtU« ï‹ò‰¿U¤jYkh»a Cliy cÇ¥ bghUshf¡ bfh©L, kUj Ãy¤â‹ ïa‰ifts§fisí« k¡fŸ thœ¡if Kiwiaí« òyt®fŸ ghod®.jiyÉnahL ïšyw« el¤J« jiyt‹, öJ, gif, bghUŸbjhF¤jš v‹D« VJ« xU fhuz« g‰¿¥ ãÇ¤J, ghiy Ãy¤J¡Tlhf¢ brštjh»a ãÇit cÇ¥bghUshf¡ bfh©L ghiyÃy¤â‹ j‹ikiaí« fl‰fiu Ãy¤J¡ fsbthG¡f¤â‹ gh‰g£ljiyÉ jiytid ÃidªJ fliyí« fl‰fiuiaí« neh¡»ïu§»¡ TWtjh»a ïu§Fjš v‹D« cÇ¥bghUis¥ bghUshf¡bfh©L beŒjš Ãy¤J ïa‰ifiaí« mt®fŸ ghlyhÆd®.

F¿Šá Ãy XJ¡FfËÈUªj vÆd® Kšiy Ãy¤nj br‹W,MaUila kªijfis mo¤J¢ br‹wd®. Ãiuftu¢ bršnth®bfh©ilÆš bt£á¥ ó¢Rod®. Mfnt Ãiu ft®jyh»a nghiubt£á v‹D« âizahf¡ bfh©L òyt®fŸ ghlšfŸ òidªjd®.fht‰fhL Nœªj gif mur‹ nfh£ilia¥ ão¡f¥ gil vL¤J¢brštJ tŠá vd¥g£lJ. ntªjdJ nfh£ilia K‰Wif ïLjšcÊiP vd¥g£lJ. ïU gilfS« btËÆl¤â‰ iffyªJ ngh®brŒtJ J«ig vd¥g£lJ. ngh® bt‹W gift Dila eh£il¥ghHh¡» thif¥ ó¢RLjš thif vd¥g£lJ. ï›thW x›bthU

e.á. fªijah 81

xG¡fK« åu® mÂªJ bfhŸS« ó¢áw¥ò¡ fshš m›t¥bga®fis¥ bg‰wd.

ï¥nghbuhG¡f§fis¥ bghUshf¡ bfh©L òyt®fŸmur®fË‹ òfiH ÉÇ¤J¥ gy ghlšfis¥ òidªjd®.

ï›thW njh‹¿amf¤âiz òw¤âiz¥ ghlšfns MâÆ‰nwh‹¿a jÄœ¥ghlšfshF«. bjhšfh¥ãa¥ bghUŸ mâfhu«mf¤âiz òw¤âiz¥ ghlšfis¥ ghLj‰F ïy¡fz khfmikªJŸsJ. bjhšfh¥ãa¤âš mf¤âiz òw¤âiz¡FÇaJiwfŸ ü‰W¡fz¡»‰ fhz¥gL»‹wd. mt‰iw všyh«bjhF¤J Kiw¥gL¤j¥g£ldnt mf¥bghU£ nfhití«,òw¥bghUŸ bt©gh khiyíkhF«. bt©gh khiyÆš bjhšfh¥ãa¤â‰ brhšy¥glhj áy ntWghLfS©L..

ï›tif¥ bghU£ ghlšfis m‹¿, üš, ciu, gh£L, ãá,m§fj«, KJbkhÊ, kiw v‹D« vGtifahd üšfS«ïUªjdbt‹W bjhšfh¥ãa¤jhš m¿»‹nwh«. mf¥bghUŸòw¥bghUŸfisa‹¿¥ gy ntW bghUŸfis¥ g‰¿¡ TW«Ešfns mit Mfyh«.

jÄœ¢r§f«jÄœeh£il¢ nru, nrhH, gh©oa® v‹D« _ntªj®M£á

òÇªjd®. mtU£ gh©oa® jkJ jiyefuh»a kJiuÆš X®jÄœ¡fHf¤ij ÃWÉd®. jÄœeh£o‹ gy ghf§fËš thœªjòyt®fŸ mj‹ cW¥ãd®fshf És§»d®. r§f¥ òyt®fS¡F¡f‹kh¥ gyifah‰ brŒj Mrd§fŸ murdhš mË¡f¥g£ld.r§f¥ òyt®fŸ r§f k©lg¤nj f‹kh¥ gyifÆš ïUªJ üšMuhŒjš kuò ï› tuyhnw ã‰fhy¤âš ``r§f¥gyif¡ fijahfkh¿aJ.

r§f¤ij Mu«ã¤j fhy¤J¥ gh©oa mur‹ òytUila î«,jdJ« tÊgL flîs®fsh»a KUf¡flîŸ, átbgUkh‹M»nahÇ‹ áiyfis¢ r§f k©lg¤âš, ÃWÉ, m¡ flîsnufHf¤J¤ jiytbud¡ T¿d‹. ï‹W« ãŸisah® ão¤J it¤Jx›bthU e‰fUk§fisí« bjhl§FtJ jÄH®fË‹ tH¡fkhÆU¡»‹wJ. ï›îgrhu tH¡nf âÇòu bkÇ¤j ÉÇril¡flîŸ,F‹w bk¿ªj FkuntŸ KjÈa bjŒt§fŸ jiy¢r§fÄUªJüyhuhŒªjd® v‹W ã‰fhy¤jhuhš Tw¥glyhÆ‰W.

``cyf bkhUÃiwah¤ jhndh® Ãiwah¥òyt® òy¡nfhyh‰ ù¡f - îyfid¤J«jh‹thl thlhj j‹ik¤nj bj‹dtdh‹khl¡ Tlš ef®''.


v‹D« gÇghlš kJiuÆš jÄœ¡ fHf« ïUªjbj‹gijtÈíW¤J«, ``jÄœ itia, ``jÄœ kJiu, ``jÄœ¡ Tlš vd¥g©il üšfË‰ »s¡f¥gLjny kJiuÆ‰wÄœ ts®¡f¥g£lbj‹gj‰F¥ nghâa rh‹whF«. ».ã. eh‹fh« ü‰wh©L tiuÆškhÂ¡fthrf RthÄfŸ

``thDa® kâ‰ TlÈdhŒªj x©Oª jÄÊ‹Wiw thŒ¥ò¡ fidnah''.

vd¡ T¿ÆU¤jš ftÅ¡f¤j¡fJ..

ï¢ r§f tuyh‰¿id xUthW âu£o ïiwadh®mf¥bghUŸ ciufhu® T¿ÆU¡»‹wd®. ïiwadhuf¥bghUŸciu ».ã. MWmšyJ VHh« ü‰wh©oš vGj¥g£lJ. ï›îiuÆ‰ fhz¥gL« áy Égu§fŸ rªnjf¤J¡F ïlkhÆU¥ã D«r§f tuyhW bghŒahfhJ. giHa fhy¤jt® fhy¡fz¡FfisftÅahJ tuyhWfis vGâÆU¤jš cyf tuyh‰iw f‰nghU¡Fe‹F És§F«. m¡ fhy¤J üšfisí«, ãw Mjhu§fisí«MuhŒªJ ÉÉÈa ntj¤â‹ giHa V‰gh£il tiuªj bkhnrv‹gh®. áy®, MÆu¤J¡F nk‰g£l M©LfŸ cÆ® thœªjd® vdvGâÆU¤jš ftÅ¡f¤j¡fJ. v»¥âa rÇ¤âu¤âš X® mur‹ 30,000M©L cÆ® thœªjh‹ v‹W brhšy¥gL»wJ. jruj‹, ïuhtz‹,Nu‹ M»nah® tuyhWfshY« g©il MáÇa®fË‹ kd¥gh‹ik És§F«. r§f« v‹gJ f‰gid¡ fij vd¡ TWthU« xUáy® cs®. ï§‡d« TWnth® tlbkhÊ¥ g‰Wila xU áyuht®.mt®fŸ jÄG¡FÇa áw¥bgšyh« tl bkhÊahš V‰g£lbjd¡fUJnth®. m›tif MáÇa® tlbkhÊ¡FÇa áw¥ig¢ rÇ¤âu¤J¡F khWgl v›thW T¿D« M£nrgÄ‹¿ V‰W¡bfhŸt®.jÄG¡FÇa giHikia¤ j¡f Ãaha§fnshL fh£oD« kW¥g®.ï›tif¥ g©òfis¥ ã.â. ÓÃthrIa§fh® M§»y¤âš vGâajÄH® tuyhW v‹D« üÈš Ãu«g¡ fhzyh«. ïtuJ ãiHahdbfhŸiffŸ áyt‰iw jGÉ vGâ¥ ãiHg£l üyháÇa®fSK©L. á‹dk©û®¢ rhrd¤âš jÄœ¢ r§f« ïUªjj‰F¥ nghâaMjhu§fŸ fhz¥gL»‹wbj‹W jÄœ MuhŒ¢á v‹D« üyháÇa®TWt®1.

r§f üšfŸr§ffhy¤J¤ jÄœ eh£o‹ gy ghf§fËš És§»a òyt®fŸ

òw¥bghUŸ mf¥bghU£ ghlšfŸ gyt‰iw ïa‰¿d®. 1ï¥ghlšfbsšyh« kJiuÆš ghJfh¤J it¡f¥g£ld. r§f¤ â‹

1. One of the most trustworthy raferances of the founding of a Tamil academy áicetothe eighyh century will be fiund in thecuper piates discoverdat Chinnaamannurinthe afadura District -Tamil Studies - 232.

e.á. fªijah 83

ïWâ¡ fhy¤âš ïit, bghUŸ, msî KjÈa j‹ikfis neh¡»¥gy âu£Lfshf¤ âu£l¥g£ld. m§‡d« âu£l¥g£l üšfŸg¤J¥gh£L, v£L¤bjhif v‹D« bga®fshš tH§F«.

g¤J¥ gh£Lgh£L ghondh® ghl¥g£nlh®

1. âUKUfh‰ e¡Ñu® KUf‹.W¥ gil

2. bghUeuh‰ Kl¤jhk¡f© nrhH‹ fÇfhy‹W¥ gil Âah®

.3. áW ghzh‰ e¤j¤jdh® VWkheh£L ešÈW¥gil a¡ nfhl‹

4 bgU«ghzh‰ cU¤âu§f©z bjh©ilkhW¥gil dh® Åsªâiua‹

5. Kšiy¥gh£L e¥ójdh® beLŠbrÊa‹

6. kJiu¡ fhŠá kh§FokUj‹ beLŠbrÊa‹

7. beLešthil e¡Ñu® beLŠbrÊa‹

8. F¿Šá¥ gh£L fãy® MÇa mur‹ ãuf¤jD¡F¤ jÄœ m¿É¡f.

9. g£od¥ ghiy cU¤âu§ f©z nrhH‹ fÇfhy‹zh®

10. kiygLflh« bgU§bfsá e‹d‹nrŒ e‹d‹fdh®

v£L¤bjhifbjhif òyt®fŸ bjhF¤jh® bjhF¥ã¤jh®

1. e‰¿iz 175 bjÇahJ g‹dhL jªjgh©oa‹khw‹tGâ.

2. FWªbjhif 205 " óÇ¡nfh.

1. bjhif üšfË‰ fhz¥gL« ghlšfŸ, jÄœ eh£o‹ bt›ntW gFâfËšbt›ntW fhy§fËš thœªj òyt®fŸ gyuhš ghl¥g£lit ïitkJiu¤ jÄœ¢ r§f¤âš go vL¤Jit¡f¥ g£oythÆ‹ üšfshf¤bjhF¥gj‰F¡ »il¤âU¡fkh£lh. bjhifüšfns r§f ÄU¡jik¡F¥nghâarh‹WfshF«.


3. I§FW üW 5 Tlÿ® »Hh® ahid¡f£ nrŒkhªjuŠ nruÈU«bghiw

4. gâ‰W¥g¤J 10 bjÇahJ bjÇahJ

5. gÇghlš 13 " "

6. fÈ¤bjhif 5 ešyªJtdh® bjÇahJ.

7. mfeh}W. 145 cU¤âur‹k c¡»u¥ bgUdh® tGâ.

8. òweh}W 160 bjÇahJ bjÇahJ.

gâbd‹Ñœ¡fz¡F vd tH§F« üšfS« r§f üšfŸ vd¥goD« mt‰W£ bgU«ghyhd ã‰fhy¤âš vGj¥g£ld. gâbd©Ñœ¡fz¡F üyhtd.

1. ehyoah® - ird KÅt®.

2. eh‹kÂ¡foif - És«ã ehfdh®

3. ïÅait eh‰gJ - ójŠ nrªjdh®

4. ï‹dh eh‰gJ - fãy®.

5. fh®eh‰gJ - kJiu¡f©z§ T¤jdh®.

6. fstÊ eh‰gJ - bghŒifah®.

7. Iªâiz I«gJ - khw‹ bghiwadh®.

8. Iªâiz vGgJ - _thâah®.

9 âizbkhÊ I«gJ - f‹dŠ nrªjdh®

10. âizkhiy ü‰iw«gJ - eÂ nkijah®

11. K¥ghš (âU¡FwŸ) - âUtŸSt®.

12. âÇfLf« - ešyhjdh®

13. Mrhu¡ nfhit - bgUthÆ‹ KŸËah®

14. gHbkhÊ - gh©oa eh£il¢ nr®ªj K‹Jiwv‹D« gâÆ‹ mur®

15. áW gŠr _y« - fhÇahrh‹

16. ï‹Åiy - bghŒifah®.

17. KJbkhÊ¡fhŠá - kJiu¡ Tlÿ® »Hh®

18. Vyhâ - fÂnkjhÉah®.

mf¤âa®mf¤âa® jÄœ bkhÊnahL Äf¢ r«gªj¥g£ltuhf¢ brhšy¥gL»‹wh®. ïtiu¥ g‰¿a tuyhWfŸ òuhz§fËš M§fh§Fïa‰if¡F khwhf¡ Tw¥gL»‹wd. Mfnt m¡ fijfis¡ bfh©L

e.á. fªijah 85

mf¤âaÇ‹ tuyh‰iw tiuaW¤J¡ TWjš ïayhjjh»‹wJ.kDÉ‹ ngiH bghâa kiyÆ‹ XÇl¤â‰ w§»‰ bw‹W fUj¥gL»‹wJ. kD»Ujkhiy v‹D« itia¡ fiuÆ‰ wtŠ brŒJbfh©oUªjh® vd¢ brhšy¥gLjÈ‹, mJ bghU¤jkhf¤njh‹W»‹wJ. ï› tuyh‰¿id tlbkhÊÆ‰ òuhz bkGâat®fŸ tleh£oš Ãfœªjjhf¡ bfh©L kDÉ‹ ngiH1 nkUÉ‹áfubkh‹wh»a ïshÉUj¤â‰ w§»abjd¡ T¿dh®. òuhz§fËšc©ik tuyhWfnshL bghŒ¡fijfS« fyªJŸsd. nk‰T¿athW bj‹dh£L tuyhWfŸ gy tleh£oš Ãfœªjdthf¥òuhz§fËš vGj¥g£LŸsdbt‹W MuhŒ¢á tšYeuh»ag©oj® rîÇuhaãŸis mt®fŸ F¿¥ã£oU¡»‹wd®.bghâÆiy¤ njt®¡»U¥ ãlbkd¤ bj‹dh£lh® e«ãd®. Mfnt,m©lU«, KÅtU« <©oa kiy v‹gJ bghâÆš Mjš njh‰w«.tl¡nf ïªâu‹, tUz‹ KjÈa bjŒt§fË‹ tÊghL«, bj‰nfáttÊghL« ïUªjdbt‹gij¢ rÇ¤âufhu® x¤J¡bfhŸ»‹wd®.átkj bk‹gJ jÄH®fS¡nf cÇa giHa kj« Mfnt át‹r«gªjkhf cŸs òuhz tuyhWfŸ bj‹dh£L¡ fij v‹gâšv£Liz Ia¥ghL« ïšiy.

mf¤âa® tl¡nf ïUªJ tªjhbu‹W«, mt® MÇatF¥ig¢ nr®ªjtbu‹W« bfhŸS« nfh£ghblh‹WŸsJ.nt§fl¤J¡F tl¡nf thœªjt®fŸ všnyhU« MÇa® v‹gj‰FMjhu« ïšiy. mf¤âa® tl¡nf br‹W fháÆš (thuztháÆš)átkj¤ij¥ gu¥ãaã‹ bj‰nf âU«ãdh®. ï› î©ikna òuhz¡fijfS¡Tlhf k§Fskhf¤ bjÇ»‹wJ.

mf¤âa® ».K. 750-¡F K‹És§»atbud¥ ó®åf ïªâahv‹D« üYilah® TWt®. r§f fhy¤âny mf¤âaUila fijgH§fijahf ÃyÉaJ. mt® X® É©Ûdhf kh¿É£lh® v‹D«bghUËš mf¤âa® v‹D« bga® X® É©ÛD¡»l¥g£lJ.2

cnyhgh K¤âiuÆ‹ fztdh»a mf¤âa® ntjghlšfË‰áyt‰iw¢ brŒjtuhf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wh®. jÄœ KÅtU« ntjghlšis¢ brŒj mf¤âaU« xUtnuh v‹gJ MuhŒj‰FÇaJ.mf¤âanu jÄG¡F Mâ ïy¡fzŠ brŒjhbu‹D« gH§fijcŸsJ. ït® brŒjbjd¥gL« mf¤âa« fhz¥glÉšiy.M§fh§F mf¤âa¢ N¤âu§fbsd ciuaháÇa®fsh‰ áyfh£l¥gL»‹wd.

1 ïy§if mkUÉ‹ áfu« vd¥gL»‹wJ. nkU cyF¡F eLÉš cŸsbjd¥gLjyhš mJ ïkakiy ïU¡F« ïl¤âš ïUªâU¡f KoahJ. irtbgs¤jüšfŸ nkUit kªju« vd¡ TW»‹wd.

2. Aneent India * gÇghlš


mf¤âaU¡F khzt® g‹ÅUtbu‹W«, mtUŸ bjhšfh¥ãa® Kj‹ik íilatbu‹W«. Kj‹Kjyhf¥ òw¥ bghUŸbt©ghkhiy TW»‹wJ. bjhšfh¥ãa® mj§nfh£lhrh‹,gd«ghudh® M»nah® xU rhiy khztuhÆ‹, bjhšfh¥ãaiu¥nghy k‰wt®fS« r§f¥ òyt®fshš És§»dh®fbsd ïiwa dh®fsÉaYiu Twhik¡F¡ fhuz« És§fÉšiy. m¡ fhy¤J¤bjhšfh¥ãa® KjyhÆndh® mf¤âa® khzt® v‹D« tuyhWm¿a¥glÉšiy nghY«. bjhšfh¥ãa¢ áw¥ò¥ ghÆu¤jhšmj§nfh£lhrh‹, gz«ghudh®M»nah® áwªj òyt® tÇirÆšcŸsh®fŸ vd¤ bjÇ»‹wJ.

bjhšfh¥ãa«bjhšfh¥ãa® brŒjjhjÈ‹ mt® üš bjhšfh¥ãabk‹W

tH§F»‹wbjd¥ gy® fUJ»‹wd®. bjhšfh¥ãa® üš brŒ»‹wfhy¤J¤ jÄœ eh£blšiy tl¡nf nt§flkiyahÆUªjJ. ïJmj‹ ghÆu¤jhD«, ãw1 mf¢rh‹whD« m¿a¥gL«. ``brªjÄœnr®ªj g‹ÅU Ãy¤J« vd¥g£l g‹Åu©L Ãy§fS«nt§fl¤J¡F¤ bj‰nfna cŸsd.

flîŸ tz¡fK«. ghÆuK« TWjš bjhšfh¥ãa® fhy¤JtH¡F ïšiy vd¤ bjÇ»‹wJ. bjhšfh¥ãa¤âš ghÆu§Twnt©oaj‹ mtáa¤ij g‰¿ v§fhtJ Tw¥glÉšiy. ïiwa dh®fsÉaYiuÆš

``MÆu Kf¤jh df‹w jhÆD«ghÆu ÄšyJ gDt y‹nw''

v‹D« N¤âu« nk‰nfhshf¡ fh£l¥g£LŸsJ. ghÆu« üY¡Fï‹¿aikahjJ v‹D« bfhŸif V‰g£l fhy¤âš vtnuh xUt®nfŸÉ tH¡»‰ »il¤j tuyhWfis¤ âu£o¥ ghÆuŠ brŒjh®Mjš nt©L«. ghÆuŠbrŒí« tH¡F¢ r§ffhy¤âš ïUªjjhÆ‹,r§f¤bjhif üšfŸ x›bth‹W¡F« mt‰iw¤ bjhF¤jMáÇa®fŸ flîŸ thœ¤J«, ghÆuKŠ brŒâU¥gh®fŸ. ã‰fhy¤bjGªj ciufS¡F« áw¥ò¥ ghÆu§fŸ vGj¥g£oU¤jšftÅ¡f¤j¡fJ.2 flîŸ thœ¤J« ghÆuK« ïšyhkš ïU¥gnjg¤J¥ gh£L, v£L¤bjhif KjÈa üšfŸ r§f fhy¤â‰ bwhF¡f¥g£ld thjiy És¡F«. FWªbjhifÆ‹ 52-« ghliy¢ brŒj òyt®

1. ``t©òfœ _t® j© bkhKš tiu«ãdh‰bga bušiy af¤jt® tH§F«ah¥ã‹ tÊabj‹kdh® òyt® (bjhš brŒ 79)nt§fl¤J«g®bkhÊbga® nja¤j® (mf« 211)

2. ï¥nghJ fhz¥gL« flîŸ thœ¤JfŸ ãwfhy¤jt® xUtuh‰ brŒa¥g£lit

e.á. fªijah 87

gd«ghuduhf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd®. bjhšfh¥ãa¢ áw¥ò¥ ghÆuŠbrŒjt® ãwbuhUtuhfyh«. ghÆu¤âš Tw¥gL« Iªâu« v‹gJ1Iªâu ïy¡fz¤ij¡ F¿ahJ ïy¡fz¤ij¡ F¿¡Fnkh vd¡ fUjïlK©L. ïU¡F, rhk«, ahf« ïit ngh‹w brh‰fŸ ã‰ fhy¤âšïU¡F ntj¤ijí«, rhkntj¤ijí« gÈbfhL¤J¢ brŒa¥gL«ahf¤ijí« F¿ahJ ntW ãwbghUËš tH§»ÆU¤jšftÅ¡f¤j¡fJ.

bjhšfh¥ãa«, giHa jÄœ kuig Ãiyeh£Ltj‰F vGªjüyhjš mj‹ bgauhš bj‰bwd És§F«. bjhšfh¥ãaŠbrŒjtÇ‹ ïa‰bga® kwªJ Él¥g£lJ. Mfnt, ã‰fhy¤jt®bjhšfh¥ãaŠ brŒjt® v‹D« bghUËš bjhšfh¥ãa® vdmtiu tH§»d®. mtuJ bga® âuzökh¡»Å v‹ghU« cs®.ïj‰F¥ giHa rh‹WfŸ vJî« fhz¥glÉšiy. ït® bga®òy¤âabt‹W« ïjid òš+mf+Ôa‹v‹W ãÇ¤J vtnuhâuzökh¡»Å (âuz« + ök« +m¡»Å) vd tlbkhÊ¥gL¤âd®v‹W« TwthUKs®. âUÉisahl‰ òuhz¤ij neh¡FÄl¤J gyjÄœ¥bga®fŸ tlbkhÊ¥ gL¤j¥g£ld v‹W e«g ïlK©L.r§ffhy¥ òyt®fŸ bga®fis neh¡FÄl¤J m¡ fhy¤J¤âuzökh¡»Å v‹gJ ngh‹w bga® xUnghJ« njh‹¿ÆUªâU¡f kh£lhJ vd e‹F m¿ayh«.

bjhšfh¥ãa¤âš gyN¤âu§fis¥ ã‰fhy¤jh® ïil¢brUfyhf¡ nr®¤âU¡»‹wd® v‹gJ« c©ikna. kuãašbrŒíËašfËš gy N¤âu§fŸ ã‰fhy§fËš VnlGJnthuhY«,ãwuhY« vGâ¢ nr®¡f¥g£oU¡»‹wd.

kuãaÈš Éy§»d§fS« F£o, M©, bg© ïitngh‹wt‰iw tH§F« kuò¢ brh‰fis¡ T¿¡ bfh©L tªjbjhšfh¥ãa® rLâÆš `ünyfuf« vd¤ bjhl§», mªjz®, mur®,tÂfiu¥ g‰¿¡ T¿dhbudš á¿J« bghUªjhJ. mt®fS¡FÇabjhÊšfis¡ T¿aã‹ clnd, `òw¡fhHdnt òšbyd bkhÊg'' vdkuŠ brofis¥ g‰¿¡ T¿dh® vdY« bghU¤jkhf¡ fhzÉšiy.kuãaš 624 -¡F« 640-¡F« ïilna cŸs N¤âu§fŸ bgU«ghY«ïil¢ brUfš v‹W mDkhÅ¡f¤j¡fd. `ntsh© khªj®¡ FGözšyâšiy'' vd mWâÆ£L¡ T¿aã‹ mtU¡ FÇadthf¡áyt‰iw¥ ã‹D« TWjš KiwahfhJ. Mfnt m¢ N¤âu§fŸ

1. ïªâuÅ‹ jiyefuh»a mkutâ »U£ozheâ Kf¤ Jthu¤âYŸsJ.ïªâu‹ kJiuÆš nrhkRªj®¡flîis¡F¿¤J¤ jtŠbrŒjhbdd¤âUÉisahl‰òuhz§ TW»‹wJ. ïªâu‹ v‹gh‹ Mªâueh£oš ïUªjxU ïªâubdd fUj ïlK©L. bjY§F bkhÊÆš tH§F« br¥ò v‹D«brhšY¤ bjhšfh¥ãa¤â‰fhz¥gLjš neh¡f¤j¡fJ.


fhy¤J¡F« fhy« vGâ¢ nr®¡f¥g£ldthjš nt©L«. itáa‹v‹D« brhš r§f üšfË‰ fhz¥glÉšiy. m¢ brhš tH¡Fã‰fhy¤jJ. ìtáa‹ bgWnk thÂf thœ¡if v‹W«, N¤âu«Äf¥ ã‰fhy¤jJ v‹W e‹whf¡ Twyh«. brŒíËa Èš 167,168,169,170,171,172 KjÈa N¤âu§fŸ ïil¢brUfnyh btdMuhŒj‰FÇad.kuãaÈš N¤âu« 192 -¡F¥ ã‹DŸs gFâfS« m¥gona.

áy¥gâfhu fhy«ïy§if¡ fathFÉ‹ fhynk áy¥gâfhu fhykhF«. fathF

».ã. 171 Kjš 193 tiuí« M£á òÇªjh‹. nru‹ br§F£Lt‹ Mya«tF¤J¡ f©z»ia¥ ãuâ£il brŒj fhy¤âš, ïy§ifntªjdh»a fathF m§F¢ br‹¿Uªjhbd‹W áy¥gâfhu§TW»‹wJ. fathFÉ‹ bga® áy¥gâfhu¤âš <Çl§fËštªJŸsJ. áy¥gâfhu fhy« Ã¢rakhfnt m¡fhy¤âUªj nrhH,nru, gh©oaUilaî« mt®fis¥ ghoa òyt®fsJ« fhy§fŸm¿a¥gL»‹wd. bj‹Åªâa giHa mur®fsJ« òyt®fsJ«fhy§fis Ã®zÆ¥gj‰F¢ rÇ¤âuháÇa®fŸ ï« Kiwianaifah©oU¡»‹wd®.

jÄH® rÇ¤âu« v‹D« üiy M§»y¤âš vGâa 1ã.â. ÓÃthrIa§fhut®fŸ fathFÉ‹ fij e«g¤j¡f j‹bwd¡ T¿¥ gHªjÄœüšfË‹ fhy¤ij ».ã. Mwh« ü‰wh©L¡F ïw¡»¡ T¿ÆU¡»‹wd®. mt® T‰W¡F mt® kndhght¤ija‹¿ ntW CWâahdMjhu« vJî« fhz¥glÉšiy . jÄœ üšfŸ m›tsî gHikíiladthŒ ïU¡fkh£lh vd m›tháÇa® cŸs¤âš Kj‰f©njh‹¿a ãiHahd v©znk ï›Él®¥ gh£L¡F vJthÆUªjJ.fathF, nru‹ br§F£Lt‹ fhy¤jt‹ v‹gij¤ Jy¡»¡ fh£lntIa§fhut®fË‹ bfhŸiffŸ c©ikašy v‹W cWâ¥gL«.

kfhtÄr« ».ã. Iªjh« ü‰wh©oš vGj¥g£l üš. ïªâa¥òyt®fŸ fathFit¥ g‰¿ Iªjh« ü‰wh©L¡F K‹ thÆyhfm¿ªâU¡f tif ïšiy. ïu©lh« ü‰wh©oš fathFit¥ g‰¿neÇš m¿ªj ïs§nfhtofŸ mtid¥ g‰¿¢ áy¥gâfhu¤â‰F¿¥ã£lh® v‹gJ e«g¤j¡fJ.

fathF jdJ jªij fhy¤â‰ áiwão¤J¢ bršy¥g£l 12,000á§fstiu Û£L¡bfh©L tªjh‹ v‹W á§fs üšfŸ TW »‹wd.kfht«r« bgs¤j üyhjÈ‹ bgs¤j rka¤J¡F khwhdJ«,

1 fthFÉ‹ fij e«g¤j¡fj‹whÆ‹ vG¤ây‹¿ thŒbkhÊÆš tªj tlbkhÊ Ešfis¤jh‹ e«gyhnk v‹D« nfŸÉ vGk‹nwh.?

e.á. fªijah 89

á§fst® njhšÈia¡ F¿¥gJkh»a gyt‰iw¡ TwÉšiy.m›thW kfhtÄr« TwhJ ÉL¤j gyt‰iw¥ ãw á§fs üšfŸTW»‹wd. mt‰WŸ fathF 12.000 á§fstiu ïªâahÉ Å‹W«bfh©L tªjJ x‹whF«. á§fs üyh® ïjid¢ brh¥gd¡fijnghy vGjÉšiy v‹gJ Ãidî Tw‰ghyJ. 1fÇfhy‹ fhÉÇ¡fiuia miz f£LÉ¤jh‹ v‹W fÈ§f¤J¥ guÂ TW»‹wJ.

lh¡l® Mdªj¡FkhurhÄ mt®fŸ ïy§if¢ á‰ãfŸf©z»Æ‹ cUt¢áiy gyt‰iw¥ giHa ehË‰ brŒâU¡ »wh®fŸvd¡ fh£oÆU¡»‹wd®. 2ïy§ifÆÅ‹W« vL¤J¥ nghf¥g£lf©z»Æ‹ áiy x‹W ï‹W« ïy©l‹ üjd bghU£fh£á¢rhiyÆ‰ fhz¥gL»‹wJ. f©z» tÊgh£il ïy§if¡F¡bfh©L tªjt‹ fathFntªjnd. 3fathfnt f©z» kj¤ijïy§if¡F¡ bfh©L tªjh‹ vd mUzhryª Jiumt®fŸMuhŒªJ T¿ÆU¡»‹wd®

1. Gaja Babu is said to have rescud and brought home 12,000 Singhales who wereprisoners in south Indian. some accounts say that they have gone there to work.This story of course, cannot be taken as true. but is seems certain that Gaja Babu didgo over to South India, as Tamil literature mentins that he was áesent at theconseerationofa temle and it is very probable at the connsecration of a temle and itis very probable that he brought homehim some singhalese Ãole who and beentaken prisoners byTamils- celon and World histry by David Hussoy. M.a. -leetarerinthe University collage of coylem.

2. Accorting to Dr. A. K. Kumarasamy aome of the images deicted in illustration ofancient artceylon are of this deified Woman Ancient India .71.

3. Sometimes the tide of invasions was rolled back South India asby king Gajn, Babu,Who broughtbackamulitudeof captives , whom he settled in Alutira Korale of thecoliomboDistrict. Harispattu and Tampace of the Kandy District and in parts ofKurunegala District.

Gaja Bahu's triumph is commemorated by a yearly perahera festival which is nowcontinued by the Dalada Malingawa at Kandy. But the tooth relic of Buddah whichnow hedas the procession formed no part of it till 150 years ago. At this festival ahigh place had always been held by the goddess Pattini whose worship was introducedby Gaja Bahu. He brought from India her golden Halaimba or Anklet. copies of whichare the symbols of her worship, and oaths are infrequently taken on them in courts ofjustice. No oath is more dreaded by the Singhalese peasant.

Gaja Babu who established in honour of the Goddess the great national game ankeliyaor horn pulling held specially on the occasion of epidemic and conducted on amagnificent scale in the presence of thousands of spectators.

Sketches of Ceylon History - Sir P. Arunachalam.


fathF, ïªâahÉÅ‹W« Û£L¡ bfh©Ltªj á§fstiuïy§ifÆ‹ gy ghf§f§fË‰ Fona‰¿dhbd‹W« , á§fstiuÛ£f¥g£l ehŸ, bgUehshf¡ bfh©lhl¥g£lbj‹W«,f©z» tÊghL Kj‹Kjš fathFthš ïy§if¡F¡ bfh©Ltu¥g£lbj‹W«, g¤âÅ njÉÆ‹ 1fh‰áy«ig¤ bjh£L¢ r¤âa«brŒjš á§fstuh‰ bgÇJ« mŠr¥g£l bj‹W« ïy§if¢rÇ¤âu¡ F¿¥òfŸ v‹D« üš TW«. ïit všyh« f£L¡fijahfvGªjd v‹W TWtJ mikahJ. fÇfhy‹ fhÉÇ¡ fiuiaf£LÉ¤jh‹ v‹W fÈ§f¤J¥guÂ TWtJ, fathF f©z»Æ‹ãÇâ£ilÆ‰ ãur‹dkhÆUªjh‹ v‹W áy¥gâ fhu« TWtJá§fs üšfŸ t§feháfâr‹ fhy¤â‰ áiwahf¥ ão¤Jïªâahî¡F¡ bfh©Lnghf¥g£l á§fseh£oš gHik bjh£L¡f©z» tÊghL ïUªJ tUtJ M»a ït‰iw všyh« xU§Fit¤J MuhíÄl¤J áy¥gâfhu¤â‰ Tw¥g£l tuyhW bghŒa‹Wv‹gJ e‹F És§F«. Mfnt, ã.â.ÓÅthr Ia§fhut®fŸ jÄœüšfŸ, mur®, òyt®fË‹ fhy§fis¥ g‰¿¡ F¿¥ã£LŸsgFâfŸ K‰W« ãiHahjš bjËa¥gL«.

1 á§fs k¡fŸ it¤J tÊg£ldî« ÉHh¡fËš vL¤J¢ br‹wdî kh»ag¤âÅ¢ áy«òfŸ (ghjru«) bfhG«ò üjd bghU£ fh£á¢ rhiyÆšit¡f¥g£LŸsd.

e.á. fªijah 91

5jÄH® ehfÇf¢ áw¥ò

thÂf«g©il¤ jÄH® thÂf¤ JiwÆš Äf K‹nd‰wkilª

âUªjd®. mÓÇa®, ghãnyhÅa®, v»¥âa®, »nu¡f®, cnyuhk®, Ód®,muhãa®, ãÜáa® KjÈa giHaehfÇf rhâah® jÄœ eh£nlhLthÂf¤ bjhl®òilat®fshÆUªjd®. ãw ehLfS¡F¥g©l§fis V‰¿¢ bršY« ku¡fy§fS«, ãw eh£L¢ ru¡FfSl‹ tªj ehthŒfS« bj‹Åªâa¤ JiwKf§fË‰ FGÄ Ã‹wd.jÄH® fl‰ gaz¤âš e‹whŒ gH» ïUªjd®. ïªJkh¡ flÈšbj‹Åªâa ku¡fy§fns bgU«ghY« Xo¡bfh© oUªjd.ku¡fy§fË‹ K‹òw« ahid, á§f«, Fâiu KjÈa t‰¿‹Kf«nghš brŒa¥g£oUªjJ. ».K. v£lh« ü‰wh©o‹ K‹,bj‹Åªâahî¡F« nk‰F Máahî¡F ÄilÆš f¥gš tÊahfthÂg« eilbg‰w bj‹gj‰F¥ gy Mjhu§fS©L. ïªâahÉšntj§fŸ njh‹Wtj‹ K‹ jÄH® rhyâanuhL thÂf« el¤âd®.rhyâahÉ‹ jiyefuh»a C®(Ur) efu¤â‹ mÊghLfËš,kiyahs¡ fiufËš k£L« fhz¥gL« nj¡Fku¤ J©Lf©blL¡f¥g£lJ. C® efu« ».K. 5000tiuÆš mik¡f¥g£lJ.2

jÄH® MwhÆu« M©LfS¡F K‹dnu thÂf¤ JiwÆše‹F gÆ‹¿Uªjh®fbs‹gij ïJ m¿É¡»‹wJ. ».K.1700 -šv»¥J¡F¢ br‹w nahnr¥ã‹ tuyhW, m¡ fhy¤âš ïªâathÂf¥ g©l§fŸ tÂf® T£l¤jhuhš jiu kh®¡fkhf (muhãahî¡F Clhf) v»¥J, áÇah, ghãnyh‹ KjÈa ehL fS¡F¡bfh©L nghf¥g£ld v‹gij m¿É¡F« ».K gândHh«ü‰wh©oš ïªâahî¡F« nk‰nf cŸs ehLfS¡F« thÂf¤

1. gÇKf t«ãí§ fÇKf t«ãíkÇKf t«»í« (áy¥. 13,176,177)

2. Regcain`sVedie Indian-p305


bjhl®ò ïUªjbj‹gj‰F v»¥âa xÉa vG¤J ehËš Mjhu«fhz¥gL»‹wJ.1 Fu§if cz®ªJ« fÉ v‹D« brhšÈ‹ âÇgh»abrhš (»nu¡F) xÉa vG¤âš fî' v‹W fhz¥gL»‹wJ. ».K. 1462-š KobtŒâa v»¥âa gâbd£lhtJ gu«giuÆYŸs murÇ‹ãnuj§fŸ ïªâa káÈ‹ JÂfshš R‰w¥g£oUªjd. v»¥âa®f¥g‰ gaz¤J§F ãÜáaiu¢ r«gs¤J¡F mk®¤âd®. ija®eh£L Ïu« v‹D« murD« rykÅ‹ ãjhth»a jhÉJ (David)v‹D« vãnua murD« nr®ªJ `xã®' eh£L¡F thÂf¡f¥gšfis¥ ngh¡»d®. xã® gaz« _‹W M©LfS¡F XUKiweilbg‰wJ. f¥gš ru¡Ffis V‰Wkâ ïw¡Fkâ brŒtâY«ïilna cŸs thÂf¤ jy§fËš j§FtâY« _‹W M©LfŸbr‹wd vd¢ áy rÇ¤âu MáÇa® TW»‹wd®. `xã®' v‹gJbj‹ÅªâahÉš cŸs ctÇ v‹D« JiwKf« vd¡ fUj¥gL»‹wJ. nkšeh£L¢ rÇ¤âu MáÇa® xã® v‹gJ vªj ïlbkdKothf¡ TwÉšiy. cyf rÇ¤âu MáÇa®fŸ, xã® v‹gJM¥ãÇ¡f muhãa ïªâa¡ fiufËYŸs brÊ¥ghd efu§fŸ vd¡TW»‹wd®. 2_‹W M©LfS¡bfhU Kiw ãuahz« brŒa¥g£ljhY« f¥gšfŸ bfh©L br‹w bghUŸfË‰ bgU«ghyhdïªâahÉš fhz¥gLtd MjÈdhY« Xã® v‹gJ ïªâa¤

1. *bgh‹ kÈªj ÉG¥ g©l ehlhu e‹»ÊjU(«)Moa® bgU ehthŒ (kJiu¡ fhŠá81)

``ntWg‹dh£o‰ fhwu tªjgy Éid ehtyhŒ njh‰W« bgUªJiw (e‰ 295)

``beL§bfho El§F ehtyhŒ

(ïÊ jU« ïw¡F« , ML ïaš- bfho mir»‹w; fhš fh‰W)

''Direct evidence of ancient commercial relatice between India and the west hasrecenty been found inheiroglyphic taterof seventeenth century .... For the WordKapi age which ceeurs inkings X -22 in thw from of qoi (Greet)isfound intimesEgyptiantexts in theform of kafu... history of Indian Literature - Weber P&F notes.

2. ''Ophir was the general name for the rich countries of the south,lying on the African,Arabian and Indian coasts as far as that time known . The name of Ophir wascommon oven in the time of Moses.

''At the time of the Ophir voyage, wnen colomon sent to India for ivory, apes andpeacocks, there were as you no Aryans in southern India, for the name for apes, inHebrew 'qof' and in Sanskrit, kapi connot be an Aryan word. It first comes to hand inthe latest book of the Rig Veda but also appears in the form of `qof' as early as the IVDynasty in Egypt and the name for peacocks `tuti' has been borrowed from theMalabar togai.

Historians History of the world Vol. 2 P. 233 & 489.

fÉ v‹gJ jÄœ¢brhš; fÉªJ el¤jš g‰¿¡ fÉ vd¥g£lJ.

e.á. fªijah 93

JiwKfnk vdš bghU¤jkhf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wJ.1 ryk‹(».K. 1000)rªjd¡f£il, Fu§F, kÆš KjÈt‰iw xãÇÅ‹W« bg‰wh‹.kÆš ïªâahÉÅ‹W« bfh©L nghf¥g£lJ. J»« v‹D« bga®vãnua igãËš fhz¥gL»‹wJ. ïJ njhif v‹D« jÄœ¢brhšÈ‹ âÇò. nkšehLfS¡F¡bfh©L nghf¥g£l bghUŸfŸj§fSl‹ jk¡FÇa jÄœ¥ bga®fisí« bfh©L br‹wd. »nu¡fbkhÊÆš mÇá `XÇrh' v‹W« ïŠá `ïŠánt®' v‹W« fWyh`f®ãx‹' â¥ãÈ `ã¥È' v‹W« tH§F«. ïit Kiwna mÇá,ïŠánt®, â¥ãÈ v‹gt‰¿‹ âÇghF«. 2jªj¤J¡F Ïã« v‹D«bga® vãnua¤âš fhz¥gL»‹wJ. ïJ ïg« v‹D« jÄœ¢brhšÈ‹ âÇò.

ïªâahÉÅ‹W« bgh‹, g£L, K¤J thrid¤ âuÉa§fŸKjÈa g©l§fŸ »nu¡f eh£L¡F¡ bfh©L nghf¥g£ld.nAhk® v‹D« giHa »nu¡f òyt® ïªâahÉÅ‹W« »il¡F«bghUŸfis¥ g‰¿¡ T¿ÆU¡»‹wd®. K‰fhy¤âš ïªâahÉÅ‹W« j§f« ãwehLfS¡F V‰Wkâ brŒa¥g£lJ v‹gj‰F¥ gyMjhu§fŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd. ïªâahnthL thÂgŠ brŒjjhšmÓÇah Vuhskhd j§f¤ij <£o‰W. ghãnyhÅa giHarhrd§fËš Mil¡F¢ áªJ v‹D« bga® fhz¥gL»‹wJ. ïJïªâa Mil v‹gij¢ rÇ¤âu MáÇa® všnyhU« x¤J¡bfhŸ»‹wd®. ïªj Mil ghuÓf¤â‰F Clhf ghãnyhD¡F bršyÉšiy. m¥go¢ br‹¿Uªjhš á' v‹gJ Ï' v‹W kh¿ÆU¡F«.ntj kªâu§fS¡FÇa rhâah® fliyí«, fl‰gaz¤ij¥ g‰¿í«nfŸÉ¥g£lh®fnsm‹¿, mjid m¿ªâU¡fÉšiy. MfntâuhÉl bkhÊia¥ ngáa rhâahnu Milia¥ ghãnyhD¡F¡bfh©L br‹wd®. 3Mfnt bj‹Åªâahî¡F« nk‰F Máahî¡F«

1. (Science of language) v‹D« üÈš xã® v‹gJ ïªâa¤ JiwKfnk ba‹W«mj‰F¡ fhuz« xãÇÈUªJ nk‰F¤ njr§fS¡F¢ br‹w bghUŸfŸïªâa¥ bga®fshš m¿a¥g£likna ahF« v‹W« kh¡Þ _y®T¿íŸsh®.

2. The names of the last two subjects Kaim and Tukim as found in Hebrew. Bible arethe same as those still used in Tamil, i.e. Kavi and Tokai. Subsequently the Arabs andGreeks appear to have kept up the trade with Tamilakam. The Greek names for rice(Oryza) Ginger (Zingiber) and Chinnamon (Karpion) are almost identical with theirTamil names arrisi) inchiver and karuva and clearly indicate that Greek merchantsconveyed these articles and other names to Europe from Tamil land. Tamils 1800years ago.

3 The word for ivory (shen hibbin - the tooth of the hubb) is the Sanskrit ibham andTamil ibam (Sketches of Ceylon History - (Sir P. Arunachalam.) * Regozin's VedicIndia. p. 307


ïilÆš flš kh®¡fkhf thÂf« eilbg‰wJ v‹gijkW¡fKoahJ.

».K. v£lh« E‰wh©L¡F¥ ã‹ elªj thÂf¤ij¥ g‰¿ Äf¤bjËthd Mjhu§fŸ »il¡»‹wd. ryk‹r® IV v‹D« MáÇamur‹ (».K.727-722) ïªâa ahidfis cgfhukhf¥ bg‰wJ«,ïªâa nj¡Fku c¤âu« x‹W Õ®ÞÃ«u£ (BirsNimrud) v‹D«efu¤âYŸs Ãò¢r£ ber® III (».K. 604-562) murÅ‹ mu© kidÆ‰fhz¥g£lJ« gntU rhjf« (».K.500) ïªâa Éah ghÇfŸKj‹Kjš kÆšfis¡ flškh®¡fkhf¥ ghãnyhD¡F¡ bfh©Lnghdij¡ TWjY«, ghãnyh‹ ïªâa mÇá, rªjd¡ f£ilKjÈat‰iw ïw¡Fkâ brŒjJ«, giHa bfòU igãËš mur® Imur® II KjÈat®fË‹ tuyhWfis¤ bjhF¤jt®fŸ jÄœeh£oÅ‹W« »il¤j bghUŸfS¡F¤ jÄœ¥ bga®fisnaF¿¥ã£oU¤jY« M»a ïit nk‰F Máahî¡F« ïªâahî¡FÄilÆš ».K. 8-« 7-« E‰wh©LfËš xG§fhd flškh®¡fkhdthÂf¥ ngh¡Ftuî ïUªjJ v‹gij cz®¤J« .ghãnyhÅšij»uÞ, ôãuh¤jÞ v‹D« MWfŸ rªâ¡F« ïl¤J¡Fm©ikÆš jÄH® Fona¿ ïUªjh®fŸ. m§F »U£oz, gy njttÊghLfŸ ïUªjd v‹W m¿a¥gL»‹wJ. nghjhaz®, nk‰FMáahnthL thÂfŠ brŒjt®fis¡ f©o¤âU¡»‹wh®. ïjdhštl ïªâa® m› thÂg¤âš K¡»akhdt® mšy® vd¤ bjÇ»‹wJ. m®¤j rh¤âuŠ brŒj bfslÈa®, tl ïªâaitÉl¤bj‹Åªâahnt thÂf¤â‰ áwªJ És¡»‰bw‹W«, bj‹ÅªâahÉš bgh‹, etkÂ, K¤J , r§F KjÈa bghUŸfŸ »il¤jdv‹W«, tl ïªâah f«gs«, njhš KjÈat‰iwna mË¤jJv‹W« TW»‹wh®.

kJiu mHfhd MilfS¡F¥ ng®nghdJ. jÄH® flšflªJ âuÉa« njodh®fŸ v‹W bjhšfh¥ãa« TW»‹wJ. nk‰FMáahÉYŸs ehLfnshL bj‹ ïªâah thÂf« el¤âajhjÈ‹».K. 20-š gh©oa mur‹, MfÞjÞ v‹D« cnuhk r¡fut®¤â¡F¤öjD¥ãdh‹. ï‹bdhU mur‹ »nu¡f ngh® åuiu¤ jd¡FbkŒfh¥ghsuhf mk®¤âdh‹. atd ngh® åu® gh©oaÇ‹nfh£il thÆšfis¡ fhtš òÇªjd®1

»¿¤Jî¡F¥ gy ü‰wh©LfË‹K‹ ïªâa tÂf® g®khtÊahfî« mj‹ bj‹fiu tÊahfî« br‹W, f«nghâahÉš

1 fokâš thÆš fhtÈ‰ áwªj

tlšthŸ atd®

Kennedy's article on the early commerce of Bobylon with India - J. R. A.S.

e.á. fªijah 95

(ïªJ¢Ód«)thÂf¤ bjhl®ig V‰gL¤âd®. f«nghâahÉšFona¿a jÄH®, m§F x® ïuh¢áa¤ij V‰gL¤âd®. m§F»ykhf¡ fhz¥gL« f£ol§fËš fl‰ngh®, fl‰gaz«M»at‰iw És¡F« xÉa§fŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd. jÄH® ÓdhnthLthÂf¤ bjhl®òilat®fshÆUªjh®fŸ v‹gâš rªnjf« ïšiy.`»anrh¡ Flhit mL¤J ».K. 7-« E‰wh©oš ïªâa® Fona¿ÆUªjh®fŸ' v‹W bu¿a‹ oyhnfhã¿¡ v‹D« MáÇa®TW»‹wh®. 1flš, jiu v‹D« ïU tÊfshY« ïªâahî¡F«Ódhî¡F« ngh¡Ftuî ïUªjJ. »¿¤Jt M©L¡F K‹D«, jÄH®Rk¤âuh, ahth KjÈa ehLfnshL thÂf« el¤âdh®fŸ ïjidkÂnkfiy v‹D« üš bjËthf¡ TW»‹wJ. Rk¤âuhit mL¤jghÈ v‹D« ÔÉš, ï‹W« jÄHUila gH¡ftH¡f§fS«, ehfÇfá‹d§fS« tÊgh£L KiwfS« fhz¥gL»‹wd.

flš, guit, òzÇ, M®fÈ, K‹Ü® v‹gd fliyí«, Xl«,fy«, ku¡fy«, njhÂ, Äjit, f¥gš, ehthŒ, ku«, âÄš, m«ãKjÈad ku¡fy¤ijí« cz®¤J« öa jÅ¤jÄœ¢ brh‰fsh«.ïit jÄH® fliyí«, fl‰ga¤ijí« e‹F m¿ªâUªjh®fŸv‹gj‰F¢ rh‹WfshF«.

»¿¤Jt M©o‹K‰gFâÆš bj‹Åªâahî¡F« cnuhK¡F« ïilÆš beU§»a thÂf¤ bjhl®ãUªjJ. cnuhk® Ká¿ÆY« ãw ïl§fËY« Fona¿ ïUªjd®. atd tÂf® mo¡fongh¡Ftuî brŒí« ïl§fSŸ Ká¿ K¡»a ïlkhÆUªjJ.2

bgJ§nfÇa‹ m£ltizÆš 3(».ã. 325) »nu¡f® jkJ thÂf¥ghJfh¥ã‹ bghU£L Ká¿Æš 2000 ngh®åuiu it¤âUªjh®fŸ:MfÞjÞ murid¡ fd« g©Qj‰ bghU£L mtD¡F X® nfhÆšmik¤âUªjh®fŸ v‹W« brhšy¥gL»‹wJ. kiyahs¡fiuÆYŸs igrhªâa« (Byzantium) v‹D« ïl¤âš »nu¡f®Fona¿ ïUªjd®. cnuhk eh£oÅ‹W« mH»a ngiHfŸ,(atd¢br¥ò) ghit És¡F , kJtif (wine) KjÈa bghUŸfŸjÄœeh£L¡F¡ bfh©Ltu¥g£ld. ÄsF, j§f«, etu¤âd«,

1. Prof. Jerrian De la Couperic proves in his western Origin of the early Chinesecivilization that about the year 630 B.C. the sea traders ofthe Indian Ocean foundedaround the present Gulf of Krao-tehu a colony which they called Langa-ga orLanga-ya," Tholkappian and Tamil scipt - S.R. Muttuhumaru.

2. "ngÇah‰W bt©Qiu fy§f atd« jªjÉidkhz‹ fy« bgh‹bdhL tªJ f¿bahL bgaU«ts§bfG Ká¿'' (mf« 149)

3 Peutingerian Tables


g£lhil, fWth, rªjd¡f£il KjÈad jÄœeh£oÅ‹W« atdnjr¤J¡F¡ bfh©L nghf¥g£ld.

cnuhk thÂf¥ bgU¡f« mâf« ïUªjikahš cnuhk®jkJ ehza§fis¤ bj‹ÅªâahÉš tH§»d®. cnuhkÇ‹ ehzac‰g¤â¢rhiy x‹W bj‹ÅªâahÉš ïUªjjhf e«g¥gL»‹wJ.bj‹ÅªâahÉš bjšÈ¢nrÇ¡F¢ rÛg¤âYŸs nfh£la¤ âY«,kJiu khfhz¤âYŸs fÈa‹ò¤öÇY«, nfha«ò¤ö® khfhz¤âYŸs bghŸsh¢á, fUñ® btŸsYÇY«, òJ¡nfh£il KjÈaïl§fËY« Vuhskhd cnuhk‹ ehza§fŸ f©blL¡f¥ g£ld.ïit cnuhk bj‹Åªâa thÂf¥ bgU¡f¤ij¡ fh£L »‹wd.ïªâa ru¡FfŸ my¡rh©oah tÊahf cnuhik milªjd.

bj‹ÅªâahÉš K¤J¡FË¥ò K¡»a bjhÊyhÆUªjJ. tlbkhÊÆš K¤ij¡ F¿¡F« K¤j v‹DŠ brhš K¤J v‹gj‹âÇng. bj‹ÅªâahÉš K¤J »il¥gjhf cnuhk® m¿ªâUªjd®.mt® jÄœeh£oÅ‹W« Vuhskhd K¤ij th§»¢ br‹wd®.cnuhk eh£L¥ bg©fŸ, K¤âš mâf nkhf« cilat®fshÆUªjh®fŸ. mt®fŸ jkJ nkÅia K¤J¡fshš my§fÇ¤jd®.K¤J¡ nfhitfŸ x‹nwhL x‹W K£o xÈ brŒtij¡ nf£Lmt®fŸ kd« óÇ¤jd®. fhÈš jÇ¡F« brU¥òfË‹ th®fS«,K¤J¡fshš my§fÇ¡f¥g£ld. faÞ Fnyhoa® v‹D« cnuhkmurÅ‹ ïuhÂ cnyhyh, 300,000 j§f ehaz« Éiy cŸsK¤J¡fshš j‹id my§fÇ¤âUªjhŸ. ÑËnah g¤âuh v‹D«v»¥âa ïuhÂ. Ñœeh£L murU¡F K‹ brhªjkhÆUªjJî«, fhâšmÂa¥gLtdîkh»a ïu©L bgÇa K¤J¡fis it¤âUªjhŸ.80,000 j§f ehza« ÉiyíŸs xU K¤ij mt®fhoÆš(É‹dhÇÆš) fiu¤J¡ Fo¤jhŸ k‰w K¤ij¡ fiu¡FŠrka¤âš gh§»ahš jL¡f¥g£lhŸ. bj‹ÅªâahÉÅ‹W«. cnuhkmuh¢áa¤J¡F mD¥g¥g£lt‰WŸ, K¤J, it^Ça«, nfhnkjf«,Úy« KjÈa ïu¤âd tiffns K¡»akhdit. mªnjhÅaÞv‹D« murÅ‹ kªâÇah»anehÅaÞ v‹gt‹ mtÅl¤âÈUªjX® Úy¡fšÈ‹ bghU£L ntiyÆÅ‹W« Ú¡f¥g£lh‹. mt‹jdJ bršt« všyht‰iwí« É£L 8000 j§f ehza« ÉiyíŸsÚy¡fšYl‹ j¥ã Xodh‹. M©oš ïu©L ïy¢r« j§fehza«tiuÆš ÉiyíŸs cnuhk eh£o‹ bršt¤ij ïªâah ÉG§»ÉL»‹wJ vd¥ ãËÅ (».ã. 62-113) v‹gt® btW¥ghf¡T¿ÆU¡»‹wh®.

1 `àtd® e‹fyªjªe j©fkœ njwš (òw«56)

``bfh‰if K‹Wiw aÉ®fâ® K¤jbkhL (mf«21)

e.á. fªijah 97

ãweh£L tÂf® ÄsF, frfrh, rªjd« M»at‰iwkiyahs¡ fiuÆÅ‹W« th§»d®. bešÿÇÈUªJ bj‰nfTlÿ®, òJ¢nrÇ tiuÆY« xUtif¤ jf£L¢ br«ò ehza§fŸÃy¤â‰ f©blL¡f¥gL»‹wd. ït‰nwhL cnuhk‹ ehza§ fS«,JisÆ£l Ód ehza§fS« f©blL¡f¥g£ld. bgÇa kiH¡F«òaY¡F« ã‹ Û‹ ão¥nghÇ‹ bg©L ãŸisfŸ ï› tifehza§fis¡ fl‰fiu Xu§fËš bghW¡» vL¡»wh®fŸ»¿¤jh¥j¤âš ehiyªJ ü‰wh©Lfshf¥ ãw eh£L thÂf« jÄœeh£oš bgÇJ« eilbg‰wJ v‹gj‰F ïJ nghâa rh‹wh»‹wJ.br«ò¤ jf£L¡ fhRfË‹ xUòw¤âš, ïu©L ghŒkuKŸsJ«JL¥òfsh‰ brY¤j¥gLtJkh»a njhÂÆ‹ tot« bgh¿¡f¥g£oU¡»wJ.

tÂf® flš flªJ ku¡fy§fËš beLªöu« brštij¥ g‰¿kÂnkfiy v‹D« üš mHfhf TW»‹wJ. ``âiufl nyhoí«âuÉaª njL'' v‹D« gHbkhÊ ï‹W« jÄœ eh£oš tH§F»‹wJ.

Ká¿, bfh‰if, bjh©o, khªij, òfh® KjÈad jÄœeh£o‹ K¡»a JiwKf§fshF«. òfh® efÇ‹ áw¥ig¡ foaÿ®cU¤âu§f©zdh® g£od¥ghiyÆš ÉÇ¤J¡ T¿d®. g©lrhiy K‰w§fËš FÉªJ »l¡F« g©l§fis¥ g‰¿í« R§f§bfhŸnthiu¥ g‰¿í« K‹ XÇl¤â‰ T¿íŸnsh«. filåâfËšf§if, fhntÇ ehLfË‹ ÉisbghUŸfS« <H«, flhu«(g®kh)KjÈa njr§fË‹ czî¥ bghUŸfS«, Ñœ flÈ‰ ãwªj gtsK«,bj‹flÈ‰ FË¤j K¤J«, nk‰F¤ bjhl® kiyÆ‰ ãwªj rªjd¡f£ilí«, ïkakiyÆ‰ ãwªj bgh‹D«, kÂí«, muhãahÉÅ‹W« flš kh®¡fkhf tªj FâiufS«, t©ofËY«,fGijfËY« bfhz®ªj ÄsF _ilfS« nj§»¡ »lªjd.

ku¡fy§fŸ âir m¿ªJ bršY« fy§fiu És¡f§fŸfl‰fiu¥ g£od§fËš mik¡f¥g£oUªjd. ï¡ f£ol§fŸXiy KjÈat‰whš nta¥glhJ _Lrhªâl¥ bg‰¿Uªjd.

ku¡fy§fË‹ cW¥òfis¡ F¿¡f tH§F« brh‰fŸ jÄœ¢brh‰fshfnt fhz¥gL»‹wd. f¥g‰ gh£L vd¤ j‰fhy« tH§F«ghlšfËY« ï¢ brh‰fis¡ fhzyh«.

cHî``RH‹Wnk®¥ ã‹d Jyf kjdhYHªJ KHnt jiy''. (FwŸ.)

jÄH® cHî¤ bjhÊiy k‰bwšyh¤ bjhÊšfËY«ca®ªjJ« áwªjJbk‹W fUâd®. `cGJ©L thœtj‰ bfh¥ ãšiy


vd¤ jÄœ _jh£oí«, cGJ©L thœthnu thœth® k‰bwšyh«bjhGJ©L ã‹bršgt®'' v‹W tŸStdhU«, cHî¤bjhÊÈ‹áw¥ig¡ TWjš fh©f. cGJ, vUÉ£L¡ fis f£o¥ gÆ® brŒant©oa E£g§fis¤ âU¡FwŸ TW»‹wJ. m¡ fhy¤âš vUntgaiyahf¥ ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ. tašfS¡F Ú® ghŒ¢R« thŒ¥òfŸmuáduhš V‰gL¤j¥g£ oUªjd. beš Éisí«tašfisíilajh»a kUj Ãy§fËš VÇfS« thÉ fS«fhz¥g£ld. M‰¿ÈUªJ bršY« fhšthŒfŸ tÊahftašfS¡F Ú® ghŒ¢r¥g£lJ. M¿šyhj ïl§fËš VÇfËÈUªJÚ® ghŒ¢r¥g£lJ. fÇfh‰ nrhH‹ Éis Ãy§fS¡F Ú® ghŒ¢R«thŒ¥òfis¢ brŒtj‰fhf¡ fhÉÇ¡ fiuÆš bgÇa miz f£LÉ¤jh‹. ïj‰F ïy§ifÆÈUªJ 12,000 á§fst® br‹¿Uªjh®fŸvd ïy§if¢ rÇ¤âu§ TW»‹wJ.

jÄÊš üš brŒnth® eh£Lts¤ij¡ TWÄl¤J, cHt®eh‰w§fhšfËš eh‰W¥ ãL§Fjš, eh‰WKofis¢ RkªJ br‹WtašfË‰ nghLjš, M«gÈiyÆ‰ fŸis th®¤J c©l filáa®ghlšfis¥ gho¡bfh©L eh‰W eLjš, fisf£lš, bešyÇjš,NlL¡fš, flh ÉLjš, bghÈ ö‰wš, »iz¥ bghUe® fs« ghlš,jhÅa§fis¡ TLfË‹ thŒfis¤ âwªJbfh£lš KjÈaáw¥òfis tUÂ¤J¡ TWjš kuò. f«g® ntsh© kuòfis És¡»VbuGgJ v‹D« mÇa übyh‹iw¢ brŒâU¡»‹wd®.

kUjÃy§fËš bešny a‹¿¡ fU«ò« ÉisªjJ. tašfË‹ïilna cŸs bfh£ošfËYŸs MiyfËš fU¥gªjofis¥ãÊªJ vL¡f¥g£l rhW, f£oahf¡ fhŒ¢r¥ bg‰wJ. F¿ŠáÃy¤âš tuF, âid, bfhŸS, mtiu KjÈad Éisªjd.1 tašÃy§fŸ Äfî« brÊ¥ghÆUªjd. ahid Ã‹whš kiw¡f¡Toafâiuíila fHÃ Ãy« v‹W«, _§»iy¥ ngh‹W« fU«ig¥ngh‹W« tsU« beš v‹W« ïy¡»a§fËš be‰gÆÇ‹ brGikÉjªJ Tw¥gL»‹wJ. cGbjhÊyh‰ áwªJ, bršt thœ¡ifíilauhÆUªnjh® murdh® bfsuÉ¡f¥g£L, fhÉâ¥g£l«tH§f¥ bg‰wd®. jÄœeh£o‹ cÆ®eho cGbjhÊyhfnt ïUªjJ;ï‹W« ïU¡»‹wJ.

ïy«v‹W mirï ïU¥ghiu¡ fhÂ‹Ãy« v‹D« ešyhŸ eF« (FwŸ. 1040)

(ïj‹ bghUŸ ) ah« t¿na« v‹W V§» ïU¥ghiu¡f©lhš ókhnjÉ jd¡FŸ áÇ¥ghŸ.

1 ``fU§fhytunf ÆU« fâ®¤ âiznaáWbfho¡ bfhŸns bgh¿ »sutiubahLï¡fh‹F (òw«335)

e.á. fªijah 99

if¤ bjhÊšjÄœ eh£o‰ bgU«ghY« všyhtif¡ if¤bjhÊšfS«

ts®¢á milªjd. cnuhk eh£L¢ Ókh£ofŸ, mÂªj ghyhÉngh‹w g£lhilfŸ jÄœeh£L berths®fshš brŒa¥g£ldnt. f©iz¡ ftU« gyÃw« C£l¥g£l mH»a g£lhilfis cnuhk tÂf®, Ãiw¡F¢ rÇahd j§f¤ij¡ bfhL¤Jth§»d®. VHhÆu« M©LfS¡F K‹dnu jÄœ k¡fŸ MilbeŒí« bjhÊÈš nj®¢á bg‰¿Uªjh®fbs‹gJ, bkhfŠrjnuhehfÇf¤jhš m¿a¥gL»‹wJ. gHªjÄœ ïy¡»a§fŸ. ó¤bjhÊDiladî«, ïiH nghd ÉlªbjÇahJ E©Âa üšfshšbeŒa¥g£ldî kh»a gytif¥ g£lhilfis¥ g‰¿¡TW»‹wd. 1m¡fhy¤J tH§»a gyÉjkhd MilfË‹ bga®fŸáy¥gâfhu ciuÆ‰ fhz¥gL »‹wd mit:

nfháf«, Õjf«, g¢áiy, mu¤j«, E©L»š, R©z«, tlf«,gŠR, ïu£L, ghlf«, nfh§fy®, nfhg«, á¤âu¡f«Ä, FUâ, fÇaš,nglf«, gÇag£l¡fhR, ntj§f«, ò§f®¡fHf«, ášÈif, öÇa«,g§f«, j¤âa«, t©zil, ft‰Wko üšah¥ó, âU¡F, njth§F,bgh‹bdG¤J, F¢rÇ, njt»Ç, fh¤öy«, ïwŠR, bt©bgh¤â,br«bgh¤â, gÂ¥ bgh¤â v‹gd.

m¡ fhy¤âš bg©fns å£oÈUªJ Mil beŒj‰FÇaüiy ü‰wh®fbsd¤ bjÇ»wJ. 2mrªjh¡Fif, ïy§ifÆYŸsá»Çah KjÈa ïl§fË‰ fhz¥gL« giHa XÉa§fshš m¡ fhykhj® Ãw_£l¥ bg‰w mH»a g£lhilfis cL¤jh®fbsdÉs§F»‹wJ.

bgh‰bfhšy® Mguz§fŸ brŒtâš Äf¤âwik bg‰¿Uªjd®. m¡fhy¥ bg©fS«, M©fS« gytifahd Mguz§fis mÂªâUªjd®. ïu©L g¡fK« ahidfŸ jhkiu kyiuÚ£o Ã‰f eLnt ïy¡FÄ å‰¿U¥gjhf¢ brŒa¥g£l bjŒt î¤â,ty«òÇ¢ r§F tothf¢ brŒa¥g£l ty«òÇ, m§fhªj thisÛÅ‹ tothf¢ brŒa¥g£l this¥ gFthŒ, bgh‹dÇ khiy,ghjru«, kfuFiH, áW tuÂa«, I«gil¤ jhÈ, muruÂ í«åuj©il, Ko, gj¡f« KjÈaî« ïit ngh‹wîkh»a gytifMguz§fis¤ jÄœeh£L¥ bgh‰ bfhšynu brŒjd®.

1 MÉa‹d mÉ® ü‰fÈ§f« (bgU«gh©)

òif ÉÇ¤jid bgh§F J»YOï (òw« 398)

2 bfh¡F EiHfšyh E©ika-}g¡fÅ¡ juîÇa‹dtWik (bghUef®)


m¡fhy« nghÇ‰ ga‹gL¤J¤j‰FÇa ntš, thŸ, cilthŸ,Ny«, kG, r¡fu«, m«ò¤jiy ïit ngh‹wt‰iwí«, ehŒ f£LŠr§fÈ, ahid f£LŠ r§»È, bghG, ghiu, TÅU«ò, ahidfË‹bfh«ãÈU¡F« »«òÇ, kâÈ‹ nkš it¡f¥gL« gytifahdïaªâu§fŸ M»at‰iwí« ãwt‰iwí« jÄœeh£L¡ bfhšynubrŒjd®.

mur® mu©kidfisí«, åLfisí«, òÈ á§f« KjÈat‰¿‹ fhš ngh‹w âu©l fhÈid cila t£l toÉdth»amH»a mur® gŸËaiw¡ f£ošfisí«, nj®, áÉif, Xl«, mur®å‰¿U¡F« á§fhrd«, cuš, cy¡if, òÈÆ‹ jiy, á§f¤â‹ jiyngh‹w thŸfË‹ ãofŸ, fy¥ig M»at‰iwí« m¡ fhyk¡fS¡F nt©oa ku¤jh‰ brŒí« bghUŸfisí« jÄœ eh£L¤j¢rnu brŒjd®.

bt©fy«, br«ò KjÈa cnyhf§fshš gytif¥ gh¤âu§fŸ brŒa¥g£ld. bt©fy¤âdh‰ brŒa¥g£l vUik, gRKjÈa rÇ¤âu fhy¤J¡F K‰g£l *<k¤jhÊfS£ fhz¥g£ld.mit áwªj ntiy¥ghLfnshL ToadthŒ¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd.

r§FfŸ mH»a tisašfshš mW¤J¢ brŒa¥g£ld.ghid r£o brŒtâš ï¥nghJ cŸstÇD« K‹DŸst® Äf¤âwikíila®. gsgs¥ghd ghid r£ofS«, ãz§fis ï£L¥òij¡F« jhÊfS« gy toÉ‰ brŒa¥g£ld. ija‰fhuU«,brU¥ò KjÈat‰iw¢ brŒí« njhš ntiy brŒnthU« ïUªjd®.khiy f£LjÈš jÄH® áw¥ghf¤ âwik milªâUªjd®.

á‰g«murUila nfhÉšfisí«, khÅ‹ f© ngh‹w rhsu§

fisí« Ãyh K‰w§fisíKila mL¡F khËiffisí«.ãu«kh©lkhd nfhÆšfisí« ÃUÄ¤jt®fŸ jÄœeh£L¢á‰ãfns. kJiu¡nfhÆš, nkšeh£ltU¡F« âif¥ig ÉisÉ¡»‹wJ. jÄœeh£L¢ á‰ãfŸ nfhÉ‰ f£ol§fËnyna jkJ KG¤âwikiaí« fh£oÆU¡»‹wd®. mkuhtâ á¤âu§fS«,kfhgÈòu kiy¡nfhÆY« jÄœeh£L¢ á‰ãfË‹ âwik¡FvL¤J¡fh£Lfsh«. jÄHUila á‰g¡fiy jÄœeh£ony njh‹¿ts®¢á milªjJ. jÄH® jkJ á‰g¡ fiy¡F MÇaU¡fhtJ ntWvtU¡fhtJ flik¥g£lt®fsšy®. jÄH® kâšfsh‰ NH¥g£lmH»a efu§fËš thœªjt®fbs‹W ïU¡F ntj¤â‰ gy ïl§fËšbrhšy¥gL»‹wJ. gh©ltU¡F ïªâu¥ ãu¤j¤âš gË§Fkhk©lg¤ij¡ f£o Ko¤jt‹ ka‹ v‹D« âuhÉl á‰ãna v‹W

e.á. fªijah 101

Éahr® TW»‹wh®. Mya§fËš it¡f¥g£oU¡F« gy tifahdflî£ áiyfŸ všyh« jÄœ¢ á‰ãfË‹ ifntiyfns.

xÉa«xÉaK« á‰gK« x‹nwhL x‹W beU§»a bjhl®òilad.

ehlf mu§»š ga‹gL¤J« âiufS«, Éjhd¢ ÓiyfS« gytifXÉa§nshL ToadthŒ ïUªjd. murdJ mu©kid¢ Rt® fËšgy Ãw§fnshL Toa XÉa§fŸ vGj¥g£oUªjd v‹W r§füšfË‰ brhšy¥gL»‹wJ. mu©kidÆš á¤âu k©lg« vd X®k©lg« c©L. Mya§fËY«, brštUila khËif fËY«mH»a XÉa§fŸ vGj¥bgWjš m¡ fhy tH¡F.1 Mya§ fË‹nfhòu§fË‰ fhz¥gL« gy tifahd mH»a tot§fŸjÄHUila XÉa¥ gytifia És¡F»‹wd. bkhfŠ rjnuhK¤âiufË‰ fhz¥gL« kÅj Éy§FfË‹ tot§fŸ jÄHÇ‹ 7000M©LfS¡F K‰g£l XÉa¥ gÆ‰á¡F cjhuzkhF«.

thdMuhŒ¢ájÄH® thd MuhŒ¢áÆš nj®ªâUªjd®. bkhfŠrjnuh

K¤âiufË‰ »il¤j F¿¥òfshš jÄH® bjh‹ikna thdrh¤âu¤ij e‹F m¿ªâUªjd® vd¥ òydh»‹wJ. jÄH®ÄFâahf¡ fl‰ gazŠ brŒjd®.2 gaz fhy§fËš khYÄfŸÉ©Û‹fisí« â§fisí« neh¡»¤ âir m¿ªJ ku¡fy§fis¢brY¤âd®. thd¤ij neh¡» neu« m¿ªJ bfhŸsî« mt®

1 ntWg£l Éid Xt¤Jbt©nfhÆš(g£od¥ghiyòid ft®¥ ghiya‹d'' (e‰¿iz)

``Xt¤‹d ÉidíidfšÈ‰ghita‹dòyuu khps‹'' (mf« 98)

2. cyF »s®ªj‹d îUbfG t§f«òyYâiu¥ bgU§flÜÇil nghHÉuî bkšiyí kirÆ‹wh»Éiu brš Èa‰ift§THh£l¡nfhLa®»Âazyf‹Wiw Ûfh‹khlbthŸbsÇkU§f¿ª bjhŒath‹Éid¥ ãÇªjfhjy® ehŸ gyfÊahikna aÊglhfytUt®(mf« 225)

(ïj‹ciu) cyf« ïl«É£L¥ bga®ªjh‰ ngh‹w bgÇa njhÂ, òyhšehW»‹w »iuíila bgÇa flÿL Ãiu¡ »H¤J ïuî« gfY«nru®É‹¿, ÉiuªJåR« ïa‰ifíilíila fh‰W cij¡f¥nghŒkz‰F«g« Ãiwªj bgÇa Jiwia Ûfhkd ão¡f. btË¢r ;lo‹ Ëia¡f©L g¡f¤njj§F«. ï›thW bghUŸ njLj‰F¢ br‹W Ã‹ jiyt®gyeh£fÊaK‹ tUt®.


gÆ‹¿Uªjd®. rªâudJ ïa¡f¤ij¡ bfh©nl mt® khj§fis¡fz¡»£ld®. khj¤J¡F kâ, â§fŸ v‹D« bga®fŸ tH§F»‹wd. jÄœeh£oÅ‹W« ãÇªJ br‹w rhyâa m¡nfoa®fS«jÄH® bfh©l Kiwiana ifah©ld®. rhyâa® m¡nfoaÇ‹c‰g¤âia m¿ahj rÇ¤âuháÇa®fŸ. jÄH® thdrh¤âu¤ij¥ghãnyhÅaÇlÄUªJ f‰wd® vd¡ T¿ÆU¡»‹wd®. jÄœÃf©LüšfËš ehŸnfhŸ KjÈat‰W¡F¥ gybga®fŸ fhz¥gLjÈ‹jÄH® thdrh¤âu m¿it Ú©l ehŸfS¡F K‹dnu cilauhŒïUªjd® v‹gJ És§F«.

»uf§fË‹ M‰wyhš kÅjD¡F e‹ik ÔikfŸ c©lh»‹wd v‹D« bfhŸif Äf¥ gHikahdJ. nrhâl Phd«jÄœeh£o‰ rÇ¤âu fhy¤J¡F K‹ c©lhdJ. É©Û‹ vÇªJÉGtJ áy J¡f r«g¤J¡F m¿F¿ v‹W fUj¥g£lJ. NÇa, rªâu»uz§fS« áy ÔikfS¡F m¿F¿ v‹W fUj¥g£ld.fU¥gbkŒâa bg©fŸ mt‰iw xUnghJ« gh®¥gâšiy.

jÄHUila ÉHh¡fhy§fŸ NÇadhny‰gL« gUt fhy§fisí« rªâudhY©lhF« Ãyh¡fhy§fisí« bghW¤jdthÆUªjd. NÇa‹ á§f ïuháÆ‰ òF«nghJ mšyJ MtÂ khj¤âšjÄH®fSila òJtUl« Mu«gkh» MoÆš KotilªjJ.g§FÅ khj¤âš É©Ûbdh‹W vÇªJ åœªjJ v‹W«, VHhtJehŸ mur‹ ïwªjh‹ v‹W« Tlÿ®»Hh® òw« 229-š TW»‹wh®.1

`jÄH®fSila fÂjKiwna tH¡»YŸs všyh fÂj§fËY«ÃjhdkhdJ' vd lh¡l® áyh£l® (Dr. Slater) T¿ÆU¡»‹wh®.

``bj‹Åªâa gujt® rªâuDila ïa¡f¤ij¡ ftÅ¤J¥giHa fhy¤â‰ rªâu khzkhf¡ fhy¤ij msªjd®. rkbtËfË‰gÆÇL« k¡fŸ gUtfhy§fisí« NÇaDila ïa¡f¤ijí«ftÅ¤jd®. ãuhkz®fË‹ bjhl®ò V‰gLtj‹K‹ jÄH® Äf¤âU¤jkhd thd MuhŒ¢á m¿it¥ bg‰¿Uªjd®. ÉahH‹, ïuhát£l¤ij IªJ Kiw R‰¿ tUtjyh»a mWgJ tUl§bfh©l fhymsit MÇaU¡FÇa j‹W'2..... v‹W k¡ä‹ v‹D« MáÇa® TWt®.

``brŠPhÆ‰¿dJ åâí«, mŠPhÆ‰¿dJ ïa¡fK« m›Éa¡f¤jh‰ NH¥gL« cyfK«, fh‰W ïa§F« â¡F«, XuhjhuKÄ‹¿¤ jhnd Ã‰»‹w MfhaK« v‹W brhšy¥g£l ït‰iwM©lh©L nghŒ msªj¿ªjtiu¥ nghy ehS« ï¤ Jizaitciladbt‹W brhšY« fšÉia íilnahU Ks®'' v‹D«

1. *ï‹W«``btŸËÉGth‹ v‹W â£LjštH¡fhÆU¡»‹wJ.

2. Mannel of admininistrationof the Madras presideney.

e.á. fªijah 103

bghUŸgl tU« òw« 30-M« ghlyhY« gÇghlÈ‹ gânduhŠbrŒíshY« jÄœ k¡fË‹ thdü‰ òyikia m¿f.

kUªJmurUila cWâ¢ R‰w¤jhUŸ xUt® kU¤Jt®. r§f

fhy¤J¥ òyt® áy® kU¤Jt® bjhÊiy nk‰bfh©ld bu‹gJkU¤Jt‹ jhnkhjudh®, kU¤Jt‹ ešy‰Rjdh® KjÈabga®fshš És§F« 1eho gh®¤J nehŒ m¿jš, jÄœ it¤âa¤â‹áwªj ïašghF«. j‰fhy« tH§F»‹w it¤âa üšfis¡ bfh©Lm¡ fhy« kUªJ¡fiy Äf ts®¢á milªâUªjikia m¿ayh«.gjh®¤j FzáªjhkÂ v‹D« üš, jÄH® _ÈiffË‹ ga‹fisv›tsî öu« MuhŒªJ f©Lão¤jh®fŸ v‹gj‰F cjhuz khF«.ršÈafuÂ, rªjhdfuÂ, rkÅa fuÂ, ÄUJ rŠÓÉÅ, KjÈakUªJfŸ Äf¢ áwªjd v‹W áy¥gâfhu ciuÆ‰ brhšy¥ gL»wJ.tŸStdhU« kUªJ v‹D« X® mâfhu¤ij¤ âU¡FwSŸit¤JŸsh®.

``nehŒeho nehŒKj dho aJjÂ¡F«thŒeho thŒ¥g¢ braš'' (FwŸ. 95)

(ïj‹ bghUŸ) kU¤JtdhÆdh‹ nehahË kh£L Ãfœ»‹wnehia mj‹ F¿fshš ï‹dbj‹W JÂªJ ã‹, mJ tUtj‰F¡fhuz¤ij MuhŒªJ bjËªJ, ã‹ mJ Ô®¡F« cgha¤âid m¿ªJmjid¢ brŒí« tÊ ãiHahk‰ brŒf.

mby¡rhªj® ïªâahî¡F tªjnghJ ïªâa® kUªJ¡fiyÆš Äf K‹nd¿ ÆUªjij¡ f©L M¢rÇa¥g£lh®. »nu¡f®gh«ò¡ fo¡F kUªJ m¿ahjt®fshÆUªjh®fŸ. ïªâa® mjidvËjhf kh‰¿dh®fŸ v‹W mÇa‹ (Arrian) v‹D« »nu¡f MáÇa®T¿íŸsh®. my¡rhªj® âwikíŸs ïªâa it¤âa®fis¤jd¡fU»š it¤J¡ bfh©L gh«ãdh‰ foí©lt®fŸ¤ murkhËifÆš á»¢ir bgwyh« vd És«ghŠ brŒâUªjh‹ v‹WmtdJ jsgâah»aÚ®¢rÞ (Nearchus) v‹gt® T¿ïU¡»‹wh®. ïJ»¿¤Jî¡F 300 tUl§fS¡F K‰g£l Ãfœ¢á.

ef®ef® kâÈdh‰ NH¥g£oU¡F«, kâÈ‹ òw¤nj nrhiyfS«

Mya§fS« Jwnth® gŸËfS« fhz¥gL«. efÇ‹ thÆiy¡flªJ bršÈ‹ mjid¡ fhtš òÇnth® beU§» ciwí« åâfS«Û‹ ÉiyPU«, c¥ò, tÂfU«, fŸ, ã£L, m¥g«, thrid¥ g©l«

1. eho ïUja¤Jo¥ig¡ fh£L»‹wJ.


, ïiw¢á É‰ngh® thœ»‹w åâfS« njh‹W«. ï› åâ fismL¤J k£fyŠ brŒí« FatU«, br«ò ntiy brŒnth®,bt©fy‹ f‹dh®, bgh‰bfhšy®, j¢r®, k£ghit brŒnth®,ija‰fhu®, khiy f£Lnth®, nrhâl®, ghz® KjÈnah®bjU¡fS«, r§fWngh® ïu¤âd¥ gÂahs® åâfS«, ehlf¡fÂifa® åâí«, bešY¥òšY KjÈa Tytif É‰ngh® bjUî«Nj®, khfj®, itjhËf®, bghJkfË® bjU¡fS«, Mil beŒJÉ‰ngh®, bgh‹ thÂf®, ïu¤âd ÉahghÇfŸ åâfS«, mªjz®m¡»ufhuK« ïuhr åâí«, kªâÇfŸ åâí«, gštif murh§fmâfhÇfŸ thG« bjU¡fS« mikªâU¡F«. ïitnaa‹¿ahtU« tªJ j§Ftj‰FÇa ku¤joí«, m«gyK« K¢rªâfS«mUÉnahL« mH»a brŒF‹W fS« És§F«. ït‰¿‹ k¤âÆšmurDila mu©kid, bgh‹kakhd nkUnghš És§F«.mu©kid t£lkhd kâÈdhš NœªâU¡F«. kâš nfhòu¤njhLToaJ. kâÈ‹ c£òw¤nj bghŒah»a óÄí« VªâuthÉí«ïsku¢ nrhiyí«, mªj¥òu kfË® ïU¡FÄlK«, Míj rhiy í«,jhÅa¡ fsŠáa§fS«, elªJ bršY« bgÇa thÆšfS«,EiHªJ bršY« FW»a thÆšfS«, rig TL« k©lgK«, eldrhiyfS«, njthya§fS«, Fâiu¥ gªâí«, ahid¥ gªâí«, gilj§FÄlK« kÆš ÉisahL« bt©Âw Kila br§ F‹W«ïU£liwí« fhz¥gL«.1

nfh£ilefiu¢ NœªJ kâY«, kâiy¢ NœªJ btŸËil (kzš

guªj) ÃyK« btŸËil Ãy¤ij¢ NœªJ mfK«, mfiH¢NœªJkiyí«, kiyia¢ NœªJ fht‰fhL« mu© brŒí«. kâš,br§f£o, R©zh«ò KjÈat‰whš vL¡f¥bg‰W, VÂ¡F v£lhjcauK«, gift® jf®¡fKoahj â©ikí« mf¤JŸsh® nknyÃ‹W ngh® brŒa¡Toa mfyKKilajhÆU¡F«. bgU«ghY«mJ ehYFâiufŸ ó£oa nj®fŸ nghfî« tuî« ToamfyKilajhŒ ïU¡F«. giHa mÓÇa® ghãnyhÅ aUilanfh£ilfŸ ï›th¿Uªjd. kâiy¢ R‰¿ gy thÆšfS«nfhòu§fS« ïUªjd. thÆšfË‹ ÃiyfŸ, gy tÆu ku§fisx‹Wnr®¤J¢ brŒa¥g£ld. fjîfŸ, ïU«ò mŸSfËdh‰bgy¥ã¤J, ïu©lhf¢ brŒa¥g£ld. mit âu©l ku§fshšcŸns jhËl¥g£ld. åu® kiwªâUªJ m«bgŒj‰FÇa kJ¡»l§fŸ gy kâiy¢ NH ïUªjd. gift® ÛJ fšiy åRtdî«,cnyhf§fis cU¡»¢ brhÇtdî«, bfhâ v©bzia C‰Wtdî«, beU¥ig¡ bfh£Ltdî«, m«òfis vŒtdî kh»agytif¥ bgh¿fŸ kâÈ‹ nkš it¡f¥g£oUªjd. kâiy¢ Nœªj

1. cjaz‹ fij

e.á. fªijah 105

btŸËil Ãy« gift® Ã‹W bghUj‰fÇjhŒ bt¥g KilajhŒïU¡F«. ïU«ãdh‰ brŒa¥g£l ahid beUŠá mjÅl¤njgu¥g¥g£oU¡F«. ïjid mL¤JŸs mfœ, ÄFªj MHK«mfyKKilajhÆU¡F«. ÄFªj MH« cilik Æ‹ Ú®,ÚykÂngh‹w njh‰w KilajhÆU¡F«. áy mfœfŸ 40 mo MH«ïUªjd v‹W áy giHa rhrd§fË‰ fhz¥gL»‹wJ. mjdf¤njbgÇa KjiyfS« M£fis ÉG§F« bgÇa Û‹fS« thG«. efÇ‰bgUF« fÊÚbušyh« f‰gil(kjF) thÆyhf tªJ ï›tfÊnyÉG«. nfh£il thÆÈÅ‹W« btËna brštj‰F ï›tfœÛJgyif nghl¥g£oU¡F«. ngh®¡fhy§fËš ï¥ gyifvL¡f¥gL«. mfÊ‹ òw¤nj cŸs fht‰fhL KŸku§fŸ gycilajhÆU¡F«. mj‹ ïilÆilna thŸ, ïU«ò, KŸ KjÈadgâ¡f¥ bg‰ ¿U¡F«. mjid¡ fhtš brŒí« nt£Lt® mu©fŸm›Él¤ J©L. mfÊ‹ òw¤nj ïa‰ifahdkiy ïšiyahÆ‹bra‰if ahd kiyfis mik¤jš ïašò. kiy, btŸËil,Ãy«KjÈad ïšyhj mu©fSK©L. kâÈ‹ mf¤âÅ‹W« btËnabršY« fŸstÊah»a RU§iffŸ gy c©L. kâÈ‹ thÆÈšgªJ«, ghití« ö¡FtJ« m¡fhy tH¡F. ïJ gift®fis¥bg©fbs‹W mtkâ¤j‰F m¿F¿ahF«.

âUtŸSt® mwÂ‹ j‹ikia¤ âU¡FwËš e‹FÉs¡»íŸsh®. mJ tUkhW:-

``kÂngh‹w ÚU«, btŸËil ÃyK« kiyí« FË®ªjÃHiyíila fhL«, VÂ vŒjhj cauK« òw¤jh®¡F mfHyhfhmo mfyK«, òw¤njhiu vâ®¤J Ã‹W ngh® brŒa ïaY« jiymfyK« br§f£o, fš KjÈat‰wh‰ brŒjikÆ‹ jf®¡fyhfhjâ©ikí« cila kâš cilaJ áwªj mu© vd¥gL«. mJfh¡fnt©oa ïl« á¿ajhí«, cŸns mf‹w ïlKilajhí«,mf¤jh® òw¤jh®nkš m«ò KjÈat‰iw¢ brY¤â¥ ngh® brŒj‰FV‰w j‹ikíiljhí«. mf¤njh®¡F nt©L« bghUŸvšyht‰iwí« cŸns cilajhí«, òw¤njhuhš kâš mÊ btŒJ«všiy¡f© gift® mf¤J vŒjhtif fh¡ftšy ešyåuiuíilajhíÄU¡F«. mJ, åu® cŸËUªJ btËna bršyhthW«, btËnaÆUªJ cŸns òfhthW« beU§»¢ NœªJ K‰Wifï£L«, m§‡d« NHhJ be»œªjÉl« neh¡» xU Kfkhf¥ ngh®brŒJ«, JÂîilnahiu VÉ¡ fjÉid¤ âwªJ« gift®mf¤njhiu¡ bfhŸSj‰fÇjhÆU¡F«. gil¥ bgUik tšytuhŒtªJ Nœªj òw¤njhiu, mf¤njh®, jh« g‰¿a ïl« ÉlhJ Ã‹WbghUJ btšy¤j¡fJ«, mf¤njh® brŒí« bjhÊš ntWgh£lhš


åWbg‰W¥ òw¤njh® m¿ahk‰ òFjš nghjš brŒj‰F¢ RU§iftÊ KjÈaîilaJ« áwªj muzhf¡ fUj¥gL«.

Koîiuï‰iw¡F IahÆu« M©LfË‹ K‹dnu jÄœ k¡fŸ

v»¥âa®, ghãnyhÅa®fisÉl ca®ªj ehfÇf« vŒâÆUªjh®fŸv‹gij bkhfŠrjhnuh¥ òijbghUŸ MuhŒ¢á btËÆL»‹wJ.m¡ fhy ehfÇf« f‰fhy ïWâÆY« cnyhf fhy¤ bjhl¡f¤âY«cŸsjhÆD« mJ r§ffhy ehfÇf¤J¡F« v›th‰whD« jhœªj‹W. bkhfŠrjhnuh¥ òijbghUŸ MuhŒ¢áí« r§füšMuhŒ¢áí« btËÆLtJ jÄœ k¡fŸ IahÆu« M©LfS¡FK‹ÄUªnj åœÃiy milahJ ca®ªj ehfÇfilat®fshŒtªâU¡»wh®fŸ v‹gnjahF«. MdikÆdhnyna MÇa®fy¥ãdhY« jÄH® ehfÇf«, bkhÊ M»ad áijîglÉšiy.ït®fSl‹ fy¡f ne®ªj MÇa® jhK« ït®fË‹ fiyfisí«,xG¡f§fisí« tÊgh£L Kiwfisí« ã‹g‰WthuhÆd®

e.á. fªijah 107

6jÄH® MÇa® fy¥ò

ï¥ bghUSiuÆ‹ tuyhWï¥ bghUŸ g‰¿a f£Liu ï‰iw¡F eh‰g¤bjhU M©L

fË‹K‹ g©oj® rtÇuha¥ãŸis mt®fshš M§»y¤âšvGj¥bg‰W á¤jhªj Ôãif v‹D« g¤âÇifÆ‹ ehyh« Iªjh«ò¤jf§fËš btËtªJŸsJ. ï¤Jiz M©LfS¡FK‹vGj¥g£lnghJ« m¡ f£Liu òJikí« MuhŒ¢á E£gK«bg‰W ÄË®»‹wJ. mJ jÄH® tuyh‰¿š ka¡f¤ij¡ bfhL¡F«gyt‰W¡F ÉilÆË¥gjhí«, Éªj¤J¡F tl¡nf cŸs jÄHÇ‹rÇ¤âu¤ij¡ TWtjhí ÄU¡»‹wJ. m¡ f£Liu ïJtiu ò¤jftoÉš tuhikahY« á¤jhªj ÔãifÆ‹ giHa ïjœfis¤ njo¥bgWjš Äf mUikah ÆU¥gâdhY« m›tÇaf£LiuiaMuhŒ¢áahs® go¤J k»œjš mÇjhÆU¡»‹wJ. jÄH® rÇ¤âu¤ij¥ óuzkhf És§»¡ bfhŸtj‰F m¡ f£Liu ï‹¿aikahjhÆU¡»‹wikÆ‹ mjid¢ RU¡»¤ jÄÊš jU»‹nw«.

MÇa® f£Liu vGJ»‹w fhy¤âš bkhfŠrjhnuh, mu¥gh,ehš KjÈa ïl§fË‹ òijbghUŸfŸ mf¥glÉšiy. jÄHU¡F«mÓÇa® ghãnyhÅah RnkÇaU¡F ÄilÆYŸs bjhl®ig¡ftÅ¤j MáÇa®, RnkÇanu jÄœeh£oš tªJ Fona¿d® vd¤jkJ f£LiuÆ‰ T¿ ïU¡»‹wd®. rÛgfhy¤â‰ »il¤j gyMjhu§fis¡ bfh©L`jÄHnu RnkÇahî¡F¢ br‹W Fona¿d®.v‹D« bfhŸif jhã¡f¥g£LŸsJ.1 jÄH® RnkÇahÉÅ‹W«tªjt®fŸ v‹W bghUŸgl tU« gFâfis kh‰¿íŸnsh«.

``RnkÇa® RnkÇahÉ‹ ó®tFofsšy® v‹W« mt®fŸòâjhf¡ »H¡F¤ âirÆÅ‹W« tªJ Fona¿at®fŸ v‹W«rÇ¤âuháÇa®fË‹ rÇ¤âu« v‹D« üš TW»‹wJ.2 lh¡l® Ahš

1. Fr. Heras G.B.Haunter KjÈnah® ï¡fU¤ij e‹F Muhe‹F MuhŒªJT¿íŸsh®fŸ.

2. "Whence. Them. didthe Sumerians originallyComebefore theytook ossession oftheswarmpy Euphrates valley andsettled there.?


(Dr. Hall) v‹D« MáÇa®, ``RnkÇa® áªJ eh£oÅ‹W«ghãnyhD¡F¢ br‹wt®fshf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd® v‹W »£oa»H¡F¤ njr§fË‹ giHa tuyhW, v‹D« üÈ‰ T¿ÆU¡»‹wd®.1ghãnyhÅa® mÓÇa® v‹D« rhâah®fS« »H¡F¤ njr§fËÅ‹W« tªJ ».K. 5000. M©LfS¡F K‹ Fona¿dt®fns v‹WrÇ¤âu¡fhu® TW»‹wd®.2

RnkÇa® v‹ngh® áªJeâia mL¤j ehLfËÅ‹Wbr‹wt®fŸMt® vd¡ fUj¥gL»‹wd®. áªJeâ Ôuk¡fŸ m¡fhy¤âš `Fâiuia¥ g‰¿ m¿ah®fŸ vd¢ rÇ¤âu MáÇa® TWtJc©ikahÆU¡fyh«. r§f ïy¡»a§fËš fGijfËš M£fŸ V¿¢brštij¥ g‰¿¡ Tw¥gL»‹wJ. nfhntW fGij v‹D« bgauhšÄf¥giHa fhy¤âšmurU« fGijÆš V¿¢br‹wh®fŸ vd¡ fUjïlK©L.

ï¢ rªj®¥g¤âš v»¥âa ãÜáa®fË‹ c‰g¤âia¡ F¿¤J¢rÇ¤âu Ãòz®fŸ bfh©LŸs fU¤ijí« F¿¥ãL»‹nw«.ãÅ‹nl®Þ bg‰¿ v‹D« nguháÇa® v»¥âaU« ãÜáaU« xnuc‰g¤âia¢ nr®ªjt®fŸ v‹W« mt®fŸ g©L eh£oÅ‹W«

There is a word in Sumerian`` Kar (Turkish Yar) which mens country (as doestheTurkish).But inSumerian it has aiso comwot siGnify mountainandlikewiseèast(since the mountainslieonly in theeast of Babylonia) meaningwhich the Turlishword does notbear.thistherefors, a clear indication that even after theSumeriansbadsettled in Babyloniaï the range ofthe Median fortier and what lay behind it alwayspassed with them for theirtrue country the original home whence they had come.There is also extreme significance in the factthat they were originallyunacquaintedwith both the lion andthe hourse,as also win vine, and the Ælmtree ,for they had no namesforthem, andcalled the lion great dog (nug magh) the horseassofthe mountains , or of the easwine the `drinkof life (Gish-tin, form gashtin)andthe `palmtree of magan (mis-magn) or the uáight - Historiams History of the Worldvol.Ip 343-4.

1. The ancienthistory of the near east p.173-4

2. ''TheBabylonians and Assyrians must have seÆrted from the common stock in somepartof Central Asia where thelion was indigenous and emigrted intonorthernBabylionthroughoneof thepasses of the Medio - Elamita range no laterthanthefifth millennium B.c. The resthowever came by way of the somtherm shoreof the Casian sea- probably towards the end of the fourth millenniumand at the eventslater than the Hamites of Northerm Babylonia - and entered whatwas ArameeanMersootaminfrom the north then oceuied itandsáead gradually from themence ofsyria, palestire,and Arabia. So by subsequent offishoots and migrations, they becametheAramaeeans, Canaanities and Arabs- Historians`History oftheWorld . vol. 1p347.

I Havel v‹D« MáÇa® ïªâahÉš MÇaÇ‹ M£á v‹D«üÈš ( g.50)RnkÇa® ïªâahÉÅ‹W« tªj âuhÉl® vd¡ T¿íŸsh®.

e.á. fªijah 109

tªJ Fona¿dt®fŸ v‹W« rhâ¤ âU¡»‹wd®.1 ëbu‹ v‹D«MáÇa®, v»¥âa® jÄH®fSila k©il X£o‹ msîrÇahÆU¤jiy¡ fh£o, v»¥âaÇ‹ ïªâa c‰g¤âia eh£oÆU¡»d®.2 ``g©L v‹gJ gh©oa ehl‹¿ ntW ïlk‹W'' vdlh¡l® mãdÞ rªâujhÞ vD« MáÇa® ïU¡Fntj ïªâahv‹D« üÈ‰ jhãâU¡»‹wd®. 3g©L v‹D« ehL , kiyfS«gŸs¤jh¡FfS«, fU§fhÈ, thridíŸs ku§fŸ, bj§F,thrid¥ bghUŸfŸ, áW¤ij, òÈ, ehŒ¤ jiyíŸs Fu§F, Ú©lthYŸs kªâ, Éá¤âukhd g£áfŸ, Mya§fŸ Ãiwªj ehL vd¡fUj¥g£lJ.4 ` `g‹‰ v‹gJ muhãahî¡F¢ rÛg¤âYŸsbrhkhÈyªJ v‹W fUj¥g£lJ. v»¥âaU¡F«, jÄHU¡F«giHa thÂf¤ bjhl®ò ïUªjnjhL ïUtÇ‹ gH¡ftH¡f«njh‰w« tot« M»adî« x¤âU¤jÈ‹ g‹‰ v‹gJ bj‹ÅªâahÉYŸs gh©o eh£L M« v‹gJ bjËth»‹wJ.

jÄH® MÇa® fy¥ò MÇa eh£oÅ‹W« tªJ miyªJ âÇí« xU T£l¤âd®

ï‰iw¡F ehyhÆu« M©LfS¡FK‹ áªJeâ¡fiuÆ‰ Fona¿ d®.MÇa® v‹D« brhšY¡F¥ ãuò¤jd« v‹D« bghUŸã‰fhy¤âš bfhL¡f¥g£ljhÆD«, mj‰F mt® bkhÊÆšÄny¢r® v‹gnj bghUshF«. ï¥ òâa k¡fŸ v§»UªJ tªjh®fŸ,ï¥ ghujóÄÆYŸs x›bthU cÆUŸs ãuhÂí« ï¥ óÄ¡nfbrhªjkhdJ'' v‹W vkJ K‹ndh® e«ãd®. bkhÊ MuhŒ¢áahšx›bthU kÅj¡ T£l¤â‹ c‰g¤â¤jhd¤ijí«

1 One of the must authorities, Prof, Flinders ptrie, inclines to the oinion thattheEgyptians were of commonorigin with thephoenicians and that they have com-mon origin with the phoenicians and they have come int Éhe nile regionfrom theland of puntacrossthe Bed sea- h.h theWorld .17.

2 Among the earlier students of the subject. Heeran was proninent in pcinting out anallaloged analogy between the from of small of the Egyptian andthat ofthe Indianorigin of theEgyÉians- Ibid..7.

3 This part of India could have been no other than theMalabar onnast Ãoled by theÆndyas which was probably called the land of the pandias afterwards corruÉed inEgypt into the land of punt- Rig Vedic India- Dr. Abinas Chandra das.

4 Under the name of Punt, the ancient inhabitants of Kamat understood a distantcountry,washed by the great sea full of valleys and hills rich in ebony and other valueablewoods in incense balsum, precious metals and stones, rich alsoin animals for sher arecamelcÆrds, cheetas, Ænthures, dogheadesaÃs andlong tailed monkeys. Wingedcreatruress withstrangge flew u p to the bodghs ofwonderful tres, specially oftheincensetree andthe coecannt Ælm, `Àceording to theold dim legend , theland ofpuntwas the áemieval dwellinmgof thegods - H. Hof the World Vol. p. 108


m¿ªJbfhŸSjš ïyFthÆU¡»‹wJ. xU rhâahÇ‹ rÇ¤âu¤bjhl®ò«, rÇ¤âu¤â‰FÇa MjhuK« v§F Ã‹W ÉL»‹wdnthm› Él¤J, bkhÊ, rÇ¤âu¡ fhy¤J¡F K‰g£l m› tuyh‰iwí«, mt® ãÇtj‰F K‹ thœªj bghJ ïl¤ijí« m¿É¡»‹wJ.

áªJ M‰w§fiuÆ‰ òâjhf tªJ Fona¿a òâa k¡fË‹bkhÊ, MuhŒ¢á mt®fË‹ c‰g¤âia¥ ghuj óÄ¡F m¥ghšfÞãa‹, Mu‰ flšfis mL¤j ehLfS¡F¡ bfh©L nghŒ e«ikÉL»‹wJ. Mu‰ flnyhL xU fhy¤J ïiz¡f¥g£L¡ »lªjfÞãa‹ flY«, bj‰nf »lªj tdhªjuK« ï« k¡fis ehfÇf¤âšKâ®ªj ghãnyhÅanuhL fyªJ bfhŸshjgo jL¤jd. jkJeh£oÅ‹W« »s«ãa xU T£l¤âd® Ú©lfhy« bj‹»H¡fhfmiyªJ âÇªjd®. ã‹ bj‰F neh¡»¢ br‹W áªJ eâÆ‹ nk‰F¡fiuÆš Fona¿d®. MÇa® áªJeâ Ôu¤âš tªJ ».K. ïu©lhÆu«M©LfS¡F K‹ Fona¿dh®fbs‹gJ nkšeh£LMáÇa®fSila bfhŸif.

MÇa® áªJ M‰w§fiuÆš tªJ Kj‹ KjÈš FonaW«nghJ FkÇ Kjš ïka« tiuÆš ehfÇf¤âš Kâ®ªj xnu ïd k¡fŸFona¿ÆUªjd®. guj® v‹D« ï¥ ó®trhâah® Fona¿ïUªjikÆ‹ ïª ehL ghuj tUl«' v‹D« bga® bg‰wJ v‹WÉ£LQ òuhz« TW»‹wJ. ïªâah KGikí« guj®tr« ïUªjJ.guj® v‹D« brhš c¢rÇ¥ò ntWg£lhš ã‰fhy¤J¥gykhWjšfsilªjJ. ïªJÞjhd¤âš ïUªnjh® nfhl® v‹W«j¡fhz¤âš thœªnjh® âuhÉl® v‹W« miH¡f¥g£ld®.

gujt® v‹D« bga® kiyia¡ F¿¡F« gh®' v‹Dkoahf¥ãwªjbj‹g® lh¡l® x¥ng£ mt®fŸ. gh® v‹gâ‹ Mâ¥ bghUŸkiy v‹gij x¤J¡bfhŸs nt©oÆU¡»‹wJ. jÄHUila Mâïl« kiyahfnt ïUªjJ. giHa jÄœ eh£L murD¡F¢ áw¥ghfxU kiy cÇjhÆUªjJ. ïJ, mtDila K‹ndh®, kiyÆYŸst®fŸ, v‹gij Phgf¥gL¤J»‹wJ. jÄœ¡ flîsh»a KUfdJïU¥ãl§fŸ kiyfshf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd. m¡ flîŸ kiyc¢áfËš tz§f¥gL»‹wd®. jÄœ k¡fË‹ fhjš muáašfis¡TW« mf¥bghUŸ òw¥bghUŸ üšfŸ mt®fSila giHagH¡ftH¡f§fis ÉÇ¤J¡ TW»‹wd. jiytD« jiyÉí«rªâ¤J¡ fhjÈ¡F« fh£á kiyÆlkh ÆUªjJ. nghÇ‹ Mu«gkh»a Ãiuft®jY« kiyia mL¤j Ãy§fËš ÃfœªjJ. ït‰whšjÄHÇ‹ c‰g¤â Vnjh kiyÆl bk‹W bjËth»‹wJ. jÄH® jkJc‰g¤â¤ jhd¤âyšyhkš Fona¿a eh£oY« ry¥ãusa«r«gªjkhfî« kiyiana bfh©ld®. ``kD v‹D« âuhÉlmurÅ‹ ngiH kiya¡ F‹¿š j§»abj‹W«'', mt® ngiHia

e.á. fªijah 111

É£ow§» kiya¤â‹ X® ïl¤âš k¡fË‹ e‹ik¡fhf fLªjt«brŒjhbu‹W« k¢r òuhz« TW»‹wJ. K‰fhy¤jt® gyfhuz§fis K‹Å£L kiyfisí«, ca®ªj ïl§fisí« thG«ïl§fshf¡ bfh©ld®.

rkbtËfŸ K‰whf¡ Fonaw¥ bgwÉ£lhY« gaÄšyhkšthH¡Toa ïl§fŸ kiyna`` MÇa® mšyhj všyh¢ rhâahU«JuhÅa tF¥ig¢ nr®ªjt®fŸ v‹W«, mt®fË‹ c‰g¤âm¤yhªâ¡ kiyfŸ v‹W« xU fhy¤âš fUj¥g£lJ. lh¡l®fhšLbtš, `âuhÉl® JuhÅa tF¥ãd®, mt®fŸ k¤âa MáahÉÅ‹W« bj‰nf tªJ ïªJÞjhd¤â‰ Fona¿dh®fŸ, mt®fŸMÇauhš bt‹W bj‰nf Ju¤j¥g£lh®fŸ, mt®fns bj‹ÅªâahÉ‰ fhz¥gL« jÄH® v‹W T¿íŸsh®. ï¡ bfhŸifia¢rhâ¥gj‰F mo¥gilahd Mjhu« vJîÄšiy.

bj‹Åªâa khwtÄrK«, tlïªâa gujtÄrK« xnufhy¤âš ïUªjd. khwtÄr« gujtÄr¤J¡F K‰g£lbjd¡Twyh«. jÄHÇ‹ c‰g¤â ïl« k¤âaMáah m‹W ïªâa ehnl1.

všy¤âYŸs giHa m¡nfoanuhL«, rhyoanuhL«x‰Wikíila jÄH®, cy»š Kj‰f© Ó®âU¤jK‰w rhâahuht®.m¡nfoa®, rhyoaÇ‹ ».K. 4000 M©LfS¡F m¥gh‰g£lïy¡»a§fŸ á¿J á¿jhf btËtU»‹wd. mt‰W£gy ï‹W«Ãy¤J£ òijªJ »l¡»‹wd. ï¤jhÈÆ‰ giHa v‰ùÞ fhÅaU«,f§nfÇa k¡fS«, ã‹yhªâ‰ ã‹ÅaU« »H¡F¤njr¤ jÄHÇ‹ãÇÉduht®.

v»¥âa®, bj‰nf thœªj jÄH®fsh»a gujiu¥ gh©L v‹WmiH¤jd® . guj® thœªj gh©L ehL Äf¥ gÇR¤jKilajhfv»¥âauhš fUj¥g£lJ.

áªJ eâÆ‹ nk‰F¡fiuÆš MâÆš tªJ Fona¿a MÇa®,ghuj ehL Ó®âU¤jkilªâU¥gijí«, mJ tÈa muruhš e‹FMs¥gLtijí« f©ld®. 2 ïU¡Fntj ghlšfŸ mt®fSilabjh©ûW nfh£ilfisí« VG tÈa mu©fis¥ g‰¿í«TW»‹wd. ïit gŠrh¥ãš ïUªjdthfyh«.

1. jÄHnu áªJ eh£oÅ‹W guÓf« tÊahfî« flš tÊahfî« br‹WghÄnyhÅ‰ Fona¿dh®fŸ. gy ntW fhy§fËš jÄH® RnkÇahÉY«,RnkÇa® jÄœeh£oY« br‹W FonaWtuhhÆd®.

2. bkhfrjhnuh¥ òij bghUŸ MuhŒ¢á jÄHÇ‹ MÇa® tUif¡F K‰g£lca®ªjehfÇf¤ije‹F btËÉL»‹wJ.


MÇa® tUif¡F K‰g£l ïªâamur® guj® vd¥g£ld®.ïUgJ muriu cila ï¥ gu«giu IªJ ü‰wh©LfshtJ M£áòÇªJ MÇa® tUif¡F K‹ åœ¢á milªâU¡f nt©L«.ït®fS¡F ã‹ ï‹bdhU rªjâah® M©ld®. ït®fis MÇa®``mRu® v‹wiH¤jd®. mRu® v‹gj‰F ïiwt‹. v‹gJ bghUŸ.ïJ muR v‹D« jÄœ¥ gj¤â‹ c¢rÇ¥ò ntWghL vd¡ fUjïlK©L. ïU¡Fntj¤âš mRu® vDŠ brhš bgUik mšyJ`tÈik v‹D« g©ig¡ F¿¡»‹wJ; ïU¡F ntj¤â‹ g¤jh«k©oy¤ij¤ jÉu k‰w ïl§fËbyšyh« flîis¡ F¿¡f¥ga‹gL¤j¥ g£oU¡»wJ. ï› î©ikia¤ j¤j® giHa ïªâahv‹D« üÈ‹ 201M« g¡f¤âš És¡» ÆU¡»‹wh®. ãuhkz§fËšï¢ brhš ntW bghUËš tH§f¥g£ oU¡»‹wJ. m§F flîË‹giftiu¡ F¿¥gj‰F¥ ga‹gL¤j¥g£LŸsJ.

rk‰»Uj¤âš murd¡F¿¡F« ùha‹ v‹D« brhš muRv‹D« brhšÈ‹ c¢rÇ¥ò ntWghL. mur‹ v‹gj‰F¢ rÇahdrk‰»Ujgj« gâ. ïJ ÉÞgâ (ïuhazšyhjt‹) vd ï›thWtU« brh‰fshš m¿a¥gL«. jÄœ ïiw, c¢rÇ¥ò Kiwahf,v»¥âa `bw v‹D« brhš NÇaid¡ F¿¡F«. `bw v‹D«brhšnyhL nuhkhÅaUila `bw¡Þ' `nwhŒ' v‹D« brh‰fŸx‰Wikíilad, cnuhkÅaUila bw v‹gij _ykhf¡ bfh©Lï¢ brh‰fŸ bghJ c‰g¤â¡FÇad v‹W JÂªJ Twyh«.

áªJ eâ Ôu¤â‰ Fona¿ndh®, gilbaL¤J tªnjhušy®.mt®fŸ MLkhLfSl‹ ò‰wiwfis eho miyªJ âÇªjrhªjkhdt®fns. ÉUªâdiu tunt‰W X«òtJ jÄHÇ‹ ïa‰if¥g©ò. mur®, m‹ÅaU¡F m‹ò« jaî§ fh£od®. gÆÇlhJÉLÃykhŒ¡ »lªj Ãy§fis¤ âU¤â¥ gÆÇLkhW òâa k¡fŸmDkâ¡f¥g£ld®. òâjhf tªjt®fS¡F« murh£áaU¡FÄilÆš ngh®fŸ Ãfœªjd. MÇaUl‹ ngh® òÇªjt®fŸ ïU¡Fntj¤âš `jhR¡fŸ' v‹wiH¡f¥gL»‹wd®. jhR¡fŸ v‹gj‰F¢r¤JuhâfŸ v‹gJ bghUŸ. ntj ghlšfŸ ït®fŸ _¡»šyhjt®fŸ, flîŸ ïšyhjt®fŸ v‹W TW»‹wd.

j¤j® òâuhf x‹iwí« MuhŒªJ TwhJ Inuh¥ãa tuyh‰wháÇa®fŸ vGâat‰iwna âu£o mHfhd eilÆš vGâÆU¡»‹wd®. MÇa¥ ãuhkzU¡F Phd« nghâ¤j ïuhrhad®,gft¤ ÑijÆ‹ MáÇauh»a f©z‹, Ñœ¤âirÆš Phd¤ijcâ¥ã¤j ò¤j® M»nah® aht® vd MuhaÉšiy. MÇa® ghujóÄÆš x›bthU moiaí« bt‰¿Ædhnyna K‹D¡Fit¤jh®fŸ' v‹W TW« mt® T‰¿š vJ« c©ik ïU¥gjhf¤bjÇaÉšiy. MÇa® bj‹Åªâaiu ».K. g¤jh« ü‰wh©oš bt‰¿

e.á. fªijah 113

bg‰wh®' vd¡TW« mt® T‰W c©ikÆÈUªJ btFöu«. m¡fhy¤J¡F K‰g£l MÇa®, cgÃlj§fŸ vGj¥gL»‹w fhy¤njrka Phd§fis ÉrhÇ¤J m¿atj‰F bj‰nf tªjh®fŸ v‹gJc©ikna. mj‹Éisthf cgÃlj§fS¡F¥ã‹ vGj¥ g£lN¤âu§fŸ bj‹ÅªâahÉš vGj¥g£ld. N¤ju§ fS¡F ciuvGâa nghjhadU«, mgÞj«gU« Kiwna ».K. 5, 6M«ü‰wh©oš És§»at®fŸ. ït®fŸ nfhjhtÇ »UZzh eâfS¡»ilna cŸs Mªâu eh£L¡ fiyPhd¡ bfhŸiffis¥ ã‹g‰¿a jÄH®. rk‰»Uj¤ijí« rk‰»Uj tuyh‰iwí« go¤J ïªJehfÇf¤ij m¿ªJ bfhŸs KoahJ. Kiwahd MuhŒ¢á brŒí«rÇ¤âu MáÇa®, »UZzh, fhntÇ, itia KjÈa MWfŸ ghŒ »‹wehLfis¥ g‰¿ m¿ªJ bfh©lã‹ f§fh eâiamL¤j ehLfis¥g‰¿ Muha nt©L«' v‹W nguháÇa® Rªju« ãŸis mt®fŸXÇl¤J¡ F¿¥ã£oU¡»‹wd®.

ïÅ¥ bghUË‰ bršnth«. MÇa® áªJeâ¡ fiuÆ‰Fona¿dJ Kjš ».K. 2000 Kjš 1400 tiuíŸs mt®fË‹ ntjghlšfŸ bjhF¡f¥g£lij m¿ªJ bfh©nlh«. ntjghlšfŸgho Kotj‰F 600M©LfŸ ão¤âU¡»‹wd. m¥ ghlšfshšMÇa® eh£o‹ fiutÊahf¢ br‹W«, áy rka§fËš gil vL¤J«gŠrh¥ KGtijí« if¥g‰¿ ïUªjh®fbsd m¿»‹ nwh«. ïUrhâahU¡F« ïilÆš e£òKiwahd bjhl®ò, V‰g£oU¤jšTL«. òâjhf nt¿l§fS¡F¢ br‹W thG« k¡fËilnaï›thwhd Ãfœ¢á V‰gLtJ ïašò. âUkz¡ fy¥ãdhš ïUrhâah®fS« X‹W nghš nr®ªJ gykilªjd®. IªJ MWfŸ ghí«eh£oYŸst®fŸ fy¥ãšyhj rhâahbud btË cy»‰brhšy¥g£lhY« mt®fŸ xnu ïd¤ij¢ nr®ªj MÇa¡ FGÉd®v‹W e«gKoahJ. òuhz tuyhWfshY« ãuhkzUilaf‹d¥gu«giu tuyh‰whY« gŠrh¥ã‹ ó®t k¡fŸv£LtifÆd® v‹W« bt›ntW T£l¤ij¢ nr®ªjt®fŸ v‹W«És§F»‹wd. mtUŸ _‹¿š xUgFâÆd®, xnu ïd¤ij¢nr®ªjt®fŸ v‹W MuhŒªJ Twyh«. XÇd¤ij¢ nr®ªj m¤âÇ,f©Qt®, ÉRthÄ¤âu® v‹D« _‹W tÄr¤âdU« jÄH® mšyJgujtuht®. ãuhkz® v‹W fUj¥g£ltUŸ gy® jÄœ tF¥ig¢rh®ªjt®. giHa fhy¤âš rhâ¤ jil ïU¡fÉšiy. fy¥ò kz§fŸeil bg‰wd. K‹ ïUªjtU« òâatU« fyªjik Ædhš tÈikV‰g£lJ. murh§f« gy¥g£lJ. cyf rÇ¤âu¤âš ï« KiwòJikahdj‹W.


ïuhÂa® v‹D« MÇaÇ‹ »H¡F¥ ãÇÉd®. ghuÓf¤ijmilªJ m§F thœªj ghuÓfnuhL fyªJ x‹Wg£ld®.

ošÈ¡F m©ikÆš f§if¡ fiuÆÈUªj m¤âdh òÇah»ajÄH® ïuh¢áa¤jhš MÇaÇ‹ ts®¢á gŠrh¥ã‰F btËÆ‰bršyhkš jilg£lJ. ghŠrhy«, nfhry«, Énjf«, ÉÞty,kJiu, kfj«, khst« KjÈad jÄHUila k‰iwa ïuh¢áa§fSŸ Kj‹ikahdit. ï¤ njr§fŸ ïkakiy, Éªâakiy,»H¡F nk‰F¡ flš M»a všiyfË‹ ïilna »lªjd. ghuÓf¡fiuÆYŸs ehLfŸ m¤âdhòu¤jurD¡F¤ âiw mË¤jd. ïJghuj í¤j fhy« tiuí« eilbg‰wJ. m«gšyh v‹DÄl¤â‰F 26ikš bjhiyÉš cŸs jndZth v‹D« ïl¤âš ».K. 14-«ü‰wh©oš ghuj¥ngh® elªjJ. FU, gh©lt® v‹D« XnuFL«g¤âdU¡ »ilÆš ï¥ ngh® ÃfœªjhY« ghuj óÄÆYŸsmur® všnyhU« x›nth® g¡f¤ij¢ nr®ªJ ngh® brŒâU¡»‹wd®. ï¥ ngh® tl¡nf ïUªj ïuh¢áa§fS¡F¤ jiy moahÆUªjJ. áW ïuh¢áa§fŸ Rna¢ir bg‰wd. gŠrh¥ãš milg£oUªj MÇaU¡F tÊ âwªjJ. brhFrhd thœ¡ifahš jÄH® ngh®brŒí« åu¤ij ïHªjd®.

ï› Égu§fis ïU¡F ntj¤â‰ fhzyh«. ïU¡F ntj«gŠrh¥, fóš v‹D« ïU ïl§fis¥ g‰¿¢ brhšY»‹wJ.brhšy¥g£lt‰WŸ f§fh eâí«, aKidí« mUikahf¡Tw¥gL»‹wd. Mfnt gŠrh¥ãÈUªj MÇa® mt‰iw e‹f¿ªâU¡fÉšiy v‹W És§F»‹wJ. m¥bghGJ MÇa® thd«, É©,òaš, ïo KjÈa ïa‰if¥ bghUŸfis tz§»d®. ÄUfgÈbfhL¤jd®. mt®fŸ rka¢rl§FfS« ahf§fS« òÇíÄl§fŸáªJeâ¡fiuí«, mj‹ »isfS«, ruRtâ eâíkh ÆUªjd. mt®fŸjÄH®¡FÇa áttz¡f¤ijí«, rka¡bfhŸifiaí«m¿ahjt®fshÆUªjd®.

giHa ntjghlšfËš átid¥ g‰¿¢ brhšy¥glÉšiyvd Kj‹KjÈš T¿at® lh¡l® Þoã‹ Mth®. cU¤âu‹, m¡»Åv‹W brhšy¥g£lhY«, m¡»Åiaí«, cU¤âuidí« át‹v‹W TwKoahJ. j¡f‹, átid ahf¤J¡F miH¡fÉšiyv‹W«, Mdhš gâbdhU cU¤âuU« ahf¤J¡F¢ br‹¿Uªjd®v‹W« brhšy¥gL»‹wd. át‹ jÄH® flîŸ. mt® ïu©Ltifahd tÊgh£L¡FÇat®. x‹W f©Q¡F¥ òy¥glhj âahdtot«, k‰bwh‹W f©Q¡F¥ òy¥gL« ïÈ§f tot«. óî«òifí« bfh©L flîis tÊgLjš jÄHÇ‹ giHa Kiw. óïja¤ijí«, òif mJ ïsFtijí« F¿¡F«. ïy§if murD«,

e.á. fªijah 115

ïutÙa« v‹D« ïirüš brŒjtDkh»a ïuhtz‹, bgh‹ïÈ§f bkh‹iw¤ j‹Dl‹ bfh©L âÇªJ óî« òifí« bfh©LtÊg£lh‹. ïuhtz‹ kh¤âukšy‹, thz‹, thÈ KjyhÆndhU«, jÄœ KÅt®fS«. át tz¡f¤J¡ FÇnahuht®. mt®átid¤ âahd tothfî« _®¤â tothfî« tÊg£ld®. jÄH®kj¤ij ï‹D« ã‹g‰whj gŠrh¥ãYŸs MÇa®, át tÊgh£ilm¿ahâUªjd®. MÇaU¡F« jÄHU¡F« gif V‰g£lhš mJrka¤ij¥ bghW¤jjhÆUªjJ. MÇaUila bjŒt§fŸ ÑHhfkâ¡f¥g£lnjhL mt®fŸ òÇí« ahf§fS« mÊ¡f¥g£ld. ï¡fhuz¤âdhnyna, ca®ªnjhiu¡ F¿¡F« `mRu®' v‹DŠbrhš`njt®fË‹ vâÇfŸ' v‹D« bghUis¡ F¿¡f ïU¡F ntj¤âšg¤jh« k©oy¤âY«, ãuhkz§fËY« tH§f¥g£oU¡»‹wJ.MÇaUila ïa‰if tz¡f¤njhL jÄHUila ca®ªj tÊgh£LKiwfis x¥ã£L¥ gh®¡F Äl¤J¥ ã‹dit Äf¢áwªjd v‹Wvt® kdâY« gLjš ïašò. MÇa® j§fŸ flîis¥ãufhrKŸst‹ v‹D« bghUËš njt‹ v‹wiH¤jd®; jÄH®`všyht‰iwí« flªj bghUŸ' v‹D« bghUËš `flîŸ' vdtH§»d®. át«, v‹D« brhš át v‹D« moahf¥ ãwªJ ešyJ,ïÅaJ, mH»aJKjÈa bghUŸfis¡ bfhL¡F«.

MÇa® ïªâahit milªjã‹ KjÈ‰ ghoa üš ïU¡Fntj r§»ij v‹gij ïªâa rÇ¤âuháÇa® všnyhU« X¥ò¡bfhŸ»‹wd®. gŠrh¥ãš thœªj fy¥ò¢ rhâÆd® R‰byÞ v‹D«eâia ï‹D« jh©lÉšiy v‹W« m›th‰W¡F m¥ghšmt®fŸ thœªjij¥ g‰¿ mt®fŸ ntjghlšfŸ TwÉšiy v‹W«K‹ XÇl¤â‰ F¿¥ã£LŸns«.

Mfnt ».K. 2000 Kjš 1400 tiuíŸs 600 M©LfËY«mt®fŸ gŠrh¥, fóš, fhªjhu« KjÈa ehLfËš thœªjh®fbs‹WbjËthf¥ òy¥gL»‹wJ. MÇa® Fona¿ thœªj eh£L¡Fvâ®¥òw¤âš thœªj k¡fŸ MÇanuhLfy¡fÉšiy v‹gJ«,mt®fŸ K‰whf ntW T£l¤âduhÆUªjd® v‹gJnk ïjdh‰bgw¥gL»‹w K¡»a Ô®khdkhF«. m¡ T£l¤âd®, K‹ eh«T¿ajÄH®, mšyJ guj® Mt®.

ãuhkz§fŸ, MuÂa§fŸ, cgÃlj§fŸM»ad »K. 1400Kjš. ».K.10M« ü‰wh©L tiuÆY« brŒa¥g£ld. ï› Éu©lh§fhy¥ gFâÆ‰ brŒj üšfŸ kh¤âu« f§if¡fiu¥ gŸs¤jh¡FfËš thœªj, FU, ghŠrhy, fhá, nfhry, Énjf®fis¥ g‰¿¢brhšY»‹wd. ghuj í¤j¤âš áW ïuh¢áa§fŸ Rna¢ir bg‰wd,m¥bghGJ MÇa® gŠrh¥ig É£L¡ ÑnH br‹wd®. mt®


nfhry¤ij¡ if¥g‰¿a ï¡ fhy¤ânyna f§fheâ¥ gŸs¤jh¡»šbgÇa rhâauhf m¿a¥g£ld®.

jrujÅ‹ gh£lhd»a òfœgil¤j ïuFnt nfhry¤âYŸsrnfjhÉš MÇa¥ gu«giuia KjÈš eh£odh‹. rnfjhitM©l murUŸ jruj‹ Äf¥ òfœ gil¤jt‹. ït‹ Ú©lfhy«muR òÇªjh‹. m¡ fhy¤âš nfhry ïuh¢áa« c¢rÃiymilªâUªjJ. mj‹ ïuhrjhÅah»a rnfjh mnah¤â (btšy¥glhjJ) v‹D« òâa bga® bg‰wJ. ïuhkhaz¤ijí« ïJngh‹w üšfisí« vGâa MÇa®fŸ ïuhkÅ‹ jªijah»ajrujid MÇat«r¤â‹ I«g¤jhwh« murdhf¡ TW»‹wd®. MÇagu«giu¡F K‹ rnfjhitM©l giHa jÄœ murnuhL nr®¤Jït®fŸ ãiHahd fz¡F¢ brŒâU¡»‹wd®. ghuj í¤j¤J¡F K‹FU Fy¤jtU¡F ïuhrjhÅah ïUªj m¤âdhòu« k‰wïuh¢áa§fS¡F¤ jiyikahÆUªj j‹ikia ïHªJ É£lhY«,f§fheâ Ôu¤âYŸs brÊ¥ghd ïlkhf¡ fUj¥g£ lJ. FU,ghŠrhy«, Énjf«, fhá KjÈa ïuh¢áa§fŸ x‹nwhL x‹W e£ò¡bfh©oUªjd. ngh® Koªjã‹ gh©lt® K‹ ehŸ jÄH®tH¡f¥go jtŠ brŒa¡ fh£L¡F¢ br‹wd®. 1 mU¢RdÅ‹ngudh»a gÇ¢á¤J m¤âdhòu¤J¡F murdhdh‹. mtD¡F¥ ã‹rdnkra‹ g£lbkŒâdh‹. gÇ¢á¤jî« rdnkraD« fšÉ¥ãÇa®fshÆUªjd®. MÇa®fSila ïy¡»a§fis¥ ãufhrkila¢ brŒjt®fŸ ït®fns. gujtÄr¤jt‹ mšyJ jÄHdh»ardnkra‹ MÇa® ïy¡»a§fis MjÇ¤jh‹ v‹gJ Éa¥ò¡»ilkhÆU¡fyh«. ï› tifahd Ãfœ¢áfŸ v¥go Ãfœ»‹wdv‹gj‰F áy cjhuz§fis¡ TW»‹nw‹. âUjuh£ou‹ fhªjhumur‹ òjšÉah»a MÇa f‹Åifia kzªjã‹, m¤âdhòumu©kid bkhÊ MÇakhf ïUªjJ. ïJ, òJ¡nfh£ilïsturbuhUt® âU¢áuh¥gŸËÆYŸs ehŒ¡f f‹Åiakzªjâdhš, K‹ mu©kidÆš tH§»a bjY§F bkhÊÆÅl¤ij¤ jÄœ V‰W¡ bfh©lJ nghyhF«. âUjuh£oudJòjštdh»a JÇnahjddJ murh£á e‹F mik¡f¥g£oUªjJ.mtDila rigÆš jÄHU« MÇaUkh»a _j¿P® gyÇUªjd®.mtUŸ m§fnja murdh»a f‹d‹, jÄHUila j‹dyk‰weLÃiyik¡F cjhuzkht‹. fhªjhu ïsturdh»a rFÅj‹dyKila MÇaUila Fz¤J¡F vL¤J¡fh£lht‹. ï›tifahd fy¥ò kz§fshY«, mt‰whny‰g£l cwthY« K‰fhyMÇa® jÄœeh£oš cgrÇ¡f¥ bg‰wd®. FU¢nr¤âu¤âš tá¡f

1. ïU¡Fntj ghlšfËš fh£o‰ br‹W jtŠ brŒí« tH¡f¤ij¥ g‰¿¡fhz¥glÉšiy vd¤ j¤j® T¿ÆU¡»wh®.

e.á. fªijah 117

MÇa®¡F åLfŸ mË¡f¥g£ld. ehŸ bršy¢ bršy¡ Fona¿aMÇaU¡F« jÄHU¡F« xnu tifahd cÇikfŸ tH§f¥g£ld.ïjdhš ïU rhâÆdU« xnu rhâÆduhŒ¡ fyªJ thG« thŒ¥òV‰g£lJ. jh« bt‹W if¥g‰¿a nfhry eh£o‰ nghynt MÇa®m¤âdhòu¤ âY« thH¤ jiy¥g£ld®. ï›thW nr®ªJ el¤J«thœ¡ifÆdhš bkhÊ, rka«, gH¡f tH¡f« M»adî« fyªjd.MÇa® jÄHÇl« f‰W¡bfh©l gy jÄœ¢ brh‰fŸ MÇa bkhÊÆ‰fhz¥gL»‹wd. ïUãÇÉdU« fyªJ thœªjh®fbs‹gj‰F ïJm¿F¿ahF«. FU, ghŠrhy®, gh©lt® M»nah® átidtÊg£ld®. ït®fS¡F¥ã‹ tªj mur® MÇaÇ‹Mâ¡f¤jhšflîŸ g¤âÆš js®ªjt®fshÆd®. mt®fŸ MÇaÇ‹ bjŒt§fis¤j§fŸ flîs®fshf¡ fUâdnjhL ahf§fËY« e«ã¡ifit¤âUªjd®. ï¡ bfhŸif ït® K‹ndhuh‰ foa¥g£lJ.

ïJtiuí« MÇa® jÄHnuhL fy¥ò‰w tifÆid¡ T¿ndh«. ïÅ rdnkra‹ fhy¤J MÇaUila üšfŸ ãufhr kilªjtifÆid¡ TWnt«. gŠrh¥ãš thœªj k¡fŸ ïa‰¿a ahf§fŸMl«guÄšyhkš ïUªjd. bgÇa ÉUªJ bfh©lhL tj‰fhfmRt ahf§fŸ brŒa¥g£ld. Ml«gu¤njhLToa ahf§fŸ mur®mu©kidfËY« f§fheâ gŸs¤jh¡»YŸs ehL fËY«eilbg‰wd. mRtnkj ahf« ght¤ij¥ ngh¡» mur gjÉiamË¡F« v‹W e«g¥g£lJ. K‹ndhUila ght§ fis í« jdJght§fisí« ngh¡Ftj‰F rdnkra‹ ahf§fis¢ brŒjh‹.ahf§fŸ òÇí« Éâfis¡ TW« bgÇa üšfŸ vGj¥ g£ld. ïitâu£l¥g£L `ãuhkz« v‹D« bgaiu¥ bg‰wd'. ãuhkz«rdnkra‹ fhy¤âš njh‹¿ajhF«. kfhghujK« ït® fhy¤âšbrŒa¥g£lJ. itr«ghaz® rdnkraD¡F ghuj¥ ngh®tuyh‰iw¡ T¿dh®. ghujŠ brŒjt® »U£oz Éahr® v‹gJe«g¤j¡fjhÆšiy. ÉahrÇ‹ òfiH Ãiyeh£Ltj‰F mt®khzh¡f® áy® mt® bgauhš ntj§fis¤ bjhF¤J« khghuj¤ijïa‰¿í« nghªjh®fŸ v‹W fUj ïlK©L. ï›thW brŒjš m¡fhy kuò. »U£oz Éahr® v‹D« guj tF¥ãd® ntj§fis¤âu£odtU« khghuj¤ij¢ brŒjtUkhÆUªjhš mt® fhy«khghuj¤J¡F¥ ãªâajhjš nt©L«. khghuj« xUtuhš xUfhy¤J¢ brŒj üyhf¡ fhz¥glÉšiy. ã‰fhy¤J¥ òyt®fS«jh« ghoa ghlšfis¥ ghuj¤J£ nr®¤J mjid¥ bgÇjh¡»ÆU¡»‹wd®. ã‰fhy¤ija x›bthU bfhŸif¡F cÇnahU« j¤j«bfhŸiffis üÈš òF¤âÆU¡»‹wd®. FUghŠrhy¥ nghU¡F¥


ã‰g£l »U£oz tz¡f« òF¤j¥g£oU¡»‹wJ' vd¤ j¤j®T¿ÆU¡»wd®.1

khghuj« vGj¥g£lJ kh¤âukšyhkš, ntj§fË‹bjhF¥ò« rdnkra‹ fhy¤âš ÃfœâU¤jš TL«. ï¤ bjhF¥òfŸ,MÇa® áªJeâ Ôu¤â‰ Fona¿aJ Kjš ahf§fŸ Ml«gukhf¢brŒa¥g£lJ tiuÆYŸs fhy¤ij¡ F¿¥ãL»‹wd. jÄH®flî£ óirfË‰ njh¤âu¥ ghlšfis¥ ghLjš kuò. MfntMÇaUila ahfrhiyfËY« JâghL« Kiw bfh©L tu¥g£lJ. ïU¡F ntj¤âÅ‹W« bjÇªbjL¤j ghlšfnshL átghlšfisí« nr®¤J¤ bjhF¤J¢ rhk« v‹W bgaÇl¥g£lJ.ïU¡F ntj¤âÅ‹W« vL¡f¥g£l, »ÇiafË‰ go¡F«kªâu§fnshL áyt‰iw¢ nr®¤J¤ bjhF¤J aR® v‹W bgaÇl¥g£lJ. ï› Éu©L« ïU¡F ntj¤njhL nr®¤J¤ âua« v‹WtH§f¥g£ld. rhkntj¤ij XJ« ïir tF¥ò¡F MÇa®, jÄœïuhtzD¡F Ä¡f¡ flik¥g£lt®fsht®.

mj®t« mšyJ filáahf¢ nr®¡f¥g£l ntj«, gykªâu§fË‹ bjhF¥ig cilaJ. m« kªâu§fŸ ïªâahÉ‹ gyghf§fËÅ‹W« âu£o MÇabkhÊÆ‹ vGj¥g£ldthF«.rdnkraDila jªij gÇ¢á¤J ehf« Ô©o ïwªjh‹. gh«òfisK‰whf xÊ¡f¡ fUâa rdnkra‹, ïªâah KGikÆYKŸs kªâuÉ¤ij tšyhiu miH¤J, mt®fŸ thÆyhf¥ gh«ò, ahfŠbrŒjh‹. m¡ fhy¤âš mj®tz ntjbk‹gJ üyhf¢ brŒa¥g£lJ. ï¤ bjhF¥ò üš ã‰fhy¤âš xU ntjkhf¡ bfhŸs¥ g£L,ntj§fŸ eh‹F v‹D« tH¡F c©lhÆ‰W.». ã. Kjš ü‰wh©LtiuÆ‰ brŒa¥g£lbj‹W bfhŸs¥gL« kD üÈš, ntj«_‹W' v‹nw Tw¥gL»wJ. ï›thW rdnkra Dila M£áÆšMÇa® ïy¡»a§fS¡F kâ¥ò V‰g£lJ.

rdnkraDila MSif, ghuj¥ nghU¡F xU ü‰wh©Lã‰g£lJ. MÇa® f§if M‰w§fiuÆ‰ Fona¿ xU ü‰wh©o‰FŸ mt® Äf K‹nd‰wkilªjd®. m¡ fhy¤â‰ f£L¥ghlhdrhâ ntWghL c©lhfÉšiy. kDÉ‹ Úâ üY« njh‹wÉšiy.

Ancient India P. 130

1 jÄH® k¤âuÉ¤ijÆ‰ ¿ik ailªâUªjd®. mt®fŸ ïjid MÇaU¡F¡f‰ã¤jd®. gH§fhyªbjh£L kiyahs®, kªâu ÉjijÆ‰ áwªj ehlhf¡fUj¥g£lJ. mU¢rd‹ ghuj¥nghÇš bt‰¿ailªjJ ï›É¤ijÆdhnyna. . x.tbthU åuD« kªâu É¤ijÆ‰ gÆ‹¿U¥gJ giHa ehŸtH¡F. njthš âu§fŸ v‹W brhšy¥g£ldbtšyh« kªâu Éªuhah‰brY¤j¥g£l m«òfisna. mj®td ntj¤âš tiftiu mÊ¡F«kªâu§fŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd. ï‰iw¢ áy® mUikahd kiw¤Jit¤J¡ifahS»‹wd®.

e.á. fªijah 119

k¡fŸ, ïuhrhad®, itáa® v‹D« ïU ãÇÉduhf ïUªjd®.ïuhrhad® ïuh¢áakhŸgt®fsh ÆUªjd®. ït®fŸ xU fhy¤âš`mRu®' v‹W miH¡f¥g£ld®. gŠrh¥ãš thœªj giHa MÇa®bkhÊÆš mRu® v‹gj‰F¥ `ãuò¡fŸ' v‹gJ bghUŸ.ït®fsšyhj k‰wt®fŸ itáabu‹wiH¡f¥g£ld®. gŠrh¥ãšFona¿a všnyhU¡F« ïJ bghJ¥ bgauhÆUªjJ. òâafhuz§fshš k¡fŸ òâa flikfis¢ brŒí« mtáa« ne®ªjJ.Mfnt MÇaU¡FŸ gy tF¥òfŸ njh‹¿d. ãuhkz§fËš e‹FgÆ‹nwhU«, ahf¡»Çiafis¢ brŒí« âwikíilnahU«ãuhkz® vd¥g£ld®. ãuhkz® ahf¡»Çiafis¥ òÇªjd®.mjdhš mt®fŸ Vuhskhd bghUŸ bg‰wd®. mur®fS«brštU« jkJ bršt§fŸ všyht‰iwí« ahf« v‹D« bgauhšï¡ T£l¤jhU¡F ïiw¤jd®. ãuhkz§fË‹ m¿it¡ bfh©Lmt®fŸ ÄFªj bghUŸ âu£oa nghJ« gy® gad‰w ï¡»Çiafshš âU¥âíwhkš c©ik Phd¤ij¤ njo¥ bgwKa‹wd®.

rdfDila mu©kidÆnyna rjgj¥ãuhkz« Mu«ã¡f¥g£lJ. jÄHUila giHa fijfS«, rka¡ bfhŸiffS«,PhdK« btŸs¥ bgU¡nfhL r«gªj¥g£l âuhÉl murdh»akDÉ‹ tuyhW« kWãw¥ò¥ ngÇ‹g« KjÈa c©ikfS«ïjÅl¤J« fhz¥gL»‹wd. ïit všyh« MÇa® m¿ahjfU¤J¡fŸ. ïit Kj‹ Kiwahf¡ rjgj¥ ãuhkz¤â‰ fhz¥gL»‹wd. rjgj¥ãuhkz« ah¡Ptš»auh‰ brŒa¥g£lJ.

fhá murdh»a majr¤JU rdfid¥ nghš fšÉa¿îilatD«, fšÉia MjÇ¤jtDkht‹ v‹W nfháj» cgÃlj«TW»‹wJ. »ufghy» v‹D« fšÉÆ¿îila ãuhkz‹majr¤JUÉl« tªJ èh‹ cdJ khzh¡fdhf tu£Lkh?'' vd¡nf£lh‹. mur‹ `ïuhrhadD¡F¥ ãuhkz‹ khdh¡fdhÆU¤jšKiwa‹W; nt©oat‰iw¡ nfŸ. És¡F»‹nw‹ v‹wh‹.ah¡Satš»aiu¥ nghš kâ¡f¥g£l ãuhkzUŸ bfsjk®mšyJ clyf® v‹gt® xUt®. ï« KÅt® MÇa PhÅfSŸáw¥òilatbud¡ fUj¥g£ld®. ï« KÅt® ïuhrhadÇlÄUªJ ne®ikahfî«, cWâahfî« Phd¤ij¡ f‰whbu‹WcgÃlj§fŸ gyÉl§fËš bjËthf¡ TW»‹wd. cgÃlj§fË‹gy gFâfŸ, ` ïuhrhad® mšyJ jÄH® PhdKŸs Fut®fŸ, kâE£gKilat®fŸ v‹W TW»‹wd. ãuhkz®, ït®fËl ÄUªnjPhd¤ij¥ bg‰wd®. rhªnjh¡»a cgÃl¤â‰ fhz¥gL« ã‹tU«tuyhW ï› î©ikia tÈíW¤J»‹wJ. nkny Tw¥g£l


bfsjk® ïuhrhDr ãuthfddhš Édht¥g£l IªJ nfŸÉ fS¡FÉil m¿ahJ, ãuthfd‹ thÆthfnt Éilfis¥ bg‰wd®.ãuthfd‹, ÉilaË¡F«nghJ ``cd¡F¢ brhštj‹ K‹ ïªjPhd« ãuhkz‹ vtD¡F« nghâ¡f¥glÉšiy. mjid¥nghâ¡F« cÇik ï› îyf« KGikÆY« ïuhrhad tF¥ãdU¡nf cÇa FUeh£oY«, bt‹W if¥g‰¿a nfhry eh£oYnkbgU«ghY« V‰g£ld' v‹W T¿dh‹. f§fheâ Ôu¤âÈUªjjÄHur®fË‹ mu©kidfËš ãuhkzÇ‹ v¤jd§fŸ gadË¡fÉšiy. m§F ãuhkzU« ãuhkz§fS« ftÅ¡f¥glÉšiy.

K‰fhy¤âš x›bthU jÄHurdJ mu©kidÆY« m¿P®fË‹ rig x‹¿UªjJ. m¡ fhy ïy¡»a§fŸ, jÄHurÇ‹mu©kidfËÈUªj m¿P® rigfis¥ g‰¿ mo¡fo TW »‹wd.Kj‹ikahf¡ fhá mur‹ majr¤JU, ghŠrhy mur‹ ãuthfd‹,Énjf mur‹ rdf‹ KjÈnahÇ‹ rigfŸ Tw¥gL »‹wd. ïtUŸïuhrhaddh»a rdfdJ mu©kidÆ ÈUªjtnu Kj‹ikahdt®.rdf‹ rh¤âu PhdKilatD«, MrhÇaD kht‹. jÄH®fSilac©ikahd j¤Jt Phd§fsl§»a cgÃl§fS¡F¥ bgUikmË¤jt® ïtuht®. ntW ehLfË ÈUªJ« gy m¿P® ïtdJmu©kid¡F c©ik Phd¤ij ÉrhÇ¤j¿a¢ br‹wd®. mtUŸah¡Ptš»a® v‹D« X® ãuhkz® ï§F F¿¥ãl¤j¡ftuht®.rdf® ïtU¡F, c©ikahd j¤Jt Phd¤ij¥ nghâ¤jh®.ah¡Ptš»a® ãuhkz kj¤âÈUªJ j®¡f Kiwahd jÄœkj¤J¡F¤ âU¥g¥g£lh®.

ah¡Štš»a® ïu©L ãuhkz®fSl‹ rdfÅlŠ br‹wh®.rdf‹ `m¡»Å nfh¤âu« brŒí« Kiw ahJ vd ÉdÉdh‹.ah¡Ptš»aÇ‹ kWbkhÊ Vw¡Fiwa¥ bghU¤jkhf ïUªjJ;K‰W« bghU¤jkhf ïšiy. k‰W ïUtU« T¿a Éil ãiHahfÉUªjJ. mj‹ nkš rdf‹ m¡»Å nfh¤âu¤ij¥ g‰¿ És¡»dh‹És¡FjY«, ah¡Ptš»a® j‹ FUth»a ãUFÉ‹ cgnjr§fË‰âU¥âailahjtuhŒ mtÇl« f‰w všyht‰iwí« thªâ vL¤jh®.mt® thªâ baL¤jJ »UZz aN® ntj¤ij. ã‹, j‹ FUit É£LÚ¡»¢ NÇaid milªJ R¡»y aN® ntj¤ij¡ f‰wh®. ï›thWrjgj¥ ãuhkz§ TW»‹wJ. NÇa‹ v‹gJ, jÄHháÇaid¡F¿¡F«. ïjdhš MÇa®, gy bjŒt¡ bfhŸifia É£L¤ jÄHU¡FÇa xU bjŒt¡ bfhŸifia¥ ã‹g‰¿d® v‹W És§F»‹wJ.flîŸ, cÆ® v‹gt‰¿‹ ïašòfŸ vit v‹W v›Él§fËY«Éthâ¡f¥g£ld. flîŸ v§F« ÃiwªâU¡»wh® v‹gJ jÄHuJbfhŸif. ïiwt‹ všyh¥ bghUŸfËl« br¿ªâU¡»‹whbd‹W«, mtD¡FŸns njh‰w« xL¡f« M»ad Ãfœ»‹wd

e.á. fªijah 121

bt‹W« Tw¥g£l c©ik, flîŸ všyh¥ bghUS« M»‹whbu‹W«, x›bthU bghUS« flîË‹ gFâ ba‹W« ã‰fhy¤J¤âÇòbg‰wJ.

jÄHÇ‹ Phd¤ij vL¤J¡ TW« cgÇlj§fŸ m¡ fhyMÇa® üšfS£ áwªJ És§»d. cgÃlj§fŸ njh‹¿a ã‹,ãuhkzUila üšfŸ k§f¤ bjhl§»d. ïj‰F« MÇa® jÄH®kj¤ij¤ jGîtj‰F« fhuzkhÆUªjt® rdfnuaht®. ït®murU¡bfšyh« murdhf És§»dh®. ïj‰F mtuJ c©ikPhdnk fhuz«. mt® murh©l fhy« ï‹dbj‹W ÃidÉšit¤âU¤jš e‹W. ït® rnfjhÉš mur gu«giuia¤ jhã¤jïuFÉ‹ ngudh»a jruj‹ fhy¤jt®. rdf‹ fhy¤âš gÇ¢á¤J É‹gu«giu kiwªJÉ£lJ, Mdhš m› tÄr¤ij¥ g‰¿a Phgf«kiwªJ ÉlÉšiy. ahf§fŸ thÆyhf¥ gÇ¢á¤JÉ‹ tÄr¤utÇ‹ght§fŸ ngh¡f¥g£ld. ïJ rdf‹ fhy¤âš M¢rÇa¥gl¤j¡fJ« j®¡f¤JFÇaJ khÆUªjJ.

ah¡Štš»aÇ‹ vâ®f£áÆd® xUt® ah¡Štš»aiuneh¡»¥ gÇ¢á¤J¡fŸ br‹WÉ£lh®fnsh? v‹D« nfŸÉia¡nf£lh®. mt®fË‹ mRtnkj« ï¥bghGJ v§nf nghŒ É£lJ?v‹W ah¡Štš»a® kWbkhÊ T¿dh®. gÇ¢á¤J¡fŸ v‹wJ mt®fhy¤J üšfis. ïjdhš ãuhkz§fË‹ fhy« cgÃlj fhy¤J¡FK‰g£lbjd És§F»‹wJ. rdf‹ ãuhkziu MjÇ¤j rdnkra‹fhy¤J¡F¢ áy M©LfS¡F¥ ã‰g£ltbdd¡ Twyh«. 1ghují¤j¤J¡F¥ ãwF gÇ¢á¤Jî¡F¥ ã‹ tªjt‹ rdnkra‹. Mfntït‹ ».K. 14M« ü‰wh©o‹ ã‰gFâahF«. Mfnt rdf‹ ».K.13M« ü‰wh©o‹ K‰gFâÆš ïUªjtdht‹. rnfjhit M©lMÇa murUŸ jruj‹ Ñ®¤â thŒªjt‹. f§fheâ Ôu¤âš M£áòÇªjt®fSŸS« ït‹ áwªjt‹. ït‹ rdfdh»a jÄHurndhLr«gªj¥g£ltbd‹W m¿»‹nwh«. jrujÅ‹ ò¤âu‹ rdfÅ‹xnu òjšÈia kzªj jhš, jÄH® MÇa® v‹D« ïu©Lt«r§fS¡F« cwî V‰g£lJ. FyFUth»a tá£lÇ‹mDkâia¥ bg‰w jruj‹ jdJ òjšt‹ ïuhkid ÉRthÄ¤âu®

1 khghuj« 5000 tUl§fS¡F K‰g£lÃfœ¢á ba‹W brhšy¥ gL»‹wJ.MuhŒ¢áahsbušyh« ïJ ».K. 14-« ü‰wh©oš Ãf®ªj bj‹WTW»‹w‹®. ïJ »£l¤j£l¢ rÇ v‹W brhštj‰FÇa Mjhu§fŸ áyc©L. kfjeh£lurdh»a ã«grhfu‹ ò§jj®fhy¤jt‹. ït‹ ghujíjj¤â‰ fhyªJ bfh©l òurªjhî¡F¥ã‹ 52 -tJ murdht‹, ò¤j®fhy« ».K.5-« E‰wh©L. 51-murÇ‹ M£á¡ fhy‡jJ¡F«,x›bthUtU¡F¢ ruhrÇ 20 tUl§fis fhy¤J¡ fz¡»l mJ ghuj¥nghiu¡ ».K. 15 -« ü‰wh©o‰ bfh©L nghŒÉL»‹wJ. v›tifÆyhtJghuj¥ngh® ».K. 14-« E‰wh©L¡F¥ ã‰g£lj‹W vd¢ rhâ¡fyh«.


2v‹D« jÄœ KÅtÇl« x¥ã¤jh‹. nfhry«, Énjf« v‹D«ïu©L mur FL«g§fË‹ ïiz¥ò g‹Åu©lh« ü‰wh©L¡FK‹ xnukakhŒÉ£lJ. MÇa® gŠrh¥ãÈUªJ tªJFona¿aã‹, gŠrh¥ã‰F¡ »H¡F, nrhiz M‰W¡F nk‰F,muhtÈ kiy¡F tl¡F mj‹ »H¡nf cŸs ãÇa‰uh (Pryatra) KjÈavšiyfS¡F£g£l ehLfËš ïu©L rhâfS¡F ÄilÆš xUnt‰WikíÄšyhkš kiwªJ É£lJ. nk‰F¿¤j všiy¡F£g£leh£il¥ ã‰fhy¤jh® MÇat®¤j«, v‹W miH¤jd®. ï¡ fy¥ò¢rhâah® ÄFªj Ó®¤âU¤j kilªj ã‹ò MÇa® Kj‹ Kjš Fona¿aehlh»a gŠrh¥ig K‰w kwªJ É£ld®. MÇat®¤j« v‹gâšgŠrh¥ nr®¡f¥glÉšiy. MÇa® Fona‰w¤â‹ ã‹ njh‹¿aïu©lh tJ fhy üyh»a ãuhkz§fŸ, MuÂa§fŸ,cgÃlj§fŸ MÇat®¤j¤ij¥ g‰¿¡ F¿¥ãL»‹wd.

MÇa® ï›thW jÄœkakhdã‹ cgÃlj¤â‰ TW«j¤JtPhd MuhŒ¢áÆš Mtš bfh©lt®fshŒ, Phd¤J¡Fãw¥ãlkh»a bj‹Åªâahî¡F ah¤âiu brŒjd®. ït®fŸ jÄœm¿PuhY« muruhY« tunt‰f¥g£ld®. Mfnt mt® jÄœmurÇ‹ mu©kidia my§fÇ¤j mªjz MrhÇa®fËlÄUªJ

1. ÉRthÄ¤iu tá£l FL«g§fS¡»ilÆš Ú©lgif ïUªjbj‹gj‰F¥

gy fijfS©L. ÉRthÄ¤âi FL«g¤âd® `gujÇ‹ òjšt®, v‹W«

`gujÇ‹ ÉnrlKŸst®fŸ, v‹W« ntj§fŸ TW»‹wd. ÉRthÄ¤âu

FL«g¤âd® ÉÇ¤jril íilat®fbs‹W«, tá£l FL«g¤âd®

ty¥g¡f¤nj Koªj bfh©ilíilatbu‹WŠ brhšy¥gL»‹wd®.

tá£l® Ç‰w‹ v‹D« MÇa tF¥ãd® MÇaÇ‡y ca®ªjt®fshÆUªj

nghJ« tá£l FL«g N¤âubu‹D« goahd Ñœ Ãiyia milªjd®.

ã‰fhy¥ òuhz§fŸ ÉRthÄ¤âuiu¢ r¤âÇa‹ ãuhkz‹ v‹D«

gj§fŸ Kiwna jÄHiuí« MÇaiuí« F¿¡»‹wd. tá£l® ãuhkzÇ‹

e£ig¥ bg‰W mt®fŸh‰ ghuh£l¥g£lh®. mt®fŸ tz¡f« T¿

mtU¡F¥ gybghUikfis¡ bfhL¤jd®. mt®fËl¤âš jU« áªij

»ilahJ. mt®fŸ ÉRthÄ¤âu® ÛJ gy gÊfis¢ Rk¤âd®.

ÉRthÄ¤âuh mt®fSila r¤Juhâahf ïUªjh®. ïJ c©ika‹W.

ÉRthÄ¤âu tÄr¤jt®fŸ ã‰¥ãš jÄH® mšyJ guj®tá£l

FL«g¤âd® `Ç‰w‹ tF¥ãd®. m¡fhy¤âš jÄHur® Toa mâfhu

Kilat®fshÆUªjd®, Mfnt ãw¥ãdhY« go¥ãdhY« ÉRthÄ¤âu

tÄr¤jt®, MÇa® åLfËY« tz¡f¤njhL ngh‰w¥g£ld®. ïJ tá£l

FL«g¤âdÇ‹ bghwhikia _£oaJ. ï¥bghwhikfshš xUt® xUt®

ÛJ gÊfis¢ Rk¤âdJkšyhkš mojofËYÄw§»d®. fšÉÆdhY«

clš tÈÆdhY« ÉRthÄ¤âu FL«g¤âd® tá£l FL«g¤âdÇY«

mâf tÈikia¥ bg‰wd®. Mfnt jrujdJ mu©kidÆš ÉRthÄ¤i®

ÄFªj bršth¡F« bg‰wd®.

e.á. fªijah 123

jÄœ Phd¤ij¡ f‰wd®. MÇa®, jÄHnuhL ï›tifahd cwîit¡f¤ bjhl§»a ã‹dnu 1N¤âu tothd ïy¡»a§fŸ vGj¥g£ld. m› Éy¡»a§fŸ gyt‰¿‹ ãw¥ãl« bj‹ÅªâahthF«.ïJtiuí« trd eilÆš vGj¥g£l MÇaÇ‹ ïy¡»a§fŸï¥bghGJ brŒíŸ eilÆš vGj¥glyhÆd. ï« Kiw jÄHiu¥ã‹ g‰¿¢ brŒa¥g£l bj‹gij¢ N¤âu ïy¡»a§fis¥ gh®¤Jm¿ayh«. tl¡nf cŸst®fS¡F« bj‰nf cŸst®fS¡FÄilÆš ».K. 10-« ü‰wh©L Kjš ï› tifahd cwî V‰g£lijm¿»‹nwh«. bj‰nf tªj ãuhkzÇ‰ bgU«ghnyh®, jkJeh£L¡F¤ âU«g ÉU«gÉšiy. Mfnt mt®fŸ bj‹dh£ošj§FthuhÆd®. jÄœ mªjzÇ‹ khzh¡fuhf¤ bj‹dh£oš j§»aMÇa¥ ãuhkz®, mªjz tF¥ãdnuhL fyªjd®. bj‹Åªâ ahÉ‰fhz¥gL« ãuhkzÇ‰ bgU«ghnyh® jÄH® v‹gâš IaÄšiy.

bj‰nf Kj‹Kjš mo vL¤J it¤j MÇa‹ ïuhkbd‹Weh« go¡»‹nwh«. ï¡ bfhŸif M£nrg¤J¡F ïlkhdJ. ïuhk‹rdf‹ fhy¤jtdhÆ‹ mt‹ ».K. 13M« ü‰wh©ošÉs§»atdht‹. ïuhkhaz« ».K. 8M« ü‰wh©L¡F«, Iªjh«ü‰wh©L¡F ÄilÆš vGj¥g£l üby‹gâ‰ rªnjfÄšiy.bj‹Åªâa gH§fij x‹iw vL¤J¡bfh©L mjndhL nfhrynjr¤J ïuhkidí« ãiz¤J ïuhkhaz« ó®¤â brŒa¥g£oU¡»wbjd¤ bjÇ»wJ. mª üyháÇa® tl¡nf ïUªj jrujidí«, rdfidí« xnu fhy¤jt®fŸ Mf it¤J¡bfh©L, bj‹ dh£Lïuhtz‹ mf¤âa® KjÈnah® fhy§fisí«, ïl§fis í«ftÅahJ üš brŒâU¡»‹wh®. mf¤âa®, MÇa® áªJ eâÆ‹nk‰F¡ fiuÆš tªJ FonaWtj‹ K‹ thœªjtuht®.

MÇa® tªJ gŠrh¥ã‰ Fona¿a Kjyh« Fona‰w fhy¤J¤jÄHU« MÇaU« fyªJ x‹Wg£ld®. f§fh eâ Ôu¤â‰ Fona¿aïu©lh§ fhy¤J« ïU rhâahU§ fyªJ x‹W g£ld®; Mfntïu©L rhâahU¡FÄilÆš nt‰Wik fhz Koahj fy¥òV‰g£lJ. j‰fhy k¡fË‹ bkhÊiaí« rka¤ij í« MuhŒtjhšjÄHU¡F« MÇaU¡FÄilÆš v›tsÉ‰ fy¥ò V‰g£oU¡»wbj‹gJ És§F«.

KjÈ‰ gŠrh¥ã‰ Fona¿a MÇa® v¥go¤ jÄHnuhL fyªJbfh©lh®fbs‹W rÇ¤âu r«gªjkhf m¿ªJ bfh©nlh«.ïu©lhtjhf ït®fŸ, gy fhuz§fsh‰ »H¡F¤ âirahf¢br‹W f§fh eâ¥ g¡f§fËš thœªj jÄH® mšyJ gujnuhLv¥go¡ fyªjh®fbs‹W m¿ªnjh«. rÇ¤âu« r«gªjkhd MuhŒ¢áia É£L ïÅ¢rka«, bkhÊ v‹gt‰iw MuhŒnth«. xU

1. N¤âu¥ghÉdh‰ brŒa¥g£lit.


rhâahÇ‹ gHa tuyh‰iw m¿ªJ bfhŸtj‰F rka¤ijí«,bkhÊiaí« g‰¿a MuhŒ¢áfŸ e«g¤j¡f Mjhu§f shfïU¡»‹wd.

ïu©lhtJ Fona‰w fhy¤âš fy¥ò MÇa®, jÄHÇ‹ ÃahaKiwahd rka¤ij¤ jGÉdh®fbsd m¿ªnjh«. mt®fË‹rkakh‰w« rLâahf V‰g£lj‹W. m¡ fhy Ãiyik¡ nf‰wgoá¿J á¿jhŒ V‰g£lhY« cWâahf ïUªjJ. jÄHUila kj«Pha¤ij¤ jGÉÆUªjJ. MÇaUila kj« f‰gidia jGÉïUªjJ. gŠrh¥ãš MÇa® Fona¿a fhy« Kjš ntjghlšfËšjÄœ¡ bfhŸiffŸ EiHªâU¡»‹wd. ïU¡F ntj¤âš giHabjŒt§fS« tUzD«, ïªâuD«, (ïuî« gfY« mšyJïU©lthdK« xËíilathdK«) fhz¥gL»‹wd®. MÇa®ïªâahit miltj‹ K‹ thœªj ó®t MÇaeh£oš ï¤ bjŒt§fŸ tÊgl¥g£ld. giHa MÇa® thd¤ijí«, mJ milí« gykhWjšfisí«, gy bjŒt§fisí« tÊg£ld®. ïªâahitailªj MÇa® jÄHÇ‹ xnu bjŒt tÊgh£il¡ f©ld®; f©L,ïªâuid všyh bjŒt§fS¡F« jiytdhf¡ bfh©ld®.ïªâuid všyh¡ flîsU¡F«. jiytdhf bfhŸs¥g£lh‹.ïªâu‹ v‹DŠ brhš ïiwt‹ v‹D¤ jÄœ¢ brhšÈ‹ c¢rÇ¥òntWghlhÆU¡fyh«.

mt®fŸ òâjhf¥ gH»a guj® mšyJ jÄHÇlÄUªJNÇatz¡f¤ijí« if¡bfh©ld®. NÇa tz¡f¤J¡FÇa fha¤âÇghlšfis¢ brŒjt®fŸ gujÇš áwªjt®fŸ, vd¥g£lÉRthÄ¤âu®fns. gŠrh¥ãYŸs kšu‹ (Maltan) v‹D« efÇšNÇaD¡F¥ giHa nfhÆbyh‹W ïUªjbjd m¿»‹nwh«.Xsu§fÓ¥ v‹D« Kfkâa k‹dÅ‹ f£lisahš m›thya¤âUªj j§f¢ áiy cU¡»¡ fUñyf¤âš nr®¡f¥g£lJ. kšu‹v‹D« ïl« kšy® mšyJ kŸs®thœ ïlkhÆUªjJ. ïªâah É‹nk‰F¥òw¤âš kŸs® Kj‹ikahd rhâauht®. jÄHÇ‹ xUãÇÉduh»a ït®fŸ kšu‹, k®t kšt v‹D« všiy¡F£g£lehLfËY« ïuhrhò¤jhdhÉY« fhz¥g£ld®. gŸs v‹gJkŸs v‹gj‹ c¢rÇ¥ò ntWghL. brsuhZou¤âš thG«rhâÆdU¡F ï¥ bga® tH§F«. m§F NÇa tÊghL« m›tÊgh£L¡FÇa gy nfhÆšfSÄUªjd.

Mâfhyª bjh£L¤ jÄHU¡»ilÆš át tz¡f¤ij¥nghynt NÇa tz¡fK« ïUªjJ. j¤Jt Phd¤ij¥ bgWtj‹ K‹mt®fŸ NÇaidna tz§»dh®fŸ vd¡Twyh«. všy« mšyJm¡ fh£oYŸs f£Äuh (Cadmira) v‹DÄl« jÄHÇ‹ Fona‰wehlhF« ngbgš (Babel) v‹D« ïl« NÇa‹ nfhÆY¡F¥

e.á. fªijah 125

ng®nghdJ ngbgš v‹gj‰F¡ flîË‹ thÆš v‹gJ bghUŸ.Mfnt f£Ûuh v‹D« efu« ngbgš v‹D« bgaiu¥ bg‰wnjhLngbgš v‹D« nfhÆ‰ bgaÇÈUªJ všy«, ghãnyh‹ v‹D«bgaiu¥ bg‰wJ. nkšeh£l¿P® f£Ûuh v‹D« bga® JuhÅac‰g¤â¡FÇabj‹W«, ngbgš brk£oa c‰g¤â¡FÇa bj‹W§TW»‹wd®. Mdhš ngbgš v‹D« bghUns f£Ûuh v‹gj‰F«v‹W mt® TW»‹wd®. mt®fŸ ïu©L brh‰fS¡F« XnubghUŸ bfh©lhY« mt‰¿‹ c‰g¤âia¡ TW« KiwÆšãiHgL»‹wd®. f£Ûuh v‹gJ fâut« v‹D« jÄœ¢ brhšÈ‹c¢rÇ¥ò ntWghL vd¡ Twyh«. ngbgš v‹gJ gfš v‹D«moahf¤ njh‹¿aJ. thŒ v‹gJ thÆiy cz®¤J«. Mfnt(gfš+thŒ) NÇaÅ‹ thÆš v‹D« bghUis¤ jU«. `ngbgš'ghãnyh‹ vd c¢rÇ¥ò ntWgh£lhš âÇgilªjJ.

jÄH® ïu©L rhâahuhf¥ ãÇtj‰F¢ rkank fhuzkhÆUªjbjd¤ bjÇ»wJ. bj‹ÅªâahÉš j§»ndh® áttÊgh£o d®.tlïªâahÉš j§»ndh® NÇa tÊgh£od®. bj‰nf ïUªJmf¤âa® tl¡nf br‹W fháÆš mšyJ thuztháÆš irtrka¤ij¥ gu¥ò« tiuí« tl¡nf NÇakjnk ÆUªjJ. Inuh¥ghÉ‰ nghy¢ rka« bj‰»ÈUªJ nkny guÉ‰W. tl¡F¥ ãÇÉdUŸkJiu, ghŠrhy«, FU KjÈa ehLfËÈUªjt®fŸ át tz¡f¤ij¡if¡bfh©ld®. M‰¿‹ kW fiuÆÈUªjt®fŸ giHabfhŸifíl‹ thœªjd®. NÇaid tz§»ndh® NÇa tÄr¤âd®vd¥g£lld®. átid tz§»ndh® rªâutÄr¤âd®vd¥g£ld®. átbgUkh‹ KoÆ‰ NoÆU¡F« ãiw jÄHiu¡F¿¥gnjhL, mij¢ NLtjhš mt® jdJ k¡fis¡ fh¥gh‰W»‹wh® v‹gijí« És¡F»‹wJ. ït® ïUãÇÉduhÆUªjnghJ«, mt® jh« kDÉ‹ rªjâah»a bghJ c‰g¤â¡FÇat®fŸv‹D« giHa tuyh‰iw kwªJ ÉlÉšiy. f‹d gu«giu¡ fijfŸgyt‰iw¤ bjhF¤J¡ TW« òuhz§fŸ kD v‹D« âuhÉlmurid¥ g‰¿¡ TW»‹wd. rªâu tÄr« giHik bjh£nl NÇatÄr¤ijÉl¥ bgUik bg‰W És§»‰W. ïU ãÇÉdU«bfhŸifÆš khWg£l nghJ« xU flîŸ tz¡f KilatuhÆUªjd®.

jÄHÇ‹ xU bjŒt tÊgh£il¥ gh®¤J MÇa® áU£o¤jïªâu‹, jÄH® TW« všyh« tšy, v§F« Ãiwªj flînshLx¥ãl KoahkÈUªjikÆ‹ mt® mââ v‹D« ã¿bjhUbjŒt¤ij c©Lg©Âd®. ï¤ bjŒtK« Kj‹ik vŒâajhfïU¡F ntj ghlšfË‰ brhšy¥glÉšiy. mââ v‹gj‰F¥ãÇ¡f¥glhjJ, KoÉšyhjJ v‹W KŸsJ v‹D« bghUŸ


ntj¤â‰ brhšy¥gL»‹wJ. ïªâu‹ tUz‹ Ä¤âu‹ NÇa‹M»nah® KoÉšyhj r¤âah»a jhÆ‹ òjšt®fbs‹W«,Mâ¤j®fbs‹ W« brhšy¥g£ld®. mâânahL X¥ãl¤j¡fflîs® k‰iwa giHa MÇa tF¥ãdÇilna fhz¥glÉšiy.ï¥ bga® ïªâa eh£oš njh‹¿aJ v‹gj‰F m¿F¿ahf m¥bgaÇš flîŸ v‹D« brhšÈ‹ bghUŸ bjhÅ¡»‹wJ. flîis¤jhŒ, mt‹, mtŸ, mJ vd tH§F« Kiw jÄH®fS¡F kh¤âu«cÇa bjh‹whF«. ntj§fËš ï›thwhd òâa tH¡FfŸfhz¥gL»‹wd. ïJ ïu©L rhâah® xUÄ¤J¡ fyªjikahšV‰g£lJ. ï¥ bghUŸ g‰¿ Inuh¥ãa MáÇa®fŸ nt©oasî«vGâÆU¡»‹wd®. flîŸ gil¤jš fh¤jš, mÊ¤jyh»a ïiwtÅ‹ KGKj‰w‹ik, kW ãw¥ò, Éid¥ga‹ KjÈa bfhŸiffis MÇa® m¿ahbu‹W« mt‰iwbašyh« ãwÇlÄUªJm¿ªâU¡»wh®fbs‹W« m› tháÇa®fŸ T¿ÆU¡»‹wd®. ïijeh« tÊ bkhÊ»‹nwh«. MÇa® ó®tFofnshL fyªj ã‹ jkJgiHa kj¤ijí« ehfÇf¤ijí« ifÉ£L¥ ó®tFofS¡FÇabfhŸiffis¥ ã‹g‰¿dh®fbs‹W K‹ És¡»íŸnsh«. ïªJMÇaU¡F« k‰w MÇaU¡FKŸs rka¤ bjhl®ò m¿aKoahkÈU¥gJ M¢rÇa¥gl¤j¡fj‹W.

x‹iw¡ bfhL¤J x‹iw th§FtJ nghy¡ flîS¡F¢áyt‰iw¡ bfhL¤J¥ gâš cgfhukhf¢ áyt‰iw¡ nf£gjh»atÊgh£L Kiwiana MÇa® m¿ªâU¡»‹wd® mt® flîŸ, cÆ®v‹gt‰¿‹ j¤Jt§fis m¿aÉšiy. mt® ïa‰¿¥ nghªj»Çiafshš ït‰iw m¿jš Kotj‹W. jÄHÇ‹ Phd« ca®ªjc©ikfis mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©ljhjÈ‹ mirÉšyhâUªjJ. ïuhrò¤jhd¤âš thœªj MÇa® jÄœ kj¤ij¤ jGÉ, mj‹ts®¢á¡F¥ bgÇJ« Ka‹¿U¡»‹wd® ».K. 1000 ¡F« 200¡FÄilÆYŸs N¤âu fhy¤nj gy N¤âu ïy¡»a§fis mt®fŸbrŒjd®. ïuhrò¤âuÇ‹ mâfhu¤âš ãuhkz® Ä¡f Mâ¡f«bg‰¿Uªjd®. âU¤j« v‹D« bgaUl‹ ït®fŸ gy nfLfis¢brŒjd®. FU¡fŸkhÇ‹ mâfhu¤jhš gy e‰fUk§fŸ Éy¡f¥g£ld. òuhzkj« Mu«ã¤jJ. òâa r¤âÇauh»a ïuhrò¤âu®Ãiyeh£oa òuhzkj« ».ã. Iªjh« ü‰wh©oš Mu«gkhÆ‰W.K‰fhy¤âš r¤âÇa®, ãuhkzÇY« nkyhdt®fshf¡ bfhŸs¥g£ld®. ãuhkz®, r¤âÇaÇ‹ nk‰gh®itÆ‹ Ñœ bghUS¡fhfahf§fis el¤âd®. ï¡ »Çiafis¢ brŒtj‰fhf mt® kªâu§fisí« ghlšfisí« kd¥ghlŠ brŒjd® gy® m«kªâu§fŸ,ghlšfË‹ bghUis m¿ah®. fšÉ, r¤âÇaD¡F cÇajhÆUªjJ.rhkhÅa ãuhkzidÉl¢ r¤âÇa‹ fšÉ m¿îilatdhfÉUªjh‹. rka c©ikfS« Phd§fS« r¤âÇauh»a ïuhrhaduhš btËÆl¥g£ld.

e.á. fªijah 127

gil vL¤J tªjt®fsh»a ïuhrò¤âu® ã‰fhy¤âšïªâahî¡F¤ jiytuhÆd®. ït®fS¡F¥ giHa rÇ¤âukhtJ,r¤âÇaU¡FÇa rÇ¤âu¥ bgUikahtJ ïšiy. ït® ãuhkziu¤jk¡F nkyhf¡ bfh©ld®. jh« r¤âÇa® v‹W miH¡f¥gL«òfiH ÉU«ã ïuh¢áa§fis¥ bgÇjh¡»d®. ãuhkz® jh«nkyhdt® v‹gij všyh ïl§fËY« eh£l KoaÉšiy. tlïªâahÉš j§fŸ Kj‹ikia eh£LtâY« üšfis j« v©z¥go ifahStâY« mt®fS¡F Éšy§f« V‰glÉšiy. bj‹ïªâahÉš ï›th¿U¡fÉšiy. m§F ».ã. 10M« ü‰wh©LtiuÆš ãuhkz® ÑHhfnt fUj¥g£l d®. Mfnt mt®fSilathœ¡if áw¥gilaÉšiy. ï‹W« mt®fis¡ Fut®fshf¤bj‹Åªâa® V‰W¡bfhŸtâšiy. ».ã 8M« ü‰wh©L Kjš 10M«ü‰wh©L tiuíKŸs fhy« rÇ¤âu¤â‹ ïU£ fhykhF«.ïuhrò¤âu® giHa ïuh¢áa§fis bt‹W if¥g‰¿a nghJx›bthU rhâÆdU« (Caste) Kj‹ik¡fhf¥ nghuhod®. ïuhr ò¤âumurÇ‹ Jizia¡ bfh©L ãuhkz®, rkÞjhd§fË‰ FU¡fshfmk®ªjd®. ïuh¢áa r«gªjkhd fyf§fbsšyh« rka¤â‹bgauhš elªjd. ï¡ fyf§fŸ eh£o‹ e‹ikfis¥ gytÊÆšbfL¤jd. ï¡ fhy¤âš jkJ bgUikia eh£Ltj‰F¥ òuhz§fŸãuhkzuhš vGj¥g£ld. tl ïªâahÉ‰ brŒjJ nghyntbj‹ÅªâahÉY« jk¡F ïilôW vd¡ f©l üšfis ïÅ xUnghJ« cythjgo mÊ¤jd®; kh‰¿í« T£oí« âU¤âí«vGâd®. ãuhkzU« ãwU« Kj‹ik¡fhf¥ nghuhoa fhy¤J¤njh‹¿a ghlšfŸ gy jÄÊ‰ fhz¥gL»‹wd. átth¡»a®bfh§fz® Kjyhndh® xU bjŒt¡ bfhŸifia t‰òW¤âí«ãuhkzUila gy bjŒt¡ bfhŸifia kW¤J« ghlšfŸbrŒjd®.

ï›thW jÄHÇ‹ tÈF‹¿a fhy¤nj giHa jÄœ KÅt®fshš ÔJ vd xJ¡f¥g£l rhâ¡ nfh£ghL jiy vL¤jJ. rhâ¥ãÇÉidahš jÄœ¢ rhâÆ‹ ts®¢á F‹¿‰W. ïJ ãuhkzÇ‹Mâ¡f« nk‰g£l òuhz fhy¤âš Mu«ã¤jJ. jÄœeh£ošxG¡fK« bjhÊY« g‰¿¢ áy ãÇîfŸ njh‹¿ÆUªj nghJ«všnyhU¡F ïilÆY« c©gJ« kf£ bfhil KjÈadî« Ã‹WÉlÉšiy. mªjz kuãduh»a Rªju®, guit r§»Èah® v‹D«ïU jhœªj tF¥ò¥ bg©fis kzªjJ« ntshsuh»a m¥g®mofis mªjzuh»a m¥óâ mofŸ cl‹ it¤J c©lJ«nghâa rh‹Wfsh«. 10M« ü‰wh©L tiuÆš ï›thwhdÃfœ¢áfŸ eilbg‰wj‰F¥ nghâa ãuhkz§fS©L. 13M«ü‰wh©oš mªjzuh»a mUzªâ átrhÇah® ntshs uh»abkŒf©l njtÇl¤âš Ô£ir bg‰wh®. mªjzuh»a ckhgâ


áth¢rhÇah®, ntshsuh»a kiwPhd r«gªj® v‹D« FU c©lnrl¤ij c©lh®.

m¡ fhy¤nj x›bthUtuJ Éiy kâ¥ò¡FÇa bršt«rkaK« fšÉíkhf ÉUªjJ. všyh tF¥ãdU« rhângjÄ‹¿Mya§fËš it¡f¥g£oU¡F« _®¤âfS¡fU»š jilÆ‹¿¢br‹W tz§»d®. mWg¤J _t® vd¢ irt®fŸ ngh‰W«moah®fŸ gy rhâfis¢ nr®ªjt®fshf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd®.``MîÇ¤J¤ â‹WHY« òiyanuD« f§ifth® ril¡fu¤jh®¡f©guh»š mt® f©O® eh« tz§F« flîshnu vd m¥g®RthÄfŸ TW»‹wh®.

ã‰fhy muruhš ãuhkzU¡F¥ bgUik V‰g£lhY«,k¡fŸ mt®fis V‰W¡ bfhŸsÉšiy. ãuhkz® elªJ bfhŸS«Kiwia k‰wt®fŸ ÉU«gÉšiy. Mfnt mt® ãuhkziu¤j«ÄÅ‹W« Ú¡»d®. k‰wt® všnyhU« åLfË‰ ToÆUªJ ÉUªJbfh©lhod®. òâjhf¡ »il¤j kâ¥ig¥ ghJfh¥gj‰fhf¥ãuhkzU«, k‰wt®fË‹ bjhl®ig É£ld®. ïJntbj‹ÅªâahÉš Kj‹Kiwahf¤ njh‹¿a rhâ¥ ãÇthF«.bj‹Åªâa ãuhkz® jÄH® v‹nw K‹ndhÇl¤â‰ T¿ÆU¡»‹nwh«. tl ïªâa ãuhkzU¡F«. jÄHU¡F« áy rªjâfŸ njh‹¿ÆU¡fyh«. fhy¥ngh¡»š gifik m‰W¥ nghdhY« ï¥bghGJ« khwhd Ãiyikna ïUªJ tU»‹wJ. k‰wt®fS¡F« ït®fS¡F« clÅUªJ c©gJ«, bg©nfhlš KjÈadî« ï‹W«eilbgWtâšiy. czî« j©ÙU« bfhL¡f kW¥gJ rhâ¥ãu£l¤J¡F m¿F¿ahF«. ï› î©ik kw¡f¥g£L, mit ca®ªjrhâ¡FÇa m¿F¿fŸ v‹W jtwhf¡ fUj¥gL»‹wd. f«khs®,ãuhkz® åLfËš c©gâšiy; ïjdhš mt®fŸjh« ãuhkzÇY« nkš vd¡ fUJ»‹wd®. ãuhkz‹ å£oY« ntshs‹å£oY« czî bfhŸS« t©zh‹, f«khs‹ å£oš czîbfhŸs kW¡»wh‹. ïit bašyh« m‹ÅaUila gh®it¡FM¢áÇakhf¤ njh‹W«. jÄœeh£oš x›bthUtD« jdJrhâia¥ g‰¿¥ bgUik ghuh£L»‹wh‹. giwa‹ jdJ Fy¤ij¥bgUik ghuh£o ``gh®¥ghD¡F _¥g‹ giwa‹ nf£ghÇ‹¿¡Ñœ¢rhâ ahnd‹'' v‹D« KJbkÊia vL¤J¡ TW»‹wh‹.

rhâ¥ nghuh£l« _‹W ü‰wh©Lfshf elªjJ.bfhŸiffŸ v¥nghJ« xU khâÇ ïU¥gâšiy. ãuhkziuMya§fËÅ‹W« Ú¡fî« mt®fSila mâfhu¤ij¡ Fiw¡f î«Koahkš nghfnt x›bthU tF¥ãdU« jkJ rka¢ rl§F fisïa‰Wtj‰F¤ j§fS¡FŸ fšÉ m¿î xG¡f§fË‰ áwªjx›bthUtiu¡ FU¡fshf¤ bjÇªbjL¤jd®.

e.á. fªijah 129

bj‹Åªâa rkaÃiya§fŸ x›bth® FUÉ‹ Ñœ ïUªjd.m¡ FU ãuhkz tF¥ig¢ nr®ªjtuhÆU¥gJ mUik. bj‹ÅªâaÇ‹ rka¡ bfhŸiffis m¿ahj nkš eh£lh® òuhz kjK«r§fuh¢rhÇahÇ‹ khahthjKnk mt®fSila rka« v‹WvGJ»‹wd®. ïªâahit¡ F¿¤J vGâa nkšeh£L MáÇa®fŸ tlïªâahÉš ïUªnj vGâÆU¡»‹wd®. ãuhkz®fËlÄUªnj mt® üš vGJtj‰F Mjhu§fis¥ bg‰¿U¡»‹wd®. ï‹D« r§fu® rk‰»Uj¤âš vGâa rka¡ nfh£ghLfis kh¤âu« go¤J mt® jkJ fU¤J¡fis btËÆ£oU¡»‹wd®. r§fu® bj‹ ïªâauh ÆUªj nghJ« mtuJ bfhŸifia¤bj‹Åªâa® V‰W¡bfhŸsÉšiy. jÄHÇ‰ bgU«ghnyh®, á¤jhªjirt® mjndhL khWg£l r§fuU«, mt® bfhŸifí« bj‰»‰ftÅ¡f¥glikahš mt® tl¡nf br‹wh®. m§F mtUilakj¤J¡F¥ bgUik mË¡f¥g£lJ. ïjdhš r§fu® brštj‹ K‹tl¡nf cŸst®fŸ áwªj kj¡ bfhŸif ïšyhk ÈUªjd®fbsdÉs§F»‹wJ. r§fu® kj¤ij¥g‰¿ MuhŒªJ vGâa nkšeh£lh®ïªâahÉ‰ ftÅ¡f¡Toa kj¡bfhŸif ïJ x‹W kh¤âu«vd¡fUâd®. ïjÅY« nkyhd kj¡bfhŸif x‹W bj‰nf c©Lv‹gij nkšeh£lt® ï¥bghGJjh‹ czu Mu«ã¤âU¡»‹wd®.bj‹ÅªâaÇ‹ átkj« mª eh£L¡nf brhªjkhdJ. mj‹bfhŸiffŸ jÄœ kj¤ij¥ ã‹g‰¿ad. rh¤âuK« rkaK«x‹nwhL x‹W mizªJ br‹wd. r§fuh¢ rhÇa® jkJkj¡bfhŸiffis tl¡nf gu¥òtj‰F 2000 M©L fS¡F K‹,mf¤âa® fháÆš (thuzthá) gu¥ãaJ« giHa KÅt®fshšMjÇ¡f¥g£lJkh»a rkaK« ïJnt. ï¢ rka c©ikfŸ`Mfk§fŸ v‹D« irt üšfË‰ bghâªJ »l¡ »‹wd.rk‰»Uj¤âš bkhÊbga®¡f¥glhj Mfk§fŸ mÊ¡f¥ g£ld.rk‰»Uj bkhÊ bga®¥òfŸ _y¤ij¢ rÇahf¥ ã‹g‰¿¢brŒa¥g£ldnth v‹gJ Ia¤J¡F ïl«, ã‰fhy¤â‰ òuhzbkGâat®fŸ Mfk« ïUg¤bj£L vd¡ T¿ÆU¡»‹wd®.òuhz§fS¡F¤ jiyikahd Þfªj¤â‹ xU gFâahd Njr§»ijMfk§fË‹ bga®fis KjÈ‰T¿, mt‰iw M¡»nah‹ <Rtu‹v‹W TW»‹wJ. mJ òuhz§fis kÅj® brŒjh®fŸ v‹W«F¿¥ãL»wJ. Mfk§fŸ rÇ¤âufhy¤J¡F K‰g£l gHikíilad v‹gJ c©ik. mit ïU¡F ntj¤ij x¤j giHik íiladmšyJ cgÃlj§fS¡F K‰g£ld. MÇa®, jÄœ kj¤ij¥ã‹g‰¿anghJ vGj¥g£l cgÃlj§fË‹ Mfk c©ikfŸfhz¥gL»‹wd.

`át‹ jÄH® flîŸ' v‹gij všnyhU« x¥ò¡bfhŸ»‹w d®.átkj« mšyJ jÄœ kj« jÄHU¡FÇabjd x¥ò¡ bfh©lhš


Mfk§fŸ jÄHuhš jkJ bkhÊÆš vGâa üšfŸ v‹Wx¥ò¡bfhŸs V‹ ã‹Ã‰f nt©L«. kj r«gªjkhd všyh¤ jÄœüšfS« Mfk§fisna Mjuhkhf¡ bfh©ld. kj ïy¡»a§fŸkh¤âukšy, gujeh£oš njh‹¿a rka¡ bfhŸif x›bth‹W¡F«Mjhu« ï¤ jÄœ Mfk§fËšjhD©L. âU_y®, jdJ âUkªâu«Mfk§fË‹ rhu« vd¡ TW»‹wd®. ït® ».ã. Iªjh« ü‰wh©ošÉs§»atnud e«g¥gL»‹wd®. ï¡ fhy« Þfªj¤J¡F K‰g£lJ.Þfªj òuhz¤J¡F¢ brŒjJ nghynt, ã‹tªjt®fŸ âUkªâu¤jhY« gyt‰iw¢ nr®¤J« âU¤âí« kh‰¿í« ïU¤jš TLbk‹WfUj ïlK©L. âUkªâu¤ jhY« òuhz§fshY« òuhz fhy¤âšk£L« Mfk§fŸ ïUªjd v‹W fUj ïlK©L. òuhz kj¤âše«ã¡if gut¤ bjhl§Fj Y«. m¡ bfhŸiffS¡F khwhÆUªjMfk§fŸ ïwªjdnghY«.

nkšeh£lháÇa®fŸ Þfªj« ».ã. x‹gjh« ü‰wh©ošvGj¥g£l übyd¡ TW»‹wd®. nguháÇa® g©lhš (Prof. Bandall)».ã. 6M« ü‰wh©oš vGj¥g£l ãuâ x‹W jk¡F neghs¤â‰»il¤jbjd m¿É¤âU¡»‹wh®. ïjdhš òuhz§fŸ ».ã. 9M«ü‰wh©oš ïUªjd v‹gâš IaÄšiy. bj‹Åªâa Mya§fis¥ g‰¿í« bj‹Åªâa rka¡ bfhŸiffis¥g‰¿í«òuhz§fŸ TW»‹wikÆ‹ mit bj‹ÅªâahÉš vGj¥g£ldnt ïit òuhz« v‹D« bga® bg‰W tl¡nf bršy ïu©Lü‰wh©LfshtJ ão¤âU¡F«. Mfnt òuhz§fŸ ».ã. ehyh«ü‰wh©oš vGj¥g£l üšfŸ vd¡ TWjš ÃahakhF«. mitx‹gJ mšyJ g¤jh« ü‰wh©L tiuí« gyuhš vGâ¢nr®¡f¥g£l gyt‰iw¡ bfh©L bjhF¡f¥g£ldthF«. neghs¤â‰ fhz¥g£l òuhz« r§fuh¢rhÇahuhš vGj¥g£ljhFbkd¡fUJ»‹nwh«. blyh§ (Mr. Telang) v‹D« MáÇa®, r§fhuh¢rhÇah® ».ã. Mwh« ü‰wh©oš ïUªjhbu‹gj‰F¥ gy Mjhuh§fŸfh£oU¡»‹wd®.1 ».ã. VHh« ü‰wh©o‹ K‰gFâÆš A®r t®jdhv‹D« neghs mur‹ r§fuh£rhÇahÇ‹ khztdhd ït‹ j‹kfD¡F r§fut®jhdh v‹W bgaÇ£lh‹. áy òuhz§ fS« ÞfªjòuhzK« Mfk§fis Él ÞÄUâ¥ òuhz§fis¥ òfœªJMÇantj§fS¡F Kj‹ik bfhL¡»‹wd. òuhz§fË‹ bgauhšï›thW TW« gFâfŸ r§fuh¢rhÇauhš mšyJ mt® khztuhšnr®¡f¥g£ldthjš nt©L«. r§fuh¢ rhÇaU« mt® khztU«irtrka¤jtuhÆD«, mt® ÄUâfis¥ ãukhzkhf¡ bfh©ld®.mt® rhjid Mfk§fS¡F khwhf ïUªjJ. Mfk§ fis¡ ÑœÃiyÆš cŸst®fS¡F« ntj§fis nkš ÃiyÆYŸs

1. Indian antiquary vol XIII P. 95

e.á. fªijah 131

t®fS¡Fkhf¡ flîŸ mUË¢ brŒjh® vd mt®fŸ e«ãdh®fŸ.

Mfk¡ bfhŸifah»a jÄœ kj¤J¡F« ntj¡ bfhŸif ah»aMÇa kj¤J¡F« nghuh£l« ïUªjbjd¥ òuhz§fis¡ bfh©Lm¿ayh«. ï› Éu©ilí« rªJgL¤jnt òuhz§fŸvGj¥g£ld. òuhz§fis vGândh® Þkh®¤juhf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd®. mt®fŸ Mfk§fË‰ g‰¿šyhk‰ nghdnjhL, flîis¥g‰¿a c©ikfis ntj§fËš kh¤âu« fhzyh«. Mfk§fsh‰bgw¥gL« Phd« gad‰wJ v‹W JÂthf vGâ ÆU¡»‹wd®.ï›thW Njr§»ijÆY« brhšy¥gL»‹wJ. ï¡ bfhŸifkW¡f¥glhkÈU¡fÉšiy. `flîis¡ f©L bfh©L« ntj§fŸnjL»‹wd'' v‹W jÄœ KÅtbušyhU« T¿d®.

òuhz¡ fijfŸ òuhz§fŸ vGj¥g£l fhy¤J Ãfœ¢áfsšy. òuhz« v‹gj‰F¥ gHikíilaJ v‹W bghUŸ. òuhz§fËš jÄHÇ‹ giHa f‹d gu«giu¡ fijfŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd.jÄHU¡F« mtuJ ãÇÉduh»a m¡nfoa rhyoa®fS¡F«bghJthíŸst‰WŸ ry¥ãusa«, cyf »U£o, cyf« KjÈatuyhWfŸ áy. ï¢ brÉtÊ¡ fijfnshL f£L¡ fijfS« bghŒ¡fijfS« nr®¡f¥g£LŸsd.

ãuhkzÇ‹ bgUikia És¡Ftj‰fhfnt òuhz§fŸvGj¥g£ld. flîŸ kzŠ brŒJ k¡fis¥ bgWjš, Iadh®ãw¤jš, KUfdJ ïa‰if¡F khwhd ãw¥ò M»at‰iw¡ TWjšòuhz bkGâat®fË‹ kndhghtidia¥ bghW¤jjhF«. òuhzbkGâat®fŸ áyrka§fË‰ flîis¥ ãrhRfS¡F« ÑHhdÃiyÆ‰ bfh©LtªJ É£oU¡»‹wd®.

MÇa ntj§fis¢ N¤âuuhtJ bg©fshtJ bjhLjšMfhJ. N¤âu® mšyJ vªj tUz¤J¥ bg©zhtJ ntj§fisthá¡fî« nf£fî« TlhJ.

Mfnt bg©fS« N¤âuU« nkh£r¤J¡F mUfušy®.jÄHUila rka« M© bg© v‹w nt‰WikÆ‹¿ všnyhU¡F«bghJthdJ. ãuâgyid ÉU«ghj m‹ng jÄH® rka«. ahf§fŸthÆyhf¡ flîsUila gáití« jhf¤ijí« jÂ¤jhš m¡flîs® gâš cgfhukhf¢ áy e‹ikfis¥ òÇth®fŸ v‹W MÇa®fUâd®. jÄHÇ‹ flîŸ m‹ng -

``m‹òŠ átK« ïu©bl‹g® m¿Éšyh®m‹ng átkha jhU« m¿»yh®m‹ng átkht jhU k¿ªjã‹m‹ng átkhŒ mk®ªâUª jhnu''

vd¤ âU_y® TW»‹wd®.


K‰fhy¢ irt¤J¡F« ï¡ fhy¢ irt¤J¡F« btFöu«.jÄH® MÇa® fy¥ò«, bghŒí« òSF« òidªJ ãuhkz® f£oaòuhz§fSnk ïj‰F¡ fhuz«. K‰fhy¥ ãuhkz® c©ikPhd¤âš M®t§ bfh©oUªjd®. mtU¡F¥ ãwF njh‹¿at®PhdÄ‹¿¥ ãw¥òÇikia¤ jkJ bgUik¡F mo¥gil vd¡bfh©ld®. ãw® F‰w§ fhQth®fŸ v‹w m¢r¤jhš j« K‹ndh®kiw¤J it¤âUªj ntj§fisí« ãuhkz§fisí« ã‰ngh¡Fila ït®fŸ MjÇ¥gnjhL, jh« jÄHÇl« f‰W¡bfh©lPhd§fS« ntj§fËš c©L vd¡ T¿d®.

ïoiaí« KH¡f¤ijí« c©Lg©Q« ga§fukhdcU¤âuid¢ rhªjK«, m‹ò« toth»a át‹ v‹W T¿d®. ã‹É£LQ, ãukh v‹D« ïUtnuhL« átid¢ rkkhf it¤JïÊîgL¤âd®. ï›thW K«_®¤âfŸ vd¡ bfh©L átD¡FmÊ¤j‰ nwhÊiy cÇik ah¡»d®. átnd IªJ bjhÊšfisí«brŒ»‹wh® v‹W1 ï‹W« jÄH® bfhŸ»‹wd®. mt® K« _®¤âfS¡F« m¥gh‰g£lt®' v‹W KÅt®fŸ ghoÆU¡»‹wd®.

``mÇíkšy muDkšy maDkšy t¥òw«fUik bt©ik br«ik flªJÃ‹w fhuz‹bgÇJkšy á¿Jkšy bg©Q khQkšyntJÇjK§ flªJ Ã‹w öuöunk''.

vd¢ átth¡»a® TW»‹wd®.

jÄH® m‹ig¡ `flîŸ v‹wd®. m‹ãÅ‹W« ãÇ¡fbth©zhj mUis `r¤â' `cik' mšyJ m«ik v‹wd®.cU¤âuid¢ átbdd¡ T¿dJ kšyhk‰ ga§fukhd J®¡ifmšyJ fhËia¢ átdJ kidÉahfî« òuhzfh® vGâ it¤jd®.J®¡if, fhË KjÈa bga®fŸ m¡»ÅÆ‹ VG eh¡FfS¡F¥bgauhf ntj§fË‰ brhšy¥gL»‹wd. m§nf brhšy¥g£lcU¤âu‹ m¡»Åahth‹. m‹ò«. mUSbkd¤ jÄH® bfh©lKiw òuhz§fS¡F« ãuhkzU¡F« Énuhjkh ÆUªjJ. Mfntmt®fŸ `r¤âba‹gJ' ntW bg© bjŒt« vd¡fUâd®.átbgUkhdJ kidÉia¥g‰¿ mt®fŸ Énehj khd fijfis¡f‰ã¤âU¡»‹wd®. ``rjgj¥ãuhkz¤âš gh®tâ ahf« brŒjh®,v‹W brhšy¥gL»‹wJ. Mdhš átDila kidÉí«j¡fDila kfSkh»a gh®tâ ahf¤âš cÆ®É£lhŸ v‹Wòuhzfhu® nr®¤J vGâÆU¡»‹wd®. nfndh cgÃlj¤âš ckdA«khtâ ïªâuD¡F¥ ãu«kDila j‹ikia¡ TW »‹wh®. ïªjckhd A«khtâ ïkakiyÆ‰ ãwªjhbs‹W òuhz§fŸTW»‹wd. ïitbašyh« òuhzf‰gid2.

1. gil¤jš, fgh¤jš, mÊ¤jš, mUsš, kiw¤jš

2. Ancient India p. 651 R.C. Dutt

e.á. fªijah 133

giHa á¤jhªj Kiwah‰ flîis És¡Ftj‰F«, ãuhkzUila òuhz Kiwah‰ flîis És¡Ftj‰F« cŸs öu« Äf¥bgÇJ. flîis ``m«ik m¥g® v‹D« j‹ikabu‹gJ á¤jhªj¤â‹ JÂò. òuhzkj¤J¡F K‹ ïJnt jÄH® bfhŸifahÆUªjJ. jÄH®fË‹ kd« c©ik be¿ia ehLtjhÆUªjJ. všyhcyf§fS« flîË‹ Mizahš eilbgW»‹wd v‹W«, mitvšyh« mtÇl¤âš xL¡f« v‹W«, j‹da k‰w¿U¤jÈdhšnkh£r« ifTLbk‹W«, k‰wt®fS¡F¤ jUkŠ brŒjš nt©Lbk‹W« jÄœ k¡fŸ e«ãdh®fŸ.

MÇaUila ãuhkz§fŸ mšyJ ã‰fhy¥ òuhz¡bfhŸiffŸ jÄHUil Ãaha Kiwahd bfhŸiffis¤ jÄœeh£oÅ‹W« mf‰w KoaÉšiy. MÇa kj¡ fy¥ãdhš jÄH®rka« ÃiyFiyªjJ. m¥bghGJ ò¤j rka« njh‹¿ m¡fhy¤J¡nf‰wthW bghŒahd bfhŸiffis vâ®¤jJ. xU MÆu«tUl§fS¡F¥ã‹ ãuhkz® mij beU¥ghY« thshY«nghuhY« ïªâahÉÅ‹W« Ju¤âd®. ï« kj¤ij vâ®¤j kj§fŸÓtid¥ bg‰wd.

òuhz kjªjh‹ rÇahd ïªJkjbkd mašeh£lt®fŸÃid¡»‹wd®. mâš jÄHUila bfhŸiffŸ K‰whf ïU¡»‹wdbt‹W TwKoahJ. ï¥ òuhz kj¤ij KÅt®fŸ vâ®¤ jh®fŸ.MÆD« m¿ahikíila k¡fË‹ cŸs¤âš òuhz¡ bfhŸiffŸgâªJ É£ld. ãuhkz kj¤âdh‰ bfLâí‰w nghJ« bj‹ÅªâaPhd«, á¤jhªj« v‹D« bganuhL ï‹W« tH§F»‹wJ.

á¤jhªj rh¤âu« bkŒf©l njtuhš 13M« ü‰wh©o‰brŒa¥g£lJ. m¢rhªâu Phd« Mfk§fis Mjhukhf¡bfh©lJ. ïªâahÉš v›tifahd rkaª njh‹¿dhY« mj‰Fmo¥gilahíŸsJ jÄœ Phd¤ij¡ TW« Mfknk. Mfk§fŸjÄœ Phd¤ijí« bj¡fzh_®¤âahÆUªJ j«ik mUË¢ brŒjflîis¥ g‰¿í« TW»‹wd. bj¡fzh_®¤â v‹gj‰F¤ bj‹njr¤J¡ flîŸ v‹gJ bghUŸ. Mfk§fis flîŸ knfªâukiyÆÈUªJ brh‹dh®, v‹W IÔf« c©L. knfªâukiyâUbešntÈ¡F« âUth§TU¡FÄilÆš nk‰F¡ fh‰whokiyÆYŸs bghâa kiyÆYŸsJ. _yMfk§fŸ ïšyhikahšïij¥g‰¿ Äf¡ TwKoahkš ïU¡»wJ. ï¥bghGJ »il¤âU¡F« Étu§fshš Mfk§fŸ gy ïUªjdbt‹W«, mt‰WŸïUg¤bj£L Kj‹ikahdit v‹W« m¿ªJ bfhŸsš MF«.mit všyh« fhy¤â‹ thŒ¥g£L koªjd. ïu©blhU irtMfk§fis¤ jÉu ntW »il¡fÉšiy. m›bth‹W ïu©L«rk‰»Uj bkhÊ bga®¥ghíŸsd. k‰wit bkhÊ bga®¡f¥glh


kny ïwªjd. gy ü‰wh©Lfshf¢ irt¤ij vâ®¤j kjnk»ilahJ. rÇ¤âu fhy¤J¡F K‹bjh£L MfkPhd¤ij¤ jGÉakjnk ïªâahÉš ïUªjJ. bgs¤j ird kj§fŸ njh‹¿¤ bj‰nfbr‹W irt rka¤ij eR¡f¤ bjhl§»aâdhY«, òuhzïy¡»a§fshY« c©ikahd irt«, jdJ gÇR¤j ÃiyiaïHªJ f£L¡fij msÉš Ãyt¤ bjhl§»‰W. m¥nghJjÄHU¡F¤ jkJ kj¡ bfhŸiffis eh£o¥ ãw kj§fis¡fistJ mtáakhÆ‰W. m¥bghGJ Mfk Phd§fŸ âu£l¥g£L¤ á¤jhªj üšfŸ vGj¥g£ld. ït‰¿‹ bjhif gâdh‹Fmt‰¿š ã‰fhy¤âa gy rk‰»Uj brh‰fŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd.

òuhz fhy Mu«g¤âÈUªJ rk‰»Uj¤J¡F nk‹ikV‰g£lJ. ï« nk«gh£lhš rk‰»Uj« `flî£l‹ik' cŸsJv‹D« _l¡bfhŸifí« vGªjJ. m« bkhÊÆš vGj¥g£lntj§fËš všyh tifahd PhdK« c©bl‹D« e«ã¡ifí«V‰g£lJ. ïil¡fhy¤âš ïyh¤Ô‹, »ß¡ KjÈa bkhÊfŸInuh¥ghÉš v¥go kâ¡f¥g£ldnth m¥gona tlbkhÊjÄÊY« áw¥òilajhf¡ bfhŸs¥g£lJ . »nu¡F, ïyh¤â‹bkhÊfis¥ nghy tlbkhÊ, rka bkhÊahfî« tªjJ. jÄœPhd¤J¡F¢ á¤jhªj« v‹D« bga® ïl¥g£lJ üjdk‹W.á¤jhªj rh¤âu¤âš gâ gR ghr« v‹D« K¥ bghUŸfË‹ c©ikTw¥gL»‹wJ. jÄHUila Phd Kâ®¢áia¤ njthu âUthrf§fis¡ bfh©l¿ayh«. ».ã. Iªjh« ü‰wh©o‹ És§»atbu‹WfUj¥gL« âU_y® ï¢ rh¤âu c©ikfis¤ âUkªâu¤âšÉs¡F»‹wh®. âU_y® TWtJ nghy¤ âUkªâu« Mfk§fË‹RU¡fkhF«. Mfnt Mfk§fŸ âU_y® âUkªâu fhy¤J« á¤jhªjrh¤âu§fŸ brŒjt® fhy¤J« ïUªjd v‹W bjÇ»wJ. giHajÄH® rka Phd¤ij¡ TW« üšfË‹ bjhiffŸ Mfk§fbsd¥gL«. m¤jifa üšfis vGâatÇ‹ bga® kwªJg£ld. kÅj®ãiHgL« ïašãd® v‹D« v©z¤âdhnyna mit flîshšmUË¢ brŒa¥g£ld v‹W K‹ndh® fUâd®. ntj ghlšfis¢brŒj x›bthU KÅtÇ‹ bgaU« fhz¥gL»‹wJ.

tl¡nf thœªj jÄH® PhÆ‰iw tz§»dh®fbs‹W«,mf¤âa® tl¡nf br‹W irt¤ij¥ gu¥ãdhbu‹W« K‹XÇl¤â‰ T¿ndh«. Mfnt irt¤ij¥ nghynt Mfk§fS«bj‰nf knfªâu¤âš njh‹¿d v‹W fUj ïlK©L.1

1. âUthrf¤â‰ gy ïl§fËš Mfk§fŸ knfªâu¤âš njh‹¿d v‹Wbrhšy¥gL»‹wJ. “k‹D khkiy knfªâu bt‰g‹ “ bj‹gh©oeh£lh‹” knfªâu kiy kªjukiy vd¥gL«, mj‰F¡ “FUthŒ” v‹W

e.á. fªijah 135

ntj« gR v‹W« Mfk« mj‹ ghby‹W« áy® TWtJ©L.MuhŒ¢á KiwÆš ntjK« MfkK« ne® ÉnuhjKiladthŒ¡fhz¥gL»‹wd. ntj§fŸ gy bjŒt ïa‰if¥ bghUŸ tz¡f§fis¡ TW»‹wd . Mfk§fŸ xnu flîis KGKjyhf¡ bfh©LtÊgL« Kiwia¡ TW»‹wd. `Mfk§fŸ ntj§fS¡F Énuhjkhdit. MfkPhd« ntj m¿itÉl ÄfnkyhdJ v‹W v«.ehuhazrhÄ Ia® TW»‹wd®.

òuhz§fŸ, ntj§fis¥ òfœtâš M¢rÇa« x‹WÄšiy.òuhz§fŸ jÄœ¡ bfhŸiffŸ áyt‰nwhL ntj¡ bfhŸiffisí« fyªJ vGj¥g£l üšfshF«. òâak¡fS¡F ntj§fŸMjhukhÆd. òuhz¥ ngh¡F¡F Mfk§fŸ ïl§bfhlhikahšmt®fŸ Mfk§fËY« gh®¡f ntj§fns ãukhzbkd¡T¿d®.`ntj§fS¡F K‹ Mfk§fS©L v‹D« c©ik MuhŒ¢áah‰bgw¥gLjÈ‹ ntj¤âÅ‹W« Mfk« ãwªjJ v‹D« bfhŸifbghŒah»‹wJ. ahf§fis¡ TW« MÇa® üšfŸ ïwªjd. MyatÊgh£il¡ TW« Mfk§fŸ jÄHuhY« jÄœ kj¤ij¤ jGÉaMÇauhY« if¡ bfhŸs¥g£ld.

ntj ghlšfËš nfhÆš tÊghL Tw¥glÉšiy. Mya§fS« Mya tÊghL« MÇaU¡FÇitašy. giHa ehŸ bjh£L¡flîË‹ ïU¥ãlkh»a Mya§fËÈUªj bj‹Åªâa, MÓÇa,ghãnyhÅa, Mya§fË‹ mik¥ò xnu tifahf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd. jÄHÇ‹ rÇ¤âu¤ij m¿ahikahš nkš eh£lháÇa®fŸ,`jÄH® f£ol kik¡F« Kiwia MÓÇa ghãnyhÅaÇl«f‰wh®fŸ vd¡ T¿dh®. bgs¤j rka¤J¡F¥ã‹jh‹ jÄH® f£olkik¡F« Kiwia¥ gÆ‹wh®fŸ v‹D« Inuh¥ãa MáÇa®fË‹T‰W K‰W« ãiHahdJ. khghuj« áthya§fis¥g‰¿¡TW»‹wJ. m®¢Rd‹ átbgUkhid¡ ifyha¤â‰ br‹WtÊg£lh‹. ifyhabk‹gJ FUnB¤âu¤J¡F¥ g¡f¤âš X®F‹¿‹ nkYŸs MyakhF«. í¤jfhy¤âš X® ïuÉš mU¢Rd‹

bga® FUthŒ¡F vâ®¡fiuÆYŸsJ miythŒ, ï§F Fku‹nfh£lÄU¡»wJ. brªâš, âU¢brªöbu‹gd mj‰F kWbga®fŸ.

FUthŒ, átD¡F ïlbk‹W fUj ïlK©L. ïjidna rk¡»Ujòuhzfhu® ïkakiy¢ áfu« x‹bwd¡ bfh©ld®. kDÉ‹ ngiHj§»ajhf¢ rjgj ãuhkz« TW« tlkiy bghâÆš mšyJ$gUtjbkd m¿a¡ TlhkÈU¡»‹wJ. bj‹dh£L¡ fijfistleh£lh® gh®¤bjGJÄl¤J¤ bj‹ÅªâahÉš Ãfœªjt‰iw všyh«tleh£oš Ãfœªjdthf vGâÆU¡»‹wd®.

“From the little I have seen of them they (the Agamas) seen to be apposed to theVedas and almost aspire to arrogate to themselves position much superior.


»U£ozndhL ifyha¤J¡F¥ nghŒ¤ âU«ã tªjh‹'v‹Wbrhšy¥gL»‹wJ. ifyha« v‹gJ nfhÆš v‹gj‹ âÇòMjš TL«.

ãuhkz®fË‹ jÄœ btW¥ò jÄœ bkhÊ F‹Wj‰F jÄœüšfŸ gyt‰¿‹ mÊî¡F« VJthÆUªjJ. jÄœeh£o‹ gygFâia thŒ¥gL¤â¡ bfh©l flš, gy üšfisí§ bfh©lJ.».ã. 10M« ü‰wh©o‰ ãuhkzuhY« 14M« ü‰wh©oš kfkâauhY« mnef« üšfŸ mÊ¡f¥g£ld. ``murÇ‹ gÇghyd¤â‹Ñœ¤njh‹¿a, üšfŸ fhz¥glÉšiy. mª üšfŸ 14M« ü‰wh©oš kfkâauhš mÊ¡f¥g£ld v‹W É‹Þnyh ghâÇah®T¿íŸsh®.

``ãuhkz® jh« mÊ¡fKoahj üšfis¢ áijîgL¤âd®.btŸs¤jhY« beU¥ghY« ne®ªj bfhŸisÆš ïJ nkyhdJ.jÄœ üšfis vL¤J rk‰»Uj¤âš bkhÊ bga®¤J¥ gy nfLbrŒâU¡»‹wd®. ãiHahd tÊfh£oÆY«, tÊfh£oÆšyhkÈU¥gJ e‹W'' vd nfht® (Gover) v‹D« MáÇa® TWt®. K©lnfhg cgÃlj¤âš ``át‹ v‹D« ehk¤ij¡ TW»wt‹ òiyadhÆD« mtndhL c©, ïU'' v‹W tU« gFâ kh¡Þ KšyÇ‹bkhÊ bga®¥ã‰ fhz¥glÉšiy v‹W fháthá brªâehija®T¿ÆU¡»‹wd®. ï›thnw üšfËš kh‰w§fS« ïil¢brUfšfS« üiHªjd.

e.á. fªijah 137

áy F¿¥òfŸ1` bkhfŠrjnuh mu¥gh v‹D« ïl§fË‰ »il¤j MÆu¤J

v©ûW g£ila§fË‰ bgh¿¡f¥g£LŸsitfis thá¤jã‹,ï› tháÇa® k¤âajiu¢ rhâÆdnu ïªâa eh£oš tªJFona¿dh®fŸ v‹D« fU¤J¤ jtwhd bj‹W«, ïªâa k¡fnsk¤âajiu ehLfË‰ br‹W Fona¿dh®fŸ v‹W« JÂ»‹wh®.

- bAuÞ ghâÇah®` èh§fŸ všyht‰iwí« MÇa mšyJ ãuhkz¡ f©

zhoia¡ bfh©L gh®¥gij¤ jÉ®¡f nt©L«. vGj¥g£LŸsdbtšyh« MÇa m¢R¡nfhlhf tªJŸsd. ãuhkz vG¤jhs®giHa Ãfœ¢áfisí« FL«g c‰g¤âfisí« ãwt‰iwí« kd«nghy vGâíŸsh®fŸ. Mfnt mit gH§fij msÉš kh¤âu«ÃiybgW»‹wd. MÇaušyhj k¡fis¥ g‰¿a brŒâfŸ TwhJÉl¥g£LŸsd mšyJ mt®fŸ ïUãw¥ãduhš btšy¥g£lmu¡f® mšyJ Äny¢r® vd¡ T¿¥g£LŸsh®fŸ.

- gho‹ bgsbtštl ïªâahÉ‹ xU fhy¤âš âuhÉl rhâÆdnu guªJ

thœªjh®fŸ v‹gj‰FÇa rh‹WfŸ cŸsd.2v¢ M® Ahš v‹gt® brÄ¤âaÇ‹ tUif¡F K‹ ghã

nyhÅahÉ‹ ehfÇf¤ij K‰WÉ¤j RnkÇa® âuhÉl®fŸ vd¡T¿íŸsh®. âuhÉl bkhÊfŸ rk‰»Uj¤âÅ‹W« ãwªjdtšy.giHikia neh¡»¢ bršy¢ bršy¤ âuhÉl ïy¡»a§fËšrk‰»Uj¢ brh‰fŸ mU»¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd. »nu¡f thÂfÇ‹vG¤J¡fis¡ bfh©L, âuhÉl bkhÊfËš br‹w ïu©lhÆukh©Lfshf kh‰wK©lhfÉšiy vd m¿ayh«. ïj‰F¢ rh‹Wï‹D« Äf¥gH§fhy¤â‰ fhz¥gL»‹wJ. rhyk‹ kÆiy¡ F¿¡fm¿ªâUªj bga® jÄœ. - vš. n#h¿¤r®lÞ

1. Journal of Indian History Vol. XII P. 431.

2. At any rate we may be on our guard against looking at everything through Aryan orBrahmanical spectacles... that almost everything has passed into written from hasbeen cast in an Aryan mould. For real history Brahmanic writers never cared anything;early events and family origins invariably assume a mythic guise, everything aboutnon-Aryan race is either omitted or only noticed the conquest of the ‘twice’ overthe ‘demons’ and ‘barbarians’ - The Indian village community. B.H. Baden powell.p. 91.

3. Side lights of Dravidian Problem - F.J. Richards. Quarterly Journal of Mythic SocietyVol. 6. No. 3.


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