cnpm-lt

4. Hiu th no l cc phng php trong k ngh phn mm? Nu cc thnh phn chnh ca mt phngphpCc phng php trong k ngh phn mm l ch ra cch thc hin nhng cng vic c th nh: phn tch yu cu, thit k, xy dng chng trnh, kim th,VD: Phng php hng i tng: Pha yu cu,Pha c t/phn tch, Pha thit k, Pha ci t, Pha tch hp, Pha bo tr, Pha loi b.5. Cng c cho k ngh phn mm l g? C nhng loi cng c no? CASE l g? ngha ca n.Cng c (tool) cung cp cc h tr t ng hay bn t ng i vi chu trnh v phng phpCc loi cng c: + Cng c phn tch(analytical tool) + cng c phn loi(case Taxonomy) + Case toolCc cng c c tch hp to thnh Case(Computer Aided Softwave Engineering) L cc h thng c s dng h tr cc hot ng trong quy trnh pht trin phn mm. ngha: + gip cc k s phn mm nhng cng vic kh khn trong vic pht trin phn mm bao gm c s sng to, cch t chc chng hn nh k hoch, hp ng, c im k thut,m ngun, thng tin qun l7. Tin trnh phn mm l g? M hnh tin trnh l g? Hy trnh by m hnh ca mt s tin trnh c bn.Tin trnh phn mm l phng cch sn xut ra phn mmm hnh tin trnh l phng php pht trin or sn xut ra phn mm. Cc t chc khc nhau c m hnh pht trin phn mm khc nhau.Evolution-tree model(tin ha)m hnh tin ha xy dng nhiu phin bn prototype lin tip nhau,nhng phin bn prototype trc s c xy dng vi mc tiu c th ti s dng trong nhng phin bn sau .:u:Ch trng vic ti s dng, 1 phn ca h thng c th pht trin ngay trong giai on phn tch, thit k.Nhc:Lm chm qu trnh pht trin yu cu, gim s ch n cc cng vic trung gian dn n h thng km.Iterative and incremental life cycle model(Lp v tng dn)u:Gim ri ro sm trong chu k pht trin phn mm. Nhng yu cu quan trng thng c pht trin v chuyn n ngi s dng sm.Nhc:Tng chi ph lp k hoch pht trin cho ton h thng c th cao hn, Cc yu cu v k hoch v hot ng trong qui trnh c th s phc tp hn.Code-and-fix model(xy v sa): khng thit k, khng thng s k thut. L cch d nht pht trin phn mm nhng chi ph t nhtWaterfall model(Thc nc):c trng bi lp phn hi v iu khin ti liu.u: ti liu chi tit t m, d bo tr hn so vi code-and-fix.Nhc:Ti liu d gy nhm chn kh hiu vi khch hngRapid prototyping(Bn mu nhanh):phn mm c pht trin theo dng tuyn tnh tin hnh th khi lm bn mu nhanh n khi giao sn phm, ko c vng lp trong m hnh ny. u: nhanh, tng tc pht trin sn phm.Nhc:Xy dng ti liu c t m k tham kho kin khch hng, dng ti liu thit k m k cp nht yu cu khch hng.Open-Source Life-Cycle Model(ngun m): 1 c nhn xy dng phin bn u tin ri a ln mng. ngi dng tr thnh ngi ng pht trin m rng sn phmu: Nhc:Agile(Tng tc)k c moo hnh c th m da trn 1 s nguyn t nh: t nhn mnh vo phn tch thit k,Phn mm c coi l ti liu quan trng,p ng c thay i, Hp tc cht ch vi khch hng.u:Hot ng tt khi yu cu ca khch hng k r rngNhc:Ph hp vi d n quy m nhSynchronize-and Stabilize Model(ng b v n nh):Phng vn khch hng, chia d n thnh nhiu phn nh v pht trin song song ng b(th nghim, g li) vo cui thi hn, v n nh(ng bng) khi kt thc d nu:p ng c nhu cu ngi dng, ph hp vs phn mm lnNhc:k ph bin,nhiu li tim nSpiral model(xon c):trng tm phn tch ri ro v xem xt k hoch gii quyt chng, thng qua nhiu chu k con ni tip c lp lin tip da trn bn cht ca m hnh lp.Trong m hnh ny, vic phn tch v gii quyt nhng vn c ri ro cao tp trung vo thit k tng kha cnh c th ch khng da vo vic x l cc vn mt cch chung chungu:Phn tch nh gi ri ro c y ln nh mt phn thit yu trong mi spiral tng mc tin cy ca d n. Kt hp nhng tnh cht tt nht ca m hnh waterfall v tin ha. Cho php thay i ty theo iu kin thc t d n ti mi spiral.Nhc:Phc tp v khng ph hp cho d n nh vi t ri ro. Cn c k nng tt v phn tch ri ro.10. Cht lng phn mm l g? Cc tiu ch ca cht lng phn mm.Cht lng phn mm l kh nng p ng ton din nhu cu ton din ca ngi dng v tnh nng v cng dng c nu ra 1 cch tng minh or k tng minhCc tiu ch ca cht lng phn mm theo chun ISO: + Tnh chc nng: gm: ph hp, ng n, lin kt gia con ngi-h thng-d liu,bo mt + Tnh tin cy: gm: x l tin cy, kh nng khi phc d liu, tm li- bo li + tnh tin li:D hiu, d s dng + Tnh hiu qu: Qun l ngun ti nguyn, qun l thi gian + Tnh duy tr:chy n nh, kh nng ptich d liu, thay i ph hp, kh nng kim tra + Tnh d mang theo: kh nng ci t,thay i, nng cp, thch hp vi nhiu cu hnh11. Bi tp ln ca anh/ch lm theo m hnh vng i no? Ti sao? Gp kh khn/thun li g khi lm theo cch ?14. process l g? Khc g vi workflow?Process(Tin trnh):L phng cch sn xut ra phn mm.Process khc vi workflow l + bao gm nhiu quy trnh trong vic to ra 1 phn mm + C th c nhiu m hnh khc nhau trong 1 process + Process c th s dng m hnh workflow lm ra phn mm15. workflow l g? Khc g vi process?Workflow(Lung cng vic)m t chui cc hot ng trong 1 quy trnh phn mm.Khc vi process lL 1 cch thc hin c th ca processCc workflow ko phn r 1 vic phn tch, c t, thit k nm trong workflow no, m mi workflow u bao gm tt c cc vic (ch ch trng vo vic no trong workflow no).Quy nh c th cc workflow trong 1 process16. Ti sao khng c pha kim th?V kim th l hot ng c thc hin trong mi pha ca sn xut phn mm + Kim tra(verification): Kim tra sau mi pha + Kim nh(validation):Thc hin trc khi giao sn phm cho khch hng17. Ti sao khng c pha lm ti liu? VMi pha phi c vit ti liu trc khi bt u 1 pha mi v + Ti liu b hon li th se k bao gi hn thnh + C nhn chu trch nhim trong pha trc c th chuyn sang b phn khc + SP thng xuyn thay i khi pht trin nn cn ti liu ghi li iu ny18. Ti sao khng c pha lp k hoch?Chng ta k th lp k hoch vo u d n v chng ta cha bit chnh xc nhng g m chng ta s xy dng. Chng ta ch c th lp k hoch s b cho pha yu cu v pha phn tch khi bt u mi d n. K hoch qun l d n phn mm ch c a ra khi cc chi tit k thut m khch hng a ra c hon tt.19. Nu khng p dng cc m hnh vng i phn mm th c pht trin c phn mm khng? Ti sao?Nu khng p dng cc m hnh vng i th rt kh pht trin phn mm. V + kh kim sot c phn mm(nhiu li tim n, kh nng gn kt cc module km) + Kh nng ti s dng module km + Chi ph sn xut 1 phn mm cao20. Ti sao ngi ta phi dng nhiu m hnh vng i khc nhau pht trin phn mm? + Cc m hnh vng i c cc u im, nhc im khc nhau ph hp vi nhng iu kin pht trin phn mm khc nhau. + Quy m ca cc d n pht trin phn mm khc nhau nn i hi cc m hnh vng i khc nhau ph hp vi kinh ph pht trin d n 21. Yu cu phn mm l g? Phn bit yu cu v nhu cu. Phn loi yu cu theo i tng s dng.Yu cu ca phn mm l c t li cc yu cu ca khc hng i vi phn mm sao cho ph hp nht vs phn mm.Yu cu l ci khch hng cn - nhu cu l ci khc hng munPhn loi yu cu theo i tng s dng:+ yu cu i vi ngi dng + Yu cu i vi khch hng + Yu cu i vi ngi lp trnh phn mm + Yu cu i vi ngi qun tr phn mm22. ngha ca scenario(kch bn) v ngoi l?+ Hiu r thm v chc nng ca h thng m ta xy dng+ t scenario ta lm r c chc nng ca use case v s tng tc gia ngi dng/ ngi qun tr vi h thng+ T scenario ta cng xc nh c cc ngoi l v cch x l ngoi l ca h thng.24. ngha ca s cng tc?+Biu din mi quan h gia cc i tng; cc i tng vi cc tc nhn+ Nhn mnh vai tr ca cc i tng trong tng tc+ Cng c cc messgage ging vi biu tun t nhng cc i tng c t 1 cch t do trong biu 25. ngha ca s lp?+ Mi tng tc gia cc i tng trong h thng s c th hin thng qua mi quan h gia cc lp+ M t 1 hng nhn tnh v 1 h thng bng cc lp, cc thuc tnh, phng thc ca lp, v mi quan h gia chng.26. Phn loi yu cu theo tnh cht ca n? Gii thch ni dung mi loi. Yu cu phi chc nng c thphn cp nh th no? Cho v d v mi loi.Yu cu chc nng: Lin quan n chc nng ca phn mm VD:tnh lng theo 1 cng thc no Yu cu phi chc nng: M t cc tnh cht ca phn mm+Tnh bo tr c: C kh nng bo tr+Tnh tin cy: kh nng khi phc d liu, pht hin li, bo li+ Lin quan n mi trng m phn mm s chy:VD: c phn mm ch chy c trn 1 s HH nht nhCu 27: Trnh by tin trnh k ngh yu cu. Ni dung nghin cu kh thi l g?I. K ngh yu cu.L mt hot ng nhm thu thp vo qun l yu cu n c m t nh sau:K ngh yu cuPht trin yu cuQun l yu cuPht hin hieenhinPhn tchc tKim thQun l yu cu c hiu l Thit lp v duy tr mt tha thun vi khch hng v cc yu cu ca d n phn mm. Qun l yu cu gm cc bc sau: Xc nh gii hn yu cu phn mm Duyt cc gii hn ca phn mm Qun l cc thay i yu cu phn mmNghin cu kh thi: Nhm xc nh xem d n phn mm thc hin c kh thi hay khng, tc l p ng cc yu cu v kinh t, thi gian, kh nng trin khai......1. Kh thi v kinh t:chi ph pht trin cn phi cn xng vi li ch m h thng c xy dng em li.2. Kh thi v k thut(ri ro, ti nguyn, cng ngh....):kho cu v chc nng, hiu sut v rng buc c th nh hng ti kh nng t ti mt h thng chp nhn c.3. Kh thi v php l:nghin cu v a ra phn quyt v c hay khng s xm phm, vi phm php lut hay kh khn php l t vic xy dng v vn hnh h thng.4. Tnh kh thi v hot ng:nh gi tnh kh thi ca vic vn hnh h thng.Cu 28: Trnh by cc bc ca tin trnh pht hin v phn tch yu cu. Trnh by mt s k thutnhn bit v phn tch yu cu.Phn tch yu cu: Lm r yu cu: giao tip vi khch hng v ngi s dng xc nh cc yu cu ca h. Xem xt yu cu: xc nh xem cc yu cu c t ra c tnh trng khng r rng, khng hon chnh, a ngha, hoc mu thun hay khng, v gii quyt cc vn . Lm ti liu yu cu: cc yu cu c th c ghi li theo nhiu hnh thc, chng hn cc ti liu ngn ng t nhin, ccuse case.Mt vi k thutK thut phng vn. (To ra mt tp cc cu hi hi khch hng.........)K thut hi tho. (Xy dng mt bui hi tho tp hp cc yu cu....)K thut Use-Case(Dng biu use-case biu din cc yu cu t tng i tng)K thut BrainStorming(Lm vic theo nhm, a ra cng mt tp cc cu hi cho cc thnh vin tr li, ri tho lun....)Cu 30: Trnh by phng php phn tch yu cu theo hng i tng.Phn tch yu cu l: qu trnh mn ha v m rng tp yu cu ban uTp yu cu ban u gm: Yu cu chc nng v yu cu phi chc nngCc H:- Theo di c: Cc yu cu phi c nh s nhm SQA(nhm qun l cht lng phn mm)c th theo di c trong c t, thit k, m ha- a cho khch hng kim tra v xp th hng u tin cc yu cu trong ti liu, yu cu no k ng, yu cu no cn b- Gp cc c nhn phng vn r sot li yu cu, cc yu cu b i, cc yu cu thm vo- Xy dng bn mu nhanh th hin chc nng quan trng ca sn phm31. Th no l lp giao din? Lp ny thng tng tc vi cc lp no?Lp giao din l lp c chc nng tng tc gia mi trng bn ngoi v phn mm.Thng l cc giao din vo ra vi ngi dung.Lp ny tng tc vi lp iu khin trao i thng tin gia ngi dung v h thng.32. Th no l lp iu khin? Lp ny thng tng tc vi cc lp no?Lp iu khin l lp thc hin cc chc nng lien quan n tnh ton phc tp hoc thut ton.Thng l cc chc nng tnh ton hoc x l thng tin.Lp ny tng tc vi c 2 lp thc th v giao din lm nhim v tnh ton, x l thong tin.33. Th no l lp thc th? Lp ny thng quan h vi cc lp no?Lp thc th l lp lin quan n d liu tnh(thng tin tn ti lu di), khng lin quan n usecase.Thng l cc danh t trong kch bn.Lp ny thng tng tc vi lp iu khin cung cp v lu tr thng tin.34. Scenario v s tun t c lin h g vi nhau?Biu tun t minh ho cc i tng tng tc vi nhau ra sao. Bao gm 1 trc nm dc ch thi gian, tr nm ngang ch ra mt tp hp cc i tng.Mt biu tun t nu ln s tng tc trong mt kch bn (Scenario) : S tng tc xy ra ti mt thi im no trong qu trnh thc thi ca h thng.Ngc li, kch bn chnh l ni dung ca s tng tc ca cc i tng c th hin trong biu tun t35. Scenario v s lp c quan h g vi nhau?Mt nhm i tng c chung mt s thuc tnh v phng thc s to thnh mt lp. Mi tng tc gia cc i tng trong h thng s c biu din thng qua mi quan h gia cc lp.Biu lp c to thnh t cc lp (bao gm cc thuc tnh v cc phng thc) cng vi cc mi quan h ca n.Mi lp trong biu lp s bao gm y cc thuc tnh v cc phng thc cng mi quan h ca chng c th hin trong Kch bn (Scenario).Ngc li, kch bn a ra nhng thuc tnh, phng thc m biu lp cn th hin.36. Vic trch lp v xy dng cc lp l vic ca pha thit k, ti sao ngi ta li bt u ngay trong phaphn tch37. K thut trch danh t c dng trch cc lp no? C th dng trch cc lp bin v lp iukhin c khng?K thut trch danh t c dng trch lp thc th.Lp bin v lp iu khin ko dng phng php ny v trong phn kch bn ca 1 use case, ch c m t tng tc gia ngi dng v h thng m ko ni n cch thc h thng x l, iu khin cc chc nng. Vy nn ko th dng phng php trch danh t cho lp bin v lp iu khin38. Trnh by k thut trch lp iu khin? S lng lp iu khin nhiu hay t th tt?K thut trch lp iu khin: thc t, mi mt php tnh ton ng k u c biu din bng 1 lp iu khin(each nontrivial computation is modeled by a control class)S lng nhiu hay t th tt:???39. c t yu cu l g? Nu mt s k thut c s dng c t yu cu?c t yu cu l vic xy dng cc ti liu c t, m t y cc hnh vi ca h thng, bao gm mt tp hp cc chc nng m t tng tc gia ngi dng v h thng, cc yu cu phi chc nng rng buc thit k v ci t.Mt s k thut c s dng c t yu cu: Phng vn S dng bng cu hi Kim tra cc hnh thc nghip v Quan st trc tip40. Thm nh yu cu l g? Cn phi thm nh nhng ni dung g ca yu cu? Nu mt s k thutthm nh yu cu.Thm inh yu cu l xc nh chnh xc nhng yu cu ca khch hng v nhng rng buc m khch hng a ra.Nhng ni dung cn phi thm nh: yu cu chc nng v phi chc nng, cc rang buc ca khch hng41. Trnh by tin trnh lm bn mu phn mm. Li ch ca lm bn mu phn mm trong xc nh yucu?Lm bn mu nhanh l mt k thut phn tch yu cu chnh xc v mnh m nht. Khch hng v nhm pht trin d hiu nhau: Khch hng v ngi s dng th nghim vi sn phm mu, xut yu cu,Nhm pht trin s ghi li nhng yu cu, ngh sa i, v thng lng cho ra version tip theoLi ch ca lm bn mu phn mm trong xc nh yu cu:Nhm PT c th th hin c nhanh chng cc chc nng mu cht ca sn phmKhch hng nhanh chng hiu c sn phmHu hiu khi xy dng giao din ngi dng42. Tm quan trng ca thit k phn mm. Nu cc giai on thit k cn tri qua.Tm quan trng ca thit k phn mm:Bc phn tch sau khi hon thnh cha th ci t c chng trnh, v th thit k s phi tip tc lm r hn n chi tit v ngn ng lp trnh, cc hm , cc bin, cc k thut lp trnh c th ci t c.Nu cc giai on thit k cn tri qua:Thit k hng i tng l s kt hp gia hng d liu v hng hnh ng, n tri qua 2 bc chnh:Bc 1: Hon thin biu lp:a. nh ngha kiu thuc tnh cho lpb. nh ngha khun mu phng thc cho lpc. Gn cc phng thc cho cc lpCn lu 3 nguyn tc khi gn phng thc cho lp:1. n giu thng tin: ch khai bo get(), set() khi cn; cc phng thc nn private; nn s dng lp tru tng2. nguyn tc khi qut ha: ni no thc hin hnh ng th ni cha phng thc3. nguyn tc thit k hng trch nhimBc 2: Thit k chi tita. Lp bng thit k chi tit (tn , kiu, thut ton..)b. Xy dng biu hot ngc. Xy dng biu trin khai43. ngha ca s trng thi hu hn? N biu din trng thi ca h thng, ca lp hay ca phngthc? ngha: M t cc s kin v hot ng ca tng h thng, lp hoc phng thc, c th trong tng thao tc v gn vi phng thc/trng hp xy ra vi tng i tng.S trng thi hu hn s dng cho c h thng, cc lp v phng thc46. Trnh by cc khi nim s dng trong thit k.47. Trnh by tng ca chin lc pht trin hng i tng.Phng php lp trnh hng i tng c chia thnh 2 hng nh sau:- Hng lp trnh: T lp trnh n th sang lp trnh hng i tng vi l thuyt c bn da trn vic tru tng ha d liu.- Hng h qun tr CSDL: Pht trin thnh CSDL hng i tng.M hnh hng i tng c pht trin v duy tr theo bn cch:- Sn phm bao gm cc thnh phn c lp- ng gi- n giu thng tin- Thng ip l cch lin lc duy nht50. Lm th no trch cc lp? Cn dng cc s no ca UML?Nghin cu k cc use case v kch bn tm ra cc danh t c vai tr no y trong kch bn -> cc danh t ny s thnh cc ng c vinLoi b cc ng c vin d tha: do c 2 hay nhiu danh t cng ch 1 thc th; cc danh t khng lin quan n phm vi bi ton; cc danh t ko m t cc lp r rng; cc danh t ch l mt vai tr trong mi lin h vi mt lp khc; cc danh t biu din cc cng c xy dng phn mm hoc cc thut ngS cn dng: s quan h cc lp (Communication Diagram)51. Lm th no trch cc phng thc ca lp? Cn dng cc s /cng c no ca UML?Da trn cc lp xc nh, tip tc nghin cu cc use case v kch bn tr li cc cu hi:+ Vi mi lp, nhng danh t no m t thng tin ca lp -> tm ra cc thuc tnh+ Nhng thng tin no ca lp thc s lin quan n lnh vc quan tm ca h thng -> loi b nhng thuc tnh khng cn thit+ Nhng thng tin no l thng tin ring ca lp (cc thuc tnh private), nhng thng tin no c th c chia s trong mi lin h vi cc lp khc (cc thuc tnh protected hoc public)Sau ta xem xt cc ng t i km vi cc danh t biu din lp trong kch bn v xem xt cc ng t c tr thnh phng thc hay khng . Trong pha phn tch th ch xc nh c 1 s phng thc d nhn thyVi pha thit k: sau khi xy dng biu tun t vi cc message, ta thc hin cc bc sau:+ Xem xt cc message trong biu tng tc xc nh hnh ng tng ng vi message thuc trch nhim ca lp no+ Cc phng thc cn thit chuyn i cc trng thi trong biu trng thi ca mt lp+ Xc nh xem vi mi lp, lp cn hm khi to v hy khngSau l xc nh chi tit cc gi tr tr v v tham s lin quan vi mi phng thcS cn dng: Sequence Diagram (tun t), Class Diagram (S lp dng vung c th in thuc tnh v phng thc)52. Nu cho cc phng thc add/update/delete i tng vo lp thc th tng ng th c c khng?Ti sao?c. KHi lp iu khin s l ni gi hm cn lp thc th l ni nh ngha hm.54. S lp v s cng tc c g khc nhau?Biu lp l 1 loibiu tnh ch ra cu trc bn trongca cc lp trong h thng, bao gm cc thuc tnh, phng thc .Cc lp quan h vi nhau theo nhiu dng thc: lin kt, k tha .vi nhauBiu cng tc ch ra s tc ng gia cc i tng vi nhau, xc nh cc i tng v quan h gia chng, th hins trao i thng ip(tng tc) thng qua cc mi tn theo 1 dng chy thng ip gia cc i tng.55. Mi trng thi ca s trng thi thng ng vi mt lp hay mt phng thc, ti sao?Mi trng thi ca s trng thi ng vi 1 phng thc bi v:Trng thi l mt kt qu ca cc hot ng trc c i tng thc hin v n thng c xc nh qua gi tr ca cc thuc tnh cng nh cc ni kt ca i tng vi cc i tng khc. Mt lp c th c mt thuc tnh c bit xc nh trng thi, hoc trng thi cng c th c xc nh qua gi tr ca cc thuc tnh bnh thng" trong i tng.Mi s chuyn trng thi c nh x thnh 1 phng thc ca lp, mi hnh ng tc ng vo trng thi c nh xv phng thc tng ng.56. Trnh by nguyn l A ca phn gn phng thc cho lp? Nguyn l ny thng dng cho cc lp loino?Nguyn l che giu thng tin:Cc thc tnh ca lp phi dng private cn cc phng thc get, set tng ng cho cc i tng khc truy cp vo c thc tnh ny.p dng cho lp thc th,cc thuc tnh dng private, mi thuc tnh c mt cp get/set tng ng57. Trnh by nguyn l B ca phn gn phng thc cho lp? Nguyn l ny thng dng cho cc lp loino?Nguyn l B: Nu c nhiu i tng X gi n mthnh ng k ca i tng Y, th phng thc thc hin hnh ng k nn gn cho lp ca itng Y, m khng nn gn cho lp ca i tng X58. Trnh by nguyn l C ca phn gn phng thc cho lp? Nguyn l ny thng dng cho cc lp loino?Nguyn l C: Thit k hng trch nhim. Nu mthnh ng m khng th gn thnh phng thccho lp khc, th lp ca i tng cn thc hinhnh ng phi cha phng thc tng nghnh ng 61. Cc bc thit k hng i tng. Nu u, nhc im ca n.- Xc nh kin trc ca h thng- Sp th t u tin cc gi- Vi mi gi, thit k cho mi use case thuc gi bng cch xc nh cc lp thit k tham gia trin khai cc lp phn tch- Xy dng biu tng tc gia cc lp- Thit k chi tit cc lp- Phn tch v hon thin biu lp da trn cc mu thit ku im:- D bo tr(cc i tng c hiu nh cc thc th hot ng c lp)- D ti s dng ( c lp cao, c kh nng k tha)- D hiu (1 vi lp h thng phn nh 1 quan h r rng gia cc thc th c thc v i tng h thng)Nhc im:- Khng d nhn ra cc i tng ca 1 h thng (v cch nhn t nhin nhiu h thng l cch nhn chc nng)66. Trnh by cc phng php lp trnh ph bin.Cc phng php lp trnh ph bin1,lp trnh hng cu trc: phn chia ct chnh thnh nhiu ct con, mi ct con thc hin 1 cng vic xc nh- L phng php thit k t trn xung- Khng h tr sd li- Khng dng cho phn mm ln2, lp trnh hng i tng: tp trung vo 2 i tng ca h thng : d liu v hnh ngGm cc nguyn tc :- Tru tng ha- Tnh ng gi v n du thng tin- Tnh modul ha- Tnh phn cpu im :- S dng cho phn mm ln- H tr sd li m ngun67. Nu cc c trng ca phng php lp trnh hng i tng.-N giu thng tin- a hnh- k tha, ti s dng li68. Nu cc ni dung lin quan n phong cch lp trnh.69. Trnh by ni dung ca lp trnh trnh li, lp trnh th li v x l ngoi l.70. Nhng ni dung g t ra lin quan n lp trnh hng hiu qu thc hin?71. Mi trng pht trin c trng bng cc yu t g? Chng tr gip g cho giai on lp trnh?72. Thm nh v xc minh l g (V&V)? Tm quan trng ca chng?Xc minh v thm nh mt h phn mm l mt qu trnh lin tc xuyn sut mi giai on ca qu trnh phn mm.Xc minh v thm nh l t chung cho cc qu trnh kim tra m bo rng phn mm tha mn cc yu cu ca chng v cc yu cu tha mn cc nhu cu ca ngi sm phn mm.Xc minh v thm nh l mt qu trnh ko di sut vng i. N bt u khi duyt xt yu cu. Xc minh vthm nh c hai mc tiu:i) Pht hin cc khuyt tt trong h thng.ii) nh gi xem h thng liu c dng c hay khng?S khc nhau gia xc minh vthm nh l:i)Thm nh: Xem xt ci c xy dng cl sn phm ngkhng? Tc l kim tra xem chng trnh c c nh mong i ca ngi dng hay khng.ii) Xc minh: Xem xt ci c xy dng cng l sn phmkhng? Nh th, xc minh l kim tra chng trnh c ph hp vi c t hay khng.73. C nhng loi V&V no? M t ni dung mi loi.Kim tra l mt qu trnh ca tm kim li.Mt kim tra tt c kh nng cao tm kim cc li cha c pht hin.Mt kim tra thnh cng l kim tra tm ra cc li mi, mt kim tra ti l kim tra m khng tm c li.C hai kiu li trong ng dng v cc kim tra tt s xc nh c hai loi . C th:Khng lm nhng iu cn phi lm: li b st thng xut hin i vi ng dng mi c pht trin.Lm nhng iu khng cn lm: li ca lnh c tr trc trong cc ng dng bo tr.Kim tra pht trin bao gm kim tra n v, kim tra h thng con, kim tra tch hp v cc kim tra h thng.Kim tra n v (Unit test) c tin hnh cho mi n v m nh nht.Kim tra tch hp (Subsystem integration test) kim tra mt logic v x l cho ph hp ca cc khi, kim tra vic truyn tin gia chng.Kim tra h thng (System test) nh gi cc c t chc nng c c p ng, cc thao tc giao din ngi c ging thit k khng, v cc cng vic ca ng dng trong mi trng thao tc mong mun, i vi cc rng buc.74. inspection l g? Khc g vi walkthrough?-inspection l gim nh,kim tra phn thit k v lp trnh.-Khc vi walkthrough l: +Mc ch ca vic gim nh l tm kim pht hin li trong ti liu,khng phi cch khc phc li. +c bng lit k cc li c th xy ra. +c bng ghi thng k cc khuyt im. +i gim nh s dng bng lit k cc cu hi h tr trong vic tm ra cc khuyt im. +vic gim nh bao gm 5 bc:xem xt tng qut,chun b, gim nh, xem xt li, theo di. +qu trnh gim nh tn thi gian hn i kim th. +vic gim nh l cng c tt v tit kim chi ph trong vic pht hin khuyt im. +i gim nh gm c 4 ngi:1 ngi iu hnh,1 ng thit k,1ng lp trnh,1 ng kim th +Phi c 1 i din ca nhm chu trch nhim trong giai on c gim nh cng nh ca nhm k tip.+ngi thit k lm cc thit k+ng lp trnh chuyn cc thit k thnh code.75. walkthrough l g? Khc g vi inspection?-walkthrough l kim th, pht hin ra nhng khuyt im ca phn mm.-Nhim v ca i kim th khng phi l sa cc khuyt im m l ghi chp li cho s hiu chnh sau ny.-Khc vi inspection l: +nhng khuyt im c phn tch mt cch c phng php+i kim th nn c t 4 n 6 ngi.- +i kim th nghim gm: +t nht c 1 i din ca nhm chu trch nhim phc tho cc c t k thut. +ngi qun l c trch nhim trong pha phn tch+mt i din ca khch hng +mt i din ca nhm thit k +mt i din ca nhm m bo cht lng(SQA),thnh vin ca nhm SQA lm ch cho i th nghim.76. Ngi ta ni nhm SQA to ra cht lng cho phn mm ng hay sai? Ti sao?-ng,bi + Nhng ngi trong nhm SQA gi vai tr nh ngi i din ca khch hng thay mt khch hng xem cht lng ca phn mm vi quan im ca h.+ Nhm SQA (phn mm m bo cht lng) s xem xt cht lng phn mm c p ng c cc nhn t cht lng hay khng? C tun theo cc chun d nh trc hay khng? Cc th tc, phng php , k thut c thc hin ng vai tr ca n trong hot ng SQA khng? Ch khch hng ch l ngi a ra nhng yu cu phn mm ca h cn nhng g .Scenario v test case c lin quan g. n nhau?Test Case l mt danh sch cc test step. Cng nh ngha trng thi mi trng v c th lin kit n cc bug, spec (c t yu cu) lin quan,

* Test Scenario thng c c trc tip t cc c t yu cu ca khch hng hoc user-story. Cc cng c qun l thng b qua test scenario kt ni vi mt danh sch cc c t yu cu. Scenario cha mt danh sch cc test case v nhiu phi hp ca chng.85. Trnh by phng php kim th hp trng: c s phng php; cc yu cu cn kim tra, cc k thut c s dng.- C s phng php: tp trung vo cu trc bn trong ca phn mm vi mc ch m bo rng tt c cc cu lnh v r nhnh u c thc hin.-Cc yu cu cn kim tra: bao ph cu lnh. bao ph r nhnh. bao ph ng c bn. Tnh tuyn tnh ca m tun t.- Cc k thut cn s dng: Kim th ng c bn (basic path testing): xem xt cc im quyt nh trong ng dng. Phn vng tng ng (equivalence) : chia nh thnh cc tp hp c th gn vo cc lp tng ng v ch c mt gi tr trong cc lp tng ng cn c test. Phn tch gi tr bin (boundary value analysis)86. Trnh by phng php kim th hp en: c s phng php; cc yu cu cn kim tra, cc k thut c s dng.- C s phng php: tp trung vo yu cu chc nng v d liu kim th xut pht t c t yu cu.Ngi kim th coi phn mm nh 1 hp en v ch quan tm ti vic tm ra cc chc nng m phn mm x l khng ng theo c tc th pht hin cc li giao din, li c s d liu.- Cc k thut cn s dng: Phn vng tng ng (equivalence partitioning) : chia nh thnh cc tp hp c th gn vo cc lp tng ng v ch c mt gi tr trong cc lp tng ng cn c test. Phn tch gi tr bin (boundary value analysis) Kim th tt c cc cp (all-pairs testing) Da trn model (model-based) Dng bng a ra quyt nh (decision table)87. Kim th n v i tng l g? Ai thc hin. Cc phng php v k thut no c s dng? Kim tra nhng loi li no?Kim th ring r tng n v c gi l kim th n v(n v l cc m-un hay chng trnh, i vi phn mm pht trin theo hng i tng, mt n v c th l mt phng thc hay thm ch mt lp).Loi kim th ny thng c vit bi cc DEV nh cng vic ca h trong vic codeTest white-box: bo m rng tng hm ring bit hot ng ng theo mong mun. Test-white-box kim tra tnh logic v cu trc ca m ngun,kim tra tt c nhng trng hp c th xy ra trong m ngun nh:cu trc iu khin,cu trc lpTest-black-box thng c s dng kim th n v.Cc d liu th s thng c to ra da trn phn tch ti liu c t, ti liu thit k88. Cc chin lc no s dng trong kim th tch hp? u im v hn ch mi loi?1. Kim th t di ln(bottom-up testing)u im: trnh phi to cc stub phc tp hay to cc kt qu nhn to.Thun tin cho pht trin cc m un th cp dng li c.D dng quan st kt qu kim thNhc im:pht hin chm cc li thit k.Chm c phin bn thc hin c ca h thng2. Kim th t trn xung(top-dow testing)u im:pht hin sm cc li thit k.c phin bn hot ng smNhc im:kh c th m phng c cc chc nng ca m un th cp phc tp.Khng kim th y cc chc nng3. kim th hi quy(regression testing)u im: Chy li nhng test case xc nh rng nhng sa i khng gy hng kt qu v h thng kia lun p ng yu cu vi nhng chi tit k thut.nhc im: Kim nh cht lng khng testing, khng thc hin tm li.Hao ph thi gian ln.Khng hiu qu thc hin li tt c cc kim th cho mi chc nng chng trnh mi ln c thay i xy ra89. Gii thch khi nhim stub v driver? Chng c s dng u v v sao?Driver l module c nhim v kch hot cc testcase kim th module ang cn kim th.Stub l mt hin thc mc ti thiu no cho 1 module chc nng c dng bi module ang cn kim th.Stub v drive c s dng trong kim th khng tng tin. Mi module m ngun khng phi l mt chng trnh hon chnh v i khi phi gi cc module cha c kim nghim nn cn phi thi lp driver v/hoc stub90. Kim th h thng nhm kim tra ci g? Ai thc hin? Cc phng php?1.Kim th h thng l kim th thit k v ton b h thng(sau khi tch hp c tha mn yu cu t ra hay khng). mc h thng, ngi kim th cng tm kim cc li,nhng trng tm l nh gi v hot ng, thao tc, s tin cy v cc yu cu khclin quan n cht lng ca ton h thng2.System Test thng c thc hin bi mt nhm kim th vin hon ton c lp vi nhmpht trin d n.(C th l i test ca chnh cng ty ,hoc khng th c th l i test ca khch hng)Phng php p dng ch yu l: Kim th hp en (Black box test),ngoi ra cn c th p dng cc phng php khc( white box test,Gray test...)91. Trnh by cc kim th c thc hin trong kim th h thng?Cc kim th c thc hin trong kim th h thng?1.Kimthchcnng(Functional Test):Bo m cc hnh vi ca h tha mn ng yu cu thit k.2.Kim th phi chc nnga.Kim th hiu nng (Performance Test):Bo m ti u vic phn bti nguyn h thng (v d b nh) nhm t cc ch tiu nh thi gianx l hay p ng cu truy vn...b.Kim thkh nngchu ti(Stress Test hayLoad Test):Bo m hthng vn hnh ng di p lc cao (vd nhiu ngi truy xut cnglc). Stress Test tp trung vo cc trng thi ti hn, cc "im cht",cc tnh hung bt thng nh ang giao dch th ngt kt ni (xuthin nhiu trong kim tra thit b nh POS, ATM...)...c.Kim th cu hnh (Configuration Test).d.Kim th bo mt (Security Test):Bo m tnh ton vn, bo mt cad liu v ca h thng.e.Kimthkhnngphchi(RecoveryTest):Bo m h thng ckh nng khi phc trng thi n nh trc trong tnh hung mt tinguyn hoc d liu; c bit quan trng i vi cc h thng giao dchnh ngn hng trc tuyn... 92. Kim th chp nhn l g? Trong c nhng kim th no c thc hin? Phn bit.-Kim th chp nhn: L giai on kim th mc chp nhn t pha khch hng ( ch :Acceptance Test l do khch hng thc hin). Mc ch chng minh sn phm tha mn tt c cc yu cu ca khch hng v khch hng chp nhn sn phm2.Phn loi- Acceptance Test c 3 kiu:+ Vi sn phm dnh cho i tng khch hng l s t: sau giai on System Test s chuyn sang cho khch hng kim tra li trc tip. Thng th t pha i sn xut s chun b mt kch bn User Acceptance Test cho khch hng h thc hin. Tester, c th y l Test Leader ca d n tip nhn li phn nh t khch hng v cho kim tra li, fix hoc tr li khch hng r, ....+ Vi sn phm dnh cho th trng mass (nh Windows ca Microsoft, Acrobat, ....) l cc sn phm dnh cho ngi dng c nhn vi th phn ng o th thng tri qua 2 giai on: Alpha Test v Beta Test.Alpha Test: l giai on Acceptance Test, trong ngi ng vai tr thc hin l cc Khch hng tim nng hoc ngi ng vai tr ngi s dng nhng vi s lng t v lm vic trc tip vi n v sn xut ra phn mm sa li (nu c).Beta Test: l giai on Acceptance Test sau khi thc hin xong Alpha Test. Sau khi test vi s lng khch hng tim nng trc, cc cng ty sn xut phn mm mass s tung ra th trng cho ngi dng s dng th nghim. Giai on gi l Beta Test. Mt b phn tip nhn phn hi t v vn user s phn loi kin ngi dng, theo di v sa cha (nu cn) trc khi cng b phin bn chnh thc ca phn mm.101. M hnh CMM l g? C nhng mc tng trng no trong m hnh CMM? Ni dung ca mi mc?- M hnh CMM hay cn gi l SW-CMM l m hnh nh gi nng lc sn xut phn mm.Mc1: Initial (Khi u)+Level 1 l bc khi u ca CMM, mi doanh nghip, cng ty phn mm, c nhm, c nhn u c th t c.+ lever ny CMM cha yu cu bt k tnh nng no. V d: khng yu cu quy trnh, khng yu cu con ngi, min l c nhn, nhm, doanh nghip u lm v phm mm u c th t ti CMM ny.Mc 2:Repeatable (Lp li)Qun l phn mm c bn:-Requirement Management(Ly yu cu khch hng, qun l cc yu cu)-Software Project Planning(Lp cc k hoch cho d n)-Software Project Tracking(Theo di kim tra tin d n)-Software Sub Contract Managent(Qun tr hp ng ph phn mm)-Software Quality Assurance(m bo cht lng sn phm)-Software Configuration Management(Qun tr cu hnh sn phm=>ng yu cu ca khch hng khngMc 3:Defined (Xc nh)+tp trung quy trnh cp t chc+nh ngha quy trnh cp t chc+chng trnh o to+tch hp qun l phn mm+k thut pht trin phn mm+iu phi lin nhm+xem xt ngang hngMc 4:Managed Level +qunl quy trnh cht lng +qun lcht lng phn mm.Mc 5:Optimizing(ti u) +phng nga sai st +qun l thay i k thut , cng ngh +qun l thay i quy trnh102. Lm th no mt t chc t c cc mc tng trng trong CMM? u l gii php v thc ov cc mc tng trng?-Phi pht trin v duy tr mt H thng qun l cht lng phn mm.-Xy dng cht lng phn mm cho phn mm ngay t giai on bt u..iu ny ng ngha vi vic m bo cc yu cu cho phn mm t mi ngun khc nhau phi c nh ngha, din t v hiu mt cch ng n, gia ngi a ra yu cu v ngi thc hin yu cu.- m bo cht lng ca phn mm xuyn sut qu trnh pht trin.103. Nu cc chun quc t v phn mm. Trnh by s khc nhau gia m hnh CMM v cc chun .Khc nhauCMMISO 9000-seriesISO/IEC 15504- Khng c m hnh vng i- CMM c to ra gip cho vic qun l cc t chc pht trin phn mm.- L chun qun l quy trnh cht lng ca cc sn phm phn mm c p dng cho tng loi hnh cng ty khc nhau.- L mt b khung (framework) nhng chun ra cho mt tin trnh sn xut phn mm hiu qu, cc t chc p dng n s mang li s kh dng v mt chi ph, thi gian biu, chc nng v cht lng sn phm phn mm.-Thu c nhng li ch xc thc,gim c ri ro trong ptrin phn mm.ISO 9000:2000: H thng qun l cht lng C s v t vng. ISO 9000:2000 m tc s ca cc h thng qun l cht lng v quy nh cc thut ng dng trong cc h hng qun l cht lng thuc nhm ny.ISO 9001:2000: H thng qun l cht lng Cc yu cu. y l tiu chun c s dng nh gi h thng qun l cht lng ca mt t chc v cp chng ch ph hp.ISO 9004:2000: H thng qun l cht lng Hng dn ci tin. ISO 9004:2000 cung cp cc hng dn xem xt, ci tin tnh hiu lc v hiu qu ca h thng qun l cht lng.ISO 9003:2000c s dng khi p dng ISO 9003 trong vic pht trin, cung cp v bo tr phn mm,hn na n cn ch r rng h thng cht lng to ra phi c tch hp li trong ton b chu k sn xut.ISO / IEC 15504 c th c s dng thc hinci tin quy trnhtrong mt t chc cng ngh.-L sng kin ci thin quy trnh quc t.-Bao gm ci thin quy trnh v cung ng phn mm.-M rng v ci tin CMM,ISO 9000-L mt b khung(framework), khng phi l mt phng php.Lut Miller trong CNPM ni g.?Ti mi thi diemr ng ta ch c th tp trung vo ti a khong 7 vn Lut Brooks trong CNPM ni g.?

56. Lut Dijkstra trong CNPM ni g.?\Nu u im, nhc im ca m h.nh v.ng i phn mm kiu thc nc?M hnh thc l m hnh c nht v c s dng rng ri nht trong cng ngh phn mm. Tuy nhin cng c nhiu kin ch trch v cho rng m hnh ny c mt s nhc im nh sau:1. Cc d n trong thc t him khi tun theo dng chy tun t m m hnh ngh. Mc du m hnh cho php lp, nhng iu ch lm gin tip. Kt qu l nhng thay i c th gy ra ln ln khi nhm pht trin lm vic.1. Khch hng thng kh pht biu mi yu cu mt cch tng minh ngay t u. M hnh tun t tuyn tnh i hi iu ny v thng kh thch hp vi s khng chc chn t nhin tn ti vo lc u ca nhiu d n. Khch hng phi kin nhn ch i, v bn lm vic c ca chng tnh ch c c vo cui ca thi gian d n. Mt sai lm ng ngn, nu n lc c chng trnh lm vic mi pht hin ra, c th l mt thm ha.1. Vi vic phn tch mt s d n hin ti, Bradax thy rng bn cht tuyn tnh ca vng i c in dn ti "cc trng thi tc nghn", ngha l c mt s thnh vin ca nhm pht trin phi ch i s chuyn giao t nhm khc hon thnh cng vic pha trc. Trong thc t, thi gian ch i c th vt qu thi gian sn xut. Trng thi nghn c xu hng xy ra vo thi gian u v cui ca quy trnh phn mm.