Tom Tat Ly Thuyet 11

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

Chng I :

S IN LI

I.

Dung dch.

1. Khi nim a. Th d: Ho tan HCl vo nc thu c dung dch axit HCl Ho tan NaCl vo nc thu c dung dch NaCl Ho tan ng vo nc thu c dung dch nc ng. Ho tan nng chy Ag vo Au thu c dung dch rn Ag Au Khng kh l dung dch gm c N2,O2,CO2, cc kh him ... b. Khi nim: Dung dch l hn hp ng nht ca hai hay nhiu cu t (thnh phn). 2. Biu din thnh phn dung dch nng . a. Nng phn trm: Khi lng cht tan trong 100gam dung dch . C% = mct .100 (1) mdd trong mct : khi lng cht tan mdd: khi lng dung dch mct = n.M v mdd = D.V = mdm + mct b. Nng mol/lit: S mol cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch . CM = n (2) ( n s mol cht tan , V th tch dung dch- lt) Vdd n (3) ( n s mol cht tan ,mdm khi lng dung mi -kg ) mdm

c. Nng molan: S mol cht tan c trong 1kg dung mi. Cm =

d. tan : S gam cht tan c th tan ti a trong 100g dung mi. S= mct .100 (4) (m hi lng cht tan ,mdm khi lng dm -g ) mdm nAm+ + mBn- (*)

3. Tch s tan: Xt cn bng AnBm Ta c tch s tan T = [Am+]n.[Bn-]m. Nu tch nng cc ion < tch s tan th trong dung dch khng xut hin kt ta. Nu tch nng cc ion = tch s tan th thu dung dch bo ho.. Nu tch nng cc ion > tch s tan th trong dung dch bt u xut hin kt ta. - Mi li h gia tch s tan v tan xt cn bng (*) T = nn.mm.Sn+m II. S in li. 1. Cht in li.

Trang 1


a. Th nghim: Tnh dn in ca cc nc nguyn cht, dung dch NaCl, dung dch nc ng, dung dch ancol etylic. * gii thch tnh dn in ca cc dung dch axit, baz, mui. * vai tr ca dung mi nc. b. Khi nim: + Cht khi tan trong nc to dung dch dn in c gi l cht in li. Th d : cc axit, baz, mui l cc cht in li. + Cht khi tan trong nc to thnh dung dch khng dn in c gi l cht khng in li. Th d: ng , ru, ete... c. S in li * Qu trnh phn li thnh cc ion khi cht in li tan trong nc hoc nng chy c gi l s in li. * S in li c biu din bng phng trnh in li. * Trong ptl tng in tch cc cation = tng in tch cc anion * Tng qut : Axit H+ + anion gc axit. Baz Cation kim loi ( hoc NH4+ ) + OHMui Cation kim loi ( hoc NH4+ ) + anion gc axit Th d : HCl H+ + ClHCOOH H+ + HCOONaOH Na+ + OHNaCl Na+ + ClCH3COONa Na+ + CH3COO2. in li, phn loi cht in li, hng s in li a. in li: in li ( anpha) ca cht in li l t s gia s phn t phn li thnh ion v tng s phn t ban u. Biu thc :=n' C ' = n0 C 0

(5)

( n' s mol b phn li thnh ion ; no s mol ban u C' nng mol/l b phn li , Co nng mol/l ban u) Gi tr 0 1 hoc c th tnh theo n v % ( .100) in ph thuc vo cc yu t : - nng cht tan : t l nghch - nhit ca dung dch b. Phn loi cht in li: Da theo in li ta phn thnh 2 loi cht in li + Cht in li mnh : L cht khi tan trong nc phn li hon ton thnh ion.

= 1 v ptl biu din bng mi tn mt chiu Trang 2


+ Cht in li yu : L cht khi tan trong nc phn li mt phn thnh ion. 0 < < 1 v ptl c biu din mi tn 2 chiu + Th d : NaNO3 Na+ + NO3HCOONa Na+ + HCOO-

c. Cn bng in li - Hng s in li. i vi cc cht in li yu trong dung dch xut hin cn bng ho hc c gi l cn bng in li y l cn bng ng Th d : AX A + + X (*) khi tc thun bng tc nghch trong dung dch xut hin cn bng in li. Hng s in li xt i vi cn bng (*) c xc nh.

[ A ][ X ] (6) . K=+

[ AX ]

Th d : i vi axit axetic CH3COOH. CH3COOH H+ + CH3COOTa c : K=

[ H ][CH COO ] = 2.10 .+

[ CH 3COOH ]

3

-5

( 25oC)

hng s in li ch ph thuc vo nhit , khng ph thuc vo nng . Mi lin h gia hng s in li v in li Xt cn bng (*) , gi s nng ban u l Co v in li AX Ban u Phn li Cbng Co

A+

+

X (*)

Co(1- )Co+

Co Co.C O 2 C O = (7) (1 )C O 1 O

Co Co

[ A ][ X ] = C . Ta c : K =[ AX ]

Nh vy khi bit K v Co ta c th xc nh c in li v ngc li. i vi trng hp cht in li qu yu c th xem 1- = 1. do 2 cng thc (7) c th vit li thnh =

K K hoc = (8) CO CO

[ ion ] = Co =

K.C

( cch tnh gn ng )

Th d : Tnh nng ion H+ trong dung dch CH3COOH 0,2M bit hng s in li ca axit l 2.10-5. ( p s : 2.10-3 mol/l) III. Axit, baz, mui. 1. nh ngha theo ArniutTrang 3


a. Axit: L cht khi tan trong nc phn li cho ion H+ Th d : HCl H+ + ClHCOOH H+ + HCOOb. Baz: L cht khi tan trong nc phn li cho ion OHTh d : phn li nh baz. Th d : Zn(OH)2 Phn li theo kiu baz : Phn li theo kiu axit: Zn(OH)2 Zn(OH)2

NaOH Na+ + OH-

c. Hirxit lng tnh: L nhng hirxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit va c th

Zn2+ + 2OH2H+ + ZnO22-

Cc cht Al(OH)3 ;Zn(OH)2 ; Pb(OH)2 ; Sn(OH)2 ; Cr(OH)3 ; Cu(OH)2 d. Axit nhiu nc, baz nhiu nc Axit nhiu nc: Nhng axit khi tan trong nc phn li nhiu nc cho ion H+. Th d : H3PO4 , H2S.( vit p.t..l) Baz nhiu nc: Nhng baz khi tan trong nc phn li nhiu nc cho ion OH.. Th d : Mg(OH)2; Al(OH)3 ( vit p.t..l) 2. nh ngha theo Brnxtet a. Axit l cht nhng prtn (H+); baz l cht nhn prtn (H+) biu din : Axit Baz + H+ Th du 1 : CH3COOH + H2O H3O+ + CH3COOaxit Th d 2: NH3 + baz Th d 3: axit baz tnh. Nhng cht khng cho hoc khng nhn prtn c gi l cht trung tnh. 3. Mui, mui trung ho , mui axit a. Mui:L hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li cho cation kim loi ( hoc NH4+) v anion gc axit. Th d : NaCl Na+ + ClCH3COONa Na+ + CH3COOTrang 4

(1) (2) (3) (4) baz

baz H2O axit

axit

baz NH4+ + OHaxit baz baz H3O+ + CO32axit H2CO3 + OHaxit

HCO3- + H2O baz HCO3- + H2O axit

theo (3) v (4) HCO3-, H2O va c kh nng cho v nhn prtn nn chng c gi l cht lng


b. Mui axit, mui trung ho. Mui c anion gc axit khng cn kh nng phn li cho ion H+ c gi l mui trung ho . Th d : NaCl , (NH4)2SO4, Na2CO3 ... Mui c anion gc axit cn kh nng phn li cho ion H+ c gi l mui axit . Th d : NaHCO3;NaH2PO4; NaHSO4... Mui c nhm OH c th thay th bng gc axit c gi l mui baz . Th d : Mg(OH)Cl ; Fe(OH)2Cl... Ngoi ra cn k n mt s mui kp nh : HCl.NaCl ; KCl.MgCl.6H2O; K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3... Mui phc : [Ag(NH3)2]Cl ; [Cu(NH3)4]SO4... * s in li ca mui : Hu ht cc mui (k c mui kp) khi tan trong nc phn li hon ton thnh cation kim loi (NH4+) v anion gc axit . Th d : K2SO4 2K+ + SO42NaCl.KCl K+ + Na+ + 2ClNaHSO3 Na+ + HSO3HSO3- H+ + SO32[Ag(NH3)2]Cl [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl[Ag(NH3)2]+ Ag+ + 2NH3 4. Hng s axit, hng s baz a. Hng s axit: S in li ca cc axit yu trong nc l qu trnh thun nghch. Th du : CH3COOH CH3COOH + H2O xc nh hng s Ka = H+ + CH3COO-

(1) (2)

H3O+ + CH3COO-

V nng ca nc c coi nh hng s nn ta c th b qua nng ca nc trong biu thc

[ H ][CH COO ] .+

[ CH 3COOH ]

3

( Ka hng s phn li axit )

i vi axit nhiu nc s c nhiu hng s phn li cc nc khc nhau. Hng s phn li axit ch ph thuc vo bn cht axit v nhit . Nu gi tr Ka cng nh th lc axit ca n cng yu ( hay tnh axit cng yu ) Th d : 25oC CH3COOH Ka = 1,75.10-5 ;HClO Ka = 5.10-8 . b. Hng s baz: S in li ca cc baz yu trong nc l qu trnh thun nghch. Th du : NH34

[ NH ].[OH ] ( hng s phn li baz ) Kb =+

+ H2O NH4+ + OH-

(3)

[ NH 3]

CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OHTrang 5

(4)

Kb =

[CH COOH ][OH ] ( hng s phn li baz ) . [CH 3COO ] 3


V nng ca nc c coi nh hng s nn ta c th b qua nng ca nc trong biu thc xc nh hng s phn li axit, hay baz. i vi baz nhiu nc s c nhiu hng s phn li cc nc khc nhau. Hng s phn li baz ch ph thuc vo bn cht baz v nhit . Nu gi tr Kb cng nh th lc baz ca n cng yu ( hay tnh baz cng yu ) Mi lin h gia hng s Ka v Kb Ka = IV. 10-14 v ngc li hay Ka.Kb = 10-14 Kb

pH ca dung dch, cht ch th mu. Nc l cht in li rt yu, nhit thng c 555triu phn t nc c 1 phn t b phn li thnh ion. H2O H+ + OH- (1) T (1) ta c K =

a. S in li v tch s ion ca nc, ngha tch s ion ca nc.

[ H ][OH ] .+

[ H 2 O]

KH2O = K. [ H 2 O ] = H + . OH Tch s ion ca nc.

[ ][

]

25oC ta c KH2O = H + . OH = 10-14. Tuy nhin c th s dng khong nhit khc. Hay c th coi gi tr tch s ion ca nc l hng s trong dung dch long ca cc cht khc nhau. Theo (1) ta c : H + . = OH = 10 14 = 10 7 M - Mi trng trung tnh l mi trng c H + . = OH = 10 14 = 10 7 M - ngha ca tch s ion ca nc xc nh mi trng ca dung dch Mi trng trung tnh : Mi trng axit: Mi trng baz:

[ ][

]

[ ] [

]

[ ] [+ + +

]

[ H ]. = 10 [ H ]. > 10 [ H ]. < 10

-7

M M M

-7 -7

b. Khi nim v pH, pH trong cc mi trng. trnh ghi nng H+ vi s m m ngi ta dng i lng pH. Nu H + . = 10-a pH = a hay H + . = 10 pH hoc pH = -lg H + .

[ H ]. =10 M pH = 1 Mi trng axit. [ H ]. =10 M pH =7 Mi trng trung tnh. [ H ]. =10 M pH =12 Mi trng baz. Thut bin i nu [ H ]. = b.10 pH = a lgb (s dng my tnh )Th d :+ + + -1 -7 -12 + -a

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

Thang pH thng dng c gi tr t 1 n 14 ( do tch s ion ca nc )Trang 6


Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng pOH , pKa, pKb.. pOH = - lg [OH-] v pH + pOH =14 pH = 14 - pOH c. Cht ch th mu: Qu tm, phenolphtalein, giy ch th vn nng. Thng thng i vi qu tm trong cc mi trng. axit: mu baz: mu xanh trung tnh : mu tm i vi phenolphtalein: pH < 8,3 Khng mu pH >= 8,3 :Mu hng d. Cch xc nh pH ca cc dung dch . i vi axit mnh, baz mnh: Nu nng ca axit hay baz kh ln th b qua s in li ca nc, nu nng rt long ( < hoc = 10-7) cn ch n s phn li ca nc. H2O H+ + OHTh d 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch HCl 0,01M do H + . = [HCl] = 10-2 pH = 2 Th d 2: Tnh pH ca dung dch NaOH 0,01M ptl : NaOH Na+ + OHTa c [OH-] = [NaOH]=10-2 pOH = 2 pH = 14- 2 = 12 Th d 3: Xc nh pH ca dung dch H2SO4 0,01M. ptl:+

[ ]

ptl : HCl H+ + Cl-

H2SO4 0,01M-2

2H+ + SO420,02M

[ H ]. =0,02 = 2.10ptl: HCl H2O

pH = -lg 2.10-2 = 2 lg2

Th d 4: Tnh pH ca dung dch HCl 10-7M. Do nng ca axit rt long nn phi xt n s phn li ca nc H+ + ClH+ + OH-

phng trnh trung ho in ta c 10 14 [H ] = [Cl ] + [OH ] = 10 + H++ -7

[ ]

Hay : [H+]2 10-7[H+] -10-14 = 0 , gii phng trnh ta c [H+] = 1,62.10-7 pH = -lg1,62.10-7 = 6,79. Lu : Dung dch axit d long n u th pH < 7. Baz c long n u th cng c pH > 7. i vi axit yu, baz yu.

Trang 7


Mun xc nh pH ca dung dch axit yu hay baz yu ta phi da vo hng s axit hay hng s baz cng nh phi ch n s phn li ca nc khi nng cht rt long. Cng thc tnh pH gn ng ca mt dung dch axit yu pH = 1 1 ( pKa lg CM) i vi baz yu : pOH = ( pKb lg CM) 2 2

vi pKa = - lgKa v pKb = -lgKb . Th d 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M, bit Ka = 2.10-5 Cch 1: Ta c cn bng : [b] [p] [cb]3

CH3COOH 0,1M xM (0,1-x)M +

CH3COO- + H+ xM xM xM xM

Ta c : Ka =

[CH COO ][ H ] .[ CH 3COOH ]

=

x2 = 2.10 5 0,1 x

gi s x a). Gii: - Dung dch ban u c pH = a [ H+ ] = 10-a nH+b = 10-a . Vu Dung dch sau khi thm ncTrang 12

pH = b [ H+ ] = 10-b nH+sau = 10-b . Vsau V s mol H+ khng i nn : nH+b = nH+sau 10-a . Vu = 10-a . Vsau Vsau = 10b-a .Vu = 10 pH .Vu Vi pH = b a > 0 (1) VH2O + Vu = 10 pH .Vu VH2O = (10 pH - 1) .Vu Trng hp 2: Gii: - Dung dch ban u c pH = a pOH = 14 a [OH- ] = 10-14 + a nOH-b = 10(-14 + a ) . Vu Dung dch sau khi thm nc pH = b pOH = 14 b [ OH- ] = 10-14 + b nOH-sau = 10(-14 + b) . Vsau V s mol OH- khng i nn : nOH-b = nOH-sau 10-14 + a . Vu = 10-14 + b . Vsau Vsau = 10a-b .Vu = 10- pH .Vu Vi pH = b a < 0 (2) VH2O + Vu = 10- pH .Vu VH2O = (10- pH - 1) .Vu T (1) v (2) ta c th rt cng thc chung p dng l Vsau = 10[ pH ].Vu V c pH = 3. Gii : Ta c VH2O = (10[ pH ]- 1) .Vu = (103-1- 1).15 = 1485ml = 1,485 lt. VH2O = (10[ pH ]- 1) .Vu


Tnh th tch nc cn thm vo Vu lt dung dch axt c pH = a c dung dch c pH = b ( b < a)

Th d1: Th tch ca nc cn thm vo 15ml dung dch axit HCl pH = 1 thu c dung dch axit

Th d 2: Thm 90ml nc vo 10ml dung dch NaOH c pH = 12. Xc nh pH ca dung dch thu c sau trn. Gii: Ta c Vsau = 10[ pH ] . Vu 90 + 10 = 10[ pH ] . 10 10[ pH ] = 10 10 ( pH sau - 12) = 10 pH sau = 11Trang 13


Th d 3: Thm 80ml nc vo 20ml dung dch HCl c pH = 6. Xc nh pH ca dung dch thu c sau trn.

Chng II :

NIT PHOT PHO

A. Gii thiu chung I. V tr. Thuc nhm V trong bng h thng tun hon. - Nhm Nit gm : Nit (N) , Photpho (P) , Asen(As) , atimon (Sb) v bitmut (Bi). - Chng u thuc cc nguyn t p . II. Tnh cht chung cc nguyn t nhm nit. 1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t : - Cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng : ns2np3Trang 14


ns2 np3 - trng thi c bn , nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm nit c 3 electron c thn , do trong cc hp cht chng c cng ha tr l 3 . - i vi cc nguyn t : P , As , Sb trng thi kch thch c 5 elctron c thn nn trong hp cht chng c lin kt cng ha tr l 5 ( Tr Nit ). 2 . S bin i tnh cht ca cc n cht : a. Tnh oxi ha kh : - Trong cc hp cht chng c cc s oxi ho : -3 , +3 , +5 . Ring Nit cn c cc s oxi ho : +1 , +2 , +4 . - Cc nguyn t nhm Nit va c tnh oxi ho va c tnh kh . - Kh nng oxi ha gim t nit n bitmut . b. Tnh kim loi - phi kim : - i t nit n bitmut , tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t gim dn , ng thi tnh kim loi tng dn 3. S bin i tnh cht ca cc hp cht : a. Hp cht vi hiro : RH3 - bn nhit ca cc hirua gim t NH3 n BiH3 . - Dung dch ca chng khng c tnh axt . b. Oxit v hiroxit : - C s oxi ho cao nht vi xi : +5 - bn ca hp cht vi s oxiho +5 gim xung - Vi N v P s oxi ha +5 l c trng . - Tnh baz ca cc oxit v hiroxit tng cn tnh axit gim Theo chiu t nit n bitmut. B. Nit I Cu to phn t. - Cng thc electron : : N :::N : - Cng thc cu to : :N N: II Tnh cht vt l. - L cht kh khng mu , khng mi , khng v , hi nh hn khng kh , ha lng - 196 0C, ha rn:210 0C - Tan rt t trong nc , khng duy tr s chy v s sng, khng c. III . Tnh cht ho hc. - Nit c cc s oxi ho : -3 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 . tnh oxi ho tnh kh . -N2 c s oxiho 0 nn va th hin tnh oxi ho v tnh kh . - Nit c EN N = 946 kJ/mol , nhit thng nit kh tr v mt ha hc nhng nhit cao hot ng hn . - Nit th hin tnh oxi ha v tnh kh , tnh oxi ha c trng hn . 1 . Tnh oxi ha : a. Tc dng vi hiro : nhit cao (4000C) , p sut cao v c xc tc : -3 N20 + 3H2 2 N H3 ; H = - 92kJ b. Tc dng vi kim loi : 6Li + N20 2 Li3NTrang 15


( Liti Nitrua ) 3Mg + N2 Mg3N2 (Magie Nitrua ) 2 . Tnh kh : - nhit 30000C (hoc h quang in ) : N20 + O2 2NO . H=180KJ

Nit th hin tnh kh . - Kh NO khng bn :+2 2 N O + O2

2 N O2

+4

- Cc oxit khc nh N2O , N2O3 , N2O5 khng iu ch trc tip t nit v oxi . Kt lun : Nit th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cc nguyn t c m in ln hn .Th hin tnh oxiha khi tc dng vi cc nguyn t c m in ln hn . IV. Trng thi thin nhin v iu ch . 1. Trng thi thin nhin : - dng t do : chim khong 80% th tch khng kh , tn ti 2 ng v :14N (99,63%) , 15N(0,37%) . - dng hp cht , nit c nhiu trong khong vt NaNO3 (Dim tiu ) : c c trong thnh phn ca protein , axit nucleic , . . . v nhiu hp cht hu c thin nhin . 2 iu ch. a. Trong cng nghip : - Chng ct phn on khng kh lng , thu nit -196 0C , vn chuyn trong cc bnh thp , nn di p sut 150 at . b. Trong phng th nghim : - un dung dch bo ha mui amoni nitrit ( Hn hp NaNO2 v NH4Cl ) : NH4NO2 t 0 N2 + 2H2O . V ng dng. - L mt trong nhng thnh phn dinh dng chnh ca thc vt . - Trong cng nghip dng tng hp NH3 , t sn xut ra phn m , axt nitrc . . . Nhiu nghnh cng nghip nh luyn kim , thc phm , in t . . . S dng nit lm mi trng . VI. Oxit ca nit 1. init oxit ( kh ci ): N2O Cng thc cu to : NN O iu ch : 2. Nit oxit : Cng thc cu to : iu ch : hoc 3. Nitioxit: Cng thc cu to : iu ch : 4. init pentoxit: Cng thc cu to :250 C NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O NO . NO Cu +HNO3 long Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O t NH3 + O2 NO + H2O Pto o

NO2 ( mu nu, rt c ) O - NO Cu + HNO3 c, nng Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O N2O5 O=N-ON=O Trang 16


iu ch: C. Amoniac I . Cu to phn t - CT e CTCT H :N: H HNH H H N H H

O O dkt HNO3 + P2O5 HPO3 + N2O5

H - Lin kt trong phn t NH3 l lin kt cng ho tr phn cc , nit tch in m , hiro tch in dng do phn t NH3 l phn t phn cc . -Phn t NH3 c cu to hnh thp , y l mt tam gic u II . Tnh cht vt l. - Nh hn khng kh . - L cht kh khng mu , mi khai v xc , nh hn khng kh . - Kh NH3 tan rt nhiu trong nc , to thnh dung dch amoniac c tnh kim yu . III. Tnh cht ho hc 1 . Tnh baz yu : a. Tc dng vi nc : - Da vo tnh cht ha chung ca baz - Da vo thuyt axt baz ca bronxted vit phng trnh in li ca NH3 trong nc . Trong dung dch NH3 l mt baz yu , 250C , Kb = 1,8. 10-5 NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH b. Tc dng vi axt : To thnh mui amoni . Vd: 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 NH3 + H+ NH4+ . NH3(k) + HCl(k) NH4Cl(r ) . Phn ng dng nhn bit kh NH3 . Kt lun : - Amoniac trng thi kh hay trong dung dch u th hin tnh baz yu .Tc dng vi axt to thnh mui amoni v kt ta c hiroxit ca nhiu kim loi . c. Tc dng vi dung dch mui ca nhiu kim loi , to kt ta hiroxit ca chng . V d : Al3++3NH3+3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+ Fe +2NH3+2H2OFe(OH)2+2NH4 2 . Kh nng to phc : Dung dch amoniac c kh nng ha tan hiroxit hay mui t tan ca mt s kim loi , to thnh cc dung dch phc cht V d : * Vi Cu(OH) 2: Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 - Phng trnh ion : Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2++ 2OHMu xanh thm+ 2+

Trang 17


AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2] Cl AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + ClS to thnh cc ion phc l do s kt hp cc phn t NH 3 bng c electron cha s dng ca nguyn t nit vi ion kim loi 3 . Tnh kh : - Amoniac c tnh kh : phn ng c vi oxi , clo v kh mt s oxit kimloi (Nit c s oxi ha t -3 n 0, +2 ). a. Tc dng vi oxi : - Amoniac chy trong khng kh vi ngn la mu lc nht : 4NH3 +3O2 2N02 + 6H2O . - Khi c xc tc l hp kim platin v irii 850 9000C : 4NH3 +5O2 4NO + 6H2O . b. Tc dng vi clo : - Kh NH3 t bc chy trong kh Clo to ngn la c khi trng : 2NH3 + 3Cl2 N20 +6HCl . - Khi trng l nhng ht NH4Cl sinh ra do kh HCl va to thnh ha hp vi NH3 . c. Tc dng vi mt s oxit kim loi: - Khi un nng , NH3 c th kh oxit ca mt s kim loi thnh kim loi * Vi AgCl .t 2NH3 + 3CuO 3Cu +N20 +3H2O IV. IU CH : 1. Trong phng th nghim : - Cho mui amoni tc dng vi kim nng : 2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2 2NH3 + CaCl2 +2H2O - un nng dung dch amoniac c . 2 . Trong cng nghip: N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3 H = - 92 kJ

V d :

o

Vi nhit : 450 5000C . p sut : 300 1000 at Cht xc tc : Fe hot ha , tng p sut thu lng NH3 nhiu. * Thc hin t thp . Tuy nhin t thch hp khon 440C * Dng cht xc tc . V. Mui Amoni 1. Tnh cht vt l - L nhng hp cht tinh th ion , Phn t gm cation NH4+ v anion gc axit . - Mui amoni u d tan trong nc v khi tan in ly hon ton thnh cc ion . V d : NH4Cl NH4+ + Cl - ; Ion NH4+ khng c mu . 2. Tnh cht ho hc a. Phn ng thu phn : To mi trng c tnh axit lm qu tm ho + NH4 + HOH NH3 + H3O+ ( Tnh axit ) b . Phn ng trao i ion : V d: (NH4)2SO4+ 2 NaOH 2NH3 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O . (1) NH4+ + OH- NH3 +H2O Phn ng ny dng iu ch NH3 trong phng th nghim.Trang 18


NH4Cl +AgNO3 AgCl + NH4NO3 (2) Cl- +Ag+ AgCl . Cc phn ng trn l phn ng trao i . c Phn ng nhit phn : Khi un nng cc mui amoni d b nhit phn , to thnh nhng sn phm khc nhau . Mui amoni to bi axt khng c tnh oxiha : Khi un nng b phn hy thnh amoniac v axit V d : NH4Cl(r ) NH3(k) + HCl(k) . HCl + NH3 NH4Cl (NH4)2CO3 NH3 +NH4HCO3 NH4HCO3 NH3 +CO2 + H2O Mui to bi axt c tnh oxiha : - Nh axt nitr , axt nitric khi b nhit phn cho ra N2 hoc N2O v nc . V d : NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O . NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O . -V nguyn tc : tu thuc vo axit to thnh m NH3 c th b oxi ho thnh cc sn phm khc nhau . D.Axit nitric I Cu to phn t - CTPT : HNO3 - CTCT : H O N O O - Nit c ha tr IV v s oxiho l +5 II Tnh cht vt l - L cht lng khng mu - Bc khi mnh trong khng kh m - D = 1,53g/cm3 , t0s = 860C . - Axt nitric khng bn , phn hy 1 phn 4HNO3 4 NO2 + O2 + 2H2O dung dch axit c mu vng hoc nu . - Axt nitric tan v hn trong nc ( Thc t dng HNO3 68% ) III . Tnh cht ho hc 1 . Tnh axt : - L mt trong s cc axt mnh nht , trong dung dch : HNO3 H+ + NO3- Dung dch axt HNO3 c y tnh cht ca mt dung dch axt . Tc dng vi oxit baz , baz , mui , kim loi 2 .Tnh oxi ha : V HNO3 , N c s oxiha cao nht +5 , trong phn ng c s thay i s oxiha , s oxiha ca nit gim xung gi tr thp hn . a. Vi kim loi : - HNO3 oxiha hu ht cc kim loi (tr vng v platin ) khng gii phng kh H2 , do ion NO3 c kh nng oxiho mnh hn H+ .Trang 19


* Vi nhng kim loi c tnh kh yu : Cu , Ag . . . - HNO3 c b kh n NO2 Cu + 4HNO3() Cu(NO3)2 +2NO2 +2H2O - HNO3 long b kh n NO 3Cu + 8HNO3(l) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O * Khi tc dng vi nhng kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn : Mg, Zn ,Al . . . - HNO3 c b kh n NO2 - HNO3 long b kh n N2O hoc N2 - HNO3 rt long b kh n NH3 (NH4NO3) 8Al + 30HNO3(l) 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O 5Mg + 12HNO3(l) 5Mg(NO3)2 + N2 + 6H2O 4Zn + 10HNO3(l) Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O - Fe, Al b th ng ha trong dung dch HNO3 c ngui b. Tc dng vi phi kim : - Khi un nng HNO3 c c th tc dng c vi C, P ,S . . . V d : C + 4HNO3() CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O S + 6HNO3() H2SO4 +6NO2 +2H2O Nh vy HNO3 khng nhng tc dng vi kim loi m cn tc dng vi mt s phi kim . c. Tc dng vi hp cht : - H2S , HI, SO2 , FeO , mui st (II) . . . c th tc dng vi HNO3 - Nguyn t b oxiha trong hp cht chuyn ln mc oxi ha cao hn: 3FeO +10HNO3(l) 3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O 3H2S + 2HNO3(l) 3S + 2NO + 4H2O . - Nhiu hp cht hu c nh giy , vi , du thng . . . bc chy khi tip xc vi HNO3 c . Kt lun : HNO3 c tnh axt mnh v c tnh oxiha . IV IU CH : 1 . Trong phng th nghim : - Phng php iu ch HNO3 trong phng th nghim .t NaNO3(r ) + H2SO4() HNO3 + NaHSO4 . 2. Trong cng nghip : - c sn xut t amoniac - nhit 850 9000C , xc tc hp kim Pt vIr : 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O H = - 907kJ - Oxi ha NO thnh NO2 : 2NO + O2 2NO2 . - Chuyn ha NO2 thnh HNO3 : 4NO2 +2H2O +O2 4HNO3 . - Dung dch HNO3 thu c c nng 60 - 62% . Chng ct vi H2SO4 m c thu c dung dch HNO3 96 98 % . E.Mui nitrat I. Khi nim mui nitrat - Mui ca axit nitric gi l mui nitrat .o

Trang 20


V d : NaNO3 , Cu(NO3), NH4NO3... II. Tnh cht vt l : - D tan trong nc v cht in ly mnh .trong dung dch , chng phn ly hon ton thnh cc ion . V d : Ca(NO3) Ca2+ + 2NO3KNO3 K+ + NO3- Ion NO3 khng c mu , mu ca mt s mui nitrat l do mu ca cation kim loi. III - Tnh cht ha hc Cc mui nitrt d b phn hy khi un nng a. Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi hot ng( trc Mg) : - B phn hy thnh mui nitrit + kh O2. 2KNO3 2KNO3 +O2 b. Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi t Mg Cu : - B phn hy thnh oxit kim loi + NO2 + O2t 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 c. Mui ca nhng kim loi km hot ng (sau Cu) : - B phn hy thnh kim loi + NO2 + O2 2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 . IV. Nhn bit ion nitrat : - Khi c mt ion H+ v NO3- th hin tnh oxiha ging nh HNO3 - V vy dng Cu + H2SO4 nhn bit mui nitrat V d : 3Cu + 8NaNO3 + 4H2SO4(l) 3Cu(NO3)2+ 2NO+ 4Na2SO4 + 4H2O. 3Cu+8H++2NO3-3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O. 2NO + O2 2NO2 (nu ) V . ng dng ca mui nitrat. - Dng lm phn bn ha hc , Kalinitrat cn c s dng ch thuc n en . Tm tt kin thc. n cht Amoniac Muiamoni Axt nitric + (N2) (NH3) (NH4 ) (HNO3) Tnh -Cht kh -cht kh mi khai -D tan -cht lng khng cht khng mu , -Tan nhiu trong -in li mnh mu. vt l khng mi nc - Tan v hn -t tan trong nc Tnh - Bn nhit - Tnh baz yu. -D b phn -L axit mnh cht thng - Tnh kh mnh. hu bi nhit -L cht oxi ho ha - Hot ng - To phc. -Thu phn mnh hc hn nhit trong mi cao (t/d trng axit . vi kim loi, phi kim, H2) iu 2NH4Cl +Ca(OH)2 NH3 + H+ NaNO3 + H2SO4 NH4NO2 ch N2+2H2O 2NH3 + CaCl2 + NH4+ NaHSO4 + -chng ct 2H2O HNO3o

Mui nitrat (NO3-) - d tan - in li mnh

-B phn hu bi nhit -l cht oxi ho trong mi trng axit hoc un nng . HNO3 + Kim loi

Trang 21

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11 phn on kk N2+3H2 2NH3 NH3 NO NO2 lng . HNO3 ng -To mi -iu ch phn bn -Lm phn -Axit dng trng tr -nguyn liu sn bn -Nguyn liu sn -nguyn liu xut HNO3 xut phn bn sx NH3 F. Pht pho I. Tnh cht vt l 1. P trng : - Dng tinh th do phn t P4 - Khng mu hoc vng nht ging nh sp . - D nng chy bay hi, t0 = 44,10C . - Rt c, gy bng nng khi ri vo da. - Khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong dung mi hu c : C6H6 , ete . . . - Oxyho chm pht sng - Km bn t chy trong khng kh iu kin thng . 2. P : - Dng Polime - Cht bt mu - Kh nng chy , kh bay hi , t0n/c=2500C . - Khng c - Khng tan trong bt k dung mi no - Khng c . - Khng Oxyho chm khng pht sng - Bn trong khng kh iu kin thng , bn hn P trng . - Khi un nng khng c khng kh P P trng . - P c cc s oxi ho : -3 , 0 , +3 , +5 . C th th hin tnh kh v tnh oxi ho . II. Tnh cht ho hc - m in P < N - Nhng P hot ng ha hc hn N2 v lin kt N N bn vng * P trng hot ng hn P . 1. Tnh oxi ha : Tc dng vi mt s kim loi mnh ( K, Na , Ca , Mg . . .)o

-Phn bn , thuc n , thuc nhum .

t 2P + 3Ca Ca3P2 Canxiphotphua 2 Tnh kh - Tc dng vi cc phi kim hot ng nh oxi ,hal , lu hunh v cc cht oxiha mnh khc a. Tc dng vi oxi - Thiu oxi : 4P + 3O2 2P2O3 iphotpho trioxit 0 - D oxi : 4P +5O2 2P2O5 iphotpho pentaoxit b. Tc dng vi clo

Trang 22


Khi cho clo i qua photpho -nng chy - Thiu clo 2P0 + 3Cl2 2PCl3 Photpho triclorua 0 - D clo : 2P + 5Cl2 2PCl5 Photpho pentaclorua c. Tc dng vi cc hp cht : V d : 6P + 5KClO3 3P2O5 + 5KCl III . NG DNG : - Dng sn xut thuc u que dim. - iu ch H3PO4 P P2O5 H3PO4 IV. Trng thi t nhin v iu ch. 1 Trong t nhin:- Khng c P dng t do: - Thng dng mui ca axt photphpric : c trong qung apatit Ca5F(PO4)3 v photphoric Ca3(PO4)2. - C trong protien thc vt , trong xng , rng , bp tht , t bo no , . . . ca ngi v ng vt . 2 . iu ch: - Bng cch nung hn hp Ca3(PO4)2, SiO2 v than 12000C . - Phng trnh iu ch P trong cng nghip . Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C 3CaSiO3 + 2P + 5CO - Hi P thot ra ngng t khi lm lnh , thu c P dng rn . G . AXIT PHOTPHORIC : I . Cu to phn t : Photpho c ha tr V v s oxiha +5 . II . Tnh cht vt l : - L cht rn , trong sut khng mu , ho nc tan nhiu trong nc . - Khng bay hi , khng c , t0 = 42,30C . - Dung dch c snh , c nng 85% III .Tnh cht ha hc : a. Tnh oxiha kh : Axt H3PO4 khng c tnh oxiha nh axt nitric v photpho mc oxiha +5 bn hn b. Tc dng bi nhit : H3PO4 d b mt nc :0 200 250 C 0 400 500 C

H3PO4 H4P2O7 HPO3+H O photphoric 2 iphotphoric +H O 2 metaphotphoric

c. Tnh axt : - Axt H3PO4 l axt ba ln axt ,c mnh trung bnh : H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- K1 =7,6.10-3 H2PO4 H+ + HPO42K1 = 6,2.10-3 HPO42- H+ + PO43K1 = 4,4.10-3 - Gm cc ion : H+ , H2PO4- , HPO42- ,PO43- Dung dch H3PO4 c nhng tnh cht chung ca axt : V d : Tc dng vi oxit baz hoc baz H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O H3PO4+2NaOH Na2HPO + 2H2O H3PO4+ 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O * x < 1: NaH2PO4 d axt.Trang 23


* x = 1: NaH2PO4 * 1 < x < 2 : NaH2PO4v Na2HPO4 * x=2: Na2HPO4 * 2 < x < 3 : Na2HPO4 v Na3PO4 * x=3: Na3PO4 * x>3: Na3PO4 d baz IV . iu ch v ng dng a. Trong phng th nghim : Dng HNO3 30% oxiha P : 3P+5HNO3+2H2O3H3PO4 +5NO b. Trong cng nghip : - Phng php chit : Cho H2SO4 c tc dng vi qung photphorit hoc qung apatit : Ca3(PO4)2+3H2SO43CaSO4 +2H3PO4 - Phng php nhit : iu ch H3PO4 tinh khit hn : 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 . P2O5 +3H2O 2H3PO4 . Ngoi ra cn c th thy phn dn xut Halogen : PX5 + 4H2O H3PO4 + 5HX ng dng : Dng sn xut phn bn v c , nhum vi , sn xut men s , dng trong cng nghip dc phm V MUI PHOTPHAT : - Mui pht pht l mui ca axit phtphoric gm mui trung ha v hai mui axit . V d : Na3PO4 , K2HPO4 , Ca(H2PO4)2 . - C 3 loi : Mui ihirphotphat Mu in hirphotphat Mui photphat 1 Tnh cht : a. Tnh tan : Na3PO4 3Na + PO43- PH > 7 - Cc mui ihirophotphat u tan trong nc . - Cc mui hirophotphat v photphat trung ha ch c mui natri ,kali , amoni l d tan cn ca cc kim loi khc khng tan hoc t tan trong nc . b. Phn ng thy phn : Cc mui photphat tan b thy phn trong dung dch : V D: Na3PO4 + H2O Na2HPO4 + NaOH PO43- + H2O HPO42- + OH- . Dung dch c mi trng kim . 2 Nhn bit ion photphat : Thuc th l dung dch AgNO3 .. VD : 3AgNO3+Na3PO4Ag3PO4+3NNO3 3Ag+ + PO43- Ag3PO4 (mu vng ) C kt ta vng xut hin, kt ta tan c trong HNO3 long. H. PHN BN HO HCTrang 24


I. PHN M : - Phn m l nhng hp cht cung cp Nit cho cy trng . - Tc dng : kch thch qu trnh sinh trng ca cy , tng t l protin thc vt . - dinh dng nh gi bng %N trong phn . 1.Phn m Amoni : - L cc mui amoni : NH4Cl , (NH4)2SO4 , NH4NO3 Dng bn cho cc loi t t chua . - C cha gc NH4+ c mi trng axit Khng th c v xy ra phn ng : CaO + NH4+ Ca2+ + NH3 + H2O 2. Phn m Nitrat : - L cc mui Nitrat : NaNO3 , Ca(NO3)2 iu ch : Mui cacbonat + HNO3 u cha N - Amoni c mi trng axit cn Nitrat c mi trng trung tnh . => Vng t chua bn nitrat vng t kim bn amoni 3. Ur : - CTPT : (NH2)2CO , 46%N - iu ch : CO2 + 2NH3 (NH2)2CO + H2O - Ti sao Ur c s dng rng ri ?do ur trung tnh v hm lng nit cao . - Giai on no ca cy trng i hi nhiu phn m hn ? giai on sinh trng ca cy . II. PHN KALI : - Cung cp nguyn t Kali cho cy di dng ion K+ - Tc dng : tng cng sc chng bnh , chng rt v chu hn ca cy - nh gi bng hm lng % K2O.. III. PHN LN : - Phn c cha nguyn t P.C 2 loi . Cung cp photpho cho cy di dng ion photphat PO43Cn thit cho cy thi k sinh trng . nh gi bng hm lng %P2O5 tng ng vi lng photpho c trong thnh phn ca n Nguyn liu : qung photphoric v apatit . 1. Phn ln nung chy : - Thnh phn : hn hp photphat v silicat ca canxi v magi - Cha 12-14% P2O5. - Khng tan trong nc , thch hp cho lng t chua . 2. Phn ln t nhin :Dng trc tip qung photphat lm phn bn . u l Ca(H2PO4)2 Khc nhau v hm lng P trong phn 3. Super photphat : - Thnh phn chnh l Ca(H2PO4)2 a. Superphotphat n : Cha 14-20% P2O5 iu ch : Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 2CaSO4 + Ca(H2PO4)2 b. .Super photphat kp : Cha 40-50% P2O5Trang 25


- Sn xut qua 2 giai on : Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 3Ca(H2PO4)2 IV. MT S LOI PHN KHC : 1. Phn hn hp v phn phc hp - L loi phn cha ng thi hai hoc 3 nuyn t dinh dng c bn . * Phn hn hp : - Cha c 3 nguyn t N , P , K c gi l phn NPK - N c trn t cc phn n theo t l N:P:K nht nh tu theo loi t trng . * Phn phc hp : Amphot Sn xut bng tng tc ho hc ca cc cht . 2. Phn vi lng - Cung cp nhng hp cht cha cc nguyn t nh Bo, km , Mn , Cu , Mo - Cy trng ch cn mt lng rt nh . - Phn vi lng c a vo t cng vi phn bn v c hoc hu c . - Sau mt thi gian trong t cc nguyn t vi lng t i cn b xung cho cy theo ng phn bn

Chng 3 :

CACBON - SILIC

A. Gii thiu chung I. V TR CA NHM CACBON TRONG BNG TUN HON : - L cc nguyn t thuc nhm IVA - Chng u thuc cc nguyn t p Mt s tnh cht ca cc nguyn t nhm cacbon. Cacbon Silic Gecmani S hiu nguyn t 6 14 32 Nguyn t khi (vC) 12,01 28,08 72,61 Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng 2s22p2 3s23p2 4s24p2 Bn knh nguyn t (n.m) 0,077 0,117 0,122 m in 2,5 1,9 1,8 Nng lng ion ha th 1086 786 762 nht(Kj/mol)

Thic 50 118,71 5s25p2 0,140 1,8 708

Ch 82 207,2 6s26p2 0,146 1,9 715

II TNH CHT CHUNG CA CC NGUYN T NHM CACBON : 1 . Cu hnh electron nguyn t - Cu hnh electron ngoi cng : ns2np2 . -Trong hp cht chng c cng hoa tr l hai ,bn v chng c cc s oxiha +4, +2v 4 (tr Ge , Sn, Pb ) ty thuc vo m in ca cc nguyn t lin kt vi chng. 2. S bin i tnh cht ca cc n cht : - T C n Pb tnh phi kim gim dn v tnh kim loi tng . - Ccbon v silic l nhng phi kim km hot ng hn nit v photpho .Trang 26


3 . S bin i tnh cht ca cc hp cht : - Hp cht vi hiro RH4 : bn nhit gim nhanh t CH4 n PbH4 . - Hp cht oxit : XO ,XO2 : CO2 v SiO2 l cc oxit axt , cn cc oxit GeO2 ,SnO2 , PbO2 v cc hiroxit tng ng ca chng l cc hp cht lng tnh - Cc nguyn t C , Ge , Si lin kt vi nhau to thnh mch , kh nng ny gim nhanh t C n Ge . B. Cacbon. I TNH CHT VT L : - Cc bon to thnh mt s dng th hnh , khc nhau v tnh cht vt l - Cacbon hot ng ha hc nhit cao , C v nh hnh hot ng hn . 1. Kim cng : - L cht tinh th khng mu , trong sut , khng dn in , dn nhit km. - Tinh th thuc loi tinh th nguyn t

2. Than ch : - Cu trc lp, lin kt vi nhau yu. - Tinh th mu xm.

3. Cacbon v nh hnh : - Gm nhng tinh th rt nh Chng c kh nng hp ph mnh II. TNH CHT HO HC : 1 Tnh kh : a. Tc dng vi oxi : C + O2 + 4 O2 . C

b. Tc dng vi hp cht : - nhit cao c th kh c nhiu oxit : Fe2O3 + 3C0 2Fe +3 C O CO2 + C0 2 C O. SiO2 + 2C0 Si +2 C O Cacbon khng tc dng trc tip vi halogen 2 . Tnh oxi ha : a. Tc dng vi hiro : nhit cao v c xc tc : C0 + 2H2 C H4 .Trang 274 +2 +2 +2


b.Tc dng vi kim loi : nhit cao : Ca + 2C0 CaC2-4 Canxi cacbua 4Al +3C Al4 C 3 Nhm cacbua III . NG DNG : 1 . Kim cng : dng lm trang sc , ch to mi khoan , dao ct thy tinh v bt mi . 2 Than ch : Lm in cc , bt ch en , ch cht bi trn , lm ni chn nu chy cc hp kim chu nhit. 3. Than cc : Lm cht kh trong l luyn kim . 4. Than g : Dng ch thuc sng en , thuc pho cht hp ph . Than hot tnh c dng nhiu trong mt n phng c v trong cng nghip ha cht . 5. Than mui : c dng lm cht n khi lu ha cao su , sn xut mc in , xi nh giy ,. . . IV TRNG THI T NHIN: 1 . Trong thin nhin : - Kim cng v than ch l cacbon t do gn nh tinh khit, ngoi ra cn c trong khong vt . 2 . iu ch : - Kim cng nhn to /c t than ch , bng cch nung 30000C v p sut 70 100 nghn atm trong thi gian di - Than ch : nung than cc 2500 30000C trong l in khng c khng kh . - Than cc : Nung than m 1000 12500C ,trong l in , khng c khng kh . - Than g : Khi t chy g trong iu kin thiu khng kh . - Than mui : CH4 C + 2H2 . - Than m : Khai thc trc tip t cc va than . C. Hp cht ca cacbon I CACBON MONOOXIT : 1 Cu to phn t : - trng thi c bn : C: 2s2 2p2 O: 2s2 2p4 - CTCT : :C O: 2 Tnh cht vt l : - L cht kh khng mu , khng mi, khng v , nh hn khng kh t tan trong nc ,t 0h/l = -191,50C , t0h/r = -205,20C . - Rt bn vi nhit v rt c 3 Tnh cht ha hc :0 0 4

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Cacbon monooxit l oxit khng to mui , km hot ng nhit thng v hot ng nhit cao . - CO l cht kh mnh : - Chy trong khng kh ,cho ngn la mu lam nht ta nhit : 2CO(k) + O2(k) 2CO2(k) - Khi c than hot tnh lm xc tc CO + Cl2 COCl2 (photgen). - Kh nhiu oxit kim loi : CO + CuO Cu + CO2 . 4 .iu ch : a. Trong cng nghip : - Cho hi nc i qua than nng . 10500C C +H2O CO + H2 - To thnh kh than t : 44% CO , 45%H2 , 5% H2O V 6% N2 . - c sn xut trong cc l ga C + O2 CO C + O2 CO2 CO2 + C 2 CO - Kh l ga : 25%CO, 70%N2 , 4%CO2 v 1% cc kh khc . b. Trong phng th nghim : H2SO4 c nng HCOOH CO + H2O . II . CACBON IOXIT (CO2) V AXT CACBONIC (H2CO3) 1 Cu to ca phn t CO2 : :O=C=O: - Lin kt C O l lk CHT c cc , nhng do c cu to thng nn phn t CO2 khng c cc 2 Tnh cht vt l : - L cht kh khng mu , nng gp 1,5 ln khng kh , tan t trong nc. - nhit thng , p sut 60atm CO2 ha lng . - Lm lnh t ngt 760C CO2 ha thnh khi rn gi nc kh c hin tng thng hoa . 3 Tnh cht ha hc : a. CO2 khng chy , khng duy tr s chy , c tnh oxiha khi gp cht kh mnh : V d : C O2 +2Mg 2MgO + C0 b. CO2 l oxit axt tc dng vi oxt baz v baz to mui . - Khi tan trong nc : CO2 + H2O H2CO3 - Axt H2CO3 l axt rt yu v km bn : H2CO3 H+ +HCO3- ,K1= 4,5. 10-7 HCO3H++CO32- , K2= 4,8 . 10-11 4 iu ch : a. Trong cng nghip : nhit 900 10000C : CaCO3(r) CaO(r) + CO2(k) . b. Trong phng th nghim : CaCO3 +2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2OTrang 29+4


III MUI CACBONAT : 1 Tnh cht ca mui cacbonat a. Tnh tan : - Mui trung ha ca kim loi kim (tr Li2CO3) amoni v cc mui hirocacbonat d tan trong nc (tr NaHCO3) . - Mui cacbonat trung ha ca cc kim loi khc khng tan hoc t tan trong nc . b.Tc dng vi axt : NaHCO3+HCl NaCl +CO2 + H2O HCO3- +H+ CO2 +H2O . Na2CO3+2HCl 2NaCl +CO2 +H2O CO32- +2H+ CO2 + H2O . c. Tc dng vi dung dch kim NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O HCO3- + OH- CO32- + H2O . d. Phn ng nhit phn : - Mui cacbonat trung ha ca kim loi kim u bn vi nhit - Cc mui khc v mui hirocacbonat d b phn hy khi un nng . V d : MgCO3 MgO + CO2 . 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O . 2 Mt s mui cacbonat quan trng - Canxicacbonat (CaCO3 ) : L cht bt nh mu trng , c dng lm cht n trong lu ha v mt s nghnh cng nghip . - Natri cacbon khan (Na2CO3) L cht bt mu trng , tan nhiu trong nc (dng tinh th Na2CO3 . 10H2O) c dng trong cng nghip thy tinh , gm , bt git . . . - NaHCO3 : L tinh th mu trng hi t tan trong nc , c dng trong cng nghip thc phm , y hc . D- Silic I SILIC : 1 Tnh cht vt l : - C hai dng th hnh : Tinh th v v nh hnh . - Silic tinh th c cu trc ging cacbon , mu xm c nh kim, dn in , t 0n/c= 14200C , t0s= 26200C . C tnh bn dn . - Silic v nh hnh l cht bt mu nu . 2 Tnh cht ha hc : a. Tnh kh : - Tc dng vi phi kim : nhit thng : Si0 + 2F2 Si F4 (silic tetraflorua) Khi un nng : Si0 + O2 Si O2Trang 30+4 +4


(silic ioxit) Si0 + C Si C (silic cacbua). - Tc dng vi hp cht : Si + 2NaOH+ H2ONa2 Si O3+ 2H2 b. Tnh oxi ha : Tc dng vi kim loi : ( Ca , Mg , Fe . . .) nhit cao .0 +4 +4

2Mg + Si0 Mg2 Si (magie silixua) 3 Trng thi thin nhin : - Silic chim gn 29,5% khi lng v tri t , tn ti dng hp cht (ct , khong vt silicat , aluminosilicat ) - Silic cn c trong c th ngi v thc vt . 4 ng dng v iu ch : - C nhiu ng dng trong k thut (k thut v tuyn v in t , pin mt tri, luyn kim ). - iu ch : * Trong phng th nghim : SiO2 + 2Mg Si + 2MgO. * Trong cng nghip : t0 SiO2 + 2C Si + 2CO. II HP CHT CA SILIC : 1 Silic ioxit (SiO2) : - SiO2 dng tinh th nguyn t mu trng rt cng, khng tan trong nc ,t0n/c=17130C, t0s= 25900C . - Trong thin nhin ch yu dng khong vt thch anh , khng mu trong sut gi l pha l thin nhin . - L oxit axit , tan chm trong dung dch kim c nng , tan nhanh trong kim nng chy hoc cacbonat trong kim loi kim nng chy . V d : SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O. SiO2 + Na2CO3 Na2SiO3 + H2O. -Tan trong axit flohiric: SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O. 2 Axit silixic v mui silicat : a. Axit silixic(H2SiO3) - L cht dng kt ta keo , khng tan trong nc , un nng d mt nc H2SiO3 SiO2 + H2O . - H2SiO3 khi sy kh mt nc to silicagen : dng ht m v hp ph nhiu cht . - H2SiO3 l axit rt yu : Na2SiO3+CO2+H2OH2SiO3+Na2CO3 b. Mui silicat : - Mui ca kim loi kim tan c trong nc , cho mi trng kim . - Dung dch c Na2SiO3 v K2SiO3 gi l thy tinh lng . - Vi hoc g tm thy tinh lng s kh b chy ,Thy tinh lng c dng ch keo dn thy tinh v s E- Cng nghip silicatTrang 31

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I -THU TINH: 1. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca thu tinh: -Thu tinh c thnh phn ho hc l cc oxit kim loi nh Na , Mg , Ca , Pb , Zn v SiO2 , B2O3 , P2O5 - Sn phm nung chy cc cht ny l thu tinh , thnh phn ch yu l SiO2 . - Thu tinh c cu trc v nh hnh - T nng chy khng xc nh. 2. Mt s loi thu tinh: -Thu tinh thng: NaO.CaO.6SiO2 - iu ch : Nu chy hn hp ct trng, vi, Sa 1400C: Na2CO3 + SiO2 Na2SiO3 + CO2 CaCO3 + SiO2 CaSiO3 + CO2 -Thu tinh Kali: ( nu thay Na2CO3 bng K2CO3) c nhit ho mm v mc nng chy cao hn, dng lm dng c phng th nghim. -Thu tinh pha l: cha nhiu oxit ch, d nng chy v trong sut, dng lm lng knh -Thu tinh thch anh: sn xut bng SiO2 c t ho mm cao, h s n nhit rt nh. -Thu tinh i mu: khi thm mt s oxit kim loi. V d: Cr2O3 cho thu tinh mu lc. CoO cho thu tinh mu xanh nc bin. II. GM: Sn xut ch yu t t st v cao lanh. 1. Gch v ngi: (gm xy dng) -SX: t st loi thng + ct nho vi H2O, to hnh nung 900-1000C -Thng c mu . 2. Gch chu la: dng lt l cao. L luyn thp. L nu thu tinh - C 2 loi: gch inat v Samt: + Gch inat: 93- 96% SiO2 , 4 - 7% CaO v t st, t nung bng 1300 -1400C, chu c: 1690 - 1720C + Gch Samt: t st v nc nung 1.300-1.400C 3 . Snh s v men: 1.200-1.300C a. t st Snh Snh: cng, g ku, mu nu hoc xm. b. S: Cao lanh, fenspat, thch anh v mt s oxit kim loi nung ln u 1000C trng men.Trang tr un li ln hai 1400 14500C S - s dn dng, s k thut. S k thut c dng ch to cc vt liu cch in, t in, buzi nh la, cc dng c phng th nghim. c. Men: C thnh phn chnh ging s, nhng d nng chy hn. Men c ph ln b mt sn phm, sau nung ln nhit thch hp men bin thnh mt lp thu tinh che kn b mt sn phm III - XIMNG: 1.Thnh phn ho hc v cch sn xut xi mng. a. Xi mng thuc loi vt liu kt dnh Quan trng v thng dng nht l xi mng Pooclng : l cht bt mn, mu lc xm, gm canxi silicat v canxi aluminat: Ca3SiO5 (hoc 3CaO.SiO2), Ca2SiO4 (hoc 2CaO.SiO2), Ca3(AlO3)2 (hoc 3CaO.Al2O3).

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b. Xi mng Pooclng c sn xut bng cch nghin nh vi, trn vi t st thnh dng bn, ri nung hn hp trong l quay hoc l ng 1300 - 1400C . thu c mt hn hp mu xm gi l clanhke. ngui, ri nghin clanhke vi mt s cht ph gia thnh bt mn, s c xi mng. 2. Qa trnh ng cng xi mng : Khi xy dng, xi mng c trn vi nc thnh khi nho, sau vi gi s bt u ng cng li : 3CaO.SiO2+5H2OCa2SiO4.4H2O+ Ca(OH)2 2CaO.SiO2 + 4H2O Ca2SiO4.4H2O 3CaO.Al2O3+ 6H2O Ca3(AlO3)2.6H2O

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