- 1. . 13. . . 2- ( ) , ( ) , . . , . (), .
2. . :1. + 4. + 7. + 2. + 5. + 8. + 3. + 6. + 9. + , . ( , , ,
). 3. ( ) . : 1. (d < 109) 2. 3. (d > 107) 4. , . (), .. , .,
. 5. . . . XIX . , .. - , - ( ). , , . 6. , . , . () . . . . 7. ,
-, , ( ). . . . . . 8. , :1. .2. . . . . + 4 : 2| |OH2| n+2 2n+ 9.
H O H nH H| |+ 4 | H H O H / / ... / /. / / . 4 6. 10. + 4
OHHH|HHHOH nn .. ( ). ( ) . 4 6. 11. Al 3+, Co 2+, Be 2+, Cl
:[Al(OH2)6] 3+[Co(OH2)6] 2+[Be(OH2)4] 2+[Al(H2O)4] , ( ):CuSO4 5H2O
AlCl3 /p/ Al 3+/p/ + Cl/p/ , ( ) : 12. :1. (,) (1 > 0).2.
(2>0).3. , .. (3 0 (NH4NO3, KI) 14. : , , (>0), , , 0), - :S
> 0, V . < V . :S < 0 :S > 0 16. () (S) (G):G = H TS (
) :G < 0 > 0, S > 0 G < 0. G S. 17. . -, .. :G < 0
-. , : 18. :G = 0 G = 0 . ( 100. 2) :1. 2. 3. (t, .) 19. , . : . ,
: + = () : 20. 1. 2. < 3. < , , + Cl -C6H6 --- | |H H 21. 1.
2. < 3. < , , - 66.Cl+ - --- --- --- ---H HH 22. :1. (%) -
(m2) (m1 +m2):m2W = 100m1 + m2 23. n1 n2 .n1 + n2x1 =n1x2 =n1 +
n2n22. (Ni) (xi ) (n) (i) . : 24. 3. ( ) () (n2) (V):n2 = /V2 1000m
=q1 25. 4. (m) (n2) (q1):n2m = /q1 (q1) :q1n2 1000m = 26. :5. - (N
N) (N) - (n.) (V):n.N = ; /V 27. N : = fN
