Consti Digests2

8/17/2019 Consti Digests2

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Mo Ya Lim Yao vs. Commissioner of Immigration GR L-21289, 4 October 191

!act of t"e case# On 8 !ebr$ar% 19&1, La$ Y$en Ye$ng a''(ie) for a 'ass'ort visa to

enter t"e *"i(i''ines as a non-immigrant, for a tem'orar% visitor+s visa to enter t"e

*"i(i''ines. "e as 'ermitte) to come into t"e *"i(i''ines on 1 Marc" 19&1. On

t"e )ate of "er arriva(, /s"er Y, C"eng 0(e) a bon) in t"e amo$nt of *1,. to

$n)ertae, among ot"ers, t"at sai) La$ Y$en Ye$ng o$() act$a((% )e'art from t"e*"i(i''ines on or before t"e e3'iration of "er a$t"orie) 'erio) of sta% in t"is

co$ntr% or it"in t"e 'erio) as in "is )iscretion t"e Commissioner of Immigration.

/fter re'eate) e3tensions, s"e as a((oe) to sta% in t"e *"i(i''ines $' to 1

!ebr$ar% 19&2. On 25 6an$ar% 19&2, s"e contracte) marriage it" Mo% Ya Lim Yao

a(ias 7)i(berto /g$ina()o Lim an a((ege) !i(i'ino citien. eca$se of t"e

contem'(ate) action of t"e Commissioner of Immigration to con0scate "er bon) an)

or)er "er arrest an) imme)iate )e'ortation, after t"e e3'iration of "er a$t"orie)

sta%, s"e bro$g"t an action for in$nction it" 're(iminar% in$nction. :"e Co$rt of

!irst Instance of Mani(a ;Civi( Case 495< )enie) t"e 'ra%er for 're(iminar%

in$nction. Mo%a Lim Yao an) La$ Y$en Ye$ng a''ea(e).

Iss$e# ="et"er La$ Y$en Ye$ng i'so facto became a !i(i'ino citien $'on "er

marriage to a !i(i'ino citien.

>e()# ?n)er ection 15 of Commonea(t" /ct 4, an a(ien oman marr%ing a

!i(i'ino, native born or nat$ra(ie), becomes i'so facto a !i(i'ina 'rovi)e) s"e is not

)is@$a(i0e) to be a citien of t"e *"i(i''ines $n)er ection 4 of t"e same (a.

Lieise, an a(ien oman marrie) to an a(ien "o is s$bse@$ent(% nat$ra(ie) "ere

fo((os t"e *"i(i''ine citiens"i' of "er "$sban) t"e moment "e taes "is oat" as

!i(i'ino citien, 'rovi)e) t"at s"e )oes not s$Aer from an% of t"e )is@$a(i0cations

$n)er sai) ection 4. ="et"er t"e a(ien oman re@$ires to $n)ergo t"e

nat$ra(iation 'rocee)ings, ection 15 is a 'ara((e( 'rovision to ection 1&. :"$s, if

t"e i)o of an a''(icant for nat$ra(iation as !i(i'ino, "o )ies )$ring t"e'rocee)ings, is not re@$ire) to go t"ro$g" a nat$ra(iation 'rocee)ings, in or)er to

be consi)ere) as a !i(i'ino citien "ereof, it s"o$() fo((o t"at t"e ife of a (iving

!i(i'ino cannot be )enie) t"e same 'rivi(ege. 7ver%time t"e citiens"i' of a 'erson

is materia( or in)is'ensib(e in a $)icia( or a)ministrative case, ="atever t"e

corres'on)ing co$rt or a)ministrative a$t"orit% )eci)es t"erein as to s$c"

citiens"i' is genera((% not consi)ere) as res a)$)icata, "ence it "as to be t"res"e)

o$t again an) again as t"e occasion ma% )eman). La$ Y$en Ye$ng, as )ec(are) to

"ave become a !i(i'ino citien from an) b% virt$e of "er marriage to Mo% Ya Lim Yao

a( as 7)i(berto /g$ina()o Lim, a !i(i'ino citien of 25 6an$ar% 19&2.

!acts# ernar) ane, t"e "$sban) of Marina Cabae(, ent to In)onesia as acontract orer.

On /'ri( , 194, "e embrace) an) as converte) to Is(am. On Ma% 1, 194, "e

marrie) 'etitioner in accor)ance it" Is(amic rites. >e ret$rne) to t"e *"i(i''ines in

6an$ar% 199. On 6an$ar% 1, 199, 'etitioner an) "er to c"i()ren it" ane,

arrive) in Mani(a as t"e Bg$estsB of ane. :"e (atter ma)e it a''ear t"at "e as


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$st a frien) of t"e fami(% of 'etitioner an) as mere(% re'a%ing t"e "os'itabi(it%

e3ten)e) to "im )$ring "is sta% in In)onesia. ="en 'etitioner an) "er to c"i()ren

arrive) at t"e ino% /@$ino Internationa( /ir'ort on 6an$ar% 1, 199, ane,

toget"er it" Marina Cabae(, met t"em./s Bg$ests,B 'etitioner an) "er to c"i()ren

(ive) in t"e "o$se of ane. *etitioner an) "er c"i()ren ere a)mitte) to t"e

*"i(i''ines as tem'orar% visitors $n)er ection 9;a< of t"e Immigration /ct of 194.

In 1981, Marina Cabae( )iscovere) t"e tr$e re(ations"i' of "er "$sban) an)

'etitioner. On Marc" 25, 1982, t"e immigration stat$s of 'etitioner as c"ange)

from tem'orar% visitor to t"at of 'ermanent resi)ent $n)er ection 1;a< of t"e

same (a. On /'ri( 14, 1982, 'etitioner as iss$e) an a(ien certi0cate of

registration.

ot acce'ting t"e set-bac, ane+ e()est son, Leonar)o, 0(e) a (etter com'(aint

it" t"e Omb$)sman, "o s$bse@$ent(% referre) t"e (etter to t"e CID. On t"e basisof t"e sai) (etter, 'etitioner as )etaine) at t"e CID )etention ce((.

:"e CID iss$e) an or)er revoing t"e stat$s of 'ermanent resi)ent given to

'etitioner, t"e oar) fo$n) t"e 2n) marriage irreg$(ar an) not in accor)ance it"

t"e (as of t"e *"i(s. :"ere as t"$s no basis for giving "er t"e stat$s of 'ermanent

resi)ence, since s"e as an In)onesian citien an) "er marriage it" a !i(i'ino

Citien as not va(i).

:"$s t"is 'etition for certiorari

Iss$e# ="et"er or not t"e co$rts ma% revie )e'ortation 'rocee)ings

>e() # Yes. ection 1 of /rtic(e 8 sa%s 6$)icia( *oer inc($)es 1< sett(e act$a(

controversies invo(ving rig"ts "ic" are (ega((% )eman)ab(e an) enforceab(e 2<

)etermine "et"er or not t"ere "as been a grave ab$se of )iscretion amo$nting to

(ac or e3cess of $ris)iction on t"e 'art of an% branc" or instr$menta(it% of t"e

government.

=e nee) not reso(ve t"e va(i)it% of 'etitioner+s marriage to ane, if $n)er t"e (a

t"e CID can va(i)(% )e'ort 'etitioner as an B$n)esirab(e a(ienB regar)(ess of "er

marriage to a !i(i'ino citien. Genera((%, t"e rig"t of t"e *resi)ent to e3'e( or )e'ort

a(iens "ose 'resence is )eeme) inimica( to t"e '$b(ic interest is as abso($te an)

$n@$a(i0e) as t"e rig"t to 'ro"ibit an) 'revent t"eir entr% into t"e co$ntr%.


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>oever, $n)er c(a$se 1 of ection ;a< of t"e Immigration /ct of 194 an Ba(ien

"o enters t"e *"i(i''ines after t"e eAective )ate of t"is /ct b% means of fa(se an)

mis(ea)ing statements or it"o$t ins'ection an) a)mission b% t"e immigration

a$t"orities at a )esignate) 'ort of entr% or at an% '(ace ot"er t"an at a )esignate)

'ort of entr%B is s$bect to )e'ortation.

:"e )e'ortation of an a(ien $n)er sai) c(a$se of ection ;a< "as a 'rescri'tive

'erio) an) Bs"a(( not be eAecte) ... $n(ess t"e arrest in t"e )e'ortation 'rocee)ings

is ma)e it"in 0ve %ears after t"e ca$se for )e'ortation arisesB. :o((ing t"e

'rescri'tive 'erio) from ovember 19, 198, "en Leonar)o C. ane informe) t"e

CID of t"e i((ega( entr% of 'etitioner into t"e co$ntr%, more t"an 0ve %ears "a)

e(a'se) before t"e iss$ance of t"e or)er of "er )e'ortation on e'tember 2, 199.

ar Matter o. 914, October 1, 1999

Re# /''(ication for /)mission to t"e *"i(i''ine ar

vs.

Eicente D. C"ing, 'etitioner

!acts#

Eicente D. C"ing, a (egitimate c"i() of a !i(i'ino mot"er an) an a(ien C"inese fat"er,

as born on /'ri( 11, 19&4 in :$bao La ?nion, $n)er t"e 195 Constit$tion. >e "asresi)e) in t"e *"i(i''ines

>e com'(ete) "is ac"e(or of Las at L? in ag$io on 6$(% 1998, 0(e) an

a''(ication to tae t"e 1998 ar 73amination.

:"e Reso($tion in t"is Co$rt, "e as a((oe) to tae t"e bar if "e s$bmit to t"e Co$rt

t"e fo((oing )oc$ments as 'roof of "is *"i(i''ine Citiens"i'#

1. Certi0cation iss$e) b% t"e *RC oar) of /cco$ntanc% t"at C"ing is a certi0e)

acco$ntantF

2. Eoter Certi0cation iss$e) COM7L7C in :$bao La ?nion s"oing t"at C"ing is a

registere) voter of "is '(aceF an)

. Certi0cation s"oing t"at C"ing as e(ecte) as member of t"e angg$niang

a%an of :$bao, La ?nion

On /'ri( 5, 1999, C"ing as one of t"e bar 'assers. :"e oat" taing ceremon% as

sc"e)$(e) on Ma% 5, 1999.


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eca$se of "is @$estionab(e stat$s of C"ing+s citiens"i', "e as not a((oe) to tae

oat".

>e as re@$ire) to s$bmit f$rt"er 'roof of "is citiens"i'.

:"e Oce of t"e o(icitor Genera( as re@$ire) to 0(e a comment on C"ing+s

'etition for a)mission to t"e *"i(i''ine ar.

In "is re'ort#

1. C"ing, $n)er t"e 195 Constit$tion, as a C"inese citien an) contin$e to be so,

$n(ess $'on reac"ing t"e age of maorit% "e e(ecte) *"i(i''ine citiens"i', $n)er

t"e com'(iance it" t"e 'rovisions of Commonea(t" /ct o. 2&5 Ban act 'rovi)ing

for t"e manner in "ic" t"e o'tion to e(ect *"i(i''ine citiens"i' s"a(( be )ec(are)

b% a 'erson "ose mot"er is a !i(i'ino citienB

2. >e 'ointe) o$t t"e C"ing "as not forma((% e(ecte) *"i(i''ine citiens"i', an) if

ever "e )oes, it o$() a(rea)% be be%on) t"e Breasonab(e timeB a((oe) b% t"e

'resent $ris'r$)ence.

Iss$e#

="et"er or not "e "as e(ecte) *"i(i''ine citiens"i' it"in Ba reasonab(e timeB.

R$(ings#

1. o. C"ing, )es'ite t"e s'ecia( circ$mstances, fai(e) to e(ect *"i(i''ine

citiens"i' it"in a reasonab(e time. :"e reasonab(e time means t"at t"e

e(ection s"o$() be ma)e it"in %ears from B$'on reac"ing t"e age of

maorit%B, "ic" is 21 %ears o(). Instea), "e e(ecte) *"i(i''ine citiens"i' 14

%ears after reac"ing t"e age of maorit% "ic" t"e co$rt consi)ere) not it"in

t"e reasonab(e time. C"ing oAere) no reason "% "e )e(a%e) "is e(ection of

*"i(i''ine citiens"i', as 'roce)$re in e(ecting *"i(i''ine citiens"i' is not a

te)io$s an) 'ainstaing 'rocess. /(( t"at is re@$ire) is an a)avit of e(ection

of *"i(i''ine citiens"i' an) 0(e t"e same it" t"e nearest civi( registr%.

CO vs. >R7:!acts#

:"e >R7: )ec(are) t"at res'on)ent 6ose Ong, 6r. is a nat$ra( born !i(i'ino citien

an) a resi)ent of Laoang, ort"ern amar for voting '$r'oses. :"e congressiona(

e(ection for t"e secon) )istrict of ort"ernamar as "e(). /mong t"e can)i)ates

"o vie) for t"e 'osition of re'resentative in t"e secon) (egis(ative)istrict are t"e

'etitioners, i3to a(in@$it an) /ntonio Co an) t"e 'rivate res'on)ent, 6ose Ong, 6r.

Res'on)entOng as 'roc(aime) t"e )$(% e(ecte) re'resentative of t"e secon)

)istrict of ort"ern amar. :"e 'etitioners 0(e) e(ection 'rotests on t"e gro$n)s


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t"at 6ose Ong, 6r. is not a nat$ra( born citien of t"e*"i(i''ines an) not a resi)ent of

t"e secon) )istrict of ort"ern amar.

Iss$e#

="et"er or not 6ose Ong, 6r. is a citien of t"e *"i(i''ines.

>e()#

Yes. In t"e %ear 1895, t"e 'rivate res'on)entHs gran)fat"er, Ong :e, arrive) in t"e

*"i(i''ines fromC"ina an) estab(is"e) "is resi)ence in t"e m$nici'a(it% of Laoang,

amar. :"e fat"er of t"e 'rivate res'on)ent, 6ose Ong C"$an as born in C"ina in

195 b$t as bro$g"t b% Ong :e to amar in t"e %ear 1915, "e 0(e) it"t"e co$rt

an a''(ication for nat$ra(iation an) as )ec(are) a !i(i'ino citien.In 1984, t"e

'rivate res'on)ent marrie) a !i(i'ina name) Desiree Lim. !or t"e e(ections of 1984

an)198&, 6ose Ong, 6r. registere) "imse(f as a voter of Laoang, amar, an) vote)

t"ere )$ring t"ose e(ections.?n)er t"e 19 Constit$tion, t"ose born of !i(i'ino

fat"ers an) t"ose born of !i(i'ino mot"ers it" ana(ien fat"er ere '(ace) on e@$a(

footing. :"e% ere bot" consi)ere) as nat$ra( born citiens. esi)es,'rivateres'on)ent )i) more t"an mere(% e3ercise "is rig"t of s$Arage. >e "as

estab(is"e) "is (ife "ere in t"e*"i(i''ines.On t"e iss$e of resi)ence, it is not re@$ire)

t"at a 'erson s"o$() "ave a "o$se in or)er to estab(is" "isresi)ence an) )omici(e. It

is eno$g" t"at "e s"o$() (ive in t"e m$nici'a(it% or in a rente) "o$se or in t"at of

afrien) or re(ative. :o re@$ire "im to on 'ro'ert% in or)er to be e(igib(e to r$n for

Congress o$() be tantamo$ntto a 'ro'ert% @$a(i0cation. :"e Constit$tion on(%

re@$ires t"at t"e can)i)ate meet t"e age, citiens"i', votingan) resi)ence

re@$irements.

7GO E. >R7: /D CR?

M/RC> 28, 21 J EDI/

7GO vs. >R7: an) CR?

G.R. o. 14284

Ma% , 21

!/C:# :"e citiens"i' of res'on)ent Cr$ is at iss$e in t"is case, in vie of t"e

constit$tiona( re@$irement t"at Kno 'erson s"a(( be a Member of t"e >o$se of

Re'resentatives $n(ess "e is a nat$ra(-born citien.

Cr$ as a nat$ra(-born citien of t"e *"i(i''ines. >e as born in :ar(ac in 19& of

!i(i'ino 'arents. In 1985, "oever, Cr$ en(iste) in t"e ? Marine Cor's an) it"o$t

t"e consent of t"e Re'$b(ic of t"e *"i(i''ines, too an oat" of a((egiance to t"e ?/.

/s a Conse@$ence, "e (ost "is !i(i'ino citiens"i' for $n)er C/ o. & ;/n /ct

*rovi)ing for t"e =a%s in ="ic" *"i(i''ine Citiens"i' Ma% e Lost or Reac@$ire)

;19&


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Kren)ering service to or acce'ting commission in t"e arme) forces of a foreign

co$ntr%.

="atever )o$bt t"at remaine) regar)ing "is (oss of *"i(i''ine citiens"i' as

erase) b% "is nat$ra(iation as a ?.. citien in 199, in connection it" "is servicein t"e ?.. Marine Cor's.

In 1994, Cr$ reac@$ire) "is *"i(i''ine citiens"i' t"ro$g" re'atriation $n)er R/

2& ;/n /ct *rovi)ing for Reac@$isition of *"i(i''ine Citiens"i' b% *ersons ="o

Lost $c" Citiens"i' b% Ren)ering ervice :o, or /cce'ting Commission In, t"e

/rme) !orces of t"e ?nite) tates ;19&e ran for an) as e(ecte) as t"e

Re'resentative of t"e 2n) District of *angasinan in t"e 1998 e(ections. >e on over

'etitioner engson "o as t"en r$nning for ree(ection.

$bse@$ent(%, 'etitioner 0(e) a case for $o =arranto /) Ca$te(am it" res'on)ent

>R7: c(aiming t"at Cr$ as not @$a(i0e) to become a member of t"e >OR since "e

is not a nat$ra(-born citien as re@$ire) $n)er /rtic(e EI, section & of t"e

Constit$tion.

>R7: ren)ere) its )ecision )ismissing t"e 'etition for @$o arranto an) )ec(aring

Cr$ t"e )$(% e(ecte) Re'resentative in t"e sai) e(ection.

I?7# =O Cr$, a nat$ra(-born !i(i'ino "o became an /merican citien, can sti((

be consi)ere) a nat$ra(-born !i(i'ino $'on "is reac@$isition of *"i(i''ine citiens"i'.

>7LD# 'etition )ismisse)

Y7

!i(i'ino citiens "o "ave (ost t"eir citiens"i' ma% "oever reac@$ire t"e same in

t"e manner 'rovi)e) b% (a. C./. o. & en$merates t"e mo)es b% "ic"

*"i(i''ine citiens"i' ma% be reac@$ire) b% a former citien#

1. b% nat$ra(iation,

2. b% re'atriation, an)

. b% )irect act of Congress.

PP


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Re'atriation ma% be "a) $n)er vario$s stat$tes b% t"ose "o (ost t"eir citiens"i'

)$e to#

1. )esertion of t"e arme) forcesF

2. services in t"e arme) forces of t"e a((ie) forces in =or() =ar IIF

. service in t"e /rme) !orces of t"e ?nite) tates at an% ot"er time,

4. marriage of a !i(i'ino oman to an a(ienF an)

5. 'o(itica( economic necessit%

Re'atriation res$(ts in t"e recover% of t"e origina( nationa(it% :"is means t"at a

nat$ra(ie) !i(i'ino "o (ost "is citiens"i' i(( be restore) to "is 'rior stat$s as a

nat$ra(ie) !i(i'ino citien. On t"e ot"er "an), if "e as origina((% a nat$ra(-born

citien before "e (ost "is *"i(i''ine citiens"i', "e i(( be restore) to "is formerstat$s as a nat$ra(-born !i(i'ino.

R./. o. 2& 'rovi)es#

ec 1. /n% 'erson "o "a) (ost "is *"i(i''ine citiens"i' b% ren)ering service to, or

acce'ting commission in, t"e /rme) !orces of t"e ?nite) tates, or after se'aration

from t"e /rme) !orces of t"e ?nite) tates, ac@$ire) ?nite) tates citiens"i', ma%

reac@$ire *"i(i''ine citiens"i' b% taing an oat" of a((egiance to t"e Re'$b(ic of t"e

*"i(i''ines an) registering t"e same it" Loca( Civi( Registr% in t"e '(ace "ere "e

resi)es or (ast resi)e) in t"e *"i(i''ines. :"e sai) oat" of a((egiance s"a(( contain aren$nciation of an% ot"er citiens"i'.

>aving t"$s taen t"e re@$ire) oat" of a((egiance to t"e Re'$b(ic an) "aving

registere) t"e same in t"e Civi( Registr% of Magantarem, *angasinan in accor)ance

it" t"e aforecite) 'rovision, Cr$ is )eeme) to "ave recovere) "is origina( stat$s

as a nat$ra(-born citien, a stat$s "ic" "e ac@$ire) at birt" as t"e son of a !i(i'ino

fat"er. It bears stressing t"at t"e act of re'atriation a((os "im to recover, or ret$rn

to, "is origina( stat$s before "e (ost "is *"i(i''ine citiens"i'.

G.R. o. 1&144 Marc" , 24

M/RI/ 67/7::7 C. :7CO an) !7LIQ . D7ID7RIO, 6R. vs.COM7L7C, !*6 an)

EIC:ORIO Q. !ORI7R,

G.R. o. 1&1&4 Marc" , 24

OILO /:OIO E7L7 vs.!*6


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G. R. o. 1&1824 Marc" , 24

EIC:ORIO Q. !ORI7R, vs. >O. COMMIIO O 7L7C:IO an) !*6

!acts#

*etitioners so$g"t for res'on)ent *oeHs )is@$a(i0cation in t"e 'resi)entia( e(ections

for "aving a((ege)(% misre'resente) materia( facts in "is ;*oeHs< certi0cate of

can)i)ac% b% c(aiming t"at "e is a nat$ra( !i(i'ino citien )es'ite "is 'arents bot"

being foreigners. Come(ec )ismisse) t"e 'etition, "o()ing t"at *oe as a !i(i'ino

Citien. *etitioners assai( t"e $ris)iction of t"e Come(ec, conten)ing t"at on(% t"e

$'reme Co$rt ma% reso(ve t"e basic iss$e on t"e case $n)er /rtic(e EII, ection 4,

'aragra'" , of t"e 198 Constit$tion.

Iss$e#

="et"er or not it is t"e $'reme Co$rt "ic" "a) $ris)iction.

="et"er or not Come(ec committe) grave ab$se of )iscretion in "o()ing t"at *oe

as a !i(i'ino citien.

R$(ing#

1.< :"e $'reme Co$rt "a) no $ris)iction on @$estions regar)ing K@$a(i0cation of

a can)i)ate for t"e 'resi)enc% or vice-'resi)enc% before t"e e(ections are "e().

BR$(es of t"e *resi)entia( 7(ectora( :rib$na(B in connection it" ection 4,

'aragra'" , of t"e 198 Constit$tion, refers to Kcontests re(ating to t"e e(ection,

ret$rns an) @$a(i0cations of t"e B*resi)entB or BEice-*resi)entB, of t"e *"i(i''ines"ic" t"e $'reme Co$rt ma% tae cogniance, an) not of Bcan)i)atesB for

*resi)ent or Eice-*resi)ent before t"e e(ections.

2.< Come(ec committe) no grave ab$se of )iscretion in "o()ing *oe as a !i(i'ino

Citien.

:"e 195 Constit$tion on Citiens"i', t"e 'revai(ing f$n)amenta( (a on

res'on)entHs birt", 'rovi)e) t"at among t"e citiens of t"e *"i(i''ines are Bt"ose

"ose fat"ers are citiens of t"e *"i(i''ines.B

:racing res'on)entHs 'aterna( (ineage, "is gran)fat"er Loreno, as evi)ence) b% t"e

(atterHs )eat" certi0cate as i)enti0e) as a !i(i'ino Citien. >is citiens"i' as a(so

)ran from t"e 'res$m'tion t"at "aving )ie) in 1954 at t"e age of 84, Loreno

o$() "ave been born in 198. In t"e absence of an% ot"er evi)ence, LorenoHs

'(ace of resi)ence $'on "is )eat" in 1954 as 'res$me) to be t"e '(ace of


9/21

resi)ence 'rior "is )eat", s$c" t"at Loreno *o$ o$() "ave bene0te) from t"e Ben

masse !i(i'iniationB t"at t"e *"i(i''ine i(( "a) eAecte) in 192. eing so,

LorenoHs citiens"i' o$() "ave e3ten)e) to "is son, /((an---res'on)entHs fat"er.

Res'on)ent, "aving been acno(e)ge) as /((anHs son to essie, t"o$g" an/merican citien, as a !i(i'ino citien b% virt$e of 'aterna( 0(iation as evi)ence)

b% t"e res'on)entHs birt" certi0cate. :"e 195 Constit$tion on citiens"i' )i) not

mae a )istinction on t"e (egitimac% or i((egitimac% of t"e c"i(), t"$s, t"e a((egation

of bigamo$s marriage an) t"e a((egation t"at res'on)ent as born on(% before t"e

assai(e) marriage "a) no bearing on res'on)entHs citiens"i' in vie of t"e

estab(is"e) 'aterna( 0(iation evi)ence) b% t"e '$b(ic )oc$ments 'resente).

$t "i(e t"e tota(it% of t"e evi)ence ma% not estab(is" conc($sive(% t"at

res'on)ent !*6 is a nat$ra(-born citien of t"e *"i(i''ines, t"e evi)ence on "an) sti((

o$() 're'on)erate in "is favor eno$g" to "o() t"at "e cannot be "e() g$i(t% of"aving ma)e a materia( misre'resentation in "is certi0cate of can)i)ac% in vio(ation

of ection 8, in re(ation to ection 4 of t"e Omnib$s 7(ection Co)e.

Merca)o v. Manano G.R. o. 158 Ma% 2&, 1999

!acts#

*etitioners 0(e) for res'on)entHs )is@$a(i0cation for e(ection a((eging t"at

res'on)ent is a )$a( citien, an) $n)er t"e Loca( Government Co)e, )$a( citiens

cannot r$n for '$b(ic oce.

Res'on)ent is a son of bot" !i(i'inos b$t as born in t"e ?. "ic" fo((os t"e

'rinci'(e of $s so(i, "ence, consi)ere) an /merican citien as e((.

COM7L7C a((oe) Manano to r$n beca$se "e as consi)ere) nat$ra(-born beca$se

of t"e vrt$e t"at "e is a son of bot" !i(i'ino citiens b$t 'etitioners assai( t"is.

Iss$e# Is res'on)ent Manano a )$a( citien an) cannot r$n for '$b(ic oce

R$(ing# :"e Co$rt 0rst )e0ne) )$a( citiens"i' an) com'are) it to )$a( a((egiance.

D$a( citiens"i' arises "en a 'erson "ose 'arents are citiens of a state t"at

fo((os $s sag$inis an) as born in a state t"at fo((os $s so(i, "ence, res$(ting to

a conc$rrent a''(ication of )iAerent to (as or more.

On t"e ot"er "an), )$a( a((egiance is a sit$ation "re a 'erson sim$(taneo$s(% oes(o%a(t% to to or more states.

In t"is case, Res'on)ent, t"o$g" )$a( citien, "is act of 0(ing a certi0cate of

can)i)ac% tantamo$nt to "is e(ection of *"i(. citiens"i' S meaning "e forsears

a((egiance to t"e ot"er co$ntr% an) t"ereb% terminating t"eir stat$s as )$a(.

:"e Co$rt stresse) t"at 'artici'ating in t"e e(ection is an e3'ress ren$nciation of

/merican citiens"i'.


10/21

Re'$b(ic v De(a Rosa

G.R. o. 14&54, & 6$ne 1994 Citiens"i'F at$ra(iationF at$ra(iation

*rocee)ingsF C./. o. 4N

!/C:#

e'tember 2, 1991 - !riva()o 0(e) a 'etition for nat$ra(iation $n)er t"e

Commonea(t" /ct o. & before t"e R:C Mani(a.

October , 1991 - 6$)ge )e(a Rosa set t"e 'etition for "earing on Marc" 1&, 1992,

an) )irecte) t"e '$b(ication of t"e sai) or)er an) 'etition in t"e Ocia( Gaette an)

a nes'a'er of genera( circ$(ation, for consec$tive ees, t"e (ast '$b(ication of

"ic" s"o$() be at (east & mont"s before t"e )ate of t"e sai) "earing.

6an$ar% 14, 1992 - !riva()o ase) t"e 6$)ge to cance( t"e Marc" 1& "earing an)

move it to 6an$ar% 24, 1992, citing "is intention to r$n for '$b(ic oce in t"e Ma%

1992 e(ections. 6$)ge grante) t"e motion an) t"e "earing as move) to !ebr$ar%

21. o '$b(ication or co'% as iss$e) abo$t t"e or)er.

!ebr$ar% 21, 1992 - t"e "earing 'rocee)e).

!ebr$ar% 2, 1992 - 6$)ge ren)ere) t"e assai(e) Decision an) "e() t"at !riva()o is

rea)mitte) as a citien of t"e Re'$b(ic of t"e *"i(i''ines b% nat$ra(iation.

Re'$b(ic of t"e *"i(i''ines 0(e) a 'etition for Certiorari $n)er R$(e 45 of t"e Revise)

R$(es of Co$rt in re(ation to R./. o. 544 an) ection 25 of t"e Interim R$(es, to

ann$( t"e )ecision ma)e on !ebr$ar% 2, 1992 an) to n$((if% t"e oat" of a((egiance

taen b% !riva()o on same )ate.

I?7#

="et"er or not !riva()o as )$(% re-a)mitte) to "is citiens"i' as a !i(i'ino.

R?LIG#

o. :"e s$'reme co$rt r$(e) t"at *rivate res'on)ent is )ec(are) O: a citien of t"e

*"i(i''ines an) t"erefore )is@$a(i0e) from contin$ing to serve as governor of t"e

*rovince of orsogon. >e is or)ere) to vacate "is oce an) to s$rren)er t"e same

to t"e Eice-Governor of t"e *rovince of orsogon once t"is )ecision becomes 0na(


11/21

an) e3ec$tor%. :"e 'rocee)ings of t"e tria( co$rt as marre) b% t"e fo((oing

irreg$(arities#

;1< t"e "earing of t"e 'etition as set a"ea) of t"e sc"e)$(e) )ate of "earing,

it"o$t a '$b(ication of t"e or)er a)vancing t"e )ate of "earing, an) t"e 'etition

itse(fF

;2< t"e 'etition as "ear) it"in si3 mont"s from t"e (ast '$b(ication of t"e 'etitionF

;< 'etitioner as a((oe) to tae "is oat" of a((egiance before t"e 0na(it% of t"e

$)gmentF an)

;4< 'etitioner too "is oat" of a((egiance it"o$t observing t"e to-%ear aiting

'erio).

!riva()o v Come(ec

G.R. o. 819, 2 6$ne 1989 at$ra(iationF Reac@$isitionN

!/C:#

6$an G. !riva()o as 'roc(aime) governor of t"e 'rovince of orsogon an) ass$me)

oce in )$e time. :"e Leag$e of M$nici'a(ities 0(e) it" t"e COM7L7C a 'etition for

t"e ann$(ment of !riva()o on t"e gro$n) t"at "e as not a !i(i'ino citien, "aving

been nat$ra(ie) in t"e ?nite) tates.

!riva()o a)mitte) t"e a((egations b$t '(ea)e) t"e s'ecia( an) armative )efenses

t"at "e as nat$ra(ie) as /merican citien on(% to 'rotect "imse(f against

*resi)ent Marcos )$ring t"e Martia( La era.

I?7#

="et"er or not !riva()o is a !i(i'ino citien.

R?LIG#

o. ection 11 of t"e Omnib$s 7(ection Co)e 'rovi)es t"at a @$a(i0e) voter m$st

be, among ot"er @$a(i0cations, a citien of t"e *"i(i''ines, t"is being an

in)is'ensab(e re@$irement for s$Arage $n)er /rtic(e E, ection 1, of t"e

Constit$tion.

>e c(aims t"at "e "as reac@$ire) *"i(i''ine citiens"i' b% virt$e of va(i)

re'atriation. >e c(aims t"at b% active(% 'artici'ating in t"e (oca( e(ections, "e

a$tomatica((% forfeite) /merican citiens"i' $n)er t"e (as of t"e ?nite) tates of

/merica. :"e Co$rt state) t"at t"at t"e a((ege) forfeit$re as beteen "im an) t"e

?. If "e rea((% ante) to )ro' "is /merican citiens"i', "e co$() )o so in


12/21

accor)ance it" C/ o. & as amen)e) b% C/ o. 4 an) *D 25. *"i(i''ine

citiens"i' ma% be reac@$ire) b% )irect act of Congress, b% nat$ra(iation, or b%

re'atriation.

Labo, 6r. vs COM7L7C, 1& CR/ 1F GR 8&5&4, /$g$st 1, 1989N

*oste) b% *i$s Mora)os on ovember &, 211

;M$nici'a( Cor'oration, $a(i0cation, 2n) >ig"est $mber of Eotes<

!acts# *etitioner an) Res'on)ent ere can)i)ates for t"e oce of t"e Ma%or of

ag$io Cit% )$ring 7(ections. >aving garnere) t"e "ig"est n$mber of votes,

*etitioner as e(ecte) an) 'roc(aime) inner "i(e Res'on)ent garnere) t"e

secon) "ig"est n$mber of votes. $bse@$ent(% Res'on)ent 0(e) a 'etition for @$o

arranto contesting t"e e(ection of t"e *etitioner on t"e gro$n) t"at t"e (atter is a

nat$ra(ie) /$stra(ian citien an) as )iveste) of "is *"i(i''ine citiens"i' "avingsorn a((egiance to t"e $een of /$stra(ia. *etitioner o''oses to t"e contrar%.

ection 42 of t"e Loca( Government Co)e 'rovi)es for t"e @$a(i0cations t"at an

e(ective ocia( m$st be a citien of t"e *"i(i''ines.

!rom t"e evi)ence a))$ce), it as fo$n) o$t t"at citiens"i' re@$irements ere not

'ossesse) b% t"e 'etitioner )$ring e(ections. >e as )is@$a(i0e) from r$nning as

ma%or an), a(t"o$g" e(ecte), is not no @$a(i0e) to serve as s$c".

Iss$e# =O 'rivate res'on)ent, "aving garnere) t"e 2n) "ig"est n$mber of votes,

can re'(ace t"e 'etitioner as ma%or.

>e()# o. :"e sim'(e reason is t"at "e obtaine) on(% t"e secon) "ig"est n$mber of

votes in t"e e(ection, "e as obvio$s(% not t"e c"oice of t"e 'eo'(e of ag$io Cit%.

:"e fact t"at t"e can)i)ate "o obtaine) t"e "ig"est n$mber of votes is (ater)ec(are) to be )is@$a(i0e) or not e(igib(e for t"e oce to "ic" "e as e(ecte) )oes

not necessari(% entit(e t"e can)i)ate "o obtaine) t"e secon) "ig"est n$mber of

votes to be )ec(are) t"e inner of t"e e(ective oce.

ote#

D$a( citiens"i' is not a bar in r$nning for e(ections, )$a( a((egiance is.


13/21

Mere re'atriation is not eno$g" to r$n for e(ections.

/ ritten certi0cation of an oat" of a((egiance to t"e *"i(i''ines m$st be attac"e)

toget"er it" t"e COC.

Y$ vs Defensor-antiago

Doctrine# Reac@$isition of citiens"i'

!/C:#

*etitioner Y$, origina((% a *ort$g$ese nationa(, as nat$ra(ie) as a *"i(i''ine citien

on 1!ebr$ar% 198. >oever, on 21 6$(% 1981, 'etitioner a''(ie) for an) as

iss$e) a renee) *ort$g$ese*ass'ort o. 5T81 seria( . 15141 b% t"e Cons$(ar

ection of t"e *ort$g$ese 7mbass% in :o%o. ai)Cons$(ar Oce certi0es t"at "is

*ort$g$ese 'ass'ort e3'ire) on 2 6$(% 198&.:"e CID )etaine) t"e 'etitioner

'en)ing "is )e'ortation case. :"e 'etitioner, in t$rn, 0(e) a 'etition for"abeas

cor'$s. /n interna( reso($tion of ovember 1988 referre) t"e case to t"e Co$rt enbanc.

I?7#

="et"er or not

'etitionerHs acts constit$te ren$nciation of "is *"i(i''ine citiens"i'

>7LD#

Yes. *"i(i''ine citiens"i', it m$st be stresse), is not a commo)it% or ere to be

)is'(a%e) "enre@$ire) an) s$''resse) "en convenient. *etitioner, "i(e sti(( a

citien of t"e *"i(i''ines "o "a)reno$nce), $'on "is nat$ra(iation, Babso($te(%

an) forever a(( a((egiance an) 0)e(it% to an% foreign'rince, 'otentate, state or

sovereignt%B an) '(e)ge) to Bmaintain tr$e fait" an) a((egiance to t"eRe'$b(ic of

t"e *"i(i''ines,B "e )ec(are) "is nationa(it% as *ort$g$ese in commercia( )oc$ments

"esigne), s'eci0ca((%, t"e Com'anies registr% of :ai "$n 7state Lt). 2 0(e) in

>ongong sometime in/'ri( 198. 73'ress ren$nciation as "e() to mean a

ren$nciation t"at is ma)e non )istinct(% an)e3'(icit(% an) not (eft to inference or

im'(ication. *etitioner, it" f$(( no(e)ge, an) (ega( ca'acit%,after "aving

reno$nce) *ort$g$ese citiens"i' $'on nat$ra(iation as a *"i(i''ine citien

res$me) orreac@$ire) "is 'rior stat$s as a *ort$g$ese citien, a''(ie) for a renea(

of "is *ort$g$ese 'ass'ort an)re'resente) "imse(f as s$c" in ocia( )oc$ments

even after "e "a) become a nat$ra(ie) *"i(i''inecitien. $c" res$m'tion or

reac@$isition of *ort$g$ese citiens"i' is gross(% inconsistent it" "ismaintenance

of *"i(i''ine citiens"i'.=>7R7!OR7, 'remises consi)ere), 'etitioner+s motion for

re(ease from )etention is D7I7D.Res'on)ent+s motion to (ift t"e tem'orar%

restraining or)er is GR/:7D. :"is Decision is imme)iate(%e3ec$tor%.="i(e sti(( a

citien of t"e *"i(i''ines "o "a) reno$nce), $'on "is nat$ra(iation, Babso($te(%

an)forever a(( a((egiance an) 0)e(it% to an% foreign 'rince, 'otentate, state or


14/21

sovereignt%B an) '(e)ge) toBmaintain tr$e fait" an) a((egiance to t"e Re'$b(ic of

t"e *"i(i''ines,B "e )ec(are) "is nationa(it% as*ort$g$ese in commercia( )oc$ments

"e signe), s'eci0ca((%, t"e Com'anies registr% of :ai "$n 7stateLt). 0(e) in

>ongong sometime in /'ri( 198.

7 /CG.R. o. 14&&. Marc" 2&, 21N/U/Y/ S Yo$t", C/*, ?CC, M/*,

UOM*IL II S Yo$t", /LY//, U/LI*I, */:RICI/ O. *IC/R, MYL/ G/IL . :/MODOG, 7MM/?7L 7. OM/O, 6O>Y /CO:/, /RC>I7 6O> :/L/?7,

RY/ D/*I:/, C>RI:O*>7R O/RD7, 6O7 M/RI MOD7:O, RIC>/RD M.

E/L7CI/, 7D7:/?COL, 'etitioners, vs. COMMIIO O 7L7C:IO,

res'on)ents.G.R. o. 1419. Marc" 2&, 21NMIC>7LL7 D. 7:I:O,

'etitioner, vs. C>/IRM/ /L!R7DO 7I*/YO, COMMIIO7R M7>OL /D/I,

R?!IO 6/EI7R, L?EIMID/ :/C/GCO, R/L*> L/:IO, !LOR7:IO

:?/Oan) R7?RR7CCIO ORR/, a(( of t"e Commission on 7(ection ;COM7L7C< et a(. 0(e) before t"is Co$rt t"e instant *etition for Certiorari an)

Man)am$s.I?7# ="et"er or not t"is Co$rt can com'e( res'on)ent COM7L7C to

con)$ct a s'ecia( registration of ne voters )$ring t"e 'erio) beteen t"e

COM7L7CHs im'ose) December 2, 2 )ea)(ine an) t"e Ma% 14, 21 genera(

e(ections.>7LD# :"e 'etitions are bereft of merit./s to t"e 'roce)$ra( (imitation, t"e

act of registration is an in)is'ensab(e 'recon)ition to t"e rig"t of s$ffrage. !or

registration is 'art an) 'arce( of t"e rig"t to vote an) an in)is'ensab(e e(ement in

t"e e(ection 'rocess. :"$s, contrar%to 'etitionersH arg$ment, registration cannotan) s"o$() not be )enigrate) to t"e(o(% stat$re of a mere stat$tor% re@$irement.

*rocee)ing from t"e significance of registration as a necessar% re@$isite to t"e

rig"t to vote, t"e tate $n)o$bte)(%, in t"e e3ercise of its in"erent 'o(ice 'oer,

ma% t"en enact (as to safeg$ar) an) reg$(ate t"e act of voterHs registration for t"e

$(timate '$r'ose of con)$cting "onest, or)er(% an) 'eacef$( e(ection, to t"e

inci)enta( %et genera((% im'ortant en), t"at even 're-e(ection activities co$() be

'erforme) b% t"e )$(% constit$te) a$t"orities in a rea(istic an) or)er(% manner S one

"ic" is not in)iAerent an) so far remove) from t"e 'ressing or)er of t"e )a% an)

t"e 'reva(ent circ$mstances of t"e times.Consi)ering t"e circ$mstances "ere t"e

rit of man)am$s (ies an) t"e 'ec$(iarities of t"e 'resent case, e are of t"e 0rm

be(ief t"at 'etitioners fai(e) to estab(is", to t"e satisfaction of t"is Co$rt, t"at t"e%are entit(e) to t"e iss$ance of t"is e3traor)inar% rit so as to eAective(% com'e(

res'on)ent COM7L7C tocon)$ct a s'ecia( registration of voters. !or t"e

)etermination of "et"er or nott"e con)$ct of a s'ecia( registration of voters is

feasib(e, 'ossib(e or 'ractica( it"in t"e remaining 'erio) before t"e act$a( )ate of

e(ection, invo(ves t"ee3ercise of )iscretion an) t"$s, cannot be contro((e) b%

man)am$s.=>7R7!OR7, 'remises consi)ere), t"e instant 'etitions for certiorari

an) man)am$s are "ereb% D7I7D.


15/21

Maa(inta( v come(ec

Rom$(o Maca(inta(, as a (a%er an) a ta3'a%er, @$estions t"e va(i)it% of t"e

Overseas /bsentee Eoting /ct of 2 ;R./. 9189e @$estions t"e va(i)it% of t"e

sai) act on t"e fo((oing gro$n)s, among ot"ers#

:"at t"e 'rovision t"at a !i(i'ino a(rea)% consi)ere) an immigrant abroa) can be

a((oe) to 'artici'ate in absentee voting 'rovi)e) "e e3ec$tes an a)avit stating

"is intent to ret$rn to t"e *"i(i''ines is voi) beca$se it )is'enses of t"e re@$irement

t"at a voter m$st be a resi)ent of t"e *"i(i''ines for at (east one %ear an) in t"e

'(ace "ere "e inten)s to vote for at (east & mont"s imme)iate(% 'rece)ing t"e

e(ectionF

:"at t"e 'rovision a((oing t"e Commission on 7(ections ;COM7L7C< to 'roc(aim

inning can)i)ates insofar as it aAects t"e canvass of votes an) 'roc(amation of

inning can)i)ates for 'resi)ent an) vice-'resi)ent, is $nconstit$tiona( beca$se it

vio(ates t"e Constit$tion for it is Congress "ic" is em'oere) to )o so.

I?7# ="et"er or not Maca(inta(Hs arg$ments are correct.

>7LD# o.

:"ere can be no absentee voting if t"e absentee voters are re@$ire) to '"%sica((%

resi)e in t"e *"i(i''ines it"in t"e 'erio) re@$ire) for non-absentee voters. !$rt"er,

as $n)erstoo) in e(ection (as, )omici(e an) resi)ent are interc"angeab(% $se).

>ence, one is a resi)ent of "is )omici(e ;insofar as e(ection (as is concerne)


16/21

*etitioner# Government of t"e *"i(i''ine Is(an)s, re'resente) b% 73ec$tive :reas$rer

Res'on)ent# 7( Monte )e *ie)a) Y Caa )e /orras )e Mani(a

!/C:# On 6$ne , 18&, a )evastating eart"@$ae in t"e *"i(i''ines too '(ace. :"e

'anis" )ominions 'rovi)e) V4, ai) as receive) b% t"e ationa( :reas$r% as

re(ief of t"e victims of t"e eart"@$ae. :"e government $se) t"e mone% as s$c" b$t

V8, as (eft $nto$c"e) an) as t"$s investe) to Monte )e *ie)a) ban, "ic"

as in t$rn investe) as ee(ries, e@$iva(ent to t"e same amo$nt.

In 6$ne 198, t"e De'artment of !inance ca((e) $'on t"e same ban to ret$rn t"e

V8, )e'osite) from before. :"e Monte )e *ie)a) )ec(ine) to com'(% it" t"is

or)er on t"e gro$n) t"at t"e Governor-Genera( of t"e *"i(i''ine Is(an)s an) not t"e

De'artment of !inance "a) t"e rig"t to or)er t"e reimb$rsement beca$se t"e*"i(i''ine government is not t"e aAecte) 'art%. On acco$nt of vario$s 'etitions of

t"e 'ersons, t"e *"i(i''ine Is(an)s bro$g"t a s$it against Monte )e *ie)a) for a

recover% of t"e V8, toget"er it" interest, for t"e bene0t of t"ose 'ersons an)

t"eir "eirs. Res'on)ent ref$se to 'rovi)e t"e mone%, "ence, t"is a''ea(.

I?7# ="et"er or not t"e *"i(i''ine government is a$t"orie) to 0(e a

reimb$rsement of t"e mone% of t"e 'eo'(e )e'osite) in res'on)ent ban.

>7LD# :"e Co$rt "e() t"at t"e *"i(i''ine government is com'etent to 0(e acom'(aintTreimb$rsement against res'on)ent ban in accor)ance to t"e Doctrine of

*arens *atriae. :"e government is t"e so(e 'rotector of t"e rig"ts of t"e 'eo'(e

t"$s, it "o()s an in"erent s$'reme 'oer to enforce (as "ic" 'romote '$b(ic

interest. :"e government "as t"e rig"t to Btae bacB t"e mone% inten)e) fro

'eo'(e. :"e government "as t"e rig"t to enforce a(( c"arities of '$b(ic nat$re, b%

virt$e of its genera( s$'erinten)ing a$t"orit% over t"e '$b(ic interests, "ere no

ot"er 'erson is entr$ste) it" it.

/''e((ate co$rt )ecision as arme). *etition as t"ereb% GR/:7D. :"e Co$rt

or)ere) t"at res'on)ent ban ret$rn t"e amo$nt to t"e rig"tf$( "eirs it" interest in

go() or coin in *"i(i''ine 'eso.

Cabanas v *i(a'i( Digest

!acts#

1. !(orentino *i(a'i( ins$re) "imse(f an) in)icate) "is c"i() to be "is so(e bene0ciar%.

>e (ieise in)icate) t"at if "e )ies "i(e t"e c"i() is sti(( a minor, t"e 'rocee)s


17/21

s"a(( be a)ministere) b% "is brot"er !rancisco. !(orentino )ie) "en t"e c"i() as

on(% ten %ears o() "ence, !rancisco too c"arge of !(orentinoHs bene0ts for t"e c"i().

Mean"i(e, t"e mot"er of t"e c"i() Me(c"ora CabaWas 0(e) a com'(aint seeing t"e

)e(iver% of t"e s$m of mone% in "er favor an) a((o "erse(f to be t"e c"i()Hs tr$stee.

!rancisco asserte) t"e terms of t"e ins$rance 'o(ic% an) conten)e) t"at as a

'rivate contract its terms an) ob(igations m$st be bin)ing on(% to t"e 'arties an)inten)e) bene0ciaries.

I?7# ="et"er or not t"e state ma% interfere b% virt$e of K'arens 'atriae to t"e

terms of t"e ins$rance 'o(ic%

Y7.

:"e Constit$tion 'rovi)es for t"e strengt"ening of t"e fami(% as t"e basic socia($nit, an) t"at "enever an% member t"ereof s$c" as in t"e case at bar o$() be

're$)ice) an) "is interest be aAecte) t"en t"e $)iciar% if a (itigation "as been 0(e)

s"o$() reso(ve accor)ing to t"e best interest of t"at 'erson.

:"e $nc(e "ere s"o$() not be t"e tr$stee, it s"o$() be t"e mot"er as s"e as t"e

imme)iate re(ative of t"e minor c"i() an) it is ass$me) t"at t"e mot"er s"os more

care toar)s t"e c"i() t"an an $nc(e.

It is b$ttresse) b% its a)"erence to t"e conce't t"at t"e $)iciar%, as an agenc% oft"e tate acting as 'arens 'atriae, is ca((e) $'on "enever a 'en)ing s$it of

(itigation aAects one "o is a minor to accor) 'riorit% to "is best interest. It ma%

"a''en, fami(% re(ations ma% 'ress t"eir res'ective c(aims. It o$() be more in

consonance not on(% it" t"e nat$ra( or)er of t"ings b$t t"e tra)ition of t"e co$ntr%

for a 'arent to be 'referre). it co$() "ave been )iAerent if t"e conXict ere beteen

fat"er an) mot"er. $c" is not t"e case at a((. It is a mot"er asserting 'riorit%.

Certain(% t"e $)iciar% as t"e instr$menta(it% of t"e tate in its ro(e of 'arens

'atriae, cannot remain insensib(e to t"e va(i)it% of "er '(ea.

- ee more at# "tt'#TT(asan)fo$n).b(ogs'ot.comT212T11Tcabanas-v-'i(a'i(-

)igest."tm(st"as".3L$=6LG.)'$f

L/=Y7R L7/G?7 !OR / 7::7R *>ILI**I7 vs. /?IO;G.R. o. 48 - Ma% 22,

198&

o. 1 anno$ncing t"at s"e an) Eice *resi)ent La$re( ere taing 'oer.2. On Marc"

25, 198&, 'roc(amation o. as iss$e) 'rovi)ing t"e basis of t"e /@$ino

government ass$m'tion of 'oer b% stating t"at t"e Bne government as


18/21

insta((e) t"ro$g" a )irect e3ercise of t"e 'oer of t"e !i(i'ino 'eo'(e assiste) b%

$nits of t"e e /rme) !orces of t"e *"i(i''ines.

BI?7#="et"er or not t"e government of Coraon /@$ino is

(egitimate.>7LD#Yes.:"e (egitimac% of t"e /@$ino government is not a $sticiab(e

matter b$t be(ongs to t"e rea(m of 'o(itics "ere on(% t"e 'eo'(e are t"e $)ge.

:"e Co$rt f$rt"er "e() t"at#1. :"e 'eo'(e "ave acce'te) t"e /@$ino government

"ic" is in eAective contro( of t"e entire co$ntr%F2. It is not mere(% a )e facto

government b$t in fact an) (a a )e $re governmentF an) . :"e comm$nit% of

nations "as recognie) t"e (egitimac% of t"e ne government

*eo'(e v. *erfecto, G.R. o. L-184&, October 4, 1922

!/C:# :"e iss$e starte) "en t"e ecretar% of t"e *"i(i''ine enate, !ernan)o

G$errero, )iscovere) t"at t"e )oc$ments regar)ing t"e testimon% of t"e itnesses

in an investigation of oi( com'anies "a) )isa''eare) from "is oce. :"en, t"e )a%

fo((oing t"e convening of enate, t"e nes'a'er La acion S e)ite) b% "erein

res'on)ent Gregorio *erfecto S '$b(is"e) an artic(e against t"e *"i(i''ine enate.

>ere, Mr. *erfecto as a((ege) to "ave vio(ate) /rtic(e 25& of t"e 'anis" *ena(

Co)e S 'rovision t"at '$nis"es t"ose "o ins$(ts t"e Ministers of t"e Cron. >ence,

t"e iss$e.

I?7# ="et"er or not /rtic(e 25& of t"e 'anis" *ena( Co)e ;*C< is sti(( in force

an) can be a''(ie) in t"e case at bar

>7LD# o.

R7/OIG# :"e Co$rt state) t"at )$ring t"e 'anis" Government, /rtic(e 25& of

t"e *C as enacte) to 'rotect 'anis" ocia(s as re'resentatives of t"e Uing.

>oever, t"e Co$rt e3'(ains t"at in t"e 'resent case, e no (onger "ave Uings nor

its re'resentatives for t"e 'rovision to 'rotect. /(so, it" t"e c"ange of sovereignt%

over t"e *"i(i''ines from 'anis" to /merican, it means t"at t"e invoe) 'rovision

of t"e *C "a) been a$tomatica((% abrogate). :"e Co$rt )etermine) /rtic(e 25& of

t"e *C to be Z'o(itica(H in nat$re for it is abo$t t"e re(ation of t"e tate to its

in"abitants, t"$s, t"e Co$rt em'"asie) t"at Zit is a genera( 'rinci'(e of t"e '$b(ic(a t"at on ac@$isition of territor%, t"e 'revio$s 'o(itica( re(ations of t"e ce)e)

region are tota((% abrogate).H >ence, /rtic(e 25& of t"e *C is consi)ere) no (onger

in force an) cannot be a''(ie) to t"e 'resent case. :"erefore, res'on)ent as

ac@$itte).

DIG7:# Macario(a v.s. /s$ncion, 114 CR/ ;1982


19/21

6$ne 14, 214/$t"or# o comment %et

DOCU7: O. T C/7 O.# /.M. o. 1-6

D/:7# Ma% 1, 1982

COM*L/I/:# ernar)ita R.. Macario(a

R7*OD7:# >on. 7(ias . /s$ncion, 6$)ge of t"e Co$rt of !irst Instance of Le%te

!/C:# ="en t"e )ecision in Civi( Case o. 1 ren)ere) b% res'on)ent >on. 6$)ge

7(ias . /s$ncion of Co$rt of !irst Instance of Le%te became 0na( on 6$ne 8, 18& for

(ac of an a''ea(, a 'roect of 'artition as s$bmitte) to "im "ic" "e (ater

a''rove) in an Or)er )ate) October 2, 19&. /mong t"e 'arties t"ereto as

com'(ainant ernar)ita R. Macario(a.

One of t"e 'ro'erties mentione) in t"e 'roect of 'artition as Lot 1184. :"is (otaccor)ing to t"e )ecision ren)ere) b% 6$)ge /s$ncion as a)$)icate) to t"e

'(aintiAs Re%es in e@$a( s"ares s$b)ivi)ing Lot 1184 into 0ve (ots )enominate) as

Lot 1184-/ to 1184-7.

On 6$(% 1, 19&4 Lot 1184-7 as so() to Dr. /rca)io Ga(a'on "o (ater so() a 'ortion

of Lot 1184-7 to 6$)ge /s$ncion an) "is ife Eictoria /s$ncion.

:"ereafter s'o$ses /s$ncion an) s'o$ses Ga(a'on conve%e) t"eir res'ective s"ares

an) interests in Lot 1184-7 to t"e :ra)ers Man$fact$ring an) !is"ing In)$stries Inc.

"erein 6$)ge /s$ncion as t"e 'resi)ent.

Macario(a t"en 0(e) an instant com'(aint on /$g$st 9, 19&8 )ocete) as Civi( Case

o. 424 in t"e C!I of Le%te against 6$)ge /s$ncion it" Kacts $nbecoming a $)ge

a((eging t"at 6$)ge /s$ncion in ac@$iring b% '$rc"ase a 'ortion of Lot 1184-7

vio(ate) /rtic(e 1491 'r. 5 of t"e e Civi( Co)e, /rt. 14, 'ars. 1 an) 5 of t"e Co)e

of Commerce ec 'ar > of R/ 19 ec 12 R$(e QEIII of t"e Civi( ervice R$(es an)

Canons of 6$)icia( 7t"ics.

On ovember 2, 19 6$)ge 6ose e'om$ceno of t"e C!I of Le%te ren)ere) a

)ecision )ismissing t"e com'(aints against 6$)ge /s$ncion,


20/21

/fter t"e investigation, re'ort an) recommen)ation con)$cte) b% 6$stice Ceci(ia

M$Wo *a(ma of t"e Co$rt of /''ea(s, s"e recommen)e) on "er )ecision )ate)

Marc" 29,191 t"at 6$)ge /s$ncion be e3onerate).

I?7# Does 6$)ge /s$ncion, no /ssociate 6$stice of Co$rt of /''ea(s vio(ate) an%(a in ac@$iring b% '$rc"ase a 'arce( of Lot 1184-7 "ic" "e 'revio$s(% )eci)e in a

Civi( Case io. 1 an) "is engage ment in b$siness b% oining a 'rivate

cor'oration )$ring "is inc$mbenc% as a $)ge of t"e C!I of Le%te constit$te an Kact

$nbecoming of a $)ge

>7LD# o. :"e res'on)ent 6$)ge /s$ncionHs act$ation )oes not constit$te of an Kact

$nbecoming of a $)ge. $t "e is remin)e) to be more )iscreet in "is 'rivate an)

b$siness activities.

C r$(e) t"at t"e 'ro"ibition in /rtic(e 1491 'ar 5 of t"e e Civi( Co)e a''(ies on(%

to o'erate, t"e sa(e or assignment of t"e 'ro'ert% )$ring t"e 'en)enc% of t"e

(itigation invo(ving t"e 'ro'ert%. Res'on)ent 6$)ge cannot a(so be "e() (iab(e to 'ar

> sec of R/ 19 beca$se t"e b$siness of t"e cor'oration in "ic" t"e res'on)ent

'artici'ate) "a) obvio$s(% no re(ation or connection it" "is $)icia( oce. C

state) t"at res'on)ent $)ge an) "is ife )eserve to t"e commen)ation for t"eir

imme)iate it")raa( from t"e 0rm 22 )a%s after its incor'oration rea(iing t"at

t"eir interest contravenes t"e Canon 25 of t"e Canons of 6$)icia( 7t"ics.

/Y/ v. /MOR/

G. R. o. 185

October 1, 2

!acts#

:"e ?nite) tates 'ane( met it" t"e *"i(i''ine 'ane( to )isc$sse), among ot"ers,

t"e 'ossib(e e(ements of t"e Eisiting !orces /greement ;E!/$bbar).

*res. 6ose'" 7stra)a rati0e) t"e E!/ on October 5, 1998 an) on Ma% 2, 1999, t"e

senate a''rove) it b% ;2T< votes.

Ca$se of /ction#


21/21

*etitioners, among ot"ers, assert t"at ec. 25, /rt QEIII of t"e 198 constit$tion is

a''(icab(e an) not ection 21, /rtic(e EII.

!o((oing t"e arg$ment of t"e 'etitioner, $n)er t"e% 'rovision cite), t"e Kforeign

mi(itar% bases, troo's, or faci(ities ma% be a((oe) in t"e *"i(i''ines $n(ess t"e

fo((oing con)itions are s$cient(% met#

a< it m$st be a treat%,

b< it m$st be )$(% conc$rre) in b% t"e senate, rati0e) b% a maorit% of t"e votes cast

in a nationa( referen)$m "e() for t"at '$r'ose if so re@$ire) b% congress, an)

c< recognie) as s$c" b% t"e ot"er contracting state.

Res'on)ents, on t"e ot"er "an), arg$e t"at ection 21 /rtic(e EII is a''(icab(e sot"at, "at is re@$ires for s$c" treat% to be va(i) an) eAective is t"e conc$rrence in

b% at (east to-t"ir)s of a(( t"e members of t"e senate.

I?7# Is t"e E!/ governe) b% t"e 'rovisions of ection 21, /rt EII or of ection 25,

/rtic(e QEIII of t"e Constit$tion

>7LD#

ection 25, /rtic(e QEIII, "ic" s'eci0ca((% )ea(s it" treaties invo(ving foreignmi(itar% bases, troo's or faci(ities s"o$() a''(% in t"e instant case. :o a certain

e3tent an) in a (imite) sense, "oever, t"e 'rovisions of section 21, /rtic(e EII i((

0n) a''(icabi(it% it" regar) to t"e iss$e an) for t"e so(e '$r'ose of )etermining

t"e n$mber of votes re@$ire) to obtain t"e va(i) conc$rrence of t"e senate.

:"e Constit$tion, maes no )istinction beteen Ktransient an) K'ermanent. =e

0n) not"ing in section 25, /rtic(e QEIII t"at re@$ires foreign troo's or faci(ities to be

statione) or '(ace) 'ermanent(% in t"e *"i(i''ines.

It is inconse@$entia( "et"er t"e ?nite) tates treats t"e E!/ on(% as an e3ec$tive

agreement beca$se, $n)er internationa( (a, an e3ec$tive agreement is as bin)ing

as a treat%.

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Consti Digests2