Endocrine Js

7/27/2019 Endocrine Js

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Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved.

Medical Language, Second Edition

Susan Turley

CHAPTER

Medical LanguageSecond Edition

Endocrinology

14


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Endocrinology

The medical specialty that studies the

anatomy and physiology of the endocrine

system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and

surgical procedures, and drugs to treat

endocrine system diseases.


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Figure 14-1 Endocrine system


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Anatomy and Physiology

The endocrine system includes:

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands


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Anatomy and Physiology

The endocrine system includes:

Thymus

Pancreas

Adrenal glands

Ovaries

Testes


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Anatomy and Physiology (contd)

All endocrine glands are alike in these ways:

They secrete substances known as hormones.

They secrete their hormones directly into the

blood and not through ducts.

Their hormones regulate specific body functions.


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One of the functions of the endocrine system

is to keep the body in homeostasis by

regulating body fluids, electrolytes, glucose,

cellular metabolism, growth, and the wake-

sleep cycle.


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Some endocrine glands do double duty as

part of another body system, such as the

nervous system (hypothalamus and posterior

pituitary gland), immune system (thymus), the

digestive system (pancreas), or the genital and

reproductive system (ovaries, testes).


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Anatomy of the Endocrine System

Hypothalamus

Located in the brain just below the thalamus

Functions as part of both the nervous system and

the endocrine system

Secretes substances that stimulate or inhibit the

secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary

gland Produces hormones ADH and oxytocin


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Figure 14-2 Endocrine glands in the brain


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(contd)

Pituitary Gland

Located in the brain at the end of the stalk from

the hypothalamus

Known as the master gland of the body

Contains two different glands that function

independently of each other: the anterior

pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland


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(contd)

The anterior pituitary gland secretes sevenhormones:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Prolactin

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Growth hormone (GH)

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)


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Figure 14-3 Hormones of the anterior and posterior pituitary gland


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(contd)

The posterior pituitary gland secretes two

hormones that are produced in the

hypothalamus.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin


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(contd)

Pineal Gland

Located between the two lobes of the thalamus

Secretes the hormone melatonin

Maintains the bodys internal clock and regulates

the onset and duration of sleep


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(contd)

Thyroid Gland

An irregularly shaped gland that has two lobes

connected by a thin bridge of tissue (the isthmus)

Located in the neck on either side of the trachea

and across its anterior surface


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(contd)

The thyroid gland secretes three hormones:

T3 or triiodothyronine

T4 or thyroxine

Calcitonin

When the thyroid gland is functioning

properly, this steady state is known as

euthyroidism.


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Figure 14-4 Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands


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(contd)

Parathyroid Glands

Four tiny glands

Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid

gland, two on each lobe

Secrete parathyroid hormone, which regulates the

amount of calcium in the blood


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(contd)

Thymus Gland

A pink gland with two lobes located in the thoracic

cavity posterior to the sternum

Large during childhood and puberty but shrinks

during adulthood

Functions as part of both the bodys immune

response and the endocrine system Secretes thymosin


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(contd)

Pancreas

A yellow, elongated, triangular gland located

posterior to the stomach

Functions as part of both the digestive system and

the endocrine system

Secretes the hormones glucagon, insulin, and

somatostatin from a group of cells known as theislets of Langerhans


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Figure 14-5 Pancreas


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(contd)

Adrenal Glands

Contains two different glands draped over the

superior end of each kidney.

Each gland has an outer layer (cortex) and aninner layer (medulla).

Each layer functions independently of the other

and secretes its own hormones.


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Figure 14-6 Adrenal gland


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(contd)

Adrenal Cortex

Secretes three groups of hormones:

MineralocorticoidsAldosterone

GlucocorticoidsCortisol

AndrogensMale sex hormones (in the blood, some of

the androgens are changed to estrogens, female sex

hormones)


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(contd)

Adrenal Medulla

Secretes the hormones epinephrine and

norepinephrine into the blood when the gland is

stimulated by a nerve impulse


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(contd)

Ovaries

Small, egg-shaped glands located in the pelvic

cavity

Function as part of both the female reproductivesystem and the endocrine system


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(contd)

Ovaries

Follicles of the ovary secrete estradiol, the most

abundant and most biologically active female

hormone

The corpus luteum (ruptured ovarian follicle)

secretes estradiol and progesterone.

Cells around the follicle secrete testosterone


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(contd)

Testes

Egg-shaped glands located outside the body in the

scrotum

Function as part of both the male genitourinarysystem and the endocrine system

Seminiferous tubules produce spermatozoa

Secrete testosterone, the most abundant andbiologically active of all the androgens


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(contd)

Physiology of Hormone Response and

Feedback

The endocrine system uses hormones as chemical

messengers. Some neurotransmitters (epinephrine and

norepinephrine) are also hormones because they

are secreted by a gland and travel in the blood.

Hormones target specific glands or organs withreceptors to which they can bind.


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(contd)

Synergism When two hormones work in

conjunction with one another to accomplish

an enhanced effect.

Antagonism When two hormones exert an

opposite effect.

The endocrine system maintains body

homeostasis through the use of hormones

and a negative feedback mechanism.


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Figure 14-7 Effects of hormones


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Diseases and Conditions

Anterior Pituitary Gland: All Hormones

Hyperpituitarism

Hypopituitarism

Dwarfism


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Diseases and Conditions (contd)

Anterior Pituitary Gland: Prolactin

Galactorrhea

Failure of lactation


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Anterior Pituitary Gland: Growth Hormone

Gigantism

Acromegaly

Dwarfism


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Figure 14-8 Gigantism

CORBIS-NY


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Figure 14-9 Acromegaly

NMSB/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.


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Posterior Pituitary Gland: Antidiuretic

Hormone (ADH)

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Diabetes insipidus (DI)


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Posterior Pituitary Gland: Oxytocin

Uterine inertia

Postpartum hemorrhage


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Pineal Gland: Melatonin

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)


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Thyroid Gland: T3 and T4 Thyroid Hormones

Hyperthyroidism

Thyrotoxicosis

Graves disease


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Figure 14-10 Exophthalmos

Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.


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Figure 14-11 Goiter

Marka/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.


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Figure 14-12 Physical examination of the thyroid gland

Pearson Education/PH College


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(contd)

Goiter or thyromegaly


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(contd)

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism


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(contd)

Hypothyroidism

Thyroid carcinoma

Thyroiditis


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Parathyroid Glands: Parathyroid Hormone

Hyperparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism


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Pancreas: Insulin

Hyperinsulinism

Insulin resistance syndrome


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Pancreas: Insulin (contd)

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Ketoacidosis


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Table 14-1 Diabetes Mellitus


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Adrenal Cortex: Aldosterone

Hyperaldosteronism

Hypoaldosteronism


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Adrenal Cortex: Cortisol

Cushings syndrome

Addisons disease


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Figure 14-13 Cushings syndrome

(a) Biophoto Associates / Science Source / Photo Researchers, Inc.


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Adrenal Cortex: Androgens

Adrenogenital syndrome


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Adrenal Medulla: Epinephrine and

Norepinephrine

Pheochromocytoma


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Ovaries: Estradiol and Progesterone

Precocious puberty

Infertility

Menopause


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Testes: Testosterone

Precocious puberty

Gynecomastia

Infertility

Laboratory and Diagnostic


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Procedures

Blood Tests

Antithyroglobulin antibodies

Calcium

Cortisol level



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Procedures (contd)

Blood Tests (contd)

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)

FSH assay and LH assay

Glucose self-testing


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Figure 14-14 Blood glucose monitor

Pearson Education/PH College



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Procedures (contd)

Blood Tests (contd)

Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

Growth hormone



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Blood Tests (contd)

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)

Testosterone

Thyroid function tests (TFTs)


Procedures (contd)



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Urine Tests

ADH stimulation test

Estradiol

Urine dipstick

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)


Procedures (contd)



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Radiology Tests

Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and thyroid scan


Procedures (contd)


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Figure 14-15 Thyroid scan



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Medical and Surgical Procedures

Medical Procedures

ADA diet



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(contd)

Surgical Procedures

Adrenalectomy

Fine-needle biopsy



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(contd)

Surgical Procedures (contd)

Parathyroidectomy

Thymectomy

Thyroidectomy

Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy


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Drug Categories

These categories of drugs are used to treat

endocrine Diseases and Conditions:

Antidiabetic drugs

Antithyroid drugs

Corticosteroid drugs

Growth hormone drugs

Insulin Thyroid supplement drugs


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Figure 14-16 Insulin injection



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Figure 14-17 Humulin R insulin

SIU BioMed/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.


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Abbreviations

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Endocrine Js