GCLA - Tbilisi State University

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis zogadi da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis instituti

komparativistuli literaturis qarTuli asociacia (GCLA)

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature Institute of General and Comparative Literary Studies of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Georgian Comparative Literature Association (GCLA)

Introduction to Literary Studies

GCLAPress

Tbilisi

2

2012

literaturismcodneobis

Sesavali

GCLAPress

Tbilisi

3

2012

UDK(uak) 82.0(075.8) l-681

wigni eTmoba literaturismcodnebis sabaziso cnebebis analizs Tanamedrove mosazrebebisa da Teoriuli midgomebis gamoyenebiT. avtorTa koleqtivis naSromi gansazRvrulia literaturisa da literaturismcodneobis problemebiT dainteresebuli farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis. misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia rogorc filologiuri, ise, zogadad, huma-nitaruli profilis studentebTan swavlebis yvela safexurze: bakalavriatSi, magistraturasa da doqtoranturaSi.

redaqtori

irma ratiani saredaqcio kolegia: Tengiz kikaCeiSvili

gaga lomiZe solomon tabucaZe ramaz Wilaia operator-damkabadonebeli

TinaTin duglaZe

ydis dizaineri

revaz mirianaSvili

redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, merab kostavas q. 5. telefoni: 299-63-84 faqsi: 299-53-00 E-mail: [email protected]

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ISBNN978-9941-0-1463-5

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Sinaarsi winaTqma............................................................................................7 solomon tabucaZe

literaturismcodneoba da

misi Semadgeneli disciplinebi........................................9

ramaz Wilaia

avtori da teqsti.................................................................22 ramaz Wilaia

forma da Sinaarsi................................................................30

levan bregaZe

Tema da mxatvruli idea.....................................................39

irma ratiani

fabula da siuJeti..............................................................47 Tamar lomiZe

motivi......................................................................................92 Tengiz kikaCeiSvili

portreti..............................................................................103 gaga lomiZe

mxatvruli saxe...................................................................134

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irma ratiani

Txroba...................................................................................147 TinaTin bolqvaZe

enis poeturi funqciis Sesaxeb.....................................161

nino popiaSvili

poeturi leqsika................................................................172 rusudan canava

poeturi semantika. tropebi..........................................205 venera kavTiaSvili

poeturi teqstis sintaqsi..............................................255 Teimuraz doiaSvili

leqsis fonika......................................................................274 gaga lomiZe

kompozicia...........................................................................300 maia naWyebia

stili......................................................................................324 Tamar barbaqaZe

leqswyobis sistemebi.......................................................343 irma ratiani

literaturuli gvarebi da Janrebi............................384

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winaTqma `literaturismcodneobis Sesavali~ swored is wignia,

romelsac wlebis manZilze mouTmenlad eloda qarTuli literaturuli sazogadoeba _ dargis specialistebi, stu-dentebi, mxatvruli literaturiT dainteresebuli pirebi. wignis molodini, pirvel yovlisa, ganpirobebuli iyo im garemoebiT, rom sabWoTa epoqaSi gamocemuli saxelmZRvane-loebi, ganicdidnen ra sabWoTa idelogiisa da poetikis ka-nonebis zegavlenas, veRar akmayofilebdnen Tanamedrove mo-Txovnebs. amasTan, literaturismcodneobis mecnierebam ga-nicada mniSvnelovani meTodologiuri cvlilebebi, romel-Ta asaxvac SeuZlebeli iyo Zveli tipis saxelmZRvaneloebSi.

winamdebare gamocema am ukmarisobis amovsebis mcdelo-baa. wignis avtorebi _ dargis qarTveli specialistebi, Ta-namedrove mosazrebebsa da Teoriul midgomebze dayrdno-biT, SeuZRvebian mkiTxvels literaturuli teqstis rTul-sa da mravalwaxnagovan samyaroSi. saxelmZRvanelo moicavs sabaziso literaturismcodneobiTi cnebebis analizs axali meTodologiebisa da koncefciebis gaTvaliswinebiT. lite-raturuli teqstis mniSvnelovani struqturuli elemente-bi masSi gaazrebulia Tanamedrove filologiuri standar-tebis mixedviT, xolo rTuli problemebi gadmocemulia maq-simaluri sicxadiT.

wignis didi nawili momzadda SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis mecnierTa jgufis mier samecni-ero sagranto proeqtis _ `literaturismcodneobiTi dis-kursi. Tanamedrove kvlevebi~ (donori organizacia _ rus-Tavelis fondi) farglebSi, Tumca, Seivso iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesor-Ta saleqcio kursebisa da seminaruli muSaobis mravalwli-ani gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

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vimedovnebT, rom wigni _ `literaturismcodneobis Sesa-vali~ swor warmodgenas Seuqmnis mkiTxvelebs literatu-rismcodneobis arcTu martiv samyaroze, xolo studentebs moamzadebs swavlebis ufro maRali safexurisaTvis.

aqve davZenT, rom winamdebare gamocema am saxelmZRva-nelos pirveli publikaciaa, romelic samomavlod uTuod Seivseba da ufro dasrulebul saxes miiRebs Semdgom gamocemebSi.

redaqtorisagan

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solomon tabucaZe

literaturismcodneoba da misi Semadgeneli disciplinebi

literaturismcodneoba mxatvruli literaturis Sem-

swavleli mecnierebaa.∗ termini `literaturismcodneoba~ SedarebiT axali drois warmonaqmnia; manamde farTod gamo-

iyeneboda cneba `literaturis istoria~ (frang. histoire de la littérature da germanuli Literaturgeschichte). terminma `literatu-rismcodneobam~ pirvelad popularoba moipova germaniaSi, xolo gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebidan rusul literatu-rismcodneobiT sivrceSic damkvidrda.

literaturismcodneoba eyrdnoba gansxvavebul mecni-erul disciplinebs. zogierT maTgans `damxmare~ discipli-nadac moixsenieben, magram rogor `damxmaredac~ unda movix-senioT, isini gvevlinebian fundamentur samecniero discip-linebad, romlebic aniWeben literaturismcodneobas faq-tografiul da empiriul simyares. es disciplinebia: bibli-ografia, wyaroTmcodneoba (maT Soris arqivmcodneoba) da teqstologia (rig SemTxvevaSi paleografiis monacemebze dayrdnobiT). literaturaTmcodnem unda icodes am discip-linebis praqtikuli mxareebi, radgan profesionalizmi, pir-vel rigSi, xelobis (am sityvis maRali gagebiT) da teqnikis flobas gulisxmobs.

Tavad literaturismcodneobis mecnierebam, sakvlevi amocanebis gaRramvebasTan erTad, ganicada mkveTri dife-renciacia da mis wiaRSi gamoikveTa Semdegi samecniero qve-disciplinebi: literaturis istoria, literaturis Teoria da literaturuli kritika.

∗ samecniero literaturaSi mxatvruli literaturis cnebis ramdenime ganmarteba arsebobs. klasikuri ganmartebiT, mxatvruli literatura aris werilobiTi formiT gadmocemuli esTetikurad Rirebuli informaciis nakadi.

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literaturis istoria

literaturis istoria aris akademiuri disciplina, rome-

lic Camoyalibda XIX saukuneSi da `filologiis~, "scholar-ship"-is, "Wissenschaft"-is, `literaturismcodneobis~ saxelwo-debiT moixsenieboda.

literaturis istoria literaturuli teqstisa da waki-Txvis aqtis miRma, gare faqtorebze orientirebuli diskur-sia. literaturis istoria Seiswavlis literaturis ganvi-Tarebis istoriul kanonzomierebas. mas ainteresebs nawar-moebis formirebis pirobebi, socialur-politikuri da kulturuli konteqsti, nawarmoebis Semqmnel-Semoqmedis pi-rovneba anu avtori, rogorc biografiuli figura. lite-raturis istoriis amocana teqstis axsnaa.

literaturis istoria aris istoriul-literaturuli faqtebis konkretuli kvlevisa da am faqtebs Soris kavSiris farTo sfero. es TviT sagnis kompozitur saxeldebaSic (li-teraturis istoria) Cans, radgan igi moicavs: a) Tavisi Ses-wavlis sagans anu literaturis svlisa da dinebis istoriul process; b) am procesis Seswavlis gzas. pirveli gulisxmobs literaturul movlenaTa erTmaneTze damokidebulebas, ese igi gardasul movlenaTa erTianobas (literaturul Txzu-lebaTa gamocema, wignis gasaRebis bazari, avtoris cxovre-biseuli movlenebi), xolo meore _ literaturuli proce-sis konteqstTa asaxvas.

qrestomaTuli gagebiT, literaturis istoria aris li-teraturuli mecnierebis centraluri disciplina.

literaturis Teoria

Teoriuli literaturismcodneoba anu literaturis Te-oria literaturuli procesis zogad kanonzomierebebs ik-vlevs. literaturis Teoria ganazogadebs literaturis is-toriis sferoSi mopovebuli kvlevis Sedegebs, stimuls aZ-levs konkretul literaturismcodneobiT gamokvlevebs da saxavs maT SemecnebiT perspeqtivas. Teoriis interesis sfe-

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roSi Semodis: teqstis struqturis analizi, misi Janruli kuTvnilebis dadgena, literaturuli mimarTulebebisa da mimdinareobebis ganxilva. rogorc maqsimalur ganzogado-ebaTa sfero, literaturis Teoria Suqsa hfens mxatvruli literaturis arss. am TvalsazrisiT igi gadakveTis bevr wertilsa hpovebs xelovnebis TeoriebTan da filosofias-Tan wildebul disciplinebTan _ esTetikasTan, kulturo-logiasTan, anTropologiasTan, hermenevtikasTan da semi-otikasTan _ magram mas, cxadia, Tavisi sakuTari sfero da aspeqtebic aqvs.

literaturis Teoriis centraluri rgolia zogadi po-etika, romelsac Teoriul poetikasac uwodeben. Teoriuli poetika aris moZRvreba literaturul teqstze, mis Sedge-nilobaze, struqturasa da funqciebze, agreTve literatu-rul gvarebsa da Janrebze. zogadi poetikis problemebTan erTad literaturis Teoria swavlobs literaturis _ ro-gorc xelovnebis saxeobis _ arss, ikvlevs im kanonzomi-erebebs, romelTa mixedviTac literatura `cxovrobs~ da moZraobs istoriaSi.

poetikis cneba da TviT termini `poetika~ uZvelesi dro-idan _ aristoteledan moyolebuli da klasicizmis Teore-tikos nikola bualoTi damTavrebuli _ aRniSnavda zoga-dad moZRvrebas sityvier xelovnebaze. igi iyo sinonimi imi-sa, rasac dRes literaturis Teorias vuwodebT. XX sauku-neSi am terminma damatebiTi mniSvnelobac SeiZina da aRniS-navs da afiqsirebs literaturuli procesis garkveul saz-Rvrebs, mijnebs, ufro konkretulad ki _ calkeuli mwer-lis TxzulebaSi ganxorcielebul da realizebul princi-pebsa da ganwyobebs. cnobilia, magaliTad, rusul litera-turaTmcodneobiT sivrceSi, monografiebi Zveli rusuli li-

teraturis,∗ adrebizantiuri literaturis∗∗ poetikaze; ag-reTve umniSvnelovanesi literaturuli mimdinareobis _

∗ dimitri lixaCovis avtorobiT. ∗∗ sergei averincevis avtorobiT.

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romantizmis poetikaze; calkeuli avtorebis _ gogolis, dostoevskisa da Cexovis poetikaze; saxelganTqmul Tana-medrove mweralsa da mkvlevars, umberto ekos aqvs naSromi saTauriT _ `joisis poetikebi~.

XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi zogadi poetika intensiurad viTardeboda dasavleTis qveynebSi. 1910-iani wlebidan, ger-manul tradiciaze dayrdnobiT, igi damkvidrda, xolo 1920-ian wlebSi sabolood ganmtkicda rusul literaturaT-mcodneobiT sivrceSic. am periodSi literaturismcodne-

obaSi epoqaluri Zvrebi moxda.∗ saqme is aris, rom XIX sa-ukuneSi Seswavlis sagans warmoadgenda ara imdenad teqsti, ramdenadac is, rac masSi gardatydeboda da ganxorcielde-boda, anu is, rasac sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba hqvia; yurad-Reba eqceoda agreTve gadmocemebsa da miTebs, siuJetebsa da motivebs rogorc kulturis saerTo monapovars, mwerlis biografiasa da sulier gamocdilebas. erTi sityviT, mkvle-varni koncentrirebas axdendnen ara uSualod Txzulebaze, aramed mis miRma arsebul samyarosa da misi Seqmnis pirobeb-ze. amerikeli mkvlevrebis _ rene uelekisa da ostin uore-nis miTiTebiT, amgvari disproporcia XIX s-is literatu-rismcodneobaSi gamowveuli iyo romantikul moZraobaze misi damokidebulebiTa da mWidro kavSiriT. literaturis-mcodneoba dakavebuli iyo literaturuli nawarmoebis Seq-mnis garemoebaTa SeswavliT da uSualod teqstis analizze gacilebiT naklebi energia exarjeboda. arada, germaneli mecnieris vilhelm kaizeris marTebuli SeniSvniT, litera-turuli mecnierebisaTvis mTavari TviT Txzuleba unda iyos da sxva danarCeni (fsiqologia, avtoris biografia da Sexe-dulebani, literaturuli Semoqmedebis genezisi da nawar-moebis mkiTxvelze zemoqmedeba) fakultaturi anu damxmare da meorexarisxovania.

∗ ix. saxelmZRvanelo `literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis Teoriuli koncef-ciebi da skolebi~. Tb. 2008.

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Teoriuli midgoma, anu literaturul movlenaTa ganzo-gadeba da ganxilva, xorcieldeba literaturuli teqstis agebis zogadi kanonebis mixedviT. kerZod, teqsti gaazrebu-lad danawevrdeba Semadgenel nawilebad _ misi aRnagobidan gamocalkevdeba agebis xerxebi anu sityvieri masalis erT mxatvrul mTlianobad kombinirebis saSualebebi. swored es xerxebi da saSualebebia literaturis Teoriis anu poetikis interesis obieqti. magram, Tu yuradReba mieqceva am xer-xebis warmomavlobas anu istoriul geneziss, maSin saqme istoriul poetikasTana gvaqvs. istoriuli poetika calke disciplinaa, romlis Seswavlis sagansac warmoadgens mxat-vruli (poeturi) formebisa da mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi prin-cipebis evolucia (ganviTareba) msoflio literaturis mas-StabiT. istoriuli poetika Tvals gaadevnebs gamocalkeve-buli da izolirebulad Sesaswavli xerxebisa da saSualebe-

bis ganviTarebis mTlian gzas.∗ amrigad, Teoriuli poetika Seiswavlis mxatvrul-poetu-

ri formebis funqcias da ikvlevs maTi gamoyenebis mizanSe-wonilobas, anu aanalizebs imas Tu ratom gamoiyeneba moce-muli xerxi da ra mxatvruli efeqts iZleva igi. literatu-ruli xerxis funqciuri Seswavla aris aRwerisa da klasifi-kaciis umTavresi principi. Tumca aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli istoriuli poetikis evoluciuri xedvis wertilic, raTa mxatvruli efeqtis Seswavla da interpre-tacia mocemuli xerxis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli gamo-yenebis fonze moxdes. saqme is aris, rom erTi da igive xerxi icvlis xolme mxatvrul funqcias da amitom yovelTvis ga-sarkvevia _ tradiciis damrRvevi, ese igi literaturuli modernizmis niSania igi Tu `Zveli skolis~ (anu imave tradi-ciis) Semadgeneli elementi.

literaturuli nawarmoebisadmi kidev erTi, normatiuli poetikis poziciidan midgoma arsebobs. normatiuli poeti-

∗ Tu xerxebisa da nawarmoebis genezisi ganixileba individualuri Semoqme-debis farglebSi, saqme gvaqvs `Semoqmedebis fsiqologiasTan~, romelic exeba sakiTxs, Tu rogor da ratom wers esa Tu is mwerali.

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kis amocanaa arsebuli xerxebis ara obieqturi aRwera, ara-med maTi Sefaseba, gansja da im kanonzomieri xerxis miTi-Teba da swavleba Tu rogor unda daiweros literaturuli nawarmoebi. yvela literaturul skolas Tavis Sexeduleba aqvs literaturaze, Tavisi wesebi da Sesabamisad _ Tavisi normatiuli poetika. literaturuli kodeqsebi, romlebsac sxvadasxva literaturuli wreebi aRiareben da romlebic literaturuli manifestebiT, deklaraciebiTaa gamoxatu-li, aris swored normatiuli poetikis sxvadasxva formebi (amis nimuSebia antikuri da klasicizmis epoqis poetikebi).

XIX saukuneSi arsebuli poetika iyo zogadi da normati-uli poetikis problemaTa nazavi, erTgvari simbiozi. `wese-bi~ ara mxolod aRiwereboda, aramed wesdeboda kidec . es faqtobrivad iyo XVII saukuneSi dadgenili da ori aseuli wlis ganmavlobaSi literaturaSi gabatonebuli franguli klasicizmis poetika. mdore literaturuli evoluciis pi-robebSi, _ rodesac cvalebadobis dinamika nakleb Sesag-rZnobi iyo, _ am poetikis moTxovnebi adamianebs sityvieri xelovnebis ganuyofel Tvisebad esaxebodaT. magram klasi-cistebsa da romantikosebs Soris momxdarma literaturul-ma ganxeTqilebam XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, axal, romantizmis poetikas daudo saTave; romantizms mohyva naturalizmi; Semdeg _ simbolizmi, futurizmi da a.S. literaturul sko-laTa revoluciurma cvlilebebma daamsxvria sayovelTao normatiuli poetikis Seqmnis SesaZleblobis iluzia: rome-lime mimdinareobis mier wamoyenebul literaturul nor-mebs pirwmindad uaryofdnen sapirispiro literaturuli skolis warmomadgenlebi. yvela literaturul skolas saku-Tari esTetikuri principebis sayovelTaobis pretenzia hqonda, magram misi literaturuli gavlenis daqveiTebasTan erTad misi principebic devalvacias ganicdida da ufasur-deboda. swored aseTia literaturis ganviTarebis Sinagani kanoni.

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literaturuli kritika

literaturuli kritika aris literaturuli moRvawe-obis _ literaturuli nawarmoebis ganmartebisa da Sefa-sebis _ saxeoba. igi aris literaturul nawarmoebze mimar-Tuli imgvari diskursi, romelic aqcents akeTebs nawarmo-ebis wakiTxvis gamocdilebaze _ is aRwers, interpretacias ukeTebs da afasebs nawarmoebis sazrissa da efeqts. lite-raturuli nawarmoebis gansjisa da Sefasebisas kritikuli analizis saSualebebad gvevlineba simpaTia-antipaTia, TviT-igiveoba, TviTproeqcia; Tu literaturis istoriisa da Te-oriisaTvis idealuri adgili universiteti iyo, kritika sa-lonSi ukeT grZnobda Tavs, radgan misi dasabamieri forma maRali wris adamianTa Soris msjeloba iyo. kritikam karga xania salonidan beWdur periodul gamocemaTa sivrceSi gadainacvla.

kritika TviT literaturis Tanatolia, radgan litera-turuli nawarmoebis avkargianoba misi gamoCenisTanave ga-nisjeboda. TumcaRa asakiT literaturis kbilaa, magram sta-tusiT, Zalian didxans, literaturuli kritika damxmare da gamoyenebiTi xasiaTisa iyo, romelic nawarmoebis zogad Se-fasebas da Semdgomi wakiTxisaTvis rekomendacias an gakicx-vas gulisxmobda. JamTa svlaSi misi funqcia gamoikveTa, gamocalkevda rogorc literaturis Teoriisagan, ise _ literaturis istoriisagan. am ukanasknelisagan gansxvave-biT, literaturul kritikas ainteresebs Tanamedrove li-teraturuli procesi da amitom warsulis movlenebsac aw-myosTan mimarTebiT ganixilavs. sakvlevi masala literatu-rismcodneobis yvela dargisTvis erTia, magram literatu-ruli kritika masalisadmi midgomiT gamoirCeva: misi mizani da amocana Zalze axloa TviT literaturis mizansa da amo-

canasTan∗ da, rac umTavresia, Tanamedrove mkiTxvelis co-

∗ dRes literaturis mizansa da amocanaze aRar aris aqcenti, magram kriti-kisa da literaturis saerTo amocanebze saubrisas mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes maTi istoriuli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapi.

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cxal aRqmasTan; es ukanaskneli aspeqti Zalmosilia maSinac, rodesac saubaria Tanamedroveobis kulturul mimoqcevaSi Semaval klasikur memkivdreobaze.

diskursi, romelic uZvelesi droidan damkvidrda kul-turaSi da romelic win uswrebs kritikas, aris ritorika. aristoteles Tanaxmad, Tu filosofia saWiroa WeSmarite-bis misawvdomad, ritorikas azrebiT muSaobs, rac iZleva am ori dargis erTmaneTisgan gamijnvis saSualebas. ritorikas rogorc darwmunebis xelovnebasa da Sesabamisad msmenelTan da mkiTxvelTan komunikaciis uzrunvelyofis formas, aqti-urad mimarTavs da iyenebs ara mxolod poeti da mwerali, aramed pedagogi, advokati, politikosi da saerTod yvela, visac uwevs vinmes raimeSi darwmuneba. ritorikisagan gan-sxvavebiT, kritika ganekuTvneba sazogadoebrivi azris Tavi-sufal sferos da amitomac aris masSi moWarbebuli indi-vidualuri, originaluri sawyisi. Tanamedrove epoqaSi kri-tikosi aris teqstis Tavisufali interpretatori, `mwer-lis~ nairsaxeoba. literaturul kritika adamianis intu-iciuri unaris gansakuTrebul rolsac mianiSnebs. saganTa da movlenaTa oden racionaluri wvdoma ar aris maTi srul-fasovani aRweris garanti da aranaklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba maT intuiciur aRqmas. am unarisadmi gamorCeulma yuradRe-bamac aqcia kritika literaturis nawilad. dRes veravin ityvis, rom kritika literaturis miRma dgas da mas naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba literaturul cxovrebaSi, magram ilia-seuli kiTxva _ ra mizezia, rom kritika ara gvaqvs _ kvla-vac aqtualuria: `Cvens ganaTlebuls sazogadoebaSi xSirad ismis gulistkivili, rom Cvens literaturas kritika ak-liao. marTalic aris, _ es didi da friad didi danaklisia~ (WavWavaZe 1958: 152). ilia WavWavaZis azriT, misi Tanamedrove epoqa `TviTmsjelobisa~ da `TviTmxedvelobis~ gonebriv unars moisaklisebda da am mizeziTo `Cvens sakuTar saqmeSi, Cvens sakuTar av-kargianobaSi veraferi gagvignia, Tavi da bolo erTmaneTze ver gadagvibams~-o (WavWavaZe 1958: ). eris kulturuli TviTdadgineba da identobaTa formireba mud-

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mivi procesia da sabWouri literaturul-kritikuli ko-lafsis Semdeg, iliasive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `Cvens imeds ar vkargavT, rom eg kritika Cvenc gveRirseba odesme, da ma-gis movlena, viTa Svili TviTmsjelobisa, Cveni sulieri Zal-Ronis aRmatebis da gandidebis niSani iqneba~ (WavWavaZe 1958).

swored ilia WavWavaZe dgas qarTuli kritikuli skolis saTaveebTan, tradicias ki Rirseulad agZeleben me-19 da me-20 saukunis sxva qarTveli kritikosebi.

literaturaze orientirebuli disciplinebi _ istoria,

Teoria, kritika _ teqstis analizis procesSi iyeneben gar-kveul xerxebs. maTgan calke unda gamovyoT da `Janrulad~ gavmijnoT teqstis analizis ori tipi _ komentari da interpretacia.

komentari erTgvarad afarToebs teqsts da misTvis es tipiuri qmedebaa _ teqstis komentirebisas analizis siv-rceSi Semodis da aRiwereba imgvari teqstsgare faqtebi da movlenebi, rogoricaa: avtoris biografiis an teqstis isto-riis faqtebi, sxva adamianTa gamoxmaurebani teqstze; teq-stSi naxsenebi garemoebani, _ magaliTad, istoriuli movle-nebi; teqstis gamogonebulobis xarisxi; teqstis urTierT-mimarTeba epoqis enobrivi da literaturuli normebisadmi, romlebic CvenTvis, sityvaTa moZvelebulobisa gamo, SesaZ-loa nakleb gasagebic ki iyos xolme; normisgan gadaxris sazrisi, romelic SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos avtoris uunarobiT, sxva normisadmi mimdevrobiT an normis Segne-buli rRveviT da a.S. komentirebisas teqsti nawevrdeba uamrav elementad, romlebic gvagzavnis konteqstTan am si-tyvis yvelaze farTo gagebiT.

interpretaciisas vlindeba da Tavs iCens teqstis met-naklebad SekavSirebuli da mTliani sazrisi, romelic kerZo sazrisad unda miviCnioT teqstis mTelTan mimarTebiT; igi yovelTvis amodis raRac gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobiere-beli ideuri wanamZRvrebidan da yovelTvis aris angaJirebu-

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li _ politikurad, eTikurad, esTetikurad, religiurad da a.S. igi amodis raRac normidan da swored am normatiuli xedvis kuTxiT analizi aris kritikosis tipiuri saqmianoba.

literaturismcodneobiTi disciplinebi kvlevis pro-cesSi iyeneben kvlevis zogad da SedarebiT meTodebs, ag-reTve, deskrifciul, kompilaciur da analizur xerxebs. SedarebiTi kvlevebis meTods efuZneba SedarebiTi litera-turismcodneoba (literaturuli komparativistika), rome-lic adgens mxatvruli teqstis mimarTebas sxva kulturul konteqstSi CarTul mxatvrul teqstebTan. `literaturuli da kulturuli sistemebi gamWvirvalea da erTmaneTze kon-ceptualurad da struqturulad gadajaWvuli. vfiqrobT, erTaderTi meTodologia, romelic Teoriulad sworad asaxavs am urTules procesebs da cdilobs, meTodologi-urad sworad gadaWras `literaturuli sazRvrebis~ prob-lema, aris komparativistika. SedarebiTi kvlevebi gulis-xmobs ara calkeuli nacionaluri literaturebis Sepiris-pirebiT analizs, aramed im universaluri meTodis realize-bas, romelic zogad perspeqtivaSi gaiazrebs konkretul literaturul nawarmoebs, anu scdeba nacionaluri maxasi-aTeblebis sazRvrebs da adgens gansxvavebuli nacionaluri kulturebisa da literaturebis integraciis xarisxs, oR-ond _ maTi kulturuli identobis SenarCunebis pirobiT~ (ratiani 2010: 156).

literaturismcodneobas kavSiri aqvs Tavis momijnave mecnierul disciplinebTan. maTgan pirvel yovlisa unda davasaxeloT _ lingvistika. literaturismcodneobasa da lingvistikas Soris sazRvari ar aris Seuvali da garkveuli fleqsiurobiT (meryeobiT) gamoirCeva; sametyvelo qmedebis bevri movlena Seiswavleba rogorc mxtvruli specifikis, aseve wminda enobrivi faqtebis saxiT. literaturismcod-neobasa da ligvistikas Soris mimarTebas SeiZleba vuwodoT osmosi (urTierTSeRwevadoba), radgan maT Soris arsebobs raRaca sartyeli, romelsac orive dargi flobs da akon-trolebs. garda amisa literaturismcodneoba da lingvis-

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tika dakavSirebulni arian ara mxolod sagniT, aramed meTo-dologiiTac. literaturis kvlevis lingvistikis kanonebze dayrdnobam da am ori mecnierebis gaerTianebam warmoSva sa-erTo disciplina _ filologia.

literaturismcodneobas dasabamieri kavSiri aqvs isto-riasTan. maTi urTierToba komentatoruli TanamSromlo-biT Semoifargleboda da ar vrceldeboda Teoriul-lite-raturul sferoze da konteqstis aRweraze, magram istori-uli poetikis ganviTarebis procesSi literaturismcod-neobisa da istoriis urTierTobam ormxrivi xasiaTi SeiZina, radgan mecnieruli ideebis importi calmxrivad, istori-idan ki aRar xdeboda, aramed adgili hqonda urTierTgac-vlas. tradiciuli gagebiT, istoriisaTvis teqsti _ es aris Sualeduri masala, romelic unda damuSavdes, gamoirCes sarwmuno da aradamajerebeli elementebi; `teqstis kriti-kis~ analizuri meTodiT teqsti erTgvarad unda gadailaxos anu mkvlevarma Tavi unda daaRwios mas. literaturismcodne ki mudmivad da CaZiebiT muSaobs teqstTan da adgens, rom teqstis struqturebi gagrZelebas hpovebs sazogadoebis realur istoriaSi. amiT aris dakavebuli, magaliTad, yofi-Ti qcevis poetika, romelic mxatvrul literaturaSi aRwe-ril saqcielTa kanonzomierebebze dayrdnobiT, gamoyofs da gamoacalkevebs gareliteraturul sinamdvileSi arse-bul msgavs modelebs: sazogadoebis ara-literaturuli is-toria aRiwereba rogorc teqsti, ese igi literaturis-mcodneoba gamoimuSavebs ideebsa da struqturebs, romelTa eqstrapolireba (ganfena) Semdgom xdeba araliteraturul sinamdvileze.

literaturaTmcodneobisa da istoriis am ormxrivi ur-TierTobebis Camoyalibebas gansakuTrebul stimuls aZlev-da semiotikis (mecniereba niSnebsa da niSnobriv procesebze) warmoSoba da ganviTareba. semiotika Camoyalibda lingvis-turi Teoriebis gafarToebis Sedegad. man SeimuSava teqstis analizis rogorc verbaluri (sityvieri), ise araverbaluri procedurebi ferweraSi, kinoSi, TeatrSi, politikaSi, rek-

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lamaSi, propagandaSi, _ rom aRara vTqvaT specialur sain-formacio sistemebze _ sagzao niSnebiT dawyebuli da eleqtronuli kodebiT damTavrebuli. amasTanave gansakuT-rebiT mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda konotaciis movlena, rome-lic kargad Cans mxatvrul literaturaSi; e.i. literatu-rismcodneoba aq mogvevlina ideaTa gamomuSavebis privile-girebul sferod, romelic axdens am ideebis eqstrapolire-bas niSnur qmedebaTa sxva sferoebze.

kidev ori momijnave disciplina unda gamovyoT, _ es aris esTetika da fsiqoanalizi. esTetika did gavlenas axdenda literaturismcodneobaze XIX saukuneSi, rodesac litera-turasa da xelovnebaze Teoriuli refleqsia xSirad xorci-eldeboda filosofiuri esTetikis formiT (Selingi, hege-li, humbolti). Tanamedrove esTetikam yuradreba gadaitana eqsperimentul sferoSi (sxvadasxva socialuri jgufis war-modgenaTa konkretuli analizi; mSvenieris, uazros, sasaci-los, amaRlebulis Sesaxeb refleqsia), xolo literaturis-mcodneobam gamoimuSava Tavis sakuTari meTodologia, da amdenad maTi urTiierToba ganelda. fsiqoanalizi litera-turismcodneobisaTvis aRmoCnda mniSvnelovani interpre-taciuli ideebis wyaro: igi iZleva aracnobieri procesebis efeqtur sqemebs, romlebic literaturul teqstebSic mrav-lad moiZieba. amgvari sqemis ori ZiriTadi tipi _ froidi-seuli `kompleqsebi~ da iungiseuli àrqetipebi~ _ koleq-

tiuri aracnobieris pirvelsaxeebia.∗ amgvaria metaliteraturuli diskursebis wre, romelze

dayrdnobiTac literaturismcodneoba cdilobs sakuTari Tavis dadgenas. procesis sirTule imiT aris ganpirobebu-li, rom literaturismcodneobis obieqts _ literaturas, rogorc sityvis xelovnebas, sxva kulturul saqmianobaTa

∗ aqve unda iTqvas, rom, Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT, kompleqsebi da arqe-tipebi imdenad bevri da advilaRmosaCenia, rom amis gamo gaufasurda kidec; isini teqstis specifikis gansazRvris saSualebas aRar iZlevian.

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da xelovnebaTa Soris centraluri adgili ukavia Cvens ci-vilizaciaSi. misi es centraluroba da `yovlismwvdomoba~ masze (literaturaze) mecnierebasac problemur viTarebaSi amyofebs.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

iakobsoni 1975: Р.О. Якобсон. Лингвистика и поэтика. _ Структурализм: ‘за’ и ‘против’. М.: 1975.

kompanioni 2001: А. Компаньон. "Демон теории: Литература и здравый смысл. М.: 2001.

lotmani 1970: Ю.М. Лотман. Структура художественного текста. М.: 1970. Jeneti 1998: Ж. Женетт. Фигуры: Работы по поэтике. тт. 1 - 2, М.: 1998. ratiani 2010: ratiani i. nacionaluri literaturebisa da Sedare-

biTi literaturaTmcodneobis sazRvrebi // waxnagi, № 2, filolo-giur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli. Tb.: 2010.

todorovi 1975: Тодоров Ц. Поэтика _ Структурализм: ‘за’ и ‘против’. М.: 1975.

WavWavaZe 1958: WavWavaZe i. ra mizezia, rom kritika ara gvaqvs. // TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. III. Tb.: 1958.

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ramaz Wilaia

avtori da teqsti

literaturismcodneobaSi erT-erT sakamaTo sakiTxs av-torisaTvis kuTvnili adgilis miCena warmoadgens. Tanamed-rove Teoriuli gaazrebiT, saubaria avtoris rolze, teq-stisa da misi Semqmnelis urTierTmimarTebaze, im pasuxis-mgeblobaze, romelic avtors teqstis azrsa da Sinaarsze ekisreba.

zogadi saxiT, problema, SeiZleba amgvarad ganvixiloT: ramdenadaa dacilebuli naSromi mis Semqmnels. es urTierT-mimarTeba orgemagea _ calkerZ, nawarmoebisa da avtoris mWidro kavSiri, imdenad, ramdenadac qmnilebaSi gansaxovne-bulia avtoriseuli gamocdileba, meore mxriT, nawarmoebis CarTuloba zogadkulturul nakadSi _ misiT ibadeba da masve unda daubrundes. dasrulebuli nawarmoebi aRqmiseul sferoSi iwyebs axal sicocxles, xSirad, am axali sicocxlis logika ar emTxveva avtoriseuls, moulodnelic ki SeiZleba iyos misTvis. xelovnebis nimuSi xom sakuTari, zesubieqturi logikis matarebelia.

SemuSavebuli myari azris mixedviT, nawarmoebis arsi

avtoriseuli intenciis∗ Tanadia. Tumca, Tanamedrove (sad-Reisod ukve arc Tu axali) gagebiT, avtoriseuli intenciis mniSvneloba nawarmoebis Sefasebisas minimalizebuli da, xSirad, ugulebelyofilic kia (rasac xeli Seuwyves rusuli formalizmis, amerikuli àxali kritikis~-is, franguli struqturalizmis warmomadgenlebma). am konfliqtis pro-cesSi ori mxare ikveTeba: saubaria, a) avtoriseuli inten-ciis momxreebze anu imaTze, vinc iziarebs azrs, rom teqstSi saZebnia is, risi Tqmac avtors surda; da b) imaTze, vinc acxa-debs, rom teqstSi saZebnia is, rasac Tavad teqsti warmo-

∗ intencia, fenomenologiuri filosofiis SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, aq gaigeba rogorc: mizandasaxuleba, Canafiqri, avtoriseuli cnobiereba.

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aCens (anu angariSi ar eweva avtoriseul Canafiqrs). am uxer-xuli situaciis dasaZlevad, xSirad mimarTaven mesame gzas, romlis mixedviTac literaturuli mniSvneloba mkiTxvels eniWeba. es erT-erTi uaxlesi Sexedulebaa.

vfiqrobT, am davaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi gare-moeba: mxatvruli nawarmoebis arss gansazRvravs ara perso-naluri (avtorismieri) TvisebebiT gajerebuloba, aramed is, rom igi sakacobrio sulierebis saxeliT gvesaubreba da mas mimarTavs. mxolod piraduli, xelovnebisaTvis, SezRudu-lobis maniSnebelic ki aris, vinaidan Semoqmedi xasiaTdeba ara àvtoerotulobiT, ara heteroerotulobiT an sxva ra-ime erotiulobiT~ (iungi 1947: 99-120), aramed igi ukidure-sad obieqturia, zepiradulia, SeiZleba iTqvas, zeadamianu-ria: miseul, mxatvrismier TvisebaSi warmosdgeba rogorc sakuTari naRvawi da ara rogorc adamiani. am TvalsazrisiT, avtori qmnis mxatvrul nawarmoebs, magram sabolood, Tavad avtorismieri arc Tu farTodaa warmodgenili masSi. enob-rivi masala, mxatvruli formebi Tu xerxebi, msoflWvretis principebi kulturuli saganZuris kuTvnilebaa an garemom-cveli sinamdvilidanaa nasesxebi. avtorismieri sawyisis ga-azrebis amgvari tendencia gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba baxtinis naSromSi rables Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb (baxtini 1965).

sakiTxis istoria TavisTavad Zalze sainteresoa. rusuli formalizmisa da amerikuli àxali kritikis~ mimdevarni, rogorc iTqva, xazgasmiT akninebdnen avtoris mniSvnelobas. formalistebi Tvlidnen, rom teqsti srul avtonomias war-moadgnes, damoukidebels avtorisa da konteqstisagan. isini ki, vinc amosaval wertilad avtors miiCnevdnen, garkveuli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad (froidistebi individualizms wamoweven wina planze, marqsistebi ki koleqtiurs), teqsts rogorc avtoriseulis wvdomis saSualebas moiazrebdnen. amdenad, vexebiT ra avtoriseuli intenciis sakiTxs, une-burad, gviwevs nairgvar TvalsazrisTa Tu cnebaTa gaTvaliswinebac.

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me-20 saukunis literaturis Teoria zedmeti simkacriT moekida tradiciuli literaturaTmcodneobis mier avto-ris rolis gadaWarbebul Sefasebas. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom umarTebuloa avtoris mniSvnelobis daknineba / ugulebelyofac.

erTi mxriv, literatura da sinamdvile urTierTzemoq-medebs; literatura Tavisad moaqcevs sinamdvilis ama Tu im movlenas da ukve gadamuSavebuls, struqturulad Camoya-libebuls, ubrunebs mas Semdgomi transformaciisaTvis. av-toriseuli naazrevis CvenTvis xelsayrelad warmoCena, an CvenTvis sasurveli efeqtis moxdena, sxva rigis movlenaa da ar eTanadeba nawarmoebis Sinagani arsisa Tu naazrevis Crdil-naTelis warmoCenas. xelovnebiseuli kanonzomiere-bani `Signidan~ ixsneba. gansja mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac es kanonzomierebani gaxsnil-gacnobierebulia. hans georg gadameri wers: `me erT ubralo azrs veyrdno-bodi: Cven mxolod imis gageba ZalgviZs, rac Cvens kiTxvaze gacemul pasuxad gveCveneba~ (gadameri 1960: 486).

meore mxriv, yoveli TviTmyofadi mxatvruli Txzuleba yalibdeba avtoriseul mizandasaxulebaTa mTlianobiT. amas-Tan, organulad Camoyalibebuli Txzuleba erTgvari bedis-weracaa avtorisa _ misiT ganisazRvreba avtoris fsiqolo-gia. goeTe ki ar qmnis `fausts~, aramed romeliRac fsiqiku-ri komponenti `fausti~ qmnis goeTes (iungi 1991: 103). siR-rmiseuli gagebiT, avtori instrumentia da amdenad, daqvem-debarebuli missave naRvaws. amitomac, am naRvawis ganmarte-bas misgan ar unda velodeT. xelovnebis WeSmariti nimuSi, sizmriseuli landis msgavsad, miuxedavad xatovanebisa, arc arsebuls ganmartavs da arc Tavad misi calsaxa ganmartebaa SesaZlebeli.

Seqspiris erTi mkvlevari werda, rom mwerals zogjer ise gaitacebda ama Tu im situaciis aRwera, rom ùkan moxedva~ aviwydebodao. amiTaa ganpirobebuli calkeuli detalebis Seusabamobani. es movlena jer kidev goeTem SeamCnia. Tumca, goeTe brwyinvaled acnobierebda, rom SeqspirTan, iseve

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rogorc nebismier did mweralTan, logikuri gansjis para-lelurad arsebobs mxatvruli logikac. Seqspirs SeeZlo `daviwyeboda~ replikaTa acdena-SeuTanxmebloba, radgan igi garkveul mxatvrul datvirTvas atarebda da amdenad mTli-anobiTi xatis Camoyalibebas emsaxureboda. mxatvruli mTlianoba (sisrule) ki gansxvavebuli movlenaa, romelic yovelTvis ar eTanadeba logikursa Tu faqtologiur Tanmimdevrobas.

XX saukunis meore naxevridan ufro metad gamwvavda kon-fliqti avtorisa da intenciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. rolan barti 1968 wels aqveynebs Tavis gaxmaurebul sta-tias, sensaciuri saTauriT àvtoris sikvdili~. erTi wlis Semdgom fuko waikiTxavs aranakleb cnobil leqcias `ra aris avtori?~. avtoris, rogorc literaturis ganmmarteblisa da maorganizeblis Canacvlebas barti eniT cdilobda, ro-melsac literaturis gansakuTrebul saSen masalad moiaz-rebda. àvtori mxolod is piria, romelic wers, iseve ro-gorc `me~, mxolod isaa, vinc `mes~ warmoTqvams~. amdenad, avtori avanscenas nawers, teqsts uTmobs. miSel fuko ki àv-toriseul funqciad~ istoriul-ideologiur konstruqci-as miiCnevs. ra Tqma unda, avtoris mokvdineba iwvevs teqstis polisemias (mravalmniSvnelovnebas), mkiTxvelis win wamowe-vasa da SeuzRudav interpretacias. savsebiT motivirebulia sakiTxis ase dasma: intenciis da interpretaciis araswori gamijvnisas xom ar Caenacvleba mkiTxvelisa da avtoris sa-xeebi? yoveli teqstis ukan xom vinme moiazreba?!

hans georg gadameri Tavis cnobil naSromSi `WeSmariteba da meTodi~ aRniSnavs, rom teqstis mniSvneloba arasdros amoiwureba avtoriseuli intenciiT. rodesac teqsti erTi kulturul-istoriuli konteqstidan meoreSi aRmoCndeba, ibadeba axali intenciebi, romlis winaswar ganWvreta arc avtorsa da arc pirvel mkiTxvels ar SeuZliaT. yovelgvari ganmarteba konteqstismieria, SeuZlebelia teqstis imgva-rad wvdoma, rogoradac is Tavis Tavs warmoaCens.

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Tuki vinme teqstis weras Seudgeba, mas uciloblad raRac Canafiqri unda hqondes, romlis gadmocemac surs. daweril-sa da sasurvels Soris (risi Tqmac avtors surda) tolobis niSani yovelTvis ver daismis (Tumc, es toloba, SeiZleba Sedges kidec). Sesabamisad, nawarmoebis Sinaarssa da avtori-seul intencias Soris ar arsebobs kanonzomieri logikuri identuroba. amgvari msjelobiT uaryofen avtoriseul in-tencias literaturis Teoriis zomieri frTis iseTi warmo-madgenlebi, rogorebica arian ueleki da uoreni, frai, gadameri, rikiori.

avtoriseuli sawyisis analizis universaluri meTodikis momarjveba SeuZlebelia; dasaSvebia mxolod im meTodikis SemuSavebaze saubari, romelic am sawyiss migvaaxloebs. Txzulebis avtoris SegrZnoba urTulesi, TiTqmis SeuZle-beli procesia: es `sxva cnobierebis~ wvdomas niSnavs, sadac `sxva cnobiereba~ avtoriseuli cnobierebaa. meore, aranak-leb rTuli amocana, teqstze muSaobis procesSi, im xatis aRwera-gadmocemaa, romelic mkiTxvels an kritikoss, Txzu-lebis meSveobiT, avtorze uyalibdeba. mwerlebi weren cxov-rebaze, kritikosebi _ literaturaze. literatura pirve-ladi enaa, xolo kritika _ meoreuli metaena. urTierToba enasa da metaenas Soris dialeqtikuria, kulturaSi `zeda~ da `qveda~ Sreebi urTierTCanacvlebadia. aseve, kritikuli refleqsia ara marto misdevs mxatvrul Semoqmedebas, ara-med, araiSviaTad, uswrebs kidec mas; kritikoss Tavisi azre-bis gamoxatva mxatvrul praqtikamde ar mihyavs, Tavis `cxov-rebiseul~ Tvalsazriss is literaturaze saubriT gamoxa-tavs. esaa sadReiso dasavleTevropuli literaturaTmcod-neobiTi Tvalsazrisi, rac Tanamedrove kulturis struqturis zogadi kanonzomierebis Seswavlis surviliTaa gapirobebuli.

kamaTis sagans warmoadgens avtoris èrovnulobis~ sakiTxic.

evropul cnobierebaSi, bolo ori aswleulis ganmavlo-baSi, ama Tu im erovnuli tradiciisadmi mikuTvneba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli enobriv fenomenTan. amas is ganapirobeb-

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da, rom yoveli erovnuli kultura moiazreboda garkveuli teritoriuli, enobrivi da eTnikuri maxasiaTeblebiT, rac safuZvlad daedo cnobil Teorias, romelic acnobierebda teritoriis, saxelmwifosa da xalxis erTianobis urRvevo-bas. amgvari gaazreba ukavSirdeba germaneli filosofosisa da literaturaTmcodnis i. g. fon herderis mier Cemoyali-

bebul Teorias, romelic Volksgeist-is anu èrovnuli sulis~ saxeliT aris cnobili. sayuradReboa, rom herderi adamianis arsebobis bunebrivi (igulisxmeba geografiuli garemo) obi-eqturi yofis istoriul maxasiaTeblebze msjelobisas saub-robda saqarTvelosa da qarTvel xalxzec, mis adgilsamyo-felsa da istoriul warsulze. evropocentrul civiliza-cias herderi upirispirdeboda nacionaluri kulturuli fenomeniT, romelic eTno-teritoriuli erTianobiT iyo gamyarebuli. erovnuli literaturuli tradiciis amgvarma moazrebam, Tavis droze, biZgi misca erovnul moZraobebis Casaxvas. Tumca, erovnuloba ar niSnavs da ar unda niSnavdes izolirebulobas. yoveli eri acnobierebs yofierebis erTi-an proeqcias. esaa samyaros moazrebis erovnuli xati, mode-li. yoveli erovnuli mTlianoba aris erTianoba naciona-luri bunebisa, fsiqikuri wyobisa da azrovnebisa. yoveli qveynis buneba es igive teqstia, romelic unda SeuerTdes msoflio metateqsts. kavabata iasunari Tavis gaxmaurebul wignSi àrseboba da silamazis aRmoCena~ imowmebs Tagoris sityvebs: `yoveli eri valdebulia msoflios sakuTari erov-nuli arsi gaumJRavnos. Tuki ers verafris gaReba SeuZlia, es erovnuli Ralatis tolfasia, kvdomaze metia da kacob-riuli istoriis upatiebeli codvaa. eri valdebulia yove-live sakeTeso, rac Seuqmnia, sxvasac gauziaros. keTilSo-bileba da znemaRloba sulisa _ ai, esaa eris simdidre. monagari ki sakuTari kulturis zeimSi sxvaTa CarTva-mopa-tiJeba~ (kavabata 1982: 26).

samyaros erovnuli (nacionaluri) xatis dadgena-SemuSa-veba xdeba kosmogoniebSi, panTeonebSi, Wvivis igi xelovne-bismier simboloebsa Tu arqetipebSi. kulturis Secnobis

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erT-erTi gza erovnul saxismetyvelebis analizs ukavSir-deba. erovnulis Secnoba-gagebis problema gansakuTrebiT mZafrad XX saukuneSi dadga, XXI saukuneSi ki globalizaciis qimeram wamoyo Tavi. globalizeba ewinaaRmdegeba pirovnu-lis, TavisTavadis gamovlinebasa da damkvidrebas. ibadeba erTgvarovan subieqtTa erToba Tu jgufi, Tumca, imavdro-ulad, tradiciis mqone, individualuri saxis maZiebeli, WeS-mariti literaturuli sistemebi mainc inarCuneben TavisTa-vadobasa da zogadadamianur faseulobas. globalizeba mxo-lod zedapirulad niSnavs universalurobas. rogorc Cans, saWiroa goeTeseuli terminis `msoflio literatura~ xela-xali gadaazreba.

literaturaTa ganmasxvavebeli TviTmyofadoba indivi-dualuri `me~-s kvleva-ZiebaSi iCens Tavs. yoveli subieqti (avtori), emyareba ra SeTvisebul eTnofsiqologiur Tu kulturul gamocdilebas, Taviseburad Wvrets samyaros. kultura ki is fenomenia, romelic adamianismieri cxovel-qmedebis iseT sferoebs warmoaCens, rogoricaa materialu-ri da sulieri. moiazreba aq adamianisa da bunebis urTierT-mimarTebac. eris potencia swored materialuri da sulieri kulturis nimuSebSi realizdeba. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom adamianur yofasTan dakavSirebuli sagnobriv-nivTieri sam-yaroc mkveTrad gamoxatavs nacionalur suls. civilizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad, moxda sxvadasxva xalxebis yofisa da azrovnebis daaxloveba, zogjer garkveuli praqtikebis uni-ficirebac ki. amasTanave, yoveli eri Tavis TavSi matarebe-lia im unikaluri da TviTmyofadi muxtisa, romelic dakav-Sirebulia garemo-pirobebTan, bunebasTan, enobriv garemos-Tan, sakvebTan da sxv. CamoTvlili faqtorebi apirobeben yofierebisa da azrovnebis nacionalur wess. amdenad, yovel ers uyalibdeba materialuri samyarosa (kosmosi) da suli-erebis (logosi) miseuli xati. yofierebis invarianti, rome-lic erovnuli xedvis variantad moiazreba.

yoveli didi mwerloba Tu mwerali, upirvelesad, nakvebia erovnulobiT. imavdroulad, sakuTari Rirseba da simaRle

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`kuTxurobis~ daZleviT dgindeba. magram es daZleva sruli-adac ar gulisxmobs nacionaluri xasiaTis uaryofas; aq nacionaluri zogadadamianurs erwymis da efardeba. valter skoti ar gaxlavT `Sotlandieli romanisti~, im gagebiT, rogorc Cven `Sotlandiel poets~ _ bernss vaxsenebT xol-me. Tumca, ìngliseli romanistis~ Semoqmedebaze msjelobi-sas uciloblad aRvniSnavT mis Sotlandielobas. amas umya-resi safuZveli aqvs misi samSoblos _ Sotlandiis _ saxiT, romelic skotis Semoqmedebis balavaria. amerikeli litera-tori jeims rasel loueli XIX saukunis bolos werda, erov-nuli cnobierebis gareSe arasodes gveqnebodao literatu-ra (loueli 1962: 122). erovnuloba mwerlisa, gagebuli ro-gorc nacionaluri Tavisebureba is Rirebulebaa, romlis yadri SeiZleba mxolod Tanamemamuleebma Seicnon, sxvaTaT-vis igi SeumCnevelia, an nakladac ki SeiZleba moiazron (puSkini 1950: 113) _ es ki aleqsandr puSkinis sityvebia.


baxtini 1965: Бахтин М.М. Творчество Франсуа Рабле и народная культура Средневековья и Ренесанса. М.: 1965.

gadameri 1960: Gadamer H.G. Warheit und Methode: Grűndzűge einer philos. Hermeneutik. Tűbingen: 1960. XVII.

iungi 1947: Jung C.G. Psyhologie und Dichtung // Wirklichkeit der Seele. Zűrich: 1947.

iungi 1991: Юнг К.Г. Самосознание европейской культуры XX века. М.: 1991.

kavabata 1982: Кавабата Я. Краски времени. Очерки. М.: 1982. loueli 1962: Lowell J.R. Nationality in literature (1849). Literary criticism.

London: 1962. puSkini 1950: Пушкин – критик. М.: 1950.

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ramaz Wilaia

forma da Sinaarsi

`rwmena formaSia, urwmunoeba SinaarsSi~ ∗. f. nicSe

forma da Sinaarsi filosofiis kategoriebia, romelTa

urTierTkavSirSi Sinaarsi aris obieqtis yvela Semadgeneli elementis, misi Tvisebis, Siga procesebis, kavSirebis, wina-aRmdegobebisa da tendenciebis erToblioba, forma ki _ am erTobliobis Siga organizacia da garegani gamoxatuleba anu materialuri substrati.

formisa da Sinaarsis cnebebis terminismieri momarjvebi-sas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom saqme gvaqvs samecniero ab-strahirebasTan da, rom, forma da Sinaarsi erTiani, ganuyo-feli mTlianobaa (im donezec ki, rom erTi meoreSi gadadis). diqotomiis (forma/Sinarsi) dinamikuri mxarea Sinaarsi, forma ki moicavs obieqtis myari kavSirebis sistemas. ganvi-Tarebis Sedegad, sabolood, aRmocendeba SeuTavsebloba axal Sinaarssa da Zvel formas Soris, rac sruldeba Zveli formis uaryofiTi da axali, Sesatyvisi formis aRmocene-biT. Teza ar axalia, mas bejiTad imeoreben maTe, markoz da luka maxaroblebi _ àrc axal Rvinos Caasxamen Zvel ti-kebSi, sxvagvarad tikebi skdeba, Rvinoc iRvreba da tikebic iRupeba; aramed axal Rvinos axal tikebSi asxamen da orive inaxeba~.

Sinaarsi da forma xelovnebaSi ganuwyvetel dialeqtikur mTlianobaSia da maTi gansxvavebis ZiriTadi kriteriumia is, rom Sinaarsi moicavs xelovnebis sulier mxares, forma ki _ materialur mxares. xelovnebis nawarmoebis Sinaarsis mTava-

∗ moraluri paradoqsis Semcveli es sentencia, nicSes e. w. `boroti sibrZni-dan~ (`Böse Weisheit~, Àphorizmen und Sprüche~) aris moxmobili. misi calke gamo-cema hqonda Cafiqrebuli avtors. Semdeg ki e. w. Naumann-Ausgabe-s XII tomSi Sevida. 1885, gv. 355.

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ri elementebia Tema (sadac gamosaxulia da gaazrebulia movlenebi) da idea (rac gamoxatavs gamosaxul movlenaTa arss, maT emociur Sefasebas esTetikuri idealis poziciidan).

mxatvrul formaSi ganirCeva ori fena: a) Siga fena, ro-melic ufro axlos aris SinaarsTan (aris ra misi saxismety-velebiTi konkretizacia) da romlis ZiriTadi elementebia: siuJeti, kompozicia; da b) garegani fena, damokidebuli fi-zikur masalaze, romliTac operirebs xelovnebis esa Tu is dargi (sityvieri, bgerobriv-samusiko, plastikuri, ferwe-ruli da misT.). amdenad, formis garegani mxaris Semadgeneli elementebic xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi gansxvavebulia (magaliTad: poeziaSi _ metri, ritmi, riTma, maxvili, bger-wera da sxv., musikaSi _ harmonia da polifonia, ferweraSi _ naxati, feri, SuqCrdili, arqiteqturaSi _ sivrcobriv-moculobiTi gadawyvetani, qoreografiaSi _ svla, pa, Teat-ralur xelovnebaSi _ mizanscenebi, kinoxelovnebaSi _ kinomontaJi da a. S.).

formisa da Sinaarsis cnebaTa gamijvna XIX saukunis da-sawyisSi xdeba, kerZod, igi ukavSirdeba klasikur germanul esTetikasa da hegelis naazrevs. swored man Semoitana aqti-ur sityvaxmarebaSi Sinaarsis kategoria.

Sinaarsi nawarmoebis ganmsazRvrelia, radganac xelovne-bis nawarmoebi swored imisTvis iqmneba, rom xelovanma gamo-xatos Tavisi cxovrebiseuli pozicia, Tavisi ideur-esTeti-kuri kredo da am gziT daamyaros urTierToba adamianebTan, sazogadoebasTan; xolo forma aris am amocanis gadawyvetis saSualeba, romelSic Cans xelovanis ostatoba, misi niWi, az-rovneba da ganaTleba. swored formam unda gamoiwvios ada-mianTa sapasuxo mentaluri signali, maTi aqtiuri reaqcia da `TanaSemoqmedeba~ (mxatvruli informaciis aRmqmeliseuli

namati, rac nawarmoebis Sinaarssac amdidrebs).∗

∗ aq naTlad ikveTeba recefciuli esTetikisa da e. w. mkiTxveliseuli reaq-ciis skolis (Reader response school) strategiebis Zalmosileba.

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rogorc yovelgvar obieqtur sinamdvileSi, xelovneba-Sic forma determinirebulia SinaarsiT, magram forma swo-red xelovnebaSia yvelaze ufro aqtiuri da am diqotomiis (forma/Sinarsi) harmoniuli urTierSefardeba aris xelo-vnebis nawarmoebis mxatvrulobis kriteriumi. literatu-raTmcodneobiTi kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxic mxat-vruli literaturuli teqstebis forma-Sinaarseuli urTi-erTmimarTebis kvlevaa. iseve rogorc xelovnebis sxva dar-gebSi, forma mxatvrul literaturaSi ara marto misi Sina-arsis obieqtivacias axdens, aramed am Sinaarsis mowesrige-bisa da organizaciis funqciac akisria. Sinaarsi da forma, realurad, mxatvrul literaturaSi ganuyofelia da am kon-ceptebis cal-calke warmodgena mxolod Teoriulad (Zalze didi abstrahirebis Sedegad) SeiZleba, radganac mxatvrul literaturul nawarmoebTa formisa da Sinaarsis organuli Serwyma, upirvelesi pirobaa misi mxatvrulobisa. amasTanave, literaturaTmcodneobiTi kvlevis dros SeiZleba gamov-yoT nawarmoebis is elementebic, romlebic Sinaarss miekuT-vneba (Tema, fabula, kolizia, idea, tendencia, xasiaTi lite-raturuli, situacia) an formiseulia (kompozicia, siuJeti, mxatvruli ena, Janri, stili, ritmi da misT.).

formisa da Sinaarsis gaazrebas sakmaod xangrZlivi tra-dicia aqvs, vinaidan kritikul saazrovno sivrceSi yovel-Tvis mimdinareobs xelovnebis sabaziso sakiTxebis Sefasebis kriteriumebis modifikacia sxvadasxva epoqebisa da Teori-uli konceptebis konteqstSi.

jer kidev romantizmis epoqis Semoqmedma s. t. kolrijma, klasicizmis epoqis normatiuli `meqanisturi formis~ sawi-naaRmdegod, SeimuSava formis axali cneba. kolriji amodi-oda platonis mier `fedraSi~ gacxadebuli sokrates naazre-vidan, romelic metyvelebiTi procesis denadobis da mcena-ris zrdis procesis analogiurobas acnobierebda. is, ag-reTve, efuZneboda spinozaseul ènteleqias~ da Selingis `naturfilosofiur maqsimas~ _ `zecis, dedamiwisa da sam-Svinvelis~ morigebis Sesaxeb. romantikos kolrijis Tval-

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TaxedviT, WeSmariti literaturuli nawarmoebi `magiur ZalTa~ warmosaxvis nayofia da bunebis Zalebs eTanaxmiereba. leqsi TavisTavad àmoizrdeba~ xolme, `sxvadasxva~ nawilebi ki urTierTzemoqmedeben, avseben erTurTs da metruli mo-wesrigebulobiT cxadyofen Canafiqrs~ (koldueli 1989: 67).

mogvianebiT, poeziis rogorc codnis saxeobis kolriji-seul Sexedulebebs exmianeba h. jeimsis programuli esei `prozis xelovneba~. romani jeimsisaTvis esTetikuri feno-menia, goniTi Wvretis mastimulirebeli aqtivobaa. mwerli-seul gamocdilebas is mxolod `formiT afasebs, mas mere, rac igi Semdgarad iTvleba~; romani avtorisgan damoukideb-lad, òrganulad~, mismier Sinagan kanonTa safuZvelze arse-bobs. xelovani sinamdviliT ki ar aris dakavebuli, aramed am sinamdvilis aRqmis gaazrebiT. `siuJeti da romani, rogorc idea da forma, nemsisa da Zafis mimarTebas emsgavseba~ (jeimsi 1956: 21). literaturuli formebis Camomyalibebeli elementebi, enobrivi elementebia. mxatvruli literaturis forma ama Tu im enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fonemebis, leqsi-kis, sintaqsuri wyobis mizanmimarTuli SeuRlebiT Tu SeTa-nawyobiT iqmneba. formis mTlianoba enaSi gansaxovndeba.

literaturuli teqstis safuZvels specifikur saxisme-tyvelebasa da enobriv formebSi xedavdnen rusi formalis-tebi. v. Sklovski daufaravad acxadebda: `literaturuli nawarmoebi wminda formaa, ara sagani, ara masala, aramed masa-laTa urTierTmoqmedeba~ (Sklovski 1929: 226).

me-20 saukunis kritikaze didi zegavlena iqonia b. kroCes naSromebmac. miseulad Sinaarsi esTetikuri emocia an STa-beWdilebaa, forma ki ukavSirdeba sulier aqtivobas, intu-icias, gamoxatvas. intuiciuri gardasaxvis wyalobiT, Sina-arsi esTetikurobas iZens. esTetikuri Sinaarsi ki ukve aRar Seicavs ormag elements anu forma da Sinaarsi identuri xdeba. swored esTetikuri Sinaarsi warmoadgens xelovnur formas da gamoxatvis saSualebas. xSiria, aRniSnavs kroCe, rodesac kritikosebi `Sinaarsad gamoxatulebas an Sinagan faqts acnobiereben, formad ki marmarilos, saRebavebs,

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ritms, hangs moiazreben, amdenad, isini fizikur faqts gani-xilaven formad, romelic SeiZleba SeenivTos an arc Seeniv-Tos Sinaarss~ (kroCe 1920: 57).

amerikuli àxali kritikis~ wiaRSi formis koncefcias gamorCeulad amuSavebdnen k. bruqsi da r. p. uoreni cnobil naSromebSi `poeziis gageba~ da `prozis gageba~. isini uar-yofdnen jer kidev aristoteles mier SemCneul formisa da Sinaarsis diqotomias xelovnebaSi, Caaancvlebdnen ra mas

òrganuli formis~ (organic form) cnebiT (bruqsi... 1938). neo-kritikosTa koncefcia efuZneboda rwmenas, rom poezia codnis specifikuri formaa, gansxvavebuli samecniero cod-nisgan. àxali kritikis~ warmomadgenlTaTvis Txzuleba ga-nixileba rogorc organuli ontologiuri struqtura, ro-melsac damoukideblad arsebobis saSualeba gaaCnia. bruq-sis Tanaxmad, dasaSvebia, rom `forma~ `Setyobinebaze~ ufro farTo iyos, poeturi nawarmoebi misTvis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis arsebobis formaa.

did mweralTa Semoqmedeba im Zireul istoriul sakiTxebs exmianeba, romelTac maT Tanadrouli epoqa ukarnaxebs. rac mTavria, isini im mxatvrul formebs moimarjveben xolme, romlebic mocemul istoriul Sinaarss upasuxeben. am mosaz-rebas adasturebs k. gamsaxurdia erT saintereso werilSi: `romantikosebi, simbolistebi, neoromantikosebi, neoklasi-kosebi mudam klasikuri formebisaTvis (soneti, balada, tercinebi, tragediebi, romanebi, novelebi) ibrZodnen. mu-dam am marad Zveli da marad axali formebis regeneracias cdilobdnen.

futuristebi, naturalistebi... mudam axali formebis amao ZiebaSi iyvnen. am Ziebas bare ori talanti Seewira. mere isev iwyeboda erTgvari anabazis da Zveli formebisadmi axali Sinaarsis miniWebisaTvis Widili (gamsaxurdia 1985: 27).

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom jer iqmneba xelovnebismieri denotati anu rogorc sadReisodaa miRebuli, produqti Tu nimuSi (zogadad teqsti; J. lakaniseulad sizmaric teqstia) da Semdgom iqmneba Teoriuli koncefciebi. araiSviaTad, esa

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Tu is kritikul-Teoriuli novaciebi miviwyebuli an `reani-mirebuli~ konceptebia da mxolod terminismieri saxelde-bis doneze ganirCevian xolme.

XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul literaturaSi mimdinare procesebs maxvili TvaliT afasebs gr. robaqiZe. Jurnal òqros verZis~ furclebze is wers: `saqarTvelos renesansi ukve daiwyoo da am sityvis simarTles dRiTi dRe ufro vgrZnob, magram renesansi igi jer kidev qaosisa da formis brZolaSi aSkaravdeba da kidev didi droa saWiro, rom for-mam savsebiT sZlios qaoss~.

rogorc iTqva, mwerals misi Tanadrouli epoqa ukarna-xebs ZiriTad `dasamuSavebel~ Temebs. amasTanave, problemis

asaxvis Sesatyvisi unda iyos nawarmoebis stilic anu forma.∗ epoqasTan (drosTan) erTad, problemismierad, momuSave praqtikebia literaturuli tradicia, Janruli specifika, teqstiseuli datvirTva-daniSnuleba. ris magaliTadac gve-saxeba hagiografiuli teqstebi, romelTa wakiTxva `Tanamed-rove~ literaturul-kritikul novaciaTa TvalTaxedviT, meti rom ar vTqvaT, usworoa. qarTuli qristianuli mwer-lobis teqstebSi, upiratesad, moiazreba ara metaforuli saxismetyveleba, aramed mxatvruli gamosaxvis iseTi forme-bi, rogorebicaa: simbolo, alegoria, Sedareba. amgvar xed-vas sakuTriv sasuliero mwerlobis Tavisebureba ganapiro-bebs. amave dros, safuZvliania gaCndes kiTxva _ nuTu sa-suliero teqstebSi gaWirdeba metaforebis daZebna? ra Tqma unda, ara. ubralod aq Zalmosilia is principuli xedva amgvari teqstebis Semqmenelebisa (nu SegveSindeba zogierT maTgans genialuric vuwodoT!), romelTa mixedviT metafo-rulobas simboloTa, bibliismier igavTa, alegoriaTa, ana-logiaTa konceptebi Caanacvlebs.

∗ XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi oTxma Svedma mweralma (s. okaseni, k. henmarki, b.holmbergi, p. erSildi) gamoaqveyna manifesti saTauriT: `formis tiraniis sawinaaRmdego fronti~. oTxTa manifestiT gacxadebuli iyo axali TvalTa-xedva Sveduri literaturisa, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda maT winamorbed-Ta formismieri tendenciebiT gadaWarbebul gatacebas.

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samyaroSi calkeuli azrisa da ganwyobis gamosaxatavad arsebobs mxolod erTi Sesatyvisi forma. SemoqmedebiTi procesi swored da mxolod am erTaderTi formis Ziebas warmoadgens. povnamde kacma ar icis, ranairia es erTaderTi forma (maWavariani 1983). formismieri variaciis saintereso nimuSs gvawvdis rusi istorikosi e. tarle Tavis gamokvleva-portretSi `napoleoni~. ai, rogor JRers evfemisturi pasa-Jis Sinaarsi, romelic e. w. 100 dRian periods exeba. safran-geTis samTavrobo da mmarTveli wreebis mxardamWeri presa ùcnaur~ metamorfozas ganicdis (napoleoni samxreTi sana-pirodan parizisken miiwevs). pirveli cnoba: korsikeli ur-Cxuli xuanis ubeSi gamoCnda. meore cnoba: kaciWamia grasis-ken miemarTeba. mesame Setyobineba: uzurpatori grenoblSia. meoTxe cnoba: bonapartem lioni daikava. mexuTe cnoba: napoleoni fontenblos uaxlovdeba. meeqvse cnoba: mis saim-peratoro udidebulesobas xval missave erTgul parizSi elian.

mTeli es literaturuli gama erTsa da imave dasaxelebis gazeTebis furclebze, ucvleli saredaqcio Semadgenlo-biT, sul ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi dasturdeba. moxmobi-li amonaridi kvlav cxadyofs forma-Sinaarseul diqotomi-is ucvlelobas. am mxriv, kidev erT, sayuradRebo informa-cias Seicavs saTauri literaturuli nawarmoebisa. is SeiZ-leba mini-teqstadac ganvixiloT, romelic mkiTxvelis mopa-tiJebasac Seicavs. saTauris wakiTxvisas nawarmoebSi Sevabi-jebT xolme. aq ki Tavs iCens Tavad teqstis mravalsaxovane-ba, Tundac sxva nawarmoebebisadmi mimarTeba upirvelesad, ikveTeba tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebi, riTac dgindeba li-teraturuli gvaris (eposi, drama, lirika), Janris (moTxro-ba, poema da a.S.), wamyvani esTetikuri kategoriis anu mxat-vruli modusis (amaRlebuli, tragikuli, idiliuri da a. S.), metyvelebis ritmuli organizebis (leqsi, proza, sazomi da a. S.), literaturuli mimarTuleba (romantizmi, realizmi da a. S.), ragvaroba.

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beWdvis SemoRebamde, saTauris mizani iyo xelnawerTa krebulSi esa Tu is xelnaweri aReniSnaT mxolod, amitom mas xelnaweris SinaarsTan xSirad kavSiri ar hqonda. xelnawers aRniSnavdnen amgvarad: a) misi dasawyisi sityviT _ magali-Tad, bereSit-ebraelebi ase uwodebdnen bibliis pirvel wigns, romelic ebraulad iwyeba sityviT bereSit (qarTulad _ dasabamisad); b) saTauri miuTiTebda ama Tu im wignis mde-bareobas krebulSi (aseTi xasiaTisaa aristoteles wignis saxelwodeba `metafizika~ anu fizikis Semdeg mdebare). saTa-urebi momcro ficris firfitaze iwereboda da xelnawers hqonda mibmuli.

beWdvis SemoRebis Semdeg saTaurs sxva daniSnuleba mieca _; sareklamo (nabeWdi produqciis gasaRebis mizniT), amitom saTauri moicavda Sinaarsis mokle gadmocemas. forma-Sina-arseuli urTierTmimarTebis saintereso magaliTia d. de-fos `robinzon-kruzos~ sruli saTauri: `cxovreba da sak-virveli Tavgadasavali robinzon kruzosi, mezRvaurisa iorkidan, romelmac icxovra ocdarva weliwadi srul mar-toobaSi udabur kunZulze amerikis napirebTan, mdinare or-inokos SesarTavis axlos, sadac talRam gamoagdo gemis da-Rupvis Semdeg, romlis dros daiRupa gemis mTeli ekipaJi mis garda, TandarTuli gadmocemiT mekobreTa mier misi mo-ulodneli ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romelic mis mierve iyo dawerili”.

gansakuTrebuli datvirTva aqvs lirikul nawarmoebTa dasaTaurebas. amas Tavad nawarmoebSi gadmocemuli sxvada-sxva gancda apirobebs. amitom, lirikuli nawarmoebi xSirad usaTauroa, an iwodeba misi pirveli taepis mixedviT (`gareT wvims da Tovs~, `Cveni ifnis tyidan ismis~, `sadRac Srialebs Waobi WyviSis~). saTauri yovelTvis mianiSnebs nawarmoebis mTavr mxares, mTavar ambavsa Tu gancdas anu Sinaarss.

`win da winve gansazRvra formis namdvili poetisaTvis yovlad SeuZlebelia, forma unda mohyves TviT nagrZnobs da naazrevs. namdvilad nagrZnob sagans da nawarmoebs Tan moh-yveba forma. roca ki mwerali kalams xels mohkidebs da for-

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mis winaswar planis Sedgenas, Zaldatanebas TviT Seudgeba, nawarmoebis sisustis momaswavebelia~. amgvarad moiazrebs formis arss vaJa-fSavela.


bruqsi... 1938: Understanding poetry; Ed. by Brooks G., Warren R. P. – N.Y.: 1938, 680 p.

gamsaxurdia 1985: gamsaxurdia k. rCeuli Txzulebebi rva tomad. t. VIII, Tb.: 1985.

vaJa-fSavela 1964: vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.: 1964.

koldueli 1989: Колдуэлл К. Иллюзия и деиствительность. Об источниках поэзии. М.: 2989.

kroCe 1920: Кроче Б. Эстетика как наука о выражении и как общая лингвистика. ч. 1, М.: 1920.

maWavariani 1983: maWavariani m. leqsebi, poema. Tb.:1983.

Sklovski 1929: Шкловский В. О теории прозы. М.: 1929. jeimsi 1956: James H. The art of fiction; Ed. by Edel L. – N.Y.: 1956.

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levan bregaZe

Tema da mxatvruli idea

Tema (berZn. thema _ is, rac [safuZvelSi] devs) litera-turismcodneobaSi aRniSnavs sakiTxs (sagans), romelic da-muSavebulia mxatvrul TxzulebaSi. ganasxvaveben ZiriTad anu mTavar Temas da damxmare Temas anu qveTemas. Temisa da qveTemebis erTobliobas Tematikas uwodeben. Tema mxatvru-li ideis mimarT formaa, xolo siuJetis mimarT _ Sinaarsi, rac niSnavs, rom legitimuria am yaidis gamoTqmebi: esa da es mxatvruli idea moTxrobaSi ama da am Temis damuSavebiT gamoixata, anda _ esa da es Tema moTxrobaSi ama da am siuJe-tis formiT gamoixata.

ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobis `glaxis naambobis~ mTavari Tema batonymobis araadamianuri bunebis Cvenebaa, xolo qve-Temis nimuSad SeiZleba davasaxeloT moZRvrisa da Segirdis masSive aRwerili urTierToba (uaRresad aqtualuri yvela drosa da epoqaSi).

vaJa-fSavalas poemis àluda qeTelauris~ Tema aris kon-fliqti pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas (Tems) Soris, rac pirov-nebis mier yavlgasuli antihumanuri adaTis uaryofas mosdevs.

zogjer Tema saTaurSivea mocemuli (ilia WavWavaZis `ram-denime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidam~, egnate ninoSvilis `janyi guriaSi~, galaktion tabiZis àkakis gar-dacvalebis gamo~).

Tematikis gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva epopeis Janris mxatvruli Txzuleba. magaliTad, oTar Wila-Zis roman-epopeis `rkinis Teatris~ Tema aris modernis epo-qis dasawyisis (me-19 saukunis damlevisa da me-20 saukunis damdegis) saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikuri da kul-turuli cxovrebis panoramis Cveneba; mis qveTemaTa Soris ki SeiZleba davasaxeloT: a) meamboxe pirovnebisa da saxelmwi-fo xelisuflebis urTierTdamokidebuleba politikuri da-ZabulobiT gamorCeul xanaSi; b) erovnuli damoukideblo-

40

bisTvis brZola krizisis stadiaSi myofi ruseTis imperiis uRelqveS myof saqarTveloSi; g) xelovanis funqcia sazoga-doebrivi konfliqtebiT daRdasmul epoqaSi; d) siyvaruli; e) ojaxur urTierTobaTa sxvadasxva modelis urTierTSe-pirispireba; v) mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris rTuli, daZabu-li, winaaRmdegobrivi urTierTobani da sxv.

rogorc TavSi vTqviT, Tema formaa mxatvruli ideis (vi-

Tarca Sinaarsis) mimarT (berZn. idea _ warmodgena, cneba, pirvelsaxe).

nawarmoebis mxatvrul ideas vuwodebT mxatvruli nawar-moebis safuZvelSi mdebare mTavar azrs, avtoris damokide-bulebas nawarmoebSi damuSavebuli Temisadmi, rac realis-tur mxatvrul TxzulebaSi iSviaTad aris gacxadebuli aS-karad, mas amocnoba, migneba sWirdeba. mxatvruli ideis

wvdoma seriozuli hermenevtikuli∗ muSaobis Sedegia, igi mxatvruli teqstis analizis yvelaze SemoqmedebiT etapze _ gamowvlilviTi filologiuri kvlevis damagvirgvinebel fazaSi xorcieldeba.

mxatvruli ideis xorcSesxma mxatvruli nawarmoebis saxe-Ta da sxva komponentTa erTiani sistemis meSveobiT xdeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom mxatvruli idea met-naklebad mxatvru-li teqstis struqturis yvela doneze aisaxeba. mxatvruli ideis amosacnobad upirveles yovlisa saWiroa gairkves av-toris damokidebuleba nawarmoebSi warmodgenili Temisad-mi, raSic sxva doneebze (siuJetis, fabulis, tropuli mety-velebis, stilis da a. S. doneebze) dakvirvebac gvexmareba.

ilia WavWavaZis leqsis `gazafxulis~ (`tyem moisxa foTo-li~) Tema saTaurSivea gacxadebuli, idea ki samSoblos mZime mdgomareobiT gamowveuli naRvelia. amis Sesaxeb teqstSi pirdapir araferia naTqvami, magram es azri gagviCndeba, Tu davakvirdebiT, rogor aris damuSavebuli Tema, rogoria av-toris damokidebuleba gazafxulisadmi, nazamTrali bune-

∗ hermenevtika _ teqstis interpretaciis Teoria.

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bis gamoRviZebisadmi. es damokidebuleba kita abaSiZem ase gamoxata am leqsis analizisas:

`roca poeti bunebas gvisuraTebs, mas arc bunebis gare-gani simSveniere itacebs, arc is gavlena, romelic mas aqvs poetzed ama Tu im ganwyobilebis dros; roca buneba xarobs, roca àyvavebula mdelo, ayvavebulan mTebi~, samSoblo agondeba da sevdianad ekiTxeba: `mamulo sayvarelo, Sen ros-Ra ayvavdebio?~ (abaSiZe 1970: 229).

mamulis ayvavebaSi unda vigulisxmoT poetis samSoblos, saqarTvelos, imdroindeli ekonomikuri da kulturuli Ca-morCenilobis daZleva, rac, uTuod, koloniuri mdgomare-obisTvis Tavis daRwevis, erovnuli damoukideblobis mopo-vebis gziT unda momxdariyo.

sxva mxatvruli idea udevs safuZvlad besik xaranaulis imave Temaze daweril leqss `gazafxulis Zaxilze~:

`cxenze Semjdara obol-berdia, Camouyria grZeli fexebi~ da nasimindarSi miuyveba gzas. qveyanas gazafxuli swvevia. mindvrebisaTvis, gorakebisTvis, naxnavebisTvis, gadatrusu-li ferdobebisTvis `wuxel viRacas mwvane xeli gadausvia~. rogoria berdias damokidebuleba bunebis aRorZinebisadmi? igi ucxod grZnobs Tavs am garemoSi (sacekvao wreSi ZaliT Segdebul kacs adarebs mas poeti), raRacaze guli swydeba, TiTqos Surs kidec bunebisa. bunebisadmi berdias gaucxo-ebul damokidebulebas socialuri safuZveli aqvs: bunebis zeimi mas kidev ufro mwvaved agrZnobinebs Tavis miusafro-bas, umegobrobas, usiyvarulobas:

ài, aseTi xeli unda obol berdias, aseTi mwvane xeli unda mis daSaSrul suls da gamxmar qoCors~.

aqedan cxadia, rom adamiansa da bunebas Soris napralis gaCena am SemTxvevaSi adamianur urTierTobaTa mougvareb-lobis bralia. vxvdebiT, rom am leqsis avtorisTvis gazaf-xuliT tkboba ar arsebobs, vidre ar arsebobs adamianTa

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Soris gulisxmieri, TviT adamianobis ideisTvis sakadrisi, urTierToba. amdenad, am leqsis mxatvruli idea adamianur urTierTobaTa kritikaa, Tumca teqstSi es aSkarad da pir-dapir naTqvami ar aris.

amrigad, orive leqsSi bunebisagan adamianis gaucxoebaa warmoCenili, risi mizezic pirvelSi erovnuli satkivaria, meoreSi ki socialur urTierTobaTa mouwyobloba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirvelis mxatvruli idea politikuri damouki-deblobis aRdgenis gziT erovnuli cxovrebis aRorZinebis natvraa, meorisa _ adamianTa Soris ufro gulisxmieri damokidebulebis gaCenis survili.

vnaxoT rogor gansazRvravs vaJa-fSavelas poemis `bax-trionis~ Temasa da ideas grigol kiknaZe:

`baxtrionis~ mTavar Temas, anu sagans Seadgens saqarTve-los mTianeTis mcxovrebTa brZola sparselebTan.

TvalnaTliv patriotulia am poemis mizandasaxuloba, anu idea: is Seicavs mowodebas mterTagan samSoblos ganTa-visuflebisaTvis. aseTi mowodeba gulSi Camwvdomia ukve TavisTavad, magram es idea am poemaSi gansakuTrebiT qmedi-Tia da es imitom, rom igi erTob gamdidrebulia konkretuli SinaarsiT. poeti xSirad uxvevs ZiriTadi ambidan, igi exeba iseT movlenebsa Tu sakiTxebs, romelTac TiTqosda pirda-piri kavSiri arca aqvT ZiriTad ambavTan. amitom es misi poema mravalTemiani, anu poliTematuri poemaa~ (kiknaZe 1978: 93-94).

zogjer mxatvruli Txzulebis Temisa da masTan dakavSi-rebuli problemis sirTulis, mravalwaxnagovnebis gamo na-warmoebis mxatvruli ideis amocnoba Zneldeba, sxvadasxva analitikosi sxvadasxva mxatvrul ideas xedavs erTsa da ima-ve teqstSi. ilia WavWavaZis poemis `gandegilis~ mxatvruli ideis Taobaze kamaTi misi gamoqveynebisTanave daiwyo da dRemde grZeldeba, urTierTgamomricxavi Tvalsazrisebic ki aris gamoTqmuli am sakiTxze (zogi fiqrobda, rom poemis mxatvruli idea gandegilobis, cxovrebisgan gandgomis apo-logia iyo, zogic piriqiT _ gandegilobis uaryofas xedav-da masSi).

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ama Tu im Txzulebis mxatvruli ideis Sesaxeb gansxvave-bul SexedulebaTa gaCenas isic iwvevs, rom SesaZlebelia mkiTxvelTa mier nawarmoebis esTetikuri aRqma urTierT-gansxvavebuli iyos, vinaidan, rogorc recefciuli anu aR-

qmis esTetikis Teoria∗ gvaswavlis, sxvadasxva aRmqmelis warmodgenaSi sxvadasxvanairad xdeba nawarmoebis epizodTa aqtualizeba da rekonstruqcia-konkretizacia (warmosaxva-Si xorcSesxma wakiTxulisa). aseT dros ar aris gamoricxu-li, rom gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi Tanabrad marTebu-li iyos da erTi da imave teqstis sxvadasxva Zvirfas Rire-bulebas warmoaCendes. es miaCnia roman ingardens imis erT-erT mizezad, rom `mkiTxvelebi _ zogjer sworedac rom di-dad ganaTlebuli da mgrZnobiare kritikosebi _ erTi da imave literaturuli mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sefasebisas ver Tanxmdebian~ (ingardeni 2011: 123).

mxatvruli ideis amocnobisas sirTules isic qmnis, rom realisturi maneriT Sesrulebul TxzulebaSi avtoris ten-dencia SeniRbulia, plakaturad ar aris gamoTqmuli (amas moiTxovs mimesisis principi, rac sinamdvilis, cxovrebis mi-baZvaSi, personaJTa xasiaTebis fsiqologiuri simarTliT xatvaSi mdgomareobs, _ arc cxovrebiseul movlenebs an re-alurad arsebul pirovnebebs akravT maT av-kargze mimaniS-nebeli iarliyebi!), anu idea, ZiriTadi azri, mxatvruli xer-xebis gamoyenebiT, xatovani formiT miewodeba mkiTxvels. xatovnad gamoTqmuli azris interpretacia ki sxvadasxvana-irad SeiZleba. vaJa-fSavelas poema `baxtrions~ `zRaprul-legendaruli~ (grigol kiknaZe) finali aqvs: fSavelTa laS-qris winamZRoli gmiri luxumi, romelic daWrili martod-marto CarCa udabur tyeSi, gvelma gadaarCina daRupvas _ gamokveba da umkurnala. poema am striqonebiT mTavrdeba: àmboben: SaaZlebina sneulso fexze dadgoma, eRirsebao luxumsa laSaris gorze Sadgoma~.

∗ recefciuli anu aRqmis esTetikis Teoria _ literaturismcodneobiTi meTodi, romelic mkiTxvelis mier mxatvruli teqstis aRqmis Tavisebur-ebebs Seiswavlis.

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vaJa-fSavela igonebs: ùrTma uswavlelma fSavelma miTx-ra, romelsac `baxtrioni~ waekiTxa, moswoneboda Zalian da yelgadagdebiT, TiTqos Sekazmuls cxensa mTxovda saCuqrad, mexveweboda, mekiTxeboda: vaJav, Tu RmerTi gwams, nu damimalav, sworada Tqvi, saqarTvelos Tavisuflebas ara gulisxmob `bax-trionSi~, rom ambob, èRirsebao luxumsa laSaris gorze Sadgo-mao?~. ìqneb vgulisxmobde~, vupasuxe~ (qarTuli... 1974: 440).

rogorc vxedavT, pirdapiri (erTmniSvnelovani) pasuxis gacemas poeti pirad saubarSic Tavs aridebs.

aq kidev erTi mniSvnelovani hermenevtikuli sakiTxi unda wamovWraT, nawarmoebis mxatvruli ideis wvdomasTan dakavSirebuli.

poeturi Txzulebis mxatvruli ideis amocnobisas erTi mocemuli azris aRmoCena ki ar xdeba, aramed teqstSi Cveni sakuTari azric Caideba, `vinaidan Cveni interesebi, Cveni su-rvilebi da TviT Cveni yuradRebis mimarTulebac ki azris mimniWebel rols asrulebs, rasac albaT verasodes davaR-wevT savsebiT Tavs: es gaxlavT ybadaRebuli `hermenevtiku-li wre~. magram ras gulisxmobs, kacma rom Tqvas, àzri~? az-ri, es aris urTierTdamokidebuleba [teqstis sxvadasxva na-wilebs Soris]. ganmarteba da interpretacia urTierTdamo-kidebulebebs abams [teqstis sxvadasxva nawilebs Soris], sul erTia, arseboben Tu ara isini TavisTavad~ (Smidi 2003: 11).

vaJa-fSavelas leqsis àrwivis~ Tema daWril-dauZlure-buli `frinvelTa mefis~ yvav-yornebTan uTanaswori brZo-laa. mxatvruli idea ki sinanulia, gamoTqmuli imis gamo, rom `mdabalT~ dro ixelTes, `didebulis~ gaWirvebiT isar-gebles da `koleqtiuri~ ZalisxmeviT laCrulad daamarcxes Zlieri individualoba (amgvari ram arc cxovelTa samyaro-Si, arc adamianTa sazogadoebaSi iSviaTi ar aris, da yoveli aseTi faqti veragulad Zleulis mimarT Tanagancdas iwvevs). magram Tu vinme am leqsSi patriotul motivs amoikiTxavs, erT dros mZleTa mZle da amJamad SeWirvebul arwivSi uwin Zliersa da im droisaTvis mravalricxovan mterTagan dauZ-lurebul saqarTvelos igulisxmebs, veravin dauSlis _ ase-

45

Ti (alegoriuli) interpretaciis SesaZleblobas teqsti iZ-leva, TumcaRa dramatizmiT aRsavse es leqsi maSinac mSve-nier poetur qmnilebad darCeboda, svebednieri eris poets rom daewera igi. ase rom, danamdvilebiT verasodes vityviT, is azri, rac Cven mxatvruli teqstidan gamovitaneT, avto-ris CanafiqrSi Sedioda Tu ara. es garemoeba unda gaviTva-liswinoT mxatvruli ideis amocnobisas da, sazogadod, mxatvruli teqstis aRqmis procesSi, rac mogvexmareba maqsi-malurad obieqturni viyoT interpretaciisas da gagebiT movekidoT sxvaTa interpretaciebsac.

rac zemoT vTqviT mxatvruli ideis amocnobis sirTulis Taobaze, mimesisis principze damyarebul (mimetur) mxat-vrul Txzulebebs Seexeba, iseT mxatvrul qmnilebebs, rom-lebSic sinamdvile sinamdviliseuli formebiT, xolo per-sonaJTa qmedeba fsiqologiuri simarTliT aris aRwerili. rac Seexeba igavuri yaidis antimimetur nawarmoebebs, maTi mxatvruli idea zedapirze Zevs, zogjer aSkaradaa gacxade-buli teqstis TavSi an boloSi, da am ideis dasabuTeba xdeba parabolis (igavis) meSveobiT, mxatvruli konstruqciiT, ro-melSic sinamdviliseuli movlenebi met-naklebad gaucna-urebul-gaucxoebulia, zRapruli forma aqvT, an SeiZleba asec iTqvas: deformirebulia mxatvruli ideis Sesatyvisad. asea dawerili sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa~:

`rac salaro gaqvs, Tu ar ixmareb, qva da oqro sworia kacTaTvis~, _ es debuleba, ase aSkarad gacxadebuli am wig-nis personaJis, mefis Zis jumberis mier im igavis (`Zunwi da oqro~) mxatvrul ideas warmodgens, romelsac ufliswuli gviyveba mas Semdeg, rac citirebul Segonebas warmoTqvams;

àrqoneba ar varga da avad qoneba uaresia~, am mxatvruli ideis sailustraciod igive personaJi Semdeg didvaWrisa da misi Zis Wkuissawavlebel, Tumca sruliad ararealistur, igavisTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirobiTobebis gamoyenebiT Se-Txzul ambavs mogviTxrobs (`didvaWari da misi Ze~).

mxatvruli ideis gareSe ar arsebobs mxatvruli teqsti (rac ar unda `formalisturi~ gveCvenebodes igi), magram is

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ki SesaZlebelia, rom mxatvruli Txzulebis ideis mkafiod Camoyalibeba verc misma avtorma SeZlos (es Zalian xSirad xdeba _ avtors, romelic umetesad intuiciurad qmnis, uWirs Tavis qmnilebasTan analitikuri mimarTebis damyare-ba) da verc literaturaTmcodnem (kritikosma), rac zogier-Ti teqstis sirTuliT da kidev imiT aris gamowveuli, rom analizis Cveni unari SezRudulia, movlenis siRrmeSi Cveni gonebis wvdomis xarisxi mraval subieqtur da obieqtur ga-remoebaze aris damokidebuli (saerTod ki, gansazRvrulia sazogadoebisa da mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis mocemuli doniT). gansakuTrebiT Znelia zemoT ukve naxsenebi epopeis Janris poliTematikuri qmnilebis mxatvruli ideis moxel-Teba. nawarmoebis mxatvruli ideis wvdoma struqturis yve-la doneze teqstis skrupulozur Seswavlas dafuZnebuli SemoqmedebiTi aqtia, romelic yovelTvis rodi dagvirgvin-deba warmatebiT. magram siZnele, cxadia, SeuZleblobas ar niSnavs. zogi teqstis mxatvruli ideis amocnobas saukuneebi sWirdeba, zogis mxatvruli idea ki epoqebis monacvlebasTan erTad cvalebadobs (Secvlil istoriul viTarebaSi teq-stic gansxvavebulad ikiTxeba xolme) da amitom misi Semec-neba arc arasodes mTavrdeba.


abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX saukunis qarTuli literatu-ris Sesaxeb. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1970.

ingardeni 2011: ingardeni r. konkretizacia da rekonstruqcia. `sjani~. Jurnali literaturis Teoriasa da SedarebiT literatu-

rismcodneobaSi. № 12. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemlo-ba, 2011. germanulidan Targmna l. bregaZem.

kiknaZe 1978: kiknaZe gr. literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis saki-Txebi. Tb.: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1978.

qarTuli... 1974: qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. IV. Tb.: `sabWo-Ta saqarTvlo~, 1974.

Smidi 2003: Smidi v. cxovrebis xelovnebis skola. gaz. `Cveni mwer-loba~ (gaz. àxali epoqis~ literaturuli damateba). 17.-23. 01. 2003,

#2 (132). germanulidan Targmna l. bregaZem.

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irma ratiani

fabula da siuJeti∗

∗ ∗ ∗

`mefe mokvda da dedofalic mokvda ~. `mefe mokvda da Semdeg dardisagan mokvda dedofali~. ra qmnis gansxvavebas am or martiv frazas Soris? mxolod

erTi sityva _ `dardisagan~, Tumca gansxvaveba gacilebiT siRrmiseulia: is scdeba oden leqsikuri opoziciis CarCo-ebs da struqturul opoziciad gardaiqmneba _ Tu pirveli fraza gadmogvcems ambavs, meore gadmogvcems ambavs da emo-cias erTad; Tu pirveli fraza movlenaTa obieqturi Camo-naTvalia, meore subieqturi dakvirvebis Sedegs warmoad-gens. Sesabamisad, askvnis ingliseli mwerali da literatu-rismcodne edvard morgan forsteri, erT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs fabulasTan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ siuJetTan, romelic warmosaxvis meSveobiT grZnobadsa da moqnils xdis fabulis faqtebis simyifes (forsteri: 1927). warmosaxva _ CamonaTvalis winaaRmdeg, fantazia _ movlenaTa interpre-taciis pretenziiT. sad iwyeba fabulisa da siuJetis opozi-cia an ramdenad arsebiTia igi? rogoria misi gaazreba lite-raturuli procesebis Teoriuli Sefasebis rTulsa da xan-grZliv paradigmaSi? vidre SevudgebodeT problemis Te-oriul analizs, kvlav forsters davimowmebT: `mwerlebi, romlebsac mdidari warmosaxva aqvT, gacilebiT ufro didi movlenaa, vidre is pirvelmizezebi, romlebsac isini emsa-

xurebian~ (forsteri: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/ e/e_m_forster.html).

∗ statiis vrceli versia ix. i. ratianis wignSi `fabula da siuJeti. Pro et Contra~. Tb., 2011.

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miTi da miTisqmnadoba

Tanamedrove literaturismcodneobiTi ganmartebis Ta-naxmad, fabula da siuJeti mxatvruli teqstis sabaziso struqturul komponentebs warmoadgens, romlebic uzrun-velyofs teqstis zogadi struqturuli ierarqiis Camoya-libebas. magram, SemoTavazebuli ganmartebis simwyobrisda miuxedavad, daZleuli misi arc sirTulea da arc winaaRmde-gobrivi xasiaTi: ra funqciiTaa datvirTuli teqstSi fabu-lis struqturuli rgoli? rogori ambavia fabula _ nam-dvili Tu gamogonili? Tu namdvilia, maS, raRa qmnis mxat-vrul fiqcias? Tu gamogonilia, maS, sad veZioT mxatvruli simarTle? rogor gardaiqmneba ambavi siuJetur movlenaTa struqturul bmulad? ramdenad erTgvarovania siuJetis ganmarteba? an ra mimarTeba arsebobs fabulasa da siuJets Soris? am principulad mniSvnelovan kiTxvebze pasuxebis Zi-eba, moiTxovs, erTi mxriv, fabulisa da siuJetis proble-maTa kvlevis istoriis kompleqsurad gaazrebasa da gadaaz-rebas, xolo, meore mxriv, Tanamedrove kvleviT meTodolo-giebze dafuZnebuli poziciis SemuSavebas da praqtikulad dasabuTebas.

`fabulisa~ da `siuJetis~ cnebebi literaturismcodne-obiT mimoqcevaSi me-20 saukunis erT-erTi pirveli Teori-uli skolis, rusuli formalisturi skolis warmomadgen-

lebma, kerZod, viqtor Sklovskim (Sklovski: http://www. opojaz. ru/manifests/kakpriem.htm) da vladimir propma (propi: 1984) daam-kvidres. maTi ganmartebiT, fabula warmoadgens qronologi-urad dawyobil ambavs, xolo siuJeti _ movlenaTa logikur gadmocemasa da aRdgenas erTian TxrobiT qargaSi. Sesaba-misad, fabula ganixileba rogorc siuJetis Camoyalibebi-

saTvis saWiro masala∗. magram meTodologiuri Ziebani am-bavsa da teqstSi aRweril movlenaTa mTlianobaze rusi

∗ detaluri msjeloba fabulisa da siuJetis formalistur Teoriaze ixi-leT amave naSromis mesame nawilSi.

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formalistebis gamokvlevebSi ar dawyebula. msjeloba teq-stis ZiriTad struqturul komponentTa Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb, agreTve, mxatvrul teqstSi maTi funqciis analizi, gacilebiT adre, jer kidev antikur epoqaSi, platonisa da aristoteles Sromebidan iRebs saTaves. pirvelive seriozu-li dakvirveba mxatvruli teqstis raobasa da mniSvnelobaze, romlis avtori da Semoqmedi iyo platoni, logikuri da Cinebulad dasabuTebuli TeoriiT dagvirgvinda. Teoria swored ambavisa da movlenaTa qargis winaaRmdegobriv in-terpretacias daefuZna im CasworebiT, rom cnebaTa apara-tica da statusic ramdenadme gansxvavdeboda Tanamedrove interpretatorebis versiebisgan. Tu amerikel literatu-rismcodnes, v. hols, davimowmebT, `berZnebi SesaniSnavi mo-saubreebi iyvnen, da, sxva mraval sakiTxTan erTad, poezi-azec xSirad saubrobdnen. magram maTi sityvebi, xmelTaSua zRvis qars mihqonda. Tu ar CavTvliT erT-or poetur xazs da ramdenime fragments filosofiuri traqtatebidan, pla-tonamde ar arsebobda literaturis Teoriul kvlevaze age-buli saliteraturo kritika. aristofanes komediebSi gab-neuli brwyinvale literaturuli Ziebanic ki ufro praqti-kul xasiaTs atarebda, vidre Teoriuls. amdenad, Tuki gvsurs, Tavidan daviwyoT literaturis Sesaxeb fundamen-turi mosazrebebis gacnoba, unda daviwyoT platoniT~ (holi 1963: 1).

platoni (427-347 ww.) marTlac rom Seucvlel avtoritetad mosCans aramarto filosofiuri azrovnebis, aramed _ li-teraturuli da poetikuri kvlevebis msoflio sivrceSi. mis fundamentur SromebSi, romlebic azrovnebis uCveulo mas-StaburobiTa da problemaTa speqtruli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia literaturismcod-neobiT Ziebebs. platoni samarTlianad miiCneva siRrmiseuli literaturul-Teoriuli kvlevebis iniciatorad, Tumca, misi literaturismcodneobiTi Sexedulebani myarad Camoya-libebul filosofiur koncefcias efuZneba da filoso-

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fosis metafizikuri da socio-politikuri principebidan

gamomdinareobs∗. aTenis moqalaqe, genialuri berZeni namdvilad aRar Tvli-

da Tavis qveyanas momxibvlel miTosur samoTxed. metic, wuxda, rom aTenis didebis mze Caesvena, xolo Tanamoqalaqe-ni uprincipo demagogebis mier imarTebodnen. momravldnen codvilni, flidebi da aramzadebi. WeSmaritebis gzidan ga-dacdenil sazogadoebas mtkice xeli esaWiroeboda, discip-lina da goniereba, rasac, platonis rwmeniT, mxolod misi rangis avtoritetuli moazrovne Tu uzrunvelyofda. sazo-gadoebis xsnisa da idealuri saxelmwifos Senebis ideiT STagonebuli platoni mtkiced daupirispirda moralur da zneobriv antinormebs da maT kanonmdeblebs, romelTa So-risac upirvelesad poetebi miiCnia! Tavis umniSvnelovanes naSromSi `saxelmwifo~ platonma strategiuli omi gamo-ucxada poetebs da wamoayena genialuri braldeba poeziis winaaRmdeg, romelic ramdenime arsebiT mizezze daafuZna.

platonis braldebis amosaval wertilad baZvis cneba iqca.

poezia aris baZva, acxadebda platoni, poetebi ki arian mimbaZvelebi, vinaidan swored maTi ZalisxmeviT xorciel-deba baZva, magram, rogor moviqceT, `mivceT poetebs mi-baZvis neba Tu ar unda mivceT? anda, Tu mivcemT, maSin ras SeiZleba baZavdnen da ras ara? an, iqneb, sulac agvekrZala maTTvis yovelgvari mibaZva?~ (platoni 2003: 97).

arsebiT mniSvnelobas aq Tavad baZvis cnebis gageba iZens. poeturi baZva platonisaTvis meqanikuri procesia, romelic ver uTavsdeba missave metafizikas. platonis filosofiuri xedvis Tanaxmad, realuri samyaro arsebobs ideebis da ara materialuri sagnebis sferoSi. igi dabejiTebiT miiCnevs,

∗ CvenTvis saintereso cnebebis gaazrebac platonis filosofiuri modelis esTetikur implikacias ufro warmoadgens, vidre _ pirdapir samiznes (miT ufro, rom terminTa dazusteba sulac ar Seadgens filosofosis amocanas), TumcaRa platonis Sexdulebebis gaanalizebis gareSe SeuZlebelia fabuli-sa da siuJetis literaturismcodneobiTi cnebebis genezisisa da meTodo-logiuri specifikis dazusteba.

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rom `saganTa yovel simravles~ moepoveba erTi idea, romlis mibaZvasac, aslsac warmoadgens esa Tu is materialuri saga-ni. xelosani yoveli sagnis damzadebisas jer kargad akvir-deba am sagnis ideas da imis mixedviT qmnis Tavad sagans: ma-galiTad, sawolis Sesaqmnelad igi akvirdeba sawolis ideas, karadis Sesaqmnelad _ karadis ideas, magidis Sesaqmnelad _ magidis ideas da a.S. `magram arc erT xelosans ar SeuZlia sakuTriv ideis Seqmna~ (platoni 2003: 357), ideebis genera-tori mxolod RmerTia, RmerTi da sxva àravin, mxolod is~ (platoni 2003: 357). amrigad, RmerTi qmnis ideebs, romlebsac Semdgom materialur saxes aZlevs ostati: ostati ideis mi-xedviT ganaxorcielebs mis ganivTebas, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qmnis nivTs ideis yalibze. am gziT iRebs materialur saxes yoveli idea, Sesabamisad, am gziT mimdinareobs realu-ri samyaros materialuri dovlaTis dagrovebis procesi. raRa misia ekisreba mxatvars, romelsac surs, daxatos nivTi? is baZavs ostatis mier Seqmnil nivTs da, Sesabamisad, baZavs nivTis Semqmnelebs _ RmerTsa da ostats. maSasadame, mxatvari uxeSi mimbaZvelia: is sami safexuriTaa daSorebuli namdvili arsisagan. asevea tragediis Semqmnelic da poetic, romlebic, mxatvris msgavsad, mesame adgils ikaveben RvTa-ebisa da WeSmaritebis Semdeg. amasTan, mxatvarica da poetic cdilobs, mibaZos sagans ara iseTs, rogoric is aris sinam-dvileSi, aramed _ rogoradac is mas eCveneba, anu baZavs ara realurs, aramed lands. sruliad cxadia, rom amgvarad age-buli mimbaZvelobiTi xelovneba platonisaTvis Sorsaa si-namdvilisgan, is ufro optikur TamaSs waagavs, romlis meS-veobiTac avtori cdilobs, mayurebelTa da msmenelTa motyuebas.

platonisaTvis WeSmaritebisa da azrovnebis sizustis upirvelesi sazomi codnaa. poetebi ki uars amboben codnaze: gana meetleze ukeT icis homerosma, rogor unda imarTos etli? arada, xom ar erideba amis aRweras Tavis teqstebSi?! gana eqimze ukeT icis, rogor umkurnalos daWrils? arada, arc amis aRweras erideba! poetebis `codna~ zedapiruli da

52

araqmediTia. platoni homerosis kritikasac ar erideba: `homeross rom marTlac SesZleboda adamianebis aRzrda da maTi srulyofa, xolo am saqmeSi mibaZva ki ar gamoeyenebina, aramed codna, nuTu uamrav mimdevarsa da Tayvanismcemels ver SeiZenda?~ (platoni 2003: 363). poetebis erT-erT upira-tes codvad platoni WeSmariti da qmediTi codnis arqonas miiCnevs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom platoni ar azustebs poetikur terminologias, Tuki yuradRebiT gavadevnebT Tvals mis msjelobas, davaskvniT, rom platonis principuli braldeba poeziisadmi efuZneba diqotomias simarTle/tyuili, sadac simarTle warmoadgens originals, avTenturs, pirvelwya-ros, xolo tyuili _ asls, gamonagons, SeTxzuls. Sesabami-sad, poeziis umTavresi codva tyuilze agebuli ambavia (rac uaxlovdeba fabulis Tanamedrove gagebas), romelic teq-stSi logikurad gadaizrdeba naklebsarwmuno movlenaTa qargaSi (rac uaxlovdeba siuJetis Tanamedrove gagebas) .

platonisaTvis miuRebelia mibaZvis nebismieri saxeoba, vinaidan yoveli maTgani yalbi kopirebis sxvadasxva formas emsaxureba: `_ Cvens Soris darCes da, _ wers platoni, _ ime-dia, ar damasmenT tragediebis mTxzvelebisa da sxva mimbaZ-velebis winaSe, _ mTeli maTi Semoqmedeba namdvili ubedu-rebaa msmenelTa sulisaTvis, radganac maT SxamsawinaaRmde-go saSualeba ar gaaCniaT, rom gaigon, ra aris es~ (platoni 2003: 356).

aris ki poetis saqcieli zneobrivi an eTikuri? cxadia, ara: zneobisa da eTikis saZebnelad moqalaqeebma

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda mimarTon poetebs, brZanebs platoni, vinaidan isini tyuian, xolo tyuilis Sedegi Tvi-sebrivad sagangaSoa. platonis Rrma rwmeniT, poetebi baZa-ven imgvar movlenas, romelic umokles droSi gamoiwvevs Zlier emociebs da, masTan erTad, globalur dabneulobas: adamiani (igulisxmeba mkiTxveli an mayurebeli auditoria _ i. r.) eqceva sxvisi gancdis gavlenis qveS da, Sesabamisad, ukontrolo emociis msxverpli xdeba. emociis falsifici-

53

rebuli wyaro (poeturi baZva _ i. r.) gansazRvravs Tavad emociis falsificirebul xasiaTs da Sors dgas simarTli-sagan, romelsac ase dabejiTebiT iTxovs platoni. rogor unda aswavlos poeziam sibrZne, wuxs platoni, Tuki poetebi araTu adamianebis, RmerTebis mimarTac ki tyuils ar eride-bian _ maT TxzulebebSi gmirebi da RmerTebi xSirad sCadian zneobrivad gaumarTlebel qmedebebs. magaliTad, qalRmer-Tis Ze aqilevsi xan `mxar-TeZoze wevs mgloviare~, xan `pirqve gdia~, priamosi mtverSi goravs da `saxeldebiT~ evedreba TiToeul vaJkacs, hefestos `Claxa-CluxuniT~ moaqvs neqta-riT savse Tasi, Tesevsi TavzexelaRebuli mtacebeliviT iq-ceva, zevsi da hera ki TavdaviwyebiT eZlevian vnebaatanil da Jindauokebel siyvaruls. àmnairi uazrobisTvis yuris gde-bac ki mavnea~ (platoni 2003: 93), askvnis platoni, _ poetebi mkrexeloben, maSin rodesac RmerTebis Tayvaniscema adami-

anebis valia. gana SeiZleba hadesis∗ sauflos ise SemaZrwu-neblad warmoCena, rom meomarma brZolis velze saxelovan sikvdils damarcxeba an monoba amjobinos? es xom pirdapiri gzaa simxdalisaken! eTika da politika ar SeiZleba iyos aR-viraxsnili, miiCnevs platoni, poezia, Tuki is maincadamainc unda iqmnebodes, valdebulia, daemorCilos kontrols. po-ezia, romelic ar eqvemdebareba araviTar kontrols, imde-nad miuRebelia platonisaTvis, rom igi ver xedavs poetebis adgils mis mier Teoriulad agebul idealur saxelmwifoSi. `saxelmwifo~-s meaTe wignSi vkiTxulobT:

`da marTlac, _ ganvagrZe me, _ bevri sxva niSnis mixed-viTac vrwmundebi, rom yvelaze ukeT davafuZneT es Cveni saxelmwifo (idealuri saxelmwifo _ i.r.); amas rom vambob, me, uwinares yovlisa, poezias vgulisxmob.

_ mainc? _ [poezias _ i.r.] verasdidebiT ver davuSvebT saxelmwi-

foSi, radganac is mimbaZvelobiTia. axla, roca cal-calke

∗ hadesi, ZvelberZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, qvesknelis RvTaebaa.

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ganvixileT sulis yoveli saxe, es kidev ufro aSkara gaxda~ (platoni 2003: 356).

genialuri braldeba, romelic poezias platonma wauyena, aseTsave genialur dacvas saWiroebda.

aristotele (384-322 ww), berZnuli filosofiuri skolis kidev erTi diadi warmomadgeneli, platonis mowafe da aleqsandre makedonelis aRmzrdeli, Cv.wT.aR-mde IV sauku-neSi moRvaweobda. misi filosofiuri interesebi platonis akademiaSi Camoyalibda da uprecendento mravalferovnebiT gamoirCa. aristotelem Seqmna saetapo naSromebi eTikis, lo-gikis, politikis, fizikis, metafizikis, poetikis sferoebSi, romelTa Sedegebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda Sua saukuneebis, renesansis, neoklasicizmis, realizmisa da mravali sxva epoqis moazrovneebis mier. aristoteles moZRvreba aseve mniSvnelobs Tanamedrove samecniero wreebSi, Tumca, Cveni amJamindeli interesis sagans warmoadgens misi traqtati `poeturi xelovnebis Sesaxeb~ anu `poetika~, sadac Tavmoy-rilia filosofosis Sexedulebebi literaturasa da poezi-aze, Zireulad gansxvavebuli platonis poziciisgan.

aristotele imTaviTve ver iziarebda platonis enTu-ziazms, exsna aTeni demagogiisa da uprincipobis klanWe-bidan. aristoteles moRvaweobis dasawyisisTvis aTenis mo-mavali bedi ukve gadawyvetili iyo: aTens dakarguli hqonda politikuri Zlevamosileba da, masTan erTad, Zveli didebis dabrunebis realuri perspeqtiva. Sesabamisad, aristoteles ganwyoba sazogadoebrivi Segnebisa Tu zneobrivi normebis mimarT liberalurobiT gamoirCeoda da meti yuradReba sa-kuTari filosofiuri da samecniero eqsperementebisaken hqonda mimarTuli. erT-erT aseT eqsperiments literatu-ris kvleva warmoadgenda, ufro sworad, mecnieruli daTva-liereba, romelsac Sedegad unda mohyoloda moqnili mode-lebisa da kanonebis Seqmna. r. harlandis marTebuli SeniS-vniT, `gansxvavebiT platonisagan, aristotele absolutiz-misaken naklebad midrekili moazrovne iyo, mas ufro sag-

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nebis aRwera da klasifikacia ainteresebda im saxiT, rogo-riTac isini realurad arsebobdnen~ (harlandi 1999: 10). ari-stotele ar upirispirebda Tavis metafizikur ganzogadebas sakvlev sagans, aramed, piriqiT, sakvlevi obieqtidan miemar-Teboda ganzogadebisaken, daskvnebisa da wesebisaken. Sesaba-misad, Zireul gansxvavebas aristotelesa da platonis pozi-cias Soris qmnida ara maTi temperamenti an poeziis siyvaru-li-ar/siyvaruli, aramed konceptualuri sayrdenebis sxva-oba: aristotele principulad ver eTanxmeboda maT, vinc wi-naswar adgenda absolutur standarts da cdilobda, moergo misTvis xelovnebis nimuSi.

`poetikis~ pirvelive gverdebi cxadyofs, rom aristote-les mizans ar warmoadgens platonis debulebebis akviate-bulad uaryofa _ is Tanamimdevruli da logikuri meTodo-logiuri oponirebis gzas irCevs: erTi mxriv, eTanxmeba pla-tonis msjelobas poeziis rogorc baZvis gaazrebis Sesaxeb, magram, meore mxriv, principulad ver iziarebs baZvis cnebis platoniseul interpretacias.

xelovneba, maT Soris, poezia, musika, mxatvroba WeSma-ritad aris realobis baZva, miiCnevs aristotele, magram, rogor ganvsazRvroT Tavad realoba? Tu platonisaTvis re-aluri samyaro abstrahirebuli ideebis sferoSi arsebobs, aristotele mas materialuri sagnebis sferos miakuTvnebs. Sesabamisad, Tu platonisaTvis realuri samyaro abstrahi-rebuli ideebis mibaZvaa, aristotelesTvis igi materialur mocemulobas warmoadgens. aristoteles debuleba imTaviT-ve axdens baZvis platoniseuli safexurebis demontaJs: mate-rialuri samyaro aRar gaiazreba ideis aslad, xelovani ki aRar aris daSorebuli WeSmaritebisgan sami grZeli safexu-riT _ baZvis procesi aristoteles moZRvrebaSi kargavs op-tikuri TamaSis funqcias. magram, ramdenad kargavs igi meqa-nikur xasiaTs? aristoteles mtkicebiT, xelovani, poeti ba-Zavs realobas, raTa Seqmnas axali, potenciuri realoba (ra-sac, mogvianebiT, nikolai berdiaevi `mesame realobas~ uwo-debs), vinaidan swrafva potenciurisaken da potenciuri

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TviTrealizebisaken yoveli cocxali individis Tvisebaa. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aristoteleseuli baZva erTmaneTi-sagan mijnavs iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa `realoba~ da `re-alisturoba~: poeti baZavs realobas, magram misi mizani su-lac ar aris realisturi suraTis Seqmna, aramed pirobiTo-bisa, romelic verasodes gautoldeba istoriul faqts (ise-ve, rogorc filosofiur WeSmaritebas): `poetis saqmea Tqvas ara is, Tu ra moxda, _ wers aristotele, _ aramed is, Tu ra moxdeboda da ra aris albaTobisa an aucileblobis mixedviT SesaZlebeli~ (aristotele 1944: 20). poeturi baZvis procesi ar aris realobis meqanikuri kopireba, aramed _ misi Semoq-medebiTi gardasaxvis aucilebeli winapirobaa: Semoqmedebi-Ti baZvis unikaluri unari saSualebas aZlevs poezias, Sec-valos realuri masala radikalurad sapirispiro mimarTu-lebiT (mag., satiris an parodiis meSevobiT), an sulac _ Zir-fesvianad gadaamuSaos igi.

amrigad, aristoteles principuli dacva poeziis sasar-geblod efuZneba diqotomias realuri/SemoqmedebiTad gar-dasaxuli, sadac realuri warmoadgens materialuri samya-ros sinonims, xolo SemoqmedebiTad gardasaxuli _ poetu-ri qmnilebisa. Sesabamisad, poeziis umTavresi damsaxureba aris SemoqmedebiTi baZvis unari, romlis meSveobiTac re-aluri ambebi, ganzavdeba ra avtoris SemoqmedebiT warmosax-vasTan, teqstualizebuli ambebis saxes iZens da gardaiqmne-ba mxatvrul movlenaTa logikur qargad. terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, aristotele ganasxvavebs realur qmedebebsa da miToss, sadac realuri qmedebebi, rogorc realuri xdo-milobebi, safuZvlad edeba ambavs, xolo miTosi gaigivebu-lia miTisqmnadobis procesTan, romelic mowesrigebuli da erTmaneTTan Sejerebuli teqstualizebuli qmedebebis (movlenebis) mTlianobas warmoadgens.

am daskvniT, aristotele, ara marto ayalibebs princi-pulad gansxvavebul models poeziis gagebisa, aramed pasuxs scems platonis mZime braldebebs poetebis ucodinrobisa da flidobis Sesaxeb: poetis Rirsebad aristoteles miaCnia ara

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Zirfesviani codna im yvelafrisa, ris Sesaxebac igi wers, aramed mibaZvis niWi da masStabi. Sesabamisad, poetis mier daSvebuli Secdoma mxolod maSin aris sabediswero, rode-sac igi Ralatobs mibaZvis xelovnebis ara sizustes, aramed _ siRrmiseul principebs, romelTa Soris erT-erTi upir-velesi siamovnebis gancdaa.

baZvis procesi aristoteles `poetikaSi~ mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli siamovnebis gancdasTan. `rogorc Cans, po-ezia Seqmna, sazogadod, orma mizezma, _ wers igi, _ orive _ bunebrivi mizezia: jer erTi, mibaZva Tandayolili aqvs kacs bavSvobidanve, da kacic imiT gansxvavdeba sxva cxovelTagan, rom igi yvelaze ufro wambaZavia da Tavis pirvel swavlas mibaZvis saSualebiT iZens. garda amisa, mibaZvis Sedegi yovel kacs axarebs. amis sabuTia yoveldRiuri Cveni gamocdileba. rasac sinamdvileSi usiamovnebiT SevxedavT, imis Zalian zust suraTs siamovnebiT vucqerT _ ai, magaliTad, usaZag-lesi cxovelebisa da mkvdrebis suraTebs~ (aristotele 1944: 8). Tu platonisaTvis siamovneba warmoadgens emociur saSiS-roebas, vinaidan emsaxureba `sazogadoebrivi saTnoebebis ganaRmvas~, aristotele, piriqiT, miiCnevs, rom baZva buneb-rivi procesia da poeziac, harmoniisa da riTmis meSveobiT, sruliad bunebrivad hgvris siamovnebas mkiTxvels (an mayu-rebels). siamovnebis cnebis ganmartebas aristotele mWid-rod ukavSirebs baZvis procesis analizs, romelsac `po-etikis~ avtori upiratesad tragediis magaliTze ganixi-lavs. `tragedia aris asaxva diadi da dasrulebuli moqmede-bisa, romelsac garkveuli sidide aqvs, _ asaxva Semkobili eniT~ (aristotele 1944 : 13), sadac mibaZva prioritetulad xorcieldeba moqmedebis formiT, xolo aRiqmeba SiSisa da sibralulis meSveobiT. sruliad cxadia, rom baZvis proce-sis aristoteleseuli modeli, platoniseuli modelisagan gansxvavebiT, efuZneba baZvis aramarto obieqtisa an Txro-bis, aramed _ recefciis (aRqmis) procesis Zalze farTo gagebasac: SiSisa da sibralulis gancdebis aqcentireba uSu-alod ukavSirdeba mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblis mier kaTarsi-

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sis karibWis daZlevas, mis gadanacvlebas gansakuTrebul kondiciaSi, romelic saSulebas aZlevs mayurebels/mkiTx-vels, ganiwmindos da sruliad gansxvavebul emociur tal-Raze daasrulos tragediis aRqma.

tragediis ganmartebaSi aristotelem struqturuli formis ideac Cado: `maS, aucilebelia, rom tragediis nawi-lebi iyos eqvsi, ris mixedviTad tragedias aqvs raime garkve-

uli buneba. es nawilebia: ambavi (μΰθος), xasiaTi, gansja, sam-zeri, saTqmeli da sagalobeli~ (aristotele 1944: 15).

aristoteleseuli ambavi/miTosi (μΰθος) ar gulisxmobs martivad movlenebis mibaZvas anu faqtebis krebsiT da Ta-namimdevrul simravles, rac Tanamedrove specialur lite-raturaSi iwodeba `fabulad~, da arc miTs, romelsac efuZ-neba antikuri tragedia, aramed _ ufro mets, faqtebze age-bul da miTis safuZvelze mimdinare axali miTisqmnadobis processa da Sedegs, rogorc moqmedebaTa saerTo-mxatvrul

qargas, romelic met-naklebad uaxlovdeba∗ literaturaT-mcodneebis mier dResdReobiT `siuJetis~ terminiT gansaz-Rvrul elements da romelic erTdroulad moicavs da efuZneba pirvel ors (faqtebsa da miTs). magram, aristote-

leseuli μΰθος—is daSla calkeul terminebad, meTodolo-giur doneze, mxolod me-20 saukuneSi ganxorcielda da iqac Zalze winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi SeiZina (rusuli formaliz-mi, inglisuri kritika, franguli poststruqturalizmi, na-ratologia da sxva). miT umetes, naCqarevi da gaumarTle-belia specialuri terminebis Semotana antikuri epoqis teq-stSi. `miTosi gansakuTrebuli tipia azrovnebisa, _ aRniS-navs z. kiknaZe, _ romelic gansxvavdeba sinamdvilis mxat-vruli asaxvisagan, ramdenadac mas surs sagnebisa da mov-lenebis igiveoba dainaxos da xedavs kidec~ (kiknaZe 2008: 55). rodesac saqme gvaqvs am sirTulis sistemis erT-erT yvelaze adreul CarTvasTan literaturul diskursSi, kerZod, an-

∗ am distanciis naratologiur dasabuTebas warmogidgenT amave narkvevis meoTxe nawilSi.

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tikur literaturul diskursSi, romelmac `Tavisi Ziri-Tadi saTqmeli Semofargla miTiT~ (lou 2007: 24), procesis morgeba Tanamedrove terminologiur aparatze konceptu-alur uzustobas warmoadgens. amgvari praqtika, SeiZleba, terminologiurad ufro moqnils xdis `poetikis~ teqsts,

magram azianebs mis Sinaarsobriv mxares∗. sasurvelia, Senar-Cunebul iqnas is distancia da bundovaneba (an Tundac meta-foruloba da enigmaturoba), romelsac Tavad aristotele icavs ambavs, miTsa da miTisqmnadobas Soris da rac gvaax-lovebs gamonagonis missave koncefciasTan.

pirveli antikuri poetikis SemqmnelisaTvis mxatvruli ambavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes ganmasxvavebel niSans (ne-bismieri sxva tipis werilobiTi teqstebisagan) swored gamo-nagoni warmoadgens: àra is, Tu ra moxda, aramed is, Tu ra moxdeboda da ra aris albaTobisa an aucileblobis mixedviT SesaZlebeli... istorikosi da poeti urTierTisagan gan-sxvavdebian imiT, rom pirveli laparakobs imis Sesaxeb, rac moxda, meore ki laparakobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZleboda momxdariyo~ (aristotele 1944: 20).

teqstSi moTxrobili/gamonagoni ambavi (miTosi), erTi mxriv, tragediis struqturis nawilia, xolo meore mxriv _ damoukidebeli struqtura sakuTari elementebiTa da kano-nebiT, `poetikis~ avtoris mier:

1. ambavi CarTulia tragediis eqvsi ZiriTadi elementis nusxaSi da gansazRvrulia rogorc tragediis `suli~ da ùm-Tavresi principi~ (aristotele 1944: 16);

2. aRniSnulia, rom, misi klasikuri gagebiT, ambavi aris moqmedebis mibaZva da warmoadgens mTels (mTlianobas), ro-melsac aqvs logikurad mowesrigebuli dasawyisi, Sua nawili da dasasruli. struqturuli mTlianobis darRveva _ ga-daadgileba an amoReba _ ganxilulia rogorc monoliTuri

∗ Sesabamisad, naSromSi gamoviyenebT arsitoteles sityvis Targmanis sergi daneliaseul versias _ àmbavi~, ukumSvelad.

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mTelis daSlisa da darRvevis realuri saSiSroeba (aristotele 1944: 19-20);

3. calkea gamomijnuli epizoduri ambavi, romelSic moq-medebaTa Tanamimdevroba àrc damajerebelia da arc auci-lebeli~, rac aristoteles azriT, bevrad amcirebs teqstis xarisxs (aristotele 1944: 22);

4. diferencirebulia ambavis martivi da rTuli (daxlar-Tuli) qargebi: pirvel SemTxvevaSi bedis cvlileba ar ukav-

Sirdeba peripetiasa∗ da anagnorisiss∗∗, xolo meore SemTxve-vaSi aucileblad gamoiyeneba an erTi, an _ meore, anac _ orive xerxi (aristotele 1944: 23). saukeTeso SemTxvevad miCneulia anagnorisisa da peripetiis Tanxvedra.

5. Sejerebulia ambavis `moculobiTi~∗∗∗ elementebi: `mo-culobis mixedviT da imis mixedviT, Tu ra nawilebad gani-yofeba tragedia, es nawilebi aseTebia: prologi, epizodi-oni, eqsodosi da xoros samReri, xolo am ukanasknels aqvs Tavisi nawilebi _ parodosi da stasimoni. es nawilebi saer-Toa yvela tragediisaTvis, xolo komosebi da simRerebi scenidan zogierTi tragediis Taviseburebaa~ (aristotele 1944: 25).

sruliad cxadia, rom aristoteleseuli ambavi ar sjer-deba mxolod realuri moqmedebis mibaZvas anu ar asrulebs mxolod meqanikur operacias (gansxvavebiT platonis mosaz-rebisgan), aramed gaigivebulia moqmedebis qmnadobisa da gan-viTarebis SemoqmedebiT procesTan, rac, prioritetulad efuZneba gamonagonis esTetikas. `poetikis~ 24-e TavSi aris-totele garkveviT wers: `saWiroa, raTa SeuZlebeli dasaje-rebeli umal varCioT SesaZlebel daujerebels~ (aristo-

∗ peripetia niSnavs ùecar cvlilebas~, rasac antikur tragediaSi aristo-tele bedisweris moulodnel cvlilebas ukavSirebs, ZiriTadad _ dacemas, daRmasvlas. cxadia, sxva Janris teqstebSi mas sxvagvari daniSnuleba, sapi-rispiroc ki, SeiZleba hqondes. ∗∗ anagnorisisi niSnavs `gamocnobas~, rasac antikur tragediaSi aristote-le ukavSirebs gadasvlas arcodnis fazidan codnis fazaSi. ∗∗∗ sergi daneliaseuli komentaris Tanaxmad, aq aristotele gulisxmobs tragediis ara Tvisebriv, aramed meqanikur nawilebs.

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tele 1944: 54). Tuki citatis interpretacias movaxdenT, davaskvniT, rom aristoteleseul gamonagonSi upiratesoba eniWeba savaraudod SesaZlebels, romelic ar warmoadgens realur aucileblobas, magram aris sarwmuno (SesaZlebeli SeuZlebloba); naklebad Rirebulia saWiroebisamebr SesaZ-lebeli, romelic realuria, magram ar aris sarwmuno (SeuZ-lebeli SesaZlebloba). `poetikis~ teqsti cxadyofs, rom misi avtoris TvalsazrisiT, poeziisaTvis ufro metad mniS-vnelobs SesaZlebeli SeuZlebloba, vidre _ SeuZlebeli Se-saZlebloba (aristotele 1944: 54). `poets evaleba ara re-aluri, namdvilad momxdari faqtebis fiqsireba, romlebsac sruliad gamokveTili azri da mniSvneloba aqvT _ `mom-xdarni arian~, _ aramed, evaleba Tavad Seqmnas axali faq-tebi, is, rac `SesaZloa momxdariyo~, Seqmnas ise, rom gamo-igonos maTi SesaZlebloba varaudis an saWiroebis mixedviT~ (Stali 1975: 39). poezia unda Seicavdes ganzogadebas. realo-ba SeiZleba iyos pirvelsafuZveli, magram ver iqneba yvela-feri _ winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ambavi, miT umetes tragiku-li, dakargavs moulodnelis, sakvirvelisa da gansacvifre-belis emociur muxts, xolo ambavis struqturuli agebule-ba ver ganzavdeba ambavisave eTikur-emociur intenciasTan.

swored moulodnelis, sakvirvelisa da gansacvifrebelis efeqtiT gamowveuli emociuri fonis Seqmna Seadgens aris-toteleseuli gamonagonis, anu poetis (mwerlis) Semoqmede-biTi fantaziis umTavres funqcias teqstSi. Sesabamisad, an-tikuri epoqis dramaturgi sworad unda operirebdes trage-diis ganmsazRvreli rogorc faqtobrivi elementiT _ be-disweriT, ise emociuri elementiT _ konfliqtiT.

antikuri Teatris repertuari, Tematurad, miTebis sakma-od SezRudul wres efuZneboda: Tavad aristoteles TqmiT, `rigi ojaxebis~ ambebs, dakavSirebuls troasa da Tebes le-gendarul istoriebTan (aristotele 1944: 27-28). metic, xSi-rad zogierT uZveles Tqmulebas xelovnurad aTavsebdnen tragediis dadgenil Tematur da struqturul yalibSi da am gziT rTavdnen saerTodramatul procesSi. antikuri trage-

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diis ambebi, imave piter burianis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba ramdenime Sinaarsobriv modelad dajgufdes: `damsaxurebu-li sasjelis” modeli, dafuZnebuli warsul danaSaulze, romelmac, amasTanave, SeiZleba moicvas konfliqti Rmer-Tebsa da mokvdavebs Soris, sadac mokvdavis mier RvTiuris gamowveva misi destruqciiT mTavrdeba; `msxverplSewirvis~ modeli, romelic efuZneba krizisis pirobebSi, personaJisa da sazogadoebis saWiroebebsa da survilebs Soris aRmo-cenebul konfliqts da msxverplis nebayoflobiTi Tavgan-wirvis Sedegad wydeba sazogadoebis sasargeblod; `vedre-bis” modeli, dafuZnebuli sammag konfrontaciaze, rodesac mavedrebeli an mavedrebelTa jgufi, romelsac devnis ul-mobeli mteri, iTxovs mmarTvelis mfarvelobas da isic val-debulia, Seasrulos Tavisi misia, Tundac Zalis gamoyene-biT; `xsnis~ modeli, romelic efuZneba principebis mo-ulodnel gaerTianebas saerTo mtris damarcxebisa da sakuTari Tavis gadarCenis mizniT; `dabruneba-cnobis~ mode-li, romelic efuZneba mTavari personaJis mier misi WeSma-riti identobis arcodnas _ rodesac personaJma ar icis Tavisi namdvili vinaoba, magram urTulesi Sinagani da gare-gani winaaRmdegobebis daZlevis Sedegad Seicnobs mas. xSi-rad antikuri tragedia ramdenime modelis kombinirebasac axdens (buriani 1997: 187-189). Tuki gaviziarebT mkvlevris mier SemoTavazebul klasifikacias, mivalT daskvnamde, rom antikur epoqaSi Seqmnili tragediebis recefciisas (aRqmi-sas) mTavaria ara is, Tu ras mogviTxrobs tragikosi, aramed is, Tu rogor mogviTxrobs da rogor iTrevs mayurebels warmodgenis procesSi.

`tragedia aris asaxva ara mxolod dasrulebulis, aramed agreTve SiSisa da sibralulis aRmZvreli movlenebisa, _ wers aristotele, _ xolo es grZnobebi Zalian advilad iba-debian maSin, rodesac movlenebi molodinis gareSe Cndebian, ufro advilad ki maSin, rodesac es movlenebi molodinis

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gareSe Cndebian erTmaneTis gamo∗. amgvari movlenebi ufro sakvirveli iqneba, vidre iseTi, romelic xdeba TavisTavad da ucabedad, vinaidan ucabedad momxdar movlenaTa Soris yvelaze sakvirvelni arian isini, romlebic TiTqo ganzrax moxdnen~ (aristotele 1944: 23). ambavi, gajerebuli moulod-neli peripetiebiT, sakvirveli gamocnoba/ver-gamocnobiT da gansacvifrebeli codna/ucodinarobiT pirdapiri gzaa aristoteles `poetikis~ mTavari eTikuri da emociuri sa-

miznis _ SiSisa da sibralulisaken∗∗: `tragedia unda iyos ara martivi, aramed rTuli, xolo tragediis es rTuli Sed-geniloba unda iyos SiSisa da sibralulis aRmZvrel saqmeTa asaxva~ (aristotele 1944: 26), acxadebs elini brZeni. aris-toteleseuli sibraluli gulisxmobs ara iaffasian senti-mentebs, aramed _ SiSnarev TanagrZnobas, xolo SiSi _ ara agresiul terors, aramed _ TanagrZnobanarev safrTxes. teqstis emociuri Sreebis garTulebiTa da, rac mTavaria, aqcentirebiT, aristotele aqarwylebs platonis msjelobis sakmaod principul nawils: aristotele adgens normas, rom-lis Tanaxmadac SiSisa da sibralulis, rogorc mayureblis/ msmenelis kaTarsisis miRwevis winapirobas, teqstSi emoci-uri SegrZnebebis dabalanseba da regulireba warmoadgens. amrigad, kaTarsisi, rogorc antikuri tragediis eTikuri samizne, aris ara àRviraxnili~ da ùkontrolo~, aramed kontrolirebuli emociebis Sedegi, nayofi inteleqtualu-rad gadamuSavebuli, an _ proporciulad gadanawilebuli emociebisa. emociebis regulirebis garantias, `poetikis~ avtoris azriT, tragediis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTebi qmnis, tragikuli ambavis personaJebi, romlebic gamoirCevian xaz-gasmuli individualobiTa da ganwirulobis gansakuTrebu-li energiiT. Tuki platoni akritikebda poetebs imisaTvis, rom maT teqstebSi usamarTlo adamiani xSirad bednieri iyo,

∗ igulisxmeba movlenaTa logikuri urTierTganpirobebuloba. ∗∗ dawvrilebiTi kvleva am mimarTulebiT ixileT g. koplataZis wignSi `li-teraturismcodneoba aristoteles moZRvrebaSi~. Tb., 1986.

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xolo samarTliani _ ratomRac ubeduri, rac, filosofo-sis azriT, ar Seesabameboda eTikur standarts, aristotele axerxebs, Caanacvlos platonis mkacri eTikuri standartis idea konkretuli poetikuri ganmartebiT: tragediis gmiri ver iqneba verc kargi kaci, romelic ubedurebas gadaeyreba _ `vinaidan es arc SiSis aRmZvrelia da arc sibralulis aR-mZvreli, aramed aRmaSfoTebelia~ (aristotele 1944: 24), da verc cudi kaci, romelic imsaxurebs ubedurebas _ `vina-idan fabulis aseTi Sedgeniloba gamoiwvevda kacisadmi siy-varuls, magram ver gamoiwvevda verc sibraluls da verc SiSs: sibraluli xom aris grZnoba daumsaxurebel ubedure-baTa mimarT, xolo SiSi aris grZnoba Cvens msgavsTa mimarT~ (aristotele 1944: 24), aramed _ `kaci, romelsac uWiravs saSualo adgili maT Soris. aseTia kaci, vinc did pativis-cemaSi da bednierebaSi myofTagan ganirCeva ara saTnoebiTa da simarTliT, da vinc ubedurebaSi vardeba ara siavisa da simdablisaTvis, aramed raRac Secdomis gamo~ (aristotele 1944: 25). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, tragikuli ambebi, romle-bic, maTi alogikurobisa Tu zneobrivi gaumarTaobis gamo, platonis azriT, warmoadgendnen inteleqtualur da mora-lur saSiSroebas sazogadoebisaTvis, aristoteles mier gan-sazRvrul iqnnen rogorc tragikuli emociebisaTvis arasak-marisi gamaRizianeblebi, vinaidan isin ver iwvevdnen verc SiSis da verc sibralulis grZnobas! WeSmariti tragediis epicentrSi, aristoteles dabejiTebuli rwmeniT, moqce-ulia ùdanaSaulod damnaSave~ adamiani, romelic bediswe-ris ganCinebiT aRmoCndeba gamouvalad ubedur mdgomare-obaSi da sakuTari qmedebiT gamoimuSavebs mkiTxvelis/mayu-reblis Zlier emociur reaqcias, gamoxatuls SiSisa da sib-ralulis formiT. Sesabamisad, moqmedebis ganviTarebas, rac emsaxureba ambavis Semdgom gaSlas, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba tragediis eTikuri misiis SesrulebaSi: `yoveli tra-gediis erTi nawilia gaskvna (moqmedebis _ i. r.), xolo meore

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nawilia gaxsna (moqmedebis _ i. r.)∗. . . Seskvnas vuwodeb imas, rac dramis dasawyisidan modis im ukidures nawilamde, sa-idanac xdeba gadasvla bednierebaSi ubedurebidan an ube-durebaSi bednierebidan. xolo gaxsnas vuwodeb im nawils, romelic am gadasvlis dasawyisidan grZeldeba dasasrulam-de~ (aristotele 1944: 37). `gaskvnidan~ `gaxsnamde~ drama-tul epizodTa mTeli jaWvia gabmuli, romelTa `Sesaferi-soba~ (arsitoteleseuli termini _ i.r.) asabuTebs trage-diis gmiris eTikur transformacias. aristoteles azriT, tragediis gmiris eTikuri transformaciis procesi srulad Seesabameba ambavis, rogorc moqmedebaTa saerTo sistemis struqturul models _ winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, tragikuli miTisqmnadobis procesi kargavs struqturul orientirebs da dausabuTebel qmedebaTa alogikur qaosad iqceva.

platonis genialur braldebas poeziis winaaRmdeg aris-totelem aseTive genialuri dacva daupirispira: poeti Se-moqmedebiTad moazrovne mediumad, xolo teqsti emociurad dasabuTebul ambavad aqcia.

antifiqciidan fiqciisaken

teqstis struqturuli ierarqiis Sesaxeb msjeloba im sa-xiT, rogorc es platonisa da aristoteles poetikur mode-lebSi ganxorcielda, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi aRar qceula gansjis sagnad. miTisa da miTisqmnadobis procesis aristo-teleseuli dasabuTeba, marTalia, garkveuli koreqtivebiT, magram mainc utyuar argumentad ganixileboda gviani Sua saukuneebis, renesansisa da, miT umetes, neoklasikuri epo-qis literaturul-Teoriul azrovnebaSi. misi WeSmariteba arc romantikuli da postromantikuli kritikisaTvis iyo miuRebeli. erTaderT meTodologiur gamonakliss adreuli

∗ aristoteleseuli saxeldebebi, cxadia, mogvagonebs siuJetis Tanamed-rove cnebasTan dakavSirebul terminebs _ `kvanZis Sekvrasa~ da `kvanZis gaxsnas~.

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Sua saukuneebis gamocdileba warmoadgens, romelic araerT mniSvnelovan kontrarguments wauyenebs antikuri epoqis po-etikur standarts da mniSvnelovan zegavlenas moaxdens

problemis Tanamedrove interpretaciaze.∗ adreul Sua saukuneebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar Seqmnila specialuri poetikuri traqtati teqstis struqturuli Tu eTikuri formis Sesaxeb, Zireul konceptualur gansxvave-baze Tavad literaturuli produqcia metyvelebs. adreuli Sua saukuneebis poetika, gamomdinare misi konceptualuri amocanidan, rac qristianuli msoflmxedvelobrivi princi-pebis danergva-qadagebaSi da bibliis teqstis interpreta-ciaSi mdgomareobs, uars ambobs SeTxzul fabulaze, riTac emijneba SemoqmedebiTad gardasaxuli ambavis, anu gamona-gonis antikur koncefcias. msgavsi procesi rTuli amocanis winaSe gvayenebs: an unda vaRiaroT, rom adreuli Sua sauku-neebis teqstebi scdeba mxtvruli teqstis formis sturqtu-ruli Teoriis dadgenil normebs da, Sesabamisad, ver CaiT-vleba srulfasovan literaturul nimuSebad, anda, unda davsvaT sakiTxi: aris ki gamonagoni SemoqmedebiTi procesi-sa da teqstis mxatvrulobis erTaderTi msazRvreli?

qristianobam bevri ram miiRo memkvidreobiT berZnul-romauli kulturisagan, Tumca, ucvleli formiT araferi dautovebia: rac ar miiRo, TavisTavad daiviwya, xolo rac miiRo _ gardaqmna da sakuTar interesebs moargo. Seicvala azrovnebis modelebi da CarCoebi: kacobriobis Rirebule-baTa sistemam axal etapze gadainacvla. im cnebebs Soris, romelTa miRebac ewinaaRmdegeboda qristianuli azrovne-bis principebs, aRmoCnda klasikuri mimesisi da masTan er-Tad _ drama: dramisaTvis niSandoblivi emociuri uSualoba da pirdapiroba, agreTve, miswrafeba siamovnebis aRZvrisa-ken ver Tavsdeboda saeklesio mamebis mier dadgenil normeb-

∗ vgulisxmobT Jenetis Teorias, romelic winamdebare narkvevis meoTxe nawilSia ganxiluli.

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Tan, rac, pirvel yovlisa, gulisxmobda Janris arasakmaris SemecnebiT Rirebulebas: sityvis SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba qristianuli ritorikis damkvidrebaSi gamoixata. ZiriTad meTodad alegoriuli egzegetika iqca. alegoriuli egze-getikis meTodis Sesabamisad, avtoris pozicia (ZiriTadad, bibliur teqstebTan mimarTebiT), rogorc utyuari WeSma-riteba, moxerxebulad ganTavsda `sxvagvarad Tqmis~ stilis-turi xerxis yalibSi... am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovan warma-tebebs miaRwies porfiriusma, proklem, netarma avgustinem, mogvianebiT _ dantem~ (ratiani 2007: 100-101). oratoruli pragmatika saukeTeso dasayrdeni aRmoCnda maTTvis, vinc miznad isaxavda, rogorc qristianuli Teologiis tradici-is, ise _ teqstis interpretaciuli mravalferovnebis kul-turis Camoyalibebas.

bibliuri teqstebis inerpretaciis aRniSnuli tendencia Zalze aqtiurad iqna adaptirebuli qarTul saliteraturo sivrceSic. Sua saukuneebis laTineli mamebi mkveTrad ganas-xvavebdnen bibliis `sityvasityviT~ da àrapirdapir~ ganmar-tebebs, xolo qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis warmomadgen-lebi am procesis aRsaniSnad mouxmobdnen terminebs `ganmar-tebiTi~ da `saxismetyvelebiTi~ (kalandariSvili 2009: 103). cneba `saxismetyvelebiTi~ inergeboda `Sinaganis~, sulieris mniSvnelobiT, romelsac unda warmoeCina saRvTo werilis dafaruli azri, cxadia, teqstis realuri modelis gaTvaliswinebiT.

axali meTodi warmatebiT dainerga poetikur sistemaSi da aseTive warmatebiT Caenacvla aristoteleseul `gamona-gons~. niSnavda Tu ara es `mxatvrulobis~ koncefciis uar-yofas? adreuli Sua saukuneebis teqstebis, gansakuTrebiT, hagiografiis Janris nimuSebis analizi, gvafiqrebinebs: mi-uxedavad imisa, rom adreuli Sua saukuneebis poetika uars ambobs gamonagonis esTetikaze anu fiqciur teqstze, is sru-liadac ar ambobs uars mxatvrul teqstze, vinaidan iyenebs mxatvrulobis iseT mniSvnelovan struqturul-poetikur msazRvrelebs, rogoricaa farTo speqtruli saxismetyvele-

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biTi sistema, personaJebisa da xasiaTebis mravalferovani galerea da stilisturi modelebi _ Txrobis principebi, mxatvruli metyveleba, metaforuli azrovneba da sxv. rasac Tavad aristotelec Zalian did mxatvrul datvirTvas ani-Webs `poetikaSi~. `rogorc istoria ar aris marto qronika da faqtebis grova, ise literatura ar aris marto siuJeti da metaforebi. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu Sinaganad ra ideas atarebs Janri, ra intencia, ra Canafiqri devs mis TviTganviTarebaSi, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, sul sxvaa istoriis idea da sul sxva _ literaturisa... agiografiaSi obieqtur istoriaze metad ideis istoriaa saZiebeli, vina-idan aq faqti sulieri dokumentis statuss atarebs. idea rogorc istoriuli kliSe!~ (amirxanaSvili, 2006: 17-18). swo-red idea-mizanTan Serwymuli struqturul-poetikuri ele-mentebi da ara gamonagoni unda miviCnioT mxatvruli qso-vilis msazRvrelebad adreuli Suasaukuneebis mwerlobaSi.

Sesabamisad, adreuli Suasaukuneebis poetikur kanonebs mniSvnelovani koreqtiva Seaqvs aristoteles TeoriaSi: ad-reuli Suasukuneebis mwerlobaSi SemoqmedebiTi procesisa da teqstis mxatvrulobis msazRvrelad ver miviCnevT oden opozicias namdvili ambavi/gamonagoni, arafiqciuri/fiqci-uri an fabula/siuJeti, aramed gasaTvaliswinebelia teq-stis specifikuri ideuri datvirTva da struqturul-po-etikuri elementebis organizacia, rac prioritetulad gan-

sazRvravs am epoqis literaturuli teqstebis mxatvrulobas∗.

literaturis ganviTarebis Semdgomi istoria (gviani Suasa-ukuneebidan me-20 saukunemde) calsaxad cxadyofs: adreul SuasaukuneebSi SemuSavebuli gansxvavebuli poetikuri stan-darti aRniSnuli epoqis specifikuri esTetikuri da msof-lmxedvelobrivi amocanebidan gamomdinareobs da rogorc ki amocana daZleulia, mxatvruli teqsti kvlav ubrundeba

∗ adreuli Sua saukuneebis diqotomia sxva esTetikur modelebTan udavod gvafiqrebinebs, rom `mxatvruli teqsti~ da `fiqciuri teqsti~ ver CaiT-vleba identur cnebebad da saWiroa maTi Teoriuli gamijvna.

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misTvis bunebriv pozicias, ganfenils realurisa da warmo-saxulis zonebs Soris, anu ubrundeba gamonagonis esTeti-kas. `gviandeli Suasaukuneebis mwerlobis erT-erT Rirse-bad unda CaiTvalos istorizmis principis ugulebelyofa, ramac biZgi misca axali Janrebisa Tu Temebis Ziebis xan-grZliv process. kacobriobis sulier cxovrebaSi momxdarma Zvrebma, e.w. `kulturulma afeTqebam~, romelmac me-12 sa-ukunis SuaxanebisaTvis TiTqmis mTeli civilizebuli msof-lio moicva, Tavisi Rrma kvali literaturul processac daamCnia~ (elbaqiZe 2007: 158-159). mkiTxvelma `meti dinamika, meti avantiura, meti romantika~ moiTxova da literaturac gamoemijna utyuarobis princips: `yovelive zemoTqmuli mZlavr biZgad iqca mxatvruli sinamdvilis axali koncef-ciis Camosayalibeblad, romlis ZiriTad principsac isto-rizmis uaryofa da gamonagonis wina planze wamoweva war-moadgens~ (elbaqiZe 2007: 159). realurisa da gamonagonis di-qotomia kvlavac TvalsaCino faqtad gadaiqca. gviani Sua-saukuneebis rainduli eposisa da adreuli renesansis epoqis satiruli romanebis, novelebisa da sonetebis avtorebi si-amovnebiT ubrundebian SeTxzuli personaJebisa da ambebis esTetikas, gajerebuls heroizmiT, romantizmiT, saTavgada-savlo avantiuriTa da sxva fiqciuri elementebiT.

pozicia realuri ambavi/gamonagoni, romelic bunebrivi wesiT aqtiurdeba gviani Suaseukuneebis literaturis kon-teqstSi, mtkicdeba da myardeba renesansuli kulturis wiaRSi. rables, servantesis, dantes, Seqspiris da renesansis epoqis sxva mwerlebis SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis simdidre eWvs ar badebs: maTi teqstebi gajerebulia struqturuli opoziciebis _ realuri ambavi/gamonagoni, arafiqciuri/ fiqciuri _ virtuozuli TamaSiTa da monacvleobiT. mog-vianebiT, tirso de molinas, lope de vegasa da kalderonis piesebi siRrmiseulad gaamwvaveben opozicias realuri/ war-mosaxuli. magaliTad, kalderonis `cxovreba sizmaria~ SeiZ-leba miviCnioT filosofiuri abstrahirebiTa da mistikuri toposiT uxvad datvirTul erT-erT saetapo teqstad.

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axali tendencia Camoyalibebuli Teoriuli modelis sa-xes iZens klasicizmisa da ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi: neok-lasikuri literaturuli mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebis keTilganwyoba antikuri xanis SemoqmedebiTi principebis mi-marT, pirvel yovlisa, antikuri literaturuli Janrebis aRorZinebis tendenciaSi gamoixata. dramis (tragedia, ro-gorc ùmaRlesi Janri~) aRorZinebas ki, Tavis mxriv, aristo-teleseuli miTisqmnadobis ideis aRorZineba mohyva. gor-don pokoki SeniSnavs, rom neoklasicizmis ZiriTad poeti-kur principebTan erTad, angariSgasawevad unda miviCnioT am doqtrinis esTetikuri kredo _ poeziam unda imsjelos imaze, rac bunebrivia da SesaZlebelia/mosalodnelia (pokoki 1980: 13). rasinis, kornelis, molieris, la fontenisa da neoklasikuri epoqis sxva TvalsaCino mwerlebis Semoqme-deba, albaT, klasicizmis am poetikur Tezas ufro eqvemde-bareba, vidre _ poetikur SezRudvebsa da limitebs. afasebs ra amave epoqis qarTveli Semoqmedis, sulxan-saba orbeli-anis Semoqmedebas, T. doiaSvili samarTlianad SeniSnavs: `ge-movneba da kriteriumebi, romelic sabas esTetikur STabeW-dilebebSi airekleba, antikuri da renesansuli epoqebis es-Tetikur normas, bunebisadmi mibaZvis princips _ mimesiss ukavSirdeba~ (doiaSvili 2010: 17). warmosaxvis sazRvrebica da efeqtic gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia ganmanaTleblobis epoqis romanebSi, ris saukeTeso magaliTs jonaTan sviftis `guliveris mogzauroba~ warmoadgens Tavisi sruliad ara-realisturi realizmiT. gamonagonis ideas icaven romantiz-mis epoqis moazrovnenic _ Sileri, Seli, baironi, hiugo da sxvani. maTi azriT, poezia `ganTavsebulia istoriul realo-basa da fiqrismier irealobas Soris da . . . realobis arse-buli modelisagan mudmivad awarmoebs alternatiul ire-alur models~ (ratiani 2005: 168-169).

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fabula da siuJeti

msjeloba problebis irgvliv meti intensivobiT gag-rZelda me-20 saukuneSi da pirveli sityva rusul formalis-tur skolas ekuTvnis.

rusuli formalizmis erT-erTi lideri, viqtor Sklov-ski werda: `literaturuli nawarmoebi wminda formaa, ara sagani, ara masala, aramed masalebis urTierTqmedeba~ (Sklov-

ski: http://www/opojaz.ru/shklovsky/vne_sujeta.htm). formalur as-peqtebze yuradRebis koncentrireba, cxadia, ar niSnavda li-teraturis moraluri an socialuri funqciebis ignorire-bas, Tumca, am TvalsazrisiTac formalistebs sakmaod ori-ginaluri pozicia ekavaT: maTi azriT, literaturas axasi-aTebda samyaros kvlav da xelaxla aRmoCenis unari, dadge-nilis, nacnobis gaucnaurebis, familarulis gaucxoebis, anu

defamilarizaciis niWi (Sklovski: http://www.opojaz.ru/manifests/ kakpriem.htm). defamilarizaciis procesi, formalisturi Te-oriis Tanaxmad, Semoqmeds saSualebas aZlevda, gadaesinja erTxel ukve Sefasebuli realiebi da poziciebi da samyaro aReqva ara rogorc mocemuli piroba, aramed _ rogorc Seg-rZnebuli siaxle. `xelovnebis mizans, _ aRniSnavda v. Sklov-ski, _ warmoadgens sagnis SegrZneba da ara misi amocnoba~

(Sklovski: http://www.opojaz.ru/manifests/kakpriem.htm). `gaucnaure-bis~ (остранение) cneba gulisxmobda konkretuli sagnis an movlenis ganxilvisa da refleqsiis konkretul principebs (lomiZe 2008: 15), kerZod, sagnisa Tu movlenis gamoyvanas avtomatizebuli mdgomareobidan da mis uCveulo, axlebur aRqmas, anu _ deavtomatizacias. `gaqvavebuli~, avtomatize-buli aRqma gaucnaurebis (deavtomatizaciis) Sedegad gar-daisaxeba àxlebur TvalTaxedvad~, romelic ikavebs `msof-lmxedvelobis~ ideologiuri cnebis adgils, xelovneba aRa-raa samyaros Semecnebis saSualeba, is `samyaros SegrZnebis ganaxlebis~ meTodia~ (lomiZe 2008: 16). xelovnebis samiznes, Sklovskis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens sagnis rogorc xilvadi SegrZnebis da ara rogorc nacnobi obieqtis warmoCena: `xe-

72

lovnebis mTavari xerxia sagnebis `gaucnaureba~ da formis garTuleba, rac arTulebs da axangrZlivebs aRqmas, vinaidan aRqmis procesi xelovnebaSi TviTmiznuria da SeiZleba misi

gaxangrZliveba; xelovneba sagnebis qmnadobis (деланье) saSu-alebaa, xolo Tavad Seqmnili naklebad mniSvnelovania~

(Sklovski: http://www.opojaz.ru/manifests/kakpriem.htm). aq rTuli ar aris aristoteleanuri principis amokiTxva: msgavsad `poetikis~ avtorisa, SklovskisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara asaxvis sizuste, damyarebuli tradiciul codnasa da gamoc-dilebaze, aramed, piriqiT, tradiciulis axladaRmoCenis niWi interpretaciis aratradiciuli xerxebis gamoyenebiT, anu process calsaxad gansazRvravs mibaZvis manera da mas-Stabi. rusuli formalisturi skolis erT-erTi lideris mier SemoTavazebuli gaucnaurebis xerxi aSkarad ganicdis aristoteles mier SemoTavazebuli miTisqmnadobis meTodo-logiur zegavlenas: iseve rogorc aristotelesaTvis, SklovskisTvis xelovnebasa da literaturaSi mniSvnelobs qmnadoba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi mibaZva, romelmac unda

gamoimuSaos mxatvruli qmnileba, rogorc axali modeli∗. lev tolstois SemoqmedebiT warmatebas Sklovski swored gaucnaurebis poetikuri xerxis marTebuli moxmarebiT xsnis: `gaucnaurebis tolstoiseuli xerxi imaSi mdgomare-obs, rom mwerali ar uwodebs sagans marto mis saxels, aramed aRwers, rogorc pirvelad danaxuls (pirvelxiluls — i.r.), xolo situacias _ rogorc pirvelad momxdars. amasTan, sagnis aRwerisas tolstoi iyenebs ara sagnis nawilTa sayo-velTaod gavrcelebul saxelwodebebs, aramed arqmevs maT sxva saganTa Sesabamisi nawilebis saxelebs~ (Sklovski 2010: 110). gaucnaurebis am saintereso procesis Sedegad, Cveuli sagnebidan da movlenebidan TiTqos axali sagnebi da movle-nebi ibadeba da iqmneba mxatvrul saxeTa sistema, damaxasi-

∗ vinZlo amiT aixsneba mTargmnelebis xSirad Tamami gadawyvetileba, Caanac-vlon aristeoteleseuli sityva formalisturi terminologiiT.

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aTebeli mxolod am erTi, konkretuli mwerlisTvis, am Sem-TxvevaSi, tolstoisaTvis.

defamilarizaciis meTodi formalistebma literaturis Zireul struqturebTan daakavSires da misi meSveobiT sca-des literaturuli teqstis Tvisebriv, lingvistur, Jan-rul da struqturul kanonzomierebaTa dadgena. swored am ukanasknels miekuTvneba formalistebis mier Semotanili ZiriTadi struqturuli opoziciebis forma/Sinaarsi da fa-bula/siuJeti analizi.

erT-erTi ZiriTadi cneba, romelic CvenTvis saintereso opoziciis _ fabula/siuJeti _ farglebSi daamkvidres rusma formalistebma aris masala. rusuli formalizmis Te-oriiT, fabula ganixileba rogorc siuJetis Camoyalibebi-saTvis saWiro masala, pirveladi struqtura, romelzec un-

da daSendes misive gaucnaurebuli versia, anu _ siuJeti∗. `siuJetis gamaucnaurebeli funqcia mdgomareobs fabulis Tematuri erTeulebisa da maTi kompleqsebis xelaxal mon-taJSi~ (lomiZe 2008: 19).

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba fabulisa da siuJetis cne-bebis damkvidrebisa da maTi urTierTmimarTebebis dadgenis

TvalsazrisiT iqonia motivis cnebis gadaazrebamac∗∗: Sklov-skis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva motivis principuli kavSiri stilistur xerxTan. Sesabamisad, teqstebis analizi xorci-eldeba specifikuri meTodologiuri modeliT: fabula (ma-sala) ganixileba, rogorc siuJetis (konstruqcia) Seswavli-sa da dadgenis pirvelwyaro. magaliTad, `don kixoti gani-xileba rogorc gardamavali momenti novelebis krebulidan (`dekameronis~ tipis) erTi gmiris romanamde, romelic age-

bulia akinZvis, awyobis (нанизывание) xerxze, ris motivaci-asac, Tavis mxriv, mogzauroba warmoadgens~ (eixenbaumi:

http://www.opojaz.ru/method/method_intro.htm). modelis meqanizmia:

∗ gardasaxvis process narativis principebi gansazRvravs. ∗∗ ufro detalurad motivis Sesaxeb ix. T. lomiZis statia `motivi~ amave wignSi.

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mogzaurobis motivi, romelsac efuZneba fabula (masala), akinZvis stilisturi xerxis meSveobiT transformirdeba si-uJetis (konstruqciis) struqturul qargaSi; teqstis agebis procesSi masala (fabula) sul ufro meti aqtivobiT er-Tveba konstruqciis (siuJetis) agebulebaSi; siuJeti, mowes-rigebuli struqturuli sqemis meSveobiT asabuTebs teq-stis pirvelad motivs (am SemTxvevaSi, don kixotis mogza-urobis `meryev xasiaTs~), riTac adasturebs sakuTar aRma-tebulobas fabulis modelze.

ayalibebs ra fabulisa da siuJetis gansazRvrebas, viq-tor Sklovski miuTiTebs: `siuJetis gageba Zalze xSirad erevaT movlenaTa aRweraSi _ imaSi, rasac me gTavazobT vu-wodoT fabula. sinamdvileSi fabula mxolod masalaa siuJe-turi gaformebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, èvgeni oneginis~ siuJeti aris ara gmiris romani tatianasTan, aramed am fabu-lis siuJeturi gadamuSaveba, dafuZnebuli wyvetadi gadax-vevebis Semotanaze... xelovnebis formebi gansazRvrulia mi-si mxatvruli kanonzomierebebiT da ara yofiTi motivaci-ebiT. Semoqmedi, Tuki amuxruWebs romanis moqmedebas misi na-wilebis martivi gadaadgilebebiT da ara moRalateebis (igu-lisxmeba personaJebi _ i.r.) SemoyvaniT, gviCvenebs esTe-tikur kanonebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs kompoziciis orive

xerxs~ (eixenbaumi: http://www.opojaz.ru/method/method_ intro.htm). am klasikuri formalisturi gansazRvrebis kidev erTi

meTodologiuri dadasturebaa vladimer propis naSromi `zRapris morfologia~, sadac avtori fabulisa da siuJetis formalisturi Teoriis WrilSi ganixilavs zRapris struq-turas (propi: 1984), da boris eixenbaumis saetapo werili `rogor aris gakeTebuli gogolis `Sineli~. eixenbaumi si-

uJetis problemas akavSirebs Txrobis/Tqmis (сказ) forma-listur cnebasa da problemasTan _ siuJeturi konstruq-cia efuZneba mTxrobelis Txrobis maneras da yalibdeba na-rativis cocxali da emociuri formebisagan: `siuJeti go-golTan naklebmniSvnelovania da, amitom statikuric, _ wers eixenbaumi, _ SemTxveviTi araa, rom `revizori~ mTav-

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rdeba munji sceniT, romlis mimarT winamorbedi moqmedeba mxolod Sesavals warmoadgens. misi qmnilebebis reluri di-namika (da, maSasadame, kompoziciac) mdgomareobs Tqmis struqturaSi, enis TaviseburebebSi. gogolis personaJebi gaqvavebuli pozebia. maT ganagebs (reJisorisa da WeSmariti gmiris saxiT) TviT avtoris mxiaruli, xalisiani aCrdili~ (eixenbaumi 2010: 118). gogoliseuli sityvebi da frazebi er-TmaneTTan dakavSirebulia gamomsaxvelobiTi Txrobis prin-cipiT, sadac gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens gamoTqma (artikulacia), mimika, bgeriTi Jestikulacia; komikur Txro-bas (anekdoti, xumroba) enacvleba sentimentaluri Txroba (melodramatiuli deklamacia), rac hbadebs groteskis gan-cdas da gansazRvravs kidevac teqstis finals.

aRsaniSnavia, rom rusuli formalisturi skolis wiaRSi fabulisa da siuJetis aramarto struqturuli urTierT-mimarTebebis sakiTxi damuSavda, aramed siuJetis struqtu-ruli mowyobis problemac, rac, konceptualurad, aranak-leb neoaristoteleanuria. formalistebma gaiziares siuJe-tis struqturuli mowyobis aristoteleseuli principi, Tumca, daxvewes igi, SeuTavses Tanamedrove literaturul-Teoriul moTxovnilebebs da gaafarToves funqciuri mimar-TulebiT. formalistebis mier `klasikuri siuJeti~ ganisaz-Rvra, rogorc sxvadasxva funqciebis mqone struqturuli qvedanayofebisagan Semdgari mTlianoba. es qvedanayofebia: prologi, eqspozicia, moqmedebis ganviTareba, kvanZis Sek-vra, kulminacia, moqmedebis daRmasvla, kvanZis gaxsna, epi-logi. aqedan, gansxvavebiT aristotelesagan, formalistebi miiCnevdnen, rom siuJetma Tavisuflad SeiZleba iarsebos prologisa da epilogis gareSe, yvela sxva elementi ki, Tun-dac met-naklebi simsubuqiT gamovlenili, aucilebelia misi

srulfasovani funqcionirebisaTvis.∗

∗ formalistebis mier SemoTavazebul sqemas mogvianebiT Secvlis Jerar Jeneti (amis Sesaxeb ixileT amave naSromis meoTxe nawilSi).

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formalisturi cnebebis ganmartebani (Zalze mokled): eqspozicia _ pirvandeli masala, romelic qmnis saerTo

fons, warmogvidgens personaJebs, portretebs, garemos (in-terieri, eqsterieri) da ZiriTad (realurad an pirobiTad utyuar) faqtebs, romlebsac efuZneba moqmedeba;

moqmedebis ganviTareba (aRmasvla) _ moqmedebaTa jaWvi,

romelic emociaTa mzardi muxtiTaa aRniSnuli da mimar-Tulia teqstis mTavari konfliqtisaken;

kvanZis Sekvra _ moqmedebaTa wiaRSi gamokveTili kon-

fliqtis fonze momwifebuli ZiriTadi intriga; kulminacia _ konfliqtis ukiduresi zRvari, teqstis

birTvi-movlena, sadac teqstis daZabulobaca da mkiTxvelis interesic Tavis zenits aRwevs;

moqmedebis daRmasvla _ moqmedebaTa jaWvi, romelic

ganmartebiTi daniSnulebisaa da mimarTulia teqstis mTava-ri intrigis gaxsnisaken;

kvanZis gaxsna _ amTavrebs, asrulebs teqstSi ganviTa-

rebul moqmedebebs (yovelgvars)∗. aRsaniSnavia, rom rusi formalistebis mier SemoTava-

zebul sqemas win uZRoda 1863 wels gustav freitagis mier Sedgenili sqema, romelic `freitagis piramidis~ saxeliTaa cnobili.

∗ klasikuri siuJetis magaliTebad movitanT ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebebs òTaraanT qvrivi~, `kacia-adamiani?!~ da `glaxis naambobi~, sadac, marTalia, met-naklebi proporciulobiT, magram mainc daculia siuJetis rvave ele-menti. zogadadac, realizmis epoqa xazgasmul koreqtulobas iCens teqstis struqturuli formisa da misi funqciuri datvirTvisadmi.

germaneli mwerlisa da dramaturgis mier warmoebuli

kvleva mimarTuli iyo xuTaqtiani piesis siuJetis anali-zisken da miznad isaxavda mis moTavsebas garkveuli sqemis CarCoebSi. freitagis piramida TaRiseburi formisaa da Sed-geba xuTi nawilisagan, romlebic Tanmimdevrulad Seesaba-meba piesis xuT aqts: eqspozicia (situaciisa, _ I aqti), moq-medebis ganviTareba (CaxlarTvisa da konfliqtis meSveobiT, _ II aqti), klimaqsi (Semobrunebis wertili, _ III aqti), moq-medebis daRmasvla (IV aqti) da mxileba (saboloo gadawy-vetileba, _ V aqti). miuxedavad imisa, rom freitagis sqema kiTxulobs siuJets rogorc naratiul struqturas, misi mibma piesis aqtebze ukve sruliad gamousadegari praqtika aRmoCnda àxali talRis~ dramaturgebisaTvis (ibseni da mi-si Semdgomi Taoba). formalistebi daesesxnen freitagiseul terminologias, Tumca, am TvalsazrisiTac gaafarToves sqema da daamates iseTi mniSvnelovani cnebebi, rogoricaa `kvanZis Sekvra~ da `kvanZis gaxsna~.

`Tu Cven ara gvaqvs kvanZis gaxsna, maSin arc siuJetis Seg-

rZneba gvaqvs~, werda Sklovski (http://www/opojaz.ru/ shklovsky/ strojenie_rasskaza.htm), vinaidan yoveli teqsti misi Sinagani lo-gikiTa da siuJeturi specifikiT miemarTeba Tavisi dasas-rulisaken. Sklovskis am ideis saintereso interpretacias warmoadgens 1921 wels gamoqveynebuli narkvevi `moTxrobisa

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http://www/opojaz.ru/

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da romanis struqtura~. Sklovski Tvlis, rom siuJeturi qargis calkeuli struqturuli nawilebi uSualo kavSirSia stilistur xerxebTan, kerZod, motivebis safexureobriv

mzardobasTan (нарастание). aseTi mzardoba Tvisebrivad usas-ruloa, iseve rogorc usasruloa am principiT gawyobili avantiuruli romanebis ricxvi (sailustraciod: al. diumas `sami muSketeri~, àTi wlis Semdeg~, òci wlis Semdeg~). motivTa gaSlis masStabi, Sklovskis dakvirvebiT, gana-pirobebs teqstis finals anu siuJetis im nawils, romelsac `kvanZis gaxsnas~ vuwodebT _ teqsti mTavrdeba imdagvarad, ris saSualebasac motivTa sistema iZleva (sailustraciod: mark tvenma ver daasrula `tom soieris Tavgdasavali~ ùf-rosebis romanis~ JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qorwinebiT, vinaidan tom soieris asakma amis saSualeba ar misca. Sesaba-misad, mweralma iq gawyvita Txroba, sadac pirveli didi pauza Camovarda da mere, ukve sruliad sxva motivebze day-rdnobiT, ganagrZo `heklberi finis TavgadasavalSi~). no-velis Janrze saubrisas Sklovski teqstis dasasrulis, imave `finalis~ sxvadasxva modelebsac ki gamoyofs. es modelebia: a) `cru dasasruli~, rodesac Zalze konceptualur teqsts avtori amTavrebs bunebis aRweriT, amindis SefasebiT, weli-wadis drois daxasiaTebiT, anac _ ritorikuli SeZaxiliT; b)

ùaryofiTi dasasruli~∗, rodesac finali daumTavrebelis, gawyvetilis STabeWdilebas axdens (mkvlevaris dakvirvebiT aseT dasasruls xSirad mimarTavs mopasani) da, cxadia, met

sivrces tovebs mkiTxvelis recefciuli fantaziisaTvis∗∗. siuJeturi qargisa da motivTa sistemis urTierTmimar-

Tebebis dadgenis procesSi Sklovski siuJetis agebis or

∗ Sklovskis mier gamoyenebuli termini ùaryofiTi dasasruli~ ekuTvnis fortunatovs, xolo boduen-de-kurtenesTan is JRers rogorc `nulovani dasasruli~. ∗∗ marTalia, Sklovski novelaze saubrobs, magram me-20 saukuneSi igive ten-dencia ikveTeba romanistikaSic, gansakuTrebiT modernizmis epoqis roman-Si. saukeTeso nimuSs amisa warmoadgens henri jeimsis romanis `ledis por-treti~ dasasruli, sadac finali gawyvetili azris STabeWdilebas ufro tovebs, vidre dasrulebulisas.

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xerxs gamokveTs: safexurebrivsa da wriuls. Tu pirveli movlenaTa Tanamimdevruli agebis sqemas efuZneba (magali-Tad, `tom soieris Tavgadasavali~), meore gulisxmobs mud-miv mimoqcevas moqmedebebsa da winaRobebs Soris (rTul sasiyvarulo an fsiqologiur motivebze agebuli teqstebi), sadac `winaRoba~, TavisTavad, eyrdnoba specifikur motivTa monacvleobas (SeuZlebloba, tyuili, Ralati da sxv.). garda motivebisa, Sklovskis azriT, siuJetis mravalferovnebas ganapirobebs paralelizmis xerxi, romelic tropebis gamo-yenebiT miiRweva da uzrunvelyofs sagnebis asaxvas sxva sag-nebTan an movlenebTan maTi paraleluri Sedarebis gziT, rac, saboloo jamSi, iwvevs fabulis defamilarizaciis pro-cess. aq rTuli ar aris narativis Teoriis formalisturi principis amocnoba: Tuki fabula movlenaTa qronologiuri Tanamimdevrobaa, siuJeti movlenaTa logikuri ganlagebisa

da gadmocemis maneris mTlianobas warmoadgens∗. sruliad cxadia, rom formalistebisaTvis siuJeti struq-

turulad mowesrigebuli modelia, romlis meSveobiTac av-tori martivad amuSavebs dadgenil literaturul sqemebsa da normebs, fabula ki _ masalis sulac statikuri mTli-anobaa, romelic rusuli skolis TeoriaSi arnaxuli pasi-urobiT gamoirCeva. avtoris roli minimalizebulia, xolo warmmarTveli funqcia Tavad teqstis formalur sqemebsa da normebs ekisreba.

siuJetis ganmarteba gacilebiT met siRrmesa da fleqsi-urobas iZens edvard morgan forsteris 1927 wels gamoqvey-nebul narkvevSi `romanis aspeqtebi~. forsterma siuJetis SedarebiT martivi, magram Zalze saintereso definicia Se-moitana: `Cven ganvsazRvreT ambavi, rogorc droSi Tanamim-devrulad ganlagebul movlenaTa narativi. siuJetic mov-

∗ Tuki safexurebriobisa da wriulobis niSniT ganvixilavT ilia WavWavaZis rigi Txzulebebis siuJetebs, aRmovaCenT, rom `kacia-adamiani?!~ safexureb-rivi struqturis nimuSia, xolo òTaraanT qvrivi~ da `glaxis naambobi~ _ wriulisa. wriuli siuJetis paralelizmis xerxTan Sejerebis brwyinvale nimuSad ki davasaxelebdiT mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebs~, rac vlin-deba kidevac siuJetis gamorCeul mravalferovnebaSi.

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lenaTa narativia, mxolod aqcenti dasmulia mizezobrioba-ze: `mefe mokvda da dedofalic mokvda~ _ es ambavia. `mefe mokvda da Semdeg dardisagan mokvda dedofali~ _ es ukve siuJetia. Tanamimdevroba daculia, magram daCrdilulia mi-zezobriobiT. an: `dedofali mokvda, magram veravin gaigo ratom, sanam ar mixvdnen, rom is mokvda mefeze dardis gamo~. es aris siuJeti misteriis elementebiT, forma, romelsac ZaluZs kidev metad ganviTareba. is ukve nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs Tanamimdevrobas, aramed scdeba ambavis CarCoebs im-denad, ramdenadac amis saSualebas iZleva dadgenili nor-mebi~ (qadoni: 677).

forsteris ganmarteba aramarto dasabuTebuli, aramed meTodologiurad gaxsnili Teoriuli modelia, romelic gacilebiT met SesaZleblobebs sZens siuJets, vidre forma-listuri Teoria, romlis saboloo mizani mainc Sinaarsob-rivi elementebis formalur elementebze damokidebulobis damtkicebaa. forsteris Teoria kargad ergeba aramarto im siuJetebs, romlebSic gansakuTrebiT ikveTeba mizez-Sede-gobriobiTi urTierTdamokidebuleba (magaliTad, ilia Wav-WavaZis `mgzavris werilebi~, `sarCobelazed~, niko lorTqi-faniZis `tragedia ugmirod~), aramed im siuJetebsac, sadac msgavsi tendencia saZiebelia, magram arsebobs pasiuri for-miT (magaliTad, konstantine gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimi-

li~, mixeil javaxiSvilis `kurdReli~).∗ forsteris Teoriam, erTi mxriv, gazarda siuJetis Se-

saZleblobebi, xolo, meore mxriv, eWvqveS daayena fabulis rolisa da funqciis pasiuri statusi, romelic mas forma-listebma daudgines: Tuki SesaZlebelia, rom siuJeti iyos met-naklebad mizez-Sedegobriobrivi, maSasadame, fabulac, rogorc `movlenaTa narativi~ SesaZlebelia iyos met-nakle-bad pasiuri? amis naTeli dadasturebaa, Tundac, anton Cexo-

∗ aq, cxadia, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs Janris Teoria da is specifikuri standartebi, romlebsac moiTxovs esa Tu is literaturuli Janri.

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visa da daviT kldiaSvilis proza, sadac fabula TavisTavad saintereso da qmediTia da bevrad ganapirobebs siuJetis

dramatulobas.∗ amrigad, formalistebis mier SemoTavaze-buli Teoriuli modeli SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc problemis interpretaciis erT-erTi versia da davuSvaT sxva Teoriuli alternativebis arsebobac? me-20 saukunis meore naxevris literaturis Teoriam am SekiTxvas dadebi-

Tad upasuxa. fabulisa da siuJetis Teoriulma Pro et Contra-m axal etapze gadainacvla da am etaps pirobiTad naratolo-giis etapi SeiZleba ewodos, rodesac: a) Tanamedrove lite-raturis Teoriam aRiara gamonagonis esTetika; da b) siuJeti Txrobis umTavres komponentad iqna miCneuli.

siuJetologia + naratologia fabulisa da siuJetis problemis analizma inovaciuri

saxe miiRo struqturalisturi da poststruqturalisturi literaturismcodneobiTi skolebis farglebSi _ todoro-vis, bremonis, bartis, greimasis, kristevas, Jenetis da sxva-Ta SromebSi. am moazrovneTa uaRresad mniSvnelovani kvle-vebis fonze gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs Jerar Jenetis siuJetis Teoria, Camoyalibebuli naSromSi `narati-

vis diskursis gadasinjva~ (Narrative Discouce Reviseted).

Jerar Jenetis Teoriis meTodologiur siaxles warmoadgens siuJetis gaazreba naratologiis (Txrobis Toriis) WrilSi, rasac seimor CeTmenma àmbavis drosa da diskursis dros Soris arsebuli droiTi urTierTobebis eleganturi ana-lizi~ (CeTmeni 1978: 63) uwoda.

Tavisi meTodologiis specifikurobas Jeneti wignis Sesa-val nawilSive adasturebs da asabuTebs: `me ar davubrun-debi im gansxvavebebs, romelTa gaziarebac dRes miRebulia

∗ analogiuri mosazreba d. kldiaSvilis Txzulebebis fabulis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia Tamaz vasaZis mier (ix. krebuli òTar CxeiZe 90~).

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ambavis∗ (moTxrobili movlenebis erToblioba), narativisa (zepiri an werilobiTi diskursi, sxvagvarad _ Txroba) da naraciis (realuri an fiqciuri aqti, romelic qmnis dis-kurss _ sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Tavad Txrobis procesi) cnebaTa gaazrebisas, mxolod davadastureb, rom xSirad paralels avleben iseT opoziciebs Soris, rogoricaa: amba-

vi/narativi [historiere/recit] da formalisturi opozicia _ fa-

bula/siuJeti [story/plot]. davadastureb, magram ori mokrZa-lebuli protestiT. vfiqrob, terminologiuri Tvalsazri-siT, pirveli wyvili ufro meti mniSvnelobiTaa datvirTuli da metadac gamWvirvalea, vidre formalisturi wyvili (an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi franguli Targmani), romelic imde-nad Seuferebelia, rom mudmivad meryev da gaubedav STabeW-dilebas tovebs. TumcaRa, meCveneba, rom, konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT, Cveneuli sruli triada (zemoT moxseniebu-li _ i.r.) gacilebiT angariSgasawevia narativis mTlian faq-tTan mimarTebiT... diferenciacia _ ambavi/narativi advi-lad warmoqmnis dRes ukve farTod gavrcelebul gaugeb-robas rogorc Tavad am wyvils, ise benvenistis mier Semo-

Tavazebul wyvils _ ambavi/diskursi [histoire/discours] Soris, romelic, droTa ganmavlobaSi, marTalia uSecdomod, magram Cemda samwuxarod, gadavnaTle opoziciad _ narativi/dis-

kursi [recit/discours] sxva miznebisda gamo~ (Jeneti 1988: 13-14). dualuri struqturebis _ iqneba es ambavi/diskursi, nara-tivi/diskursi Tu ambavi/naracia _ umTavres nakls Jeneti maT funqciur arasrulyofilebaSi xedavs: verc erTi maT-gani ver akmayofilebs naratologiuri procesis masStabur gegmebs da ufro naratologiis `preistoriul etaps~ Seefe-reba, vidre Tanamedrove mdgomareobas. am TvalsazrisiT, ga-cilebiT srulyofilad gamoiyureba triada _ ambavi/nara-tivi/naracia, sxvagvarad _ istoria (Sinaarsi)/Txroba/nara-cia, Tumca, Jenetis azriT, arc is aris uxarvezo: `triadis mTavari defeqti prezentaciis procesis Tanamimdevrobaa,

∗ igive _ istoriis, Sinaarsis;

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rac SesabamisobaSi modis mis ararealur anu mxatvrul gene-zisTan~ (Jeneti 1988: 14). aramxatvruli, magaliTad, istori-uli narativis SemTxvevaSi Tanamimdevrobis sakiTxi imTa-viTve mogvarebulia: ambavi (dasrulebuli movlenebi) _ na-racia (istorikosis Txroba) _ narativi (teqsti, rogorc azrovnebis aqtis Sedegi), sadac narativi warmoadgens nara-ciis ukufenas, magram xorcieldeba masTan erTad _ Tana-droulad _ da gansxvavebas qmnis Txrobis ara imdenad dro, ramdenadac _ aspeqti: narativi aRniSnavs moTxrobil dis-kurss, romelic yalibdeba naraciis wiaRSi. gansxvavebuli viTarebaa mxatvrul teqstebSi, sadac narativi gamogonili

anu simulirebulia∗. icvleba Tanamimdevroba: naracia er-Tdroulad axdens rogorc ambavis, ise narativis inicirebas, xolo es ukanaskneli ori (ambavi da narativi _ i.r.) warmo-adgens ganuyofel mTlianobas. magram Jeneti aRrmavebs msjelobas gamonagonis mimarTulebiT da gamoTqvams mosaz-rebas, rom cnebebi pirobiTia _ ar arsebobs wminda realis-turi an wminda mxatvrul-gamonagoni teqsti: `literatu-rulma naratologiam brmad SemoizRuda Tavi, rodesac misi analizi mxatvrul narativze daiyvana, TiTqosda yvela literaturuli narativi apriorulad mxolod mxatvruli

gamonagoni iyos~ (Jeneti 1988: 15)∗∗. maT Soris arsebiT gan-sxvavebas, Jenetis azriT, qmnis avtoris mimarTeba teqstTan: Tu àramxatvruli teqstis~ avtori Tavis msjelobas doku-menturi masaliTa da faqtebiT asabuTebs, `mxatvruli teq-stis~ avtori mkvidrdeba rogorc ambebis mTxzveli. daskvna, romelic msjelobis am fragmentidan gamoaqvs Jenets, amar-Tlebs mis dabejiTebul rwmenas `wminda gamonagonis~ arar-

∗ termins `simulacia~ Jeneti xmarobs antikuri `mimesisis~ sinonimad. ∗∗ aq mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, daveTanxmoT mkvlevars da mkiTxvels Se-vaxsenoT Sua saukuneebis epoqis literaturul teqstebze zemoT warmar-Tuli msjeloba. Jenetis Teoriuli modeli amomwurav pasuxs iZleva Seki-Txvaze _ aris Tu ara mxatvruli teqsti da fiqcionaluri teqsti identu-ri cnebebi? pasuxi, cxadia, uaryofiTia.

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sebobaSi: mxatvruli teqstis normaluri da kanonikuri sis-tema, askvnis mkvlevari, avtors moiazrebs ara mTxzvelad, aramed _ mTxrobelad; Sesabamisad, mxatvruli narativi ver iqneba wminda saxis simulacia anu aristoteleseuli mime-sisi, aramed _ sistema, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs simu-lacias (mimesiss) rogorc nawils. fabula da siuJeti, ro-gorc mxatvruli narativis sakvanZo cnebebi, or sxvadasxva naratiul safexurs Seesabameba: fabula asaxavs movlenaTa iseT Tanamimdevrobas, rogorc sinamdvileSi moxda yvelafe-ri, xolo siuJeti _ iseT Tanamimdevrobas, rogorsac gvTa-vazobs mTxrobeli. amrigad, mniSvnelobs ara mxolod is, Tu ras yveba mTxrobeli, aramed _ rogor yveba da ra mizniT.

siuJetologiis es etapi sruliad cxadad aireklavs ro-gorc antikur, ise _ formalistur gamocdilebas, Tumca, ganaaxlebs maT meTodologiuri inovaciebiT. kerZod: nara-tologebis mier SemoaTavazebuli àmbavi~-s cneba ufro viwroa, vidre antikuri àmbavi~ da uaxlovdeba formalis-tur `fabulas~, xolo `narativi~-s cneba _ ufro farToa, vidre formalisturi `siuJeti~ da uaxlovdeba antikur àm-bavs~. literaturuli narativis interpretacias Jeneti ax-dens ambavis drosa da narativis (diskursis) dros Soris ur-

TierTmimarTebebis dadgeniT∗. ZiriTadi cnebebi, romelTac Jeneti amkvidrebs mxatvrul narativTan da siuJetTan mimar-TebiT, Semdegia: Tanamimdevroba, xangrZlivoba, sixSire.

Jenetiseuli cnebebis ganmartebani (Zalze mokled) : ∗∗

Tanamimdevroba _ Txrobas (diskurss) aqvs unari, gada-

anacvlos ambavis calkeuli movlenebi imgvarad, rogorac es mas surs (gamomdinare konkretuli miznebidan). am procesis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens kinoxelovneba, romelic iyenebs montaJis teqnikas. Tanamimdevrobis or tipi gamo-

∗ agreTve, aspeqtis, rogorc mTxrobelis mier ambavis aRqmis xerxis, da modalobis, rogorc diskursis mTxrobeliseuli modelis, dadgeniT. ∗∗ veyrdnobiT CeTmenis sqemas.

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iyofa: normaluri da anaqroniuli. pirvel SemTxvevaSi am-bavsa da Txrobis diskurss erTi da igive Tanamimdevroba aqvT, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ori sxvadasxva tipis `dar-Rveva~ ikveTeba: ukangadaxveva (analefsisi) da wingadaxveva (prolefsisi). analefsisis dros Txrobis diskursi wyvets ambavis normalur Tanamimdevrobas, raTa daubrundes ufro adre momxdar movlenebs; prolefsisi dros Txrobis dis-kursi kvlavac wyvets ambavis normalur Tanamimdevrobas, mxolod, am SemTxvevaSi, win uswrebs mas, raTa gadainacvlos

momavali movlenebisaken . analeptikuri Tanamimdevrobis magaliTebi mravlad daiZebneba qarTul da msoflio lite-raturaSi, proleptikuri Tanamimdevrobis saukeTeso nimu-Sebad ki SeiZleba davasaxeloT ilia WavWavaZis `sarCobela-zed~ da mixail bulgakovis òstati da margarita”.

∗

anaqroniul TanamimdevrobaSi Jeneti ganasxvavebs anaq-roniis manZilisa da amplitudis, agreTve, garegani, Sinagani, da sinTezuri anaqroniis, heterodiegeturi da homeodiege-

turi anaqroniebis cnebebs∗∗. sainteresoa, rom anaqronizmis erT-erT yvelaze Tval-

saCino models siuJetSi _ eqspozicias _ Jeneti miiCnevs analefsisisa da prolefsisis ufro funqciad, vidre saxe-obad. Tuki eqspoziciis tradiciuli ganmarteba mas Semaja-meblur xasiaTs sZens (ix. zemoT), Jenetiseuli xedva sru-liad gansxvavebulia: misi azriT, me-20 saukunis litera-turam daZlia aRweriTi damokidebuleba eqspoziciisadmi da gadaanacvla igi `momxdari movlenebis gamJRavnebis~ sib-rtyeze: umetes SemTxvevaSi eqspozicia gadanawilebulia teqstSi da emsaxureba personaJis (an teqstis sxva modelis) etapobriv wardginebas aramarto `pirveli efeqtis~, aramed

∗ aRsaniSnavia, rom prolefsisis gaaqtiurebisas ambavis mimdinare movle-nebi iZens Sualeduri movlenebis statuss, romlebic aucileblad unda iyos retrospeqtirebuli teqstis momaval pasaJebSi. ∗∗ detaluri msjeloba am sakiTxebze ix. wignSi i. ratiani, `fabula da si-uJeti. Pro et Contra~. Tb. 2011.

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teqstSi uxvad gabneuli siRrmiseuli wiaRsvlebis gziT, ro-gorc analefsisis, ise _ prolefsisis modelSi.

xangrZlivoba _ adgens urTierTmimarTebas, romelic ar-

sebobs Txrobis drosa (diskursis drosa) da siuJeturi movlenebis xdomilobis dros Soris.

gamomdinare Tavisi daniSnulebidan, xangrZlivoba, Jene-

tis azriT, SeiZleba iyos: 1. reziumirebuli _ rodesac Txrobis dro (diskursis

dro) ufro moklea, vidre siuJeturi dro. Txrobis dis-kursi mokled aRwers siuJetur movlenebs maTi reduci-rebis (Sekvecis) gziT. saukeTeso magaliTs amisaTvis warmo-adgens personaJTa Soris dialogis Sinaarsis gadmocema Ta-vad dialogis detalizebis gareSe. am meTods aqtiurad iye-nebs kinematografiuli xelovnebac (amgvari xangrZlivobiT datvirTulia `vefxistyaosnis~ teqsti);

2. elifsisuri _ rodesac Txrobis dro (diskursis dro) ara marto moklea siuJeturze, aramed nulovania. Txrobis diskursi SeCerebulia, maSin rodesac siuJeturi dro, sa-varaudod, gaedineba. es aris diskursuli pauza, rodesac xdeba Txrobis wyveta, xolo aRdgena aRiniSneba mxolo gar-kveuli (savaraudo) siuJeturi drois gasvlis Semdeg (amis magaliTad gamodgeba Teimuraz xevisTavis xetialis araRwe-rili detalebi romanSi `jayos xiznebi~);

3. sceniuri _ rodesac Txrobis dro (diskursis dro) da siuJeturi dro erTmaneTs emTxveva. es aris universaluri mdgomareoba teqstSi, rac Txrobis klasikuri manerisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli (saukeTeso magaliTs aq me-19 saukunis klasikuri realizmis teqstebi warmoadgens) ;

4. gawelili _ rodesac Txrobis dro (diskursis dro) ufro grZelia, vidre siuJeturi. amgvari SemTxvevebi teq-stSi ukavSirdeba siuJeturi drois xelovnurad gawelvas movlenaTa mier erTmaneTis gadafarvis an gameorebis gziT, rodesac siuJeti Tvisebrivad axals arafers gvTavazobs,

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Txroba ki grZeldeba. gansakuTrebuli gamoyeneba am xerxs aqvs kinematografiaSi: Senelebuli kadrebi, an erTi da imave movlenebis (moZraobebis, qmedebebis) gameoreba erT adgilas tkepnis siuJetur dros, samagierod _ axangrZlivebs dis-kursuls; movlenaTa verbaluri aRwera ufro xangrZlivia, vidre Tavad movlenaTa xangrZlivoba (am TvalsazrisiT saintereso magaliTebs gvTavazobs postmodernistuli proza);

5. deskrifciuli _ rodesac Txrobis dro (diskursis dro) ara marto ufro grZelia, vidre siuJeturi, aramed siuJeturi dro aris nulovani. amgvari suraTi, ZiriTadad, teqstis aRweriT pasaJebSi fiqsirdeba: portretis, interi-eris, eqsterieris, landSaftis aRwerisas, rodesac siuJe-turi movlenebi gawyvetilia, SeCerebulia da asparezi eT-moba diskurss.

sixSire _ adgens Sesabamisobas Txrobis drosa (dis-

kursis dros) da siuJeturi movlenebis xdomilobaTa dros Soris.

sixSire SeiZleba iyos: 1. erTjeradi _ rodesac erTi konkretuli movlenis

reprezentacia (gamosaxva) xorcieldeba erTi konkretuli Txrobis diskursiT;

2. mravaljeradi _ rodesac mravaljeradi movlenis rep-rezentacia xorcieldeba mravaljeradi Txrobis diskursiT;

3. gameorebadi _ rodesac gameorebadi (erTi da igive) movlenis reprezentacia xorcieldeba gameorebadi (erTi da imave) Txrobis diskursiT;

4. gameorebadi da mravaljeradi _ rodesac gameorebadi da mrvaljeradi movlenis reprezentacia xorcieldeba er-Ti konkretuli Txrobis diskursiT.

Tu SevajamebT warmodgenil informacias, davaskvniT,

rom ambavisa da siuJetis winaaRmdegobrivi wyvilis proble-ma JenetTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Txrobis sistemas-

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Tan da drois kategoriasTan (Tanamimdevroba, xangrZlivoba, sixSire) da, rac mTavaria, arsobrivad triadulia (ambavi, narativi, naracia) da ara _ dualuri (fabula/siuJeti). pos-tstruqturalisturi poetika ar uaryofs winamorbed Te-oriul modelebs, magram afarToebs Txrobis siRrmiseuli analizis mimarTulebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, Jenetis TeoriaSi bevri ram aris sagulisxmo:

1. Jeneti Slis tradiciulad dadgenil sazRvrebs wminda realistur da wminda mxatvrul-gamonagon teqsts Soris. am gadawyvetilebiT mecnieri: a) afarToebs literaturuli na-rativis cnebas; b) aaqtiurebs fabulisa da siuJetis tradi-ciul urTierTmimarTebas; g) sicocxlisunarianobas sZens fabulas, rogorc avtoriseuli Txrobis ganmapirobebel formasa da mTliani mxatvruli sistemis umniSvnelovanes nawils;

2. Jeneti axdens literaturuli narativis gaazrebas am-bavis drosa da Txrobis dros Soris urTierTmimarTebebis analizis gziT. Semoaqvs axali cnebebi: Tanamimdevroba, xan-grZlivoba, sixSire. am cnebaTa damkvidreba mas saSualebas aZlevs, daadginos: a) Txrobis procesis (mimdinareobis) gan-sxvavebuli formebi; b) mimarTebis yvela SesaZlo forma Txrobis drosa da siuJetur dros Soris; g) asaxvis gan-sxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi; d) literaturuli narativis Se[u]sabamisoba kinematografiul narativTan.

Jenetis Teoria kompleqsuri sistemaa, romelic iTva-liswinebs rogorc aristoteles mimesisis Teorias, ise _ rusuli formalisturi skolisa da struqturalisturi po-etikis midgomebs ambavisa da Txrobis problemebTan. aris Tu ara srulyofili naratologebis, kerZod, Jenetis Teoria? srulyofileba swored is cnebaa, romelzec didi xania uari Tqva literaturis Teoriam im `martivi~ mizezis gamo, rom literaturuli teqsti mudmivi interpretaciis obieqtia da misi kvleva sruliad gansxvavebul da axal-axal meTodebs SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros.

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∗ ∗ ∗ `mefe mokvda da dedofalic mokvda ~. `mefe mokvda da Semdeg dardisagan mokvda dedofali~. axla danamdvilebiT viciT, rom gansxvavebas am or, erTi

SexedviT martiv frazas Soris bevri ram SeiZleba qmnides: warmosaxva, romelic miTisqmnadobis procesSi frTiandeba, dama[u]jerebeli, romelic gamonagonis ukufenas warmoad-gens, mizez-Sedegobrioba, romelic warmoaCens kavSirebs, anac _ Txrobis xelovneba, romelic qmnis gansxvavebebs... yovel mosazrebas Tavisi argumentebi da kontr-argumentebi gaaCnia, utyuari pasuxi arc arsebobs da, miT umetes, arc zedapirze Zevs, pasuxi am SekiTxvaze meTodologiuri mniS-vnelobisaa, xolo dava _ diskursuli xasiaTis, vinaidan problema teqstis Teoriis sferos ganekuTvneba, swored im sferos, sadac nebismieri saxis winaaRmdegoba meTodolo-giur varaudebsa da SesaZleblobebzea dafuZnebuli.

gamoyenebuli literatura: amirxanaSvili 2006: amirxanaSvili i. agiografia da istoriis

kompozicia // sjani, № 7. Tb.: 2006. aristotele 1944: aristotele. poetika. winasityvaoba. Targmani

da komentarebi prof. sergi daneliasi. Tb.: 1944. aristotele 1976: aristotele, poetika. Targmna baCana bregvaZem

// Jurnali `sabWoTa xelovneba~. 1976, gv. 76-93. aristotele 1981: aristotele. ritorika. Tb.: 1981.

buriani 1997: Burian, P. Myth into muthos: the shaping of tragic plot // The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy (ed. By P. E. Easterling). Cambridge University Press, 1997.

doiaSvili 2010: doiaSvili T. `sibrZne sicruisa” da `sibrZne

sicruisa” // sjani, № 11. Tb.: 2010.

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elbaqiZe 2007: elbaqiZe m. vefxistyaosnis poetikis zogierTi sakiTxi Suasukuneebis frangul raindul romanTan tipologiur mimarTebaSi. Tb.: 2007

eixenbaumi: Эйхенбаум Б. Теория «формального метода» // http://www.opojaz. ru/method/method_intro.htm)

eixenbaumi 2010: eixenbaumi b. rogoraa agebuli gogolis `Sineli~ //literaturis Teoria qrestomaTia. t. 2. Tb.: 2010.

kalandariSvili 2009: kalandariSvili e. bibliis ganmartebis

meTodebi // sjani, № 9. Tb.: 2010. kiknaZe 2008: kiknaZe z. qarTuli folklori. Tb.: 2008. lomiZe 2008: lomiZe T. rusuli formaluri skola // literatu-

ris Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi. Tb.: 2008.

lou 2007: Lowe N. Y. Comedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. platoni 2003: platoni, saxelmwifo. Zveli berZnulidan Targmna

baCana bregvaZem. Tb.: 2003.

pokoki 1980: Pocock, Gordon. Boileau and the Nature of Neo-Classsicism. Cambridge University Press, 1980.

propi 1984 : propi, v. zRapris morfologia. Tb.: 1984.

Jeneti 1988: Genette, G. Narrative Discourse Revisited. Translated by Jane E. Lewin. Ithaca, New York. Cornell University Press, 1988.

ratiani 2005: ratiani i. qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi. esqato-logiuri antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis. Tb.: 2005.

ratiani 2007: ratiani i. ilia da misi mkiTxveli // ilia WavWavaZe 170. saiubileo krebuli. Tb.: 2007.

ratiani 2008: ratiani i. mixal baxtinis Toriuli koncefcia. dialoguri kritika // literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi. Tb.: 2008.

sidnei 1962: Sidney, P. The Defence of Poetry // Literary Criticism. Plato to Dryden. Ed. By Allan H. Gilbert. Detroit, 1962.

forsteri 1927: Forster, E. M. Aspects of the Novel, 1927 (meore gamocema _ 1985).

forsteri: Forster, E. M. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/e/e_m_ forster.html).

qadoni 1999: Cudon, J. A. (revised by C.E.Preston) Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Penguin Books, 1999.

Sklovski 2010: Sklovski v. xelovneba, rogorc xerxi // litera-turis Teoria qrestomaTia. t. 2. Tb.: 2010.

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Sklovski: Шкловский В. Искусство как приём // http://www.opojaz.ru/manifests/kakpriem.htm)

Sklovski: Шкловский В. Литература вне «сюжета» http://www/opojaz.ru/shklovsky/vne_sujeta.htm Sklovski: Шкловский В. Строение рассказа и романа // http://www/opojaz.ru/shklovsky/strojenie_rasskaza.htm Stali 1975: Шталь И. В. Гомеровский эпос. М., «Высшая школа», 1975. CeTmeni 1978: Chatman, S. Story and Discource. Narrative Structure in Fiction

and Film. Cornell University Press, 1978. canava 2009: canava r. metafora. Tb.: 2009; xarbedia 2008: xarbedia m. naratologia // literaturis Teoria.

XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdina-reobebi. Tb.: 2008.

jiraldi 1968: Giraldi, J. B. Cinthio on Romances. Translation of the Discorso intorno al comporro dei romanzi, with introduction and notes by Henry L. Snuggs. University of Kentukcy Press, 1968.

harlandi 1999: Harland, R. Literary Theory from Plato to Barthes. An Introductory History. Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.

holi 1963: Hall, V. JR. A Short History of Literary Criticism. New York University Press, 1963.

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Tamar lomiZe

motivi

motivi (frang. motif, germ. motiv laT. sityvidan moveo _ `vamoZraveb~), rogorc cneba, literaturismcodneobaSi dam-kvidrebulia musikis gavleniT, sadac is aRniSnavs ramdenime notisagan Sedgenil jgufs. motivi aris semantikuri game-oreba (sityvis an Sesityvebis gameoreba), romelic teqstis farglebs gareT xorcieldeba. motivi SeiZleba igulisxme-bodes qveteqstSic an warmodgenili iyos saTaurisa an epig-rafis saxiT. motivis umniSvnelovanesi niSan-Tviseba misi arasruli realizebulobaa.

aseve musikidanaa Semoseuli termini laitmotivi (r. vag-neris musikaluri Teoriidan da praqtikidan). laitmotivi aris semantikuri ganmeoreba, romelic teqstis farglebSi xorcieldeba, gansxvavebiT motivisgan, romelic warmoad-gens semantikur ganmeorebas teqstis farglebs gareT. lait-motivebi sagangebo rols asrulebs XX saukunis romanis-tikaSi, rogorc cxovrebiseuli masalis fragmentulobis, qaoturobis daZlevis axali saSualeba.

motivis cneba danergilia Teoriuli poetikis, Sedarebi-Ti literaturaTmcodneobis, agreTve, zepirsityvierebis sferoSi _ nimuSTa fabulebisa da siuJetebis kvlevisas, sa-dac msgavsi motivebis urTierTSejereba gamoiyeneba siuJe-tis pirvelsawyisi formis aRdgenisa da mis gadaadgilebebze dakvirvebis xerxad.

Teoriul poetikaSi terminiT `motivi~ aRiniSneba yvela-ze ufro mniSvnelovani da, rogorc wesi, ganmeorebadi, `say-rdeni~ mxatvruli saSualebebi da xerxebi. magaliTad, ga-dacmis motivi damaxasiaTebelia komediebisa da farsebis-Tvis, xolo cnoba/vercnobis motivi gvxvdeba bevr tradi-ciul JanrSi (eposi, tragedia da .aS.). termin `motivis~ po-lisemantikurobis (mravalmniSvnelovnebis) gamo xSirad gvxvdeba Sinaarsobrivad erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvave-

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buli iseTi Sesityvebebi, rogorebicaa: `Semoqmedebis moti-vi~ (Temebi); `folkloruli motivi~ (umartivesi TxrobiTi formula); `lirikuli motivi~ (grZnobebisa da ideebis gan-meorebadi kompleqsi); `motivuri struqtura~ (teqstis gan-meorebadi elementebis konceptualurad Rirebuli kavSiri). Sesabamisad, literaturuli teqstebis kvlevisas unda ga-viTvaliswinoT motivis fenomenis sxvadasxvagvari ganmarteba.

motivis cnebis analizs mravali gamokvleva mieZRvna ru-sul da dasavleTevropul literaturismcodneobaSi.

a. veselovski Tavis naSromSi `siuJetTa poetika~ aRniSnavda, rom motivi aris formula, romelic pasuxobs im Seki-Txvebze, romelTac buneba usvams adamians, an romelic afiq-sirebs gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan STabeWdilebebs. vese-lovski motivebs uwodebs ùmartives formulebs, romlebic SeiZleboda Seqmniliyo msgavs yofiT pirobebSi, gansxvave-bul pirvelyofil tomebSi (erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad)~ (veselovski 1940: 494). veselovskis azriT, motivebi istori-ulad stabiluria da usasrulad ganmeorebadi. motivi aris ùmartivesi TxrobiTi erTeuli~, siuJetis elementaruli da dauSleli ùjredi~, romelic semantikuri mTlianobiT gamoirCeva, mag., Zmebis brZola memkvidreobisaTvis, brZola satrfosTvis da a.S. veselovskis gagebiT, mwerlis Semoqme-debiTi moRvaweoba sulac ar aris namdvili an gamogonili cxovrebis `cocxali suraTebiT~ TamaSi. mwerali azrovnebs motivebiT, xolo yovel motivs aqvs mniSvnelobaTa mdgradi erToblioba, romelic masSi nawilobriv genetikurad Zevs, nawilobriv ki, xangrZlivi istoriuli cxovrebis procesSi iCens Tavs.

veselovskiseul koncefciaSi motivis mTavari niSan-Tvi-seba misi daunawevreblobaa, e.w. atomuroba. motivis es mTlianoba, ganuyofloba veselovskisTan semantikuri xasi-aTisaa: is waagavs mTlianobas sityvisa, romlis morfemebad daSlisas ikargeba misi mniSvnelobis mTlianoba _ aseve, mo-tivic ar iSleba calkeul TxrobiT (naratiul) `morfeme-

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bad~. magram, meore mxriv, veselovskis koncefciaSi Cadebu-lia (Tumca TvalsaCinod araa miTiTebuli) motivis morfo-logiuri danawevrebadobis, daSladobis idea: iseT motiveb-Si, rogoricaa _`viRac itacebs mzes~; `boroti dedaberi awamebs mzeTunaxavs an am ukanasknels viRac itacebs~ da a.S. (veselovski 1940: 494), _ `viRac~ da `raRac~ miuTiTebs, rom motivi morfologiurad nawevrdeba komponentebad da es komponentebi ganmeorebadia am motivis farglebSi. motivebi TvalsaCinod vlindebian miTologiasa da zRaprebSi. motive-bi SeiZleba, aseve, isesxon an damoukideblad SeimuSavon calkeulma xalxebma.

a. bemma, veselovskis mowafem da motivis TeoriaSi seman-tikuri midgomis momxrem, axleburad gaaanaliza a. puSkinis `kavkasiis tyvis~, m. lermontovis `kavkasiis tyvis~ da f. Sa-tobrianis àtalas~, anu erTgvarovani fabulebis mqone sami nawarmoebis motivuri Sedgeniloba (bemi 1919). bemma erTma-neTs Seadara im motivis variantebi, romelic safuZvlad udevs gansaxilvel nawarmoebebs. man rTuli amocana daisaxa miznad _ gamoevlina yvela SesaZlebeli siuJeti, romlebic logikurad aigeboda erTi gansazRvruli motividan, _ da mivida daskvnamde, rom motivs gaaCnia semantikuri invari-antebi (gansxvavebuli variantebi), rac iZleva siuJeturi gansxvavebulobis miRwevis saSualebas.

o. freidenbergis naSromSi `siuJetisa da Janris poetika~ motivi ganxilulia miTologiur siuJetebTan mimarTebaSi. freidenbergis monografiaSi motivis cneba ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba personaJis cnebas. àrsebiTad, _ werda fre-idenbergi, _ personaJis Sesaxeb saubrisas, unda vimsjeloT im motivebis Sesaxebac, romlebic personaJebSia stabili-zebuli (myarad Cadebuli); personaJis mTeli morfologia warmoadgens siuJetur motivTa morfologias~ (freiden-bergi 1997: 221-222]; `mniSvneloba, romelic gamoxatulia personaJis saxelSi da, maSasadame, mis metaforul arsSi, ga-

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daiqceva moqmedebad, romelic motivs warmoadgens: gmiri akeTebs mxolod imas, rasac TviTonve niSnavs semantikurad~ (freidenbergi 1997: 223).

freidenbergi, iseve, rogorc veselovski, aviTarebda mo-tivis esTetikuri Rirebulebis ideas. veselovski werda mo-tivis xatovanebis Sesaxeb: `motivi aris formula, romelic xatovnad upasuxebs sazogadoebriobas (misi arsebobis pir-vel xanebSi) bunebis mier dasmul SekiTxvebze. motivis niSan-Tvisebaa misi xatovani erTwevra sqematizmi~. (veselovski 1940: 494); freidenbergi ki aRniSnavda: `siuJeturi sqemis gavrcoba da konkretizacia aisaxeba motivis meSveobiT xa-tovanebis gamoyofaSi, romelic gadascems am sqemas ganker-Zoebuli, cxovrebiseul movlenebTan gaigivebuli msgavsebe-bis rigSi~ (freidenbergi 1988: 222).

v. propi iyo pirveli Teoretikosi, romelmac kritikulad gadaiazra veselovskis Tvalsazrisi motivis, rogorc ganu-yofeli erTeulis Sesaxeb. propis azriT, nebismieri motivi arc erTwevraa, arc ganuyofelia da arc logikur mTliano-bas warmoadgens (propi 1928). piriqiT, propma motivs logi-kuri danawevrebadoba miawera, ris meSveobiTac motivi daS-lil iqna gamonaTqvamis logikur-gramatikul komponente-bad. sagulisxmoa, rom motivis danawevrebadobas, rogorc aseTs, arc veselovski uaryofda, Tumca, is xazs usvamda motivis mxolod semantikur daunawevreblobas.

motivis cnebis veselovskiseuli gagebis kritikis Sede-gad propma saerTod ugulebelyo es cneba da Semoitana Txrobis principulad gansxvavebuli (propis azriT) erTe-uli _ moqmedi piris funqcia, rogorc cvladi sidide, rom-liTac, misi azriT, SeiZleboda motivebis Canacvleba. fun-qcia, propis TeoriaSi, aris motivis ganzogadebuli mniSvne-loba, romelic gamijnulia motivis fabuluri variantebis simravlisgan.

magram, semiologiuri TvalsazrisiT, funqcia motivis sakvanZo komponentia. Sesabamisad, is ver Caenacvleba mo-

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tivs, iseve, rogorc nawili ver Caenacvleba mTels. e. mele-tinski samarTlianad miuTiTebs, rom `propis mier CamoTvli-li bevri funqcia sxva araferia, Tu ara motivi~ (meletinski 1983: 121). amitomac kanonzomieria, rom mogvianebiT daweril monografiaSi, romelSic gamokvleulia zRapris etimolo-gia misi pirvelsawyisi miToritualuri semantikis Tvalsaz-risiT, propma gadasinja motivis cneba.

b. iarxo saerTodac uaryofs motivis, rogorc Txrobis erTeulis statuss. `motivi, _ wers. iarxo, _ aris siuJetis garkveuli dayofa, romlis sazRvrebs mkvlevari TviTnebu-rad gansazRvravs. èvgeni oneginSi~ motivi SeiZleba iyos

rogorc "она читала Ричардсона" (umniSvnelo SeniSvna), ise èv-genis dueli lenskisTan~ (ZiriTadi siuJeturi etapi) (iarxo 1984: 221). amgvarad, motivi iarxosTvis aris siuJetis TviT-neburi dayofa, romelic Tematuri principiT xorcieldeba. amitom kanonzomieria, rom sabolood iarxo uaryofs moti-vis realur literaturul arsebobas. motivi cxaddeba mxo-lod da mxolod cnebiT warmonaqmnad, romlis meSveobiT li-teraturaTmcodnes SeuZlia gansxvavebuli siuJetebis msgav-seba-gansxvavebebis dadgena: àSkaraa, rom motivi aris ara siuJetis realuri nawili, aramed _ samuSao termini, ro-melic saWiroa siuJetebis urTierTSejerebisTvis~ (iarxo 1984: 222).

a. belecki ganasxvavebs motivis realizaciis or dones _ sqematur motivs da realur motivs, sadac pirveli Seesaba-meba invariantul siuJetur sqemas, xolo meore _ konkre-tul siuJets. siuJeturi sqema propiseuli funqciis analo-giuri cneba. beleckis damsaxureba isaa, rom man gaaerTiana ori sawinaaRmdego sawyisi motivis struqturaSi da motivis semantikur invariants Seufarda misi fabuluri variantebi. es iyo principulad win gadadgmuli nabiji, romlis safuZ-velzec ganviTarda motivis diqotomiuri Teoria. mogviane-biT, warmodgena motivis dualuri bunebis Sesaxeb kidev uf-

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ro mkafiod iqna Camoyalibebuli v.i. propis wignSi `zRapris morfologia~, romelSic praqtikuladaa ganxorcielebuli jadosnuri zRapris motivebis Tanmimdevruli diqotomiuri analizi.

b. tomaSevskim poetikis monografiul saxelmZRvaneloSi (tomaSevski 1931) ganaviTara rogorc veselovskiseuli, ise _ originaluri Tvalsazrisi motivis Sesaxeb. tomaSevskis-Tvis motivis cneba saWiroa fabulisa da siuJetis cnebebis urTierTmimarTebis gasarkvevad, radgan, misi azriT, motivi akavSirebs am or cnebas: `fabula aris motivTa erToblioba maT logikur mizezSedegobriv kavSirSi, siuJeti ki _ imave motivebis erToblioba iseTi TanmimdevrobiTa da urTierT-kavSiriT, rogorc isini mocemulia nawarmoebSi~ (tomaSevski 1931: 137)

tomaSevski gansazRvravs motivs Temis cnebis meSveobi-Tac: `Tema jamuri cnebaa, romelic aerTianebs nawarmoebis sityvier masalas. Tema SeiZleba hqondes mTel nawarmoebs, da, amave dros nawarmoebis yovel nawils aqvs sakuTari Tema... Tematur nawilebad nawarmoebis amgvari danawevrebis gziT Cven, sabolood, vaRwevT Tematuri nawilis daunawev-rebel, umcires nawilebamde: `raskolnikovma mokla dedabe-ri~, `gmiri mokvda~, `werili miRebulia~ da a.S. nawarmoebis daunawevrebeli nawilis Temas motivi ewodeba. arsebiTad, yovel winadadebas aqvs sakuTari motivi~ ( tomaSevski 1931: 136-137).

rac Seexeba motivis daunawevreblobas anu ganuyoflo-bas, atomurobas, tomaSevski aRiarebs, rom motivi ganuyo-feli erTeulia, magram ar aanalizebs TviT am ganuyoflobis cnebas. ase rom, mis koncefciaSi dazustebuli araa, ra tipis ganuyoflobas gulisxmobda mecnieri _ semantikurs (ro-gorc fiqrobda veselovski), Tu sxva saxisas. sayuradReboa, rom tomaSevski SeniSnavs: `SedarebiTi kvlevisas motivs uwodeben Tematur mTlianobas, romelic gvxvdeba sxvadas-xva nawarmoebSi... es motivebi mTlianad gadadis erTi siuJe-

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turi agebulebidan meoreSi. SedarebiT poetikaSi ganurCeve-lia _ SeiZleba maTi danawevreba ufro mcire motivebad Tu ara. mniSvnelovania mxolod is, rom mocemuli sakvlevi Jan-ris farglebSi es `motivebi~ yovelTvis gvxvdeba mTlianobi-Ti saxiT. maSasadame, `ganuyoflobis~ nacvlad SedarebiTi kvlevisas SeiZleba visaubroT istoriulad ganuyofeli er-Teulis Sesaxeb, romelic inarCunebs Tavis erTianobas na-warmoebidan nawarmoebSi gadasvlisas~ (tomaSevski 1931: 137).

v. Sklovskim, 1929 wels gamocemul naSromSi `О теории прозы~, Camoayaliba `kanoni, romelic adaTs aqcevs motivis Seqmnis safuZvlad im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es adaTi ukve ugu-lebelyofilia~ (Sklovski 1929: 31). advili SesamCnevia, rom am Tvalsazrisis safuZvelia Sklovskisa,da, zogadad, rusi formalistebis idea defamilarizaciis anu gaucnaurebis Sesaxeb. Tavisi Tvalsazrisi Sklovskim ganaviTara mopasanis novelebis analizis magaliTze. motivis Sklovskiseuli ga-azreba (gaucnaurebis ideis TvalsazrisiT) emTxveva amerike-li folkloristis, s. tompsonis mier Camoyalibebul gan-sazRvrebas: motivSi ùnda iyos iseTi ram, rac gansakuTre-bul interess iwvevs da amis meSveobiT gvamaxsovrdeba, ra-Rac uCveulo~ (tompsoni 1955: 7).

miuxedavad imisa, rom tomaSevskic da Sklovskic Tematu-robis niSniT gansazRvravdnen motivs, maTi koncefciebi sxvadasxvagvaria fabulasTan da siuJetTan motivis mimar-Tebis TvalsazrisiT. tomaSevskisTvis motivi, rogorc ele-mentaruli Tema, aris Tematuri zRvari. am gagebiT, motivi aris nawarmoebis fabulis Tematuri atomi. Sklovskis azriT ki, motivi sxva araferia, Tu ara siuJetis an misi nawilebis Tematuri Sejameba. amitom motivi Sklovskis TeoriaSi fa-bulis doneze maRla dgas da warmoadgens siuJetis azrob-riv atoms. motivis amgvari gageba vlindeba Sklovskis dak-virvebebSi bokaCos siuJetikaze (Sklovski 1929: 69). Sklov-skisTvis motivi sainteresoa ara TavisTavad, ara rogorc fabulis asagebad gankuTvnili àguri~, aramed rogorc li-

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teraturuli epoqis siuJetikis tipologiuri analizis erTeuli.

e. meletinski, fundamentur gamokvlevaSi `miTis poetika~ (meletinski 1976) ubrundeba jer kidev veselovskis Teori-aSi dasmul problemas, Tu ramdenad gacnobierebulia tra-diciuli motivebis SemoqmedebiTi asaxvis procesi (veselov-

skis SexedulebiT, mwerali azrovnebs myari motivebiT). `mi-Tis poetikis~ bolo TavebSi avtori mimarTavs XX saukunis literaturis saukeTeso nimuSebs da ganixilavs saerTo-mi-Tologiur motivebsa da laitmotivebs j. joisis, T. manis, f. kafkas romanebSi, da metad damajereblad aaSkaravebs amgva-ri meTodologiuri midgomis siswores. magaliTad, mkvleva-ri saubrobs `mamobis~ motivis Sesaxeb, momakvdavi da aRmdga-ri RmerTis kultTan dakavSirebuli motivebis, mogzauris dabrunebis simboluri motivebis (odisevsi, uZRebi Svili, mfrinavi holandieli, sindbad-mezRvauri da a.S.) Sesaxeb da sxva.

evropul literaturismcodneobaSi (gansakuTrebiT _ germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da aSS-Si), XX saukunis 30-iani wle-bidan moyolebuli, aqtiurad viTardeboda motivis e. w. Te-maturi kritika, romlis erT-erT amocanas warmoadgenda literaturis (antikurobidan vidre Tanamedrove epoqamde) Temebisa da motivebis leqsikonTa Sedgena.

e. frencelis klasikur naSromSi `msoflio literaturis siuJetebi~ (frenceli 1999) motivi gaazrebulia, rogorc situaciuri elementi, romelic ukavSirdeba teqstis Sina-arss da konkretul realizacias poulobs teqstSi, sadac is xan mTavari, xan _ Tanamdevi, xan ki _ ornamentuli elemen-tia. frencelis leqsikonSi dasaxelebul auracxel moti-vebs Sorisaa amazoni qalis, oreulis, gandegilis, incestis, xelovnurad Seqmnili adamianis, mama-Svilis konfliqtis da a.S. motivebi.

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avtoritetul wyaroebs Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT ag-reTve s. tompsonis eqvstomeuli `folkloris motivTa in-deqsi~ (tompsoni 1955-1958), romelSic motivs zogadadami-anuri universaliis mniSvneloba eniWeba da gamoixateba per-sonaJis, moqmedebis an viTarebis daxasiaTebaSi (zepirmety-velebiT an literaturul tradiciaSi).

mravali naSromi mieZRvna motivTa specifikas da produq-tiulobas ama Tu im istoriul periodSi (istoriuli poeti-ka). magaliTad, e. kurciusis cnobili naSromi (kurciusi 1953) emyareba Sua saukuneebis iseTi sakvanZo Temebisa da motivebis analizs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, amotrialebu-li samyaros, biWis da berikacis, dedabrisa da qalwulis da a.S. motivebi.

miTologiuri motivebisa da maTi transformaciebis anali-zis brwyinvale nimuSia b. gasparovis naSromi (gasparovi

1984) «Поэтика «Слова о полку Игореве»), romelSic mkvlevari ganixilavs samiwaTmoqmedo ciklis (Tesva-mka, wvima, qariS-xali da a.S.) mravalferovan motivebs; mzis simbolikasTan dakavSirebul motivebs (mzis dabneleba, mzis Casvla-gaTene-ba da sxv.); sivrcul motivebs; bibliur da warmarTul mo-tivebs (sikvdili da regeneracia) da sxv. amasTan, b. gasparo-visTvis ucxoa motivTa sqolasturi katalogizacia: is gani-xilavs nawarmoebs, rogorc erTian mxatvrul struqturas.

yvela zemodasaxelebul naSromSi motivi ganixileba, ro-gorc fenomeni, romelic saSualebas iZleva, davinaxoT li-teraturuli da folkloruli Janrebisa da formebis isto-riuli poetika. aqcenti keTdeba fenomenis aRwerasa da sistematizaciaze.

sakiTxis kvlevis istoriaSi klasikur naSromad aRiarebulia

Teodor Jolkovskis “Varieties of literary thematics” (1983). erT-erT TavSi mkvlevari ixilavs molaparake ZaRlis motivs (servantesi, hofmani, gogoli), meoreSi ki _ kbilebis motivs

101

(Tomas mani, kestleri, grini, grasi da analizisas ganixilavs literaturul-mxatvruli da kulturul-filosofiuri kav-Sirebs, romlebic moicavs bibliur da folklorul motivebs.

mwerlis mier Segnebulad gamoyenebuli tradiciuli mo-tivebis garda (mag., j. joisis ùliseSi~ an T. manis `jados-nur mTaSi~) SeiZleba visaubroT motivis, rogorc aracnobi-eri, TiTqmis arqetipuli fenomenis Sesaxeb. am WrilSi gani-xilaven motivTa geneziss fsiqologiuri, fsiqoanalitiku-ri da fenomenologiuri skolebis warmomadgenlebi. maTi azriT, motivTa wyaroa unikaluri avtoriseuli cnobiereba (an _ aracnobieri). mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana motivis am koncefciis ganviTarebaSi frangma mecnierma J. starobin-skim, romelic cdilobda avtoris cnobierebis, misi saxe-ebisa da ideebis wvdomas. avtoris ideur-mxatvruli koncef-cia gamoxatulia unikaluri ganmeorebadi motivebiT, rom-lebic `materializebulia~ sagangebo formebsa (sarkeebi, cecxli, niRabi, Wa, da a.S.) da sivrcul modelebSi (gza, saz-Rvari, saiqio da a.S.), sagangebo emociuri da fsiqologiuri kombinaciebis gamoyenebiT.

motivebis gaazrebis meSveobiT kritikoss SeuZlia Cas-wvdes mwerlis metaforaTa individualur repertuars, amo-icnos avtoris warmosaxvis unikaluri logika, upiratesad teqstis leqsikuri SesaZleblobebis analizis safuZvelze. am TvalsazrisiT, metad sainteresoa frangi kritikosebis _ g. baSlaris, S. moronis _ fsiqoanalitikuri kvlevebi. ma-galiTad, S. moroni ama Tu im mwerlis nawarmoebTa korpusSi avlens Rirebul leqsikur blokebs, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia avtoris `piradi miTis~ Sesaxeb warmodgenis Seqmna.

amgvarad, konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT, motivis cneba sxvadasxvanairad ganixileba. motivi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc: erTgvari `Janris mexsiereba~; zeindividualuri, arqetipuli sawyisi; individualur gamocdilebasTan dakav-Sirebuli fenomeni; konkretul tendenciaTa gaerTianeba.

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belecki 1962: Белецкий, А.И. "В мастерской художника слова". М.: 1962. bemi 1919: Бем, А. К уяснению историко-литературных понятий // Известия

Отделения русского языка и литературы Академии наук. 1918. Т.23. Кн.1. СПб., 1919. С.225-245.

gasparovi 1984: Гаспаров, Б. Поэтика "Слова о полку Игореве".- Wie:, 1984. dandesi 1962: Dundes, A. From Etic to Emic Units in the Structural Study of

Folktales // Journal of American Folklore. V.75. 1962. P.95-105. veselovski 1940: Веселовский, А.Н. Историческая поэтика. Л.:1940. iarxo 1969: Ярхо Б.И. Методология точного литературоведения (набросок

плана) <Отрывки> // Труды по знаковым системам. Вып. 4. Тарту: 1969. iarxo 1984: Ярхо, Б.И. Методология точного литературоведения (набросок

плана) // Контекст - 1983. М.: 1984. kurciusi 1991: Curtius, E.R. European Litеrature and the Latin Middle Ages”

Princeton University Press, 1991. losevi 1994: Лосев, А.Ф. Проблема художественного стиля. Киев:1994. meletinski 1976: Мелетинский, Е.М Поэтика мифа. М.:976. meletinski 1983: Мелетинский, Е.М. Семантическая организация мифоло-

гического повествования и проблема создания семиотического указателя мотивов и сюжетов // Текст и культура. Труды по знаковым системам. Вып. 16. Тарту:1983. С.115-125.

propi 1928: Пропп, В.Я. Морфология сказки. Л.:1928. propi 1986: Пропп,В.Я. Исторические корни волшебной сказки. Л.:1986. tomaSevski 1931: Томашевский, Б.В.. Теория литературы. Поэтика. М.:

1931. tompsoni 1955-1958: Thompson S. Motif-index of folk-literature. Copenhagen;

Bloomington: 1955-1958. Vol. 1-6. frenceli 1976: FRENZEL, Elisabeth: Motive der Weltliteratur. Ein Lexikon

dichtungsgeschichtlicher Längsschnitte, Stuttgart: Kröner, 1976. Sklovski 1929: Шкловский,В.Б. О теории прозы. М.: 1929. freidenbergi 1988: Фрейденберг, О.М. Система литературного сюжета //

Монтаж: Литература. Искусство. Театр. Кино. М.: 1988. freidenbergi 1997: Фрейденберг О.М. Поэтика сюжета и жанра.

Подготовка текста и общая редакция Н.В. Брагинской. М.: 1997.

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Tengiz kikaCeiSvili

portreti

xelovnebaSi zogadad, cxadia, literaturaSic portre-tis cneba araerTsaxa, mravalaspeqtiania. portretis gaCena ganapiroba individualobis, calkeuli individis mimarT gansakuTrebuli interesis gaCenam, rac epoqalurad gamom-dinareobs renesansidan, rodesac portreti iZens soci-alur, erovnul-fsiqologiur da sxva mraval niSans da ar-sebiTad da ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba adamians.

mkafiod azogadebs k. gamsaxurdia _ `renasansisa da Ta-namedrove msoflio gagebiT pirovneba xdeba centraluri figura kosmiur ZalTa srbolaSi~ (gamsaxurdia 1963: 394) sxvagan k. gamsaxurdia wers _ `poeziaSi rusTavelma aiyvana adamiani da misi vnebebi umaRles xarisxamde: rusTavelis mTeli poemis manZilze gvesmis mowodeba siqvelisadmi, gmi-robisa da saxelis moxveWisadmi~ (gamsaxurdia 1963: 53).

SoTa rusTavelma mizanmimarTulad gamoiyena portretis xatvis xerxi:

tarieli (`jerT misi msgavsi Sveneba kacTagan unaxavia~... `moviwife, davemsgavse mzesa Tvalad, lomsa nakvTad~... `mze-sa me vsjobdi SvenebiT, viT bindsa Jami dilisa~); avTandili (`sarosa mjobi, nazardi, msgavsi mzisa da mTvarisa, jerT uwveruli, sadaro brol-mina sacnobarisa~); fridoni (`moyme mxne, uxvi, Zlieri, ficxlad momxtomi cxenisa, vneba aravis ar Zal-uc mis mzisa odnad mSvenisa~); nestan-darejani (`Sigan jda igi piriTa mzisaebr elva-mkrTaliTa, me Semomxedis la-mazad mis melnis tbisa TvaliTa~); TinaTini (`Svenodes Savni wamwamni, gulisa gasagmironi, mas TeTrsa yelsa ekidnes grZlad Tmani ar-uxSironi~); fatmani (`nakvTad kargi, Sav-gremani, pir-msuqani, ar pir-xmeli~).

cxadia, zemoCamoTvlil personaJTa xazgasmuli niSnebi mxolod garegnobis mauwyeblad ar gvevlineba poemaSi. rus-Taveli yovel maTgans Sinagani adamianuri vneba-emociebis

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mdidari palitriT aRWuravs da saTanado funqciurebas ani-Webs _ Sesaferis niSans usvams, renesansis erT safuZemdeb-lo Rirebulebas _ adamianTmcodneobas.

miTiTebuli epoqidan dawyebuli portreti safuZvlianad formdeba literaturaSi, aseve mxatvrobaSi (ferweraSi) da warmoadgens adamianis individualizebul unar-niWTa na-Telyofis saSualebas. manamde ki, magaliTad saxalxo epikur poeziaSi, anda Suasaukuneebis literaturaSi pirovnuli sa-wyisi jerac gamoukveTi, vityodiT, Sesustebuli iyo. gmirs umeteswilad boZebuli hqonda garegnobis, ase vTqvaT, ur-yevi, mudmivi niSnebi. rac Seexeba aRorZinebis Semdgom _ klasicizmis literaturaSi portreti mowmobda gmiris mxo-lod `keTilSobilebas~, an `simdables~, xolo poet-romanti-kosebis mier Seqmnil portretebSi kontrastulad monac-vleobda keTili da boroti, naTeli da bneli Zalebi, pirov-nuli Zlierebani Tu sisusteni...

portretis cneba xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi gansxvave-buli specifikiT gamoixateba. Cven literaturaSi misi arsis warmoCenis amocaniT vifarglebiT,sadac portreti cxovre-bis gamosaxvas mravalferovani da saTanado emociuri pa-litris meSveobiT axerxebs.

aq erT mniSvnelovan viTarebas gamovkveTT: cnobilia, rom portreti aris mxatvruli saxis, moqmedebis subieqtis, anu personaJis struqturis specifikuri Semadgeneli nawili, xolo personaJis (adamianis) davuSvaT mxolod konkretu-lad garegnobis aRwera organulad da Taviseburad Seesa-bameba da axasiaTebs misi sulieri Tvisebebis ZiriTad niS-nebs (cxadia, sulier da sxva TvisebaTa erToblioba Tavisi umTavresi Sinaarsobrivi raobiT mxolod adamianis xasiaT-Tan mimarTebaSi gaiazreba, Tumca gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT bunebis sagnebisa da movlenebis, mcenare-cxovelebis, frin-velebis da a.S. da msgavsis Sinagani arsis damaxasiaTebel komponentadac SeiZleba mogvevlinos).

davubrundeT portretis epoqaluri gzis ganviTarebis mokle daxasiaTebas:

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garkveul funqciurobas portreti realizmis epoqis li-teraturaSi avlens. mwerali-realisti portretuli daxasi-aTebis meSveobiT avlens pirovnebis rogorc socialur-in-dividualur gansazRvrulobas, aseve xasiaTebis fsiqologi-ur sirTulesa da siRrmes. personaJTa garegnobis aRweri-loba umetesad eTanabreba da gamoxatavs moqmed pirTa su-lier samyaros. personaJebis garegnoba mravalferovani elementebis _ saxis nakvTebis, Jest-mimikis, tan-fexis, siaru-lis, tansacmlis aRweriT warmoCndeba. amasTan, aRniSnuli procedurisas vlindeba rogorc xelovanis, ise misi Txzu-lebis personaJTa ideur-esTetikuri tendenciebi.

T. dostoevski aRniSnavda, Semoqmedma unda ipovos mTa-vari idea gmiris fizionomiisao...

azri mniSvnelovania, radgan garkveulwilad gamoxatavs brZnuli gamonaTqvamis _ `kokasa Sigan raca sdgas, igive warmosdindebis~ _ arss. principi portretis xatvis re-alistur maneras Seesabameba, radgan igi, romantikosTa principisagan gansxvavebiT, romliTac xSirad gamokveTila kontrasti adamianis garegnobasa da mis Sinagan raobas So-ris, ufro bunebrivi gaxldaT, xelovnurobas saTanadod moklebuli.

sanam qarTul literaturul sinamdvileSi portretis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb visaubrebT, rac Cven umTavres amocanas warmoadgens, fragmentulad mainc warmovaCinoT misi ideur-mxatvruli funqcia rigi qveynis literaturaSi:

magaliTad, ukve homerosis ìliadaSi~ troas moxucebi aRtacebulni arian elenes silamaziT, firdousis `Sah-names~ erT-erTi personaJi àRmosavluri metaforulobiTaa~ daxa-tuli: `warbebi _ ori mSvildi, nawnavebi _ ori qamandi~; italiuri, inglisuri, espanuri Suasaukuneebis da Semdeg re-nesansis literaturuli nawarmoebebi xasiaTdebian perso-naJTa fsiqologiuri portretizaciiT, sentimentalizmis mweralTa portretebSi xSiradaa gamovlenili ideur-fsiqo-logiuri niSnebi, romlebic mkafiod warmoaCenen emociur,

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sulier refleqsiebs, rac bevrad gamowveulia gansazRvru-li socialuri xasiaTis winaaRmdegobaTa ideuri gaazrebiT...

mogvianebiT, romantizmisa Tu realizmis epoqaSi litera-turuli gmiri, rogorc damoukidebeli pirovneba Tavisi in-dividualizmiT, Tavisi wris wevrebisaganac ki gamoirCeva. misi portretis individualuri niSnebis Sewyoba-SeTavsebiT mwerali sakuTar ideur damokidebulebasac avlens im soci-aluri jgufisadmi, romlis warmomadgenelicaa personaJi. magaliTad, warmoaCens ra èvgeni oneginis~ ukanasknel TavSi tatianas saxes, puSkini xatavs mis portrets, romelSic gax-snilia tipuri, socialur-jgufuri niSnebi, damaxasiaTebe-li Tavadaznauruli sazogadoebisaTvis, magram am tipobrivi niSnebis safuZvelze mwerali gamokveTs tatianas qcevisa da manerebis individualur Taviseburebebs, rac mas gamoarCevs maRali wris brbosagan da iwvevs mkiTxvelis saTanadod amaR-lebul ganwyobas... daaxloebiT amgvari (cxadia, gansxvavebu-lic) emociebi SeiZleba aRgviZras sxva mweralTa (magaliTad, lermontovis, l. tolstois, Cexovis, dikensis, balzakis, joisis da sxvaTa da sxvaTa mier) Seqmnilma portretebma...

qarTul literaturaSi, ase vTqvaT, ganasakuTrebuli em-brionulobiT portreti ukve hagiografiul ZeglebSia aR-beWdili, gamorCeulad `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~, sa-fuZvlianad _ rusTavelis poemaSi, Semdeg aRorZinebis xa-nis rig TxzulebaTa wiaRSi, sadac ukve SesamCnevia romanti-kuli atmosferos Seqmna...

qarTul literaturaSi realisturi principiTaa warmod-genili luarsab TaTqariZis, darejanis, sut-kneinas, lamazi-seulis, oTaraanT qvrivis, giorgis, baSi-aCukis, dalaqis (akaki wereTlis moTxrobis “kriW da xriS” personaJi), baxva fulavas da sxvaTa portretebi; aq calke dgas vaJa-fSavela, romelic grZnobda socialuri paTosis ukmarobas, ris gamoc mimarTa miTebis Tanaziar samyaros, fSav-xevsurul Tqmule-bebsa da legendebs (zviadauri, joyola, aRaza...)...

axali da uaxlesi Taobis mwerlebi _ k. gamsaxurdia, gr. robaqiZe, mix. javaxiSvili, l. qiaCeli, d. Sengelaia, n. lor-

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TqifaniZe, o. WilaZe, W. amirejibi da sxvebi garkveuli in-terpretaciiT ekidebian `socialur mgznebarebas~. magali-Tad k. gamsaxurdia mkafiod upirispirdeba `TergdaleulTa~ socialur paToss da problematikas, uars ambobs ideolo-giur TavSekavebaze, SeuzRudavad gadmoscems piradul gan-cdebs da am uSualobiT iwvevs Sesaferis interess. mwerali saintereso mosazrebas gvawvdis:

àRsasruls saukunisas da dekadanss grZnobs yoveli avadmyofi Taoba, magram avadmyofoba xSirad cxovrebis sit-kboebas moawyurebs adamians. avadmyofobis Semdeg... adamiani meore ukiduresobas xvdeba, radganac rogorc pirovnebas, ise mTel Taobas ar SeuZlia erT gansazRvrul sulier po-zaSi, erT gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi darCena. aseTia adamianis sulisa da msoflio dinamikis kanoni~ (gamsaxurdia 1983: 420). amgvari mdgomareobis dinamikis safuZvlad mwera-li simbolizms, impresionizmsa da eqspresionizms miiCnevs...

axalTaobis Semoqmedni pativs miagebdnen ra ufros Tana-mokalmeebs, samyaros axleburi esTatikuri aRqmiT iyvnen Sepyrobilni. amis Sedegad iqmneba TaraS emxvaris, arzayanis, savarsamiZis, arsenas, jayos, Teimuraz xevisTavis, margos, arCibald mekeSis, qaixosro makabelis, anas, gora mborgalisa da sxvaTa portretebi...

yoveli mwerali cdilobs Taviseburad daxatos portre-ti, rac advilad ar miiRweva _ Tavs iCens Sabloni, stere-otipi, romelic yovelTvis ostatobis ukmarisobiT rodia gansazRvruli. viTarebas xelovnebisa da kulturis ganviTa-rebis garkveuli specifikurobani ganapirobeben. amgvari procesebi meoce saukuneSi gansakuTrebulad gamokveTeba _ yalibdeba portretuli daxasaTebis sxvadasxva tipebi: iro-niul-satiruli, groteskuli, impresionistuli, eqspresi-onistuli, xazgasmiT detalizebuli, ara alag-alag pasaJeb-Si gabneuli, aramed _ fundamentur-aqcentirebulad fsiqologiuri...

mxatvrul literaturaSi, rogorc sityvier xelovnebaSi, portreti warmoadgens daxasiaTebis erT-erT saSualebas,

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romelic ixmareba kompoziciur mTlianobaSi sxva msgavs saSualebebTan erTad. vgulisxmobT personaJTa moqmedebis gaSlas siuJetSi, maTi azrebisa da ganwyobilebebis aRweras, moqmed pirTa dialogebs, viTareba-mdgomareobis daxasiaTe-bas da ase Semdeg. swored aseTi Taviseburi sistemis SeqmniT da gamoyenebiT yalibdeba mxatvruli saxe, xolo portreti am mxatvruli saxis erT-erT organul mxared warmodgeba. amgvarad, mxatvrul nawarmoebSi formdeba portreti, ro-melsac, rogorc ukve mivuTiTeT, yoveli mwerali sakuTari Sinagani xedvis mixedviT (cxadia, cxovrebis obieqtur mov-lena-viTarebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT) asxams xorcs.

literaturaSi, Cveulebriv, calkeuli trafaretuli portretuli detalic ki `wyvildeba~, ufro swored `jguf-deba~ da mizanmimarTulad mTliandeba. imdenad calkeuli nawili sxeulisa ar iqcevs yuradRebas, ramdenadac erTianad pirovnebis saTanado `xibli~, Tumca portretis individu-aluri niSanic Taviseburia erTgvarad.

oriode magaliTi: `vefxistyaosanSi~ TinaTinis garegnul monacemebs speci-

fikurad amkobs da individualurad dasrulebul `formas~ sZens aratrafaretuli niuansi _ `mas TaTrsa yelsa ekidnes grZlad Tmani ar-uxSironi~;

ilias `gandegilSi~ cxovrebis sitkbo-simwares naziarebi mwiris fiqrebi da grZnobebi misi Tvalebis gamometyvelebi-Taa gamkafioebuli Sesaferisad:

`da ra ixila kvlav igi mwirma, daucxra suli aqoTebuli da raRac ZaliT qalze kvlav darCa Tvali tyveqmnili, gaSterebuli. rad SeemsWvala Tvali im saxes? is saxe atkbobs Tu eoceba? morideba hsurs da neta Tvali rad eurCeba da ar hnebdeba?!”

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akakis moTxroba `rogor gadayva Tav. gojaspir Tavis ulvaSebs~ portretuli elementebiTaa uxvad `gawyobili~. nawarmoebi gmiris portretis aRweriT iwyeba: `batoni go-jaspiri iseTi usaxo ram iyo, rom met-saxelad iudas eZax-dnen~. pirvelive frazaSi garagnuli siuSnovis moulodneli da uCveulo Sepirispireba adamianis gamcemlobasTan, e.i. mis sulier raobasTan, saTanado mxatvrul efeqts qmnis _ im-denad Seuxedavi iyo, mxolod iudas ukuRmarTobis, SeCvene-bulobis sicude, uaryofiToba Tu Seefardebodao.

k. gamsaxurdias `mTvaris motacebaSi~ TaraS emxvaris Si-nagani mRelvarebis xarisxi mis mis sulsa da saxe-sxeulze `warweril-daxatuli Strixebis~ meSveobiT amoicnoba saTa-nadod _ `gadaSlilia, gadarecxili palimfsesti Cemi suli-sa, masze Tanabrad warxocilia rogorc axali, ise Zveli zed-warwerani. vebrZvi me Cemsave Tavs da es mwyuria amovnerwvyo pirisagan Cemisa sxvis qveyanaSi miRebuli zedmeti sazrdo... oRond es guli gamewmindos biwierisgan, muxlebi SemrCes oRond mglisa da Semoxedvac meqnes me mgluri... magram vai, rom me WaRara SemrTvia ukve, sami aTasi wlis WaRara mimSve-nebs Sublsa. vzivar kerasTan me glaxaki qristesmieri, samar-Cielo Cxirebs vxazav nacartutaSi~.

`didostati marjvenaSi~ giorgi pirvelis tanjvis siRrme misi garegnobis detalebiTaa aqcentirebuli: ùsityvod itanjeboda mefe, Tma Sublze Camofxatoda, Rawvebi Cavar-dnoda, saxe dagrZeleboda. Tmis yovel Rerze etyoboda, Tu rogor aforiaqeboda buneba saerTod guldinjsa da uSiSar vaJkacs~...

aRniSnul da mis msgavs magaliTebSi portretis mxat-vrul-saxeobriv plans metwilad tropebi _ metaforebi, epiTet-Sedarebani da sxva saxeebi qmnian.

literaturas, cxadia, cxovrebis asaxvis sakuTari speci-fika aqvs. zogi ram, rac SesaZloa yuradRebis gareSe darCes cxovrebaSi, xelovnebaSi mizanmimarTulad gamoixateba. mxat-vrul SemoqmedebaSi yvelafris SerCeva xdeba _ mniSvnelo-bas iZens pirovnebis sagnisadmi damokidebulebis xasiaTi,

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Cacmis manera, Tundac tansacmlisa da dasaxuravis feris, formis gadawyveta,sacxovreblis mowyobiloba, an vTqvaT Ci-buxis, finjnis da ufro wvrilmani nivTis aRwerilobac ki da msgavsi. zemoCamoweril detalebTan, vTqvaT, romelime ada-mianis savaraudo Sexeba-kavSirma (detalizebuli portretis niSanma) SesaZlebelia misi damaxasiaTebeli individualuri Tvisebebi meti yuradRebiT gvaCxrekinos, ramac sabolood emociurobis donis amaRleba gamoiwvios.

portreti xSirad amocanad isaxavs Seqmnas personaJis, rogorc garkveuli pirovnebis, iseTi mTliani saxe, romelic saTanado xasiaTis matarebeli iqneba. xasiaTi, misi qresto-maTiuli ganmartebiT, personaJis garegnuli (portretuli), msoflmxedvelobrivi, emociuri da eTikuri normebis mTli-

anobas warmoadgens∗ (aqve gavixsenoT, rom yoveli personaJi ar aris xasiaTi, yvela xasiaTi ki _ personaJia). dasaxuli miznis aRsrulebisas mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi qmedebani mi-marTuli unda iyos personaJis daxasiaTebisaken, pasuxs unda scemdes kiTxvas: vin aris igi _ rogori TvalTaxedvisa, rag-var SemecnebiT-eTikur cxovrebiseul RirebulebaTa mata-rebeli? personaJi SeiZleba iyos mTavari an _ meorexaris-xovani, SeiZleba Camoyalibdes xasiaTad, gmirad (aRmatebul xasiaTad) an tipad (xasiaTis specifikur modelad). amasTan, personaJs organul mTlianobad erwymis avtor-mWvretelis pozicia, romelic ganmsazRvrelia misi raobisa. mwerali Tavisi Semoqmedebis yovel momentSi iyenebs personaJisagan yovelmxriv damoukideblad myofobis sakuTar privilegi-ebs. cxadia, personaJic imnairive formiT damoukidebelia SemecnebiT Tu eTikur RirebulebaTa mizandasaxuli warmo-Cenis TvalsazrisiT. erTSi SeuzRudavad Tavisufalia Se-moqmedi _ personaJis yovelgvar cxovrebiseul peripetiebs igi `Targmnis~ esTetikur enaze...

aq erT viTarebas ganvmartavT:

∗ Tumca, garegnobis detalizacia SemoqmedebiTi procesis arCeviTi komponentia.

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xasiaTis e.w. klasikuri agebis safuZvlad miiCneva bedis (bedisweris) mxatvruli Rirebulebis gansazRvra (konkre-tul nimuSs qvemoT warmovaCenT). bedi (bediswera) pirovne-bis yofis yovelmxrivi garkveulobaa _ misi cxovrebis yve-la movlena TiTqos winaswaraa `gaTvlil-dadgenili~. amde-nad, mxolod is xorcieldeba, rac Tavidanve àweria~ pirov-nebis yofierebas... cxadia, yovelive es xelovnebaSi gansa-kuTrebul damajereblobas iZens. yovelgvari qceva da moq-medeba, ase vTqvaT, àbsoluturobiT~ aRiWurveba da xorci-eldeba... usazRvrod Tavisufali koreqtivebi Sedis yofi-erebis, azrovnebis kanonebSi _ muxruWdeba dro, Semoisaz-Rvreba, an usasrulo xdeba nacnobi sivrceebi Tu gza-manZi-lebi da sxv...

konkretul nimuSad movitanT k. gamsaxurdias `daviT aRmaSenebels~:

daviTi Tavisi Sinaganobidan agebs sakuTar cxovrebas (az-rovnebs, grZnobs, iqceva) im miznebis Sesabamisad, rac cxov-rebis mTavar arsad gauxdia _ moetana samSoblosaTvis Ta-visufleba da dideba. ase irjeba imitom, rom _ sworia, sa-ocneboa da sasurveli! magram sinamdvileSi, albaT, xorci-eldeba Tavisi bedisagan gansazRvruli ram, anu sakuTar yo-faSi gamoikveTeba Tavisi saxe _ ai, esaa avtorisagan gansa-xorcielebeli mxatvruli transkripcia im kvalisa gmiris yofaSi, romlis gamoxatva surda xelovans, riTac Tavisi da personaJis ukvdavebas uzrunvelyofs...

aqve, ganvixilavT romanis kidev erT pasaJs, romelSic uSualod portretis funqcia gamoikveTeba:

`daviT aRmaSeneblis~ erT-erTi Tavi _ `mkodovanTa da glaxakTa mefe~ _ gansakuTrebuli saxis simbolur Rirebu-lebaTa SemcvelobiT iqcevs yuradRebas. igi daviT mefis mo-mavali da saerTodac mTeli cxovrebis mZime da rTuli moR-vaweobis niSnebis mtkivneulobas naTelyofs Seuferavad... javaxeTidan geguTs midioda mefe, gzaSi icvlebodnen xede-bi, romlebSic saTanadod iyo `Cawerili~ xalxis yofa-cxov-rebis suraTebi _ xan erTgvarad idiliuri TiTqos (ufro

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iluzoruli niSnis matarebeli), xan ufro mZime realobis gamomxatveli, rac guls stkenda daviTs, afxizlebda, axilvinebda:

àlizis lafSi amoTxvril Ciyvian diacebs, dagvalul leRvsaviT damzral ZuZuebze mokidebul balRebs, dabebkil TeqebSi gamoxveul berikacebs; wvergaburZgvnilni, Rawveb-Cacvenilni pirvel mociqulebs miagvandnen isini, SimSili-sagan SeyviTlebulni. lastis Robeebs gadaRma moCaliCe axalgazrdebs ZaZis tomrebiT daefaraT siSiSvle... Zlivs mi-laslasebda TamSaraze xvastagi. WalebSi zurgdaSavebuli gamxdari cxenebi uilajod cicqnisnen kordelas... miwis-Zvrisagad darRveul monastrebidan cviliviT SeyviTle-bulni gamorbodnen berni... mkodovanni, mwirni da glaxakni udarajebdnen xidis yurSi gzadagza mefes~...

portretuli aRwerilobebi saTanado emociebs aRZravs. beds (bedisweras) ki ganesazRvra, rom aRdgomis moTaved daviT mefe Seeracxa gangebas da xalxs. romanSi es erT, sim-boluri niSnis Semcvel galobaSi xmiandeba zemoaRwerili ngreva-ganiavebis fonze:

ìgini Sebrkoldes da daecnes, xolo Cven aRvsdegiT da aRvemarTeniT, ufalo, acocxle mefe~.

da amas galobdnen mkodovanni, mwirni da glaxakni! da rodesac mefem guldwyvetiT gaaxmovana _ `xedavT, me

wilad margo gangebam mkodovanTa da glaxakTa mefed gax-doma~, jojikma miugo _ ìeso macxovari Cveni xom maTive me-ufe iyo, mefev batono?~

amrigad, mefis mTeli cxovreba, misi Sinagani wyoba da mid-rekilebani gangebisagan miwerili valdebulebebiTaa war-marTuli, zeciur idumalebaTa wesrigianobiTaa gawerili. mweralma ase dainaxa, man gmirs Tavisufal nebas dafuZne-buli zneobriv-saxelmwifoebrivi pasuxismgebloba miawera. Tavisufali neba ki romanSi bunebrivi da esTetikuri auci-

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leblobiT iyo warmoqmnili da nakvebi... mweralma yovelive es ostaturad, damajereblad warmoaCina.

romanis sxva personaJebsac (g. Wyondidels, maxaras, mefis erTgul sardlebs, mamao arsens da a. S.), agreTve rigi sxva mwerlebis Txzulebebis personaJebsac (oRond gansxvavebu-li Sinaarsobrivi masalis safuZvelze) SeiZleba miesadagos zemowarmoCenilis msgavsi yofierebiT-SemoqmedebiTi logika...

xasiaTi mTeli Tavisi saxesxvaobiT mkafiod plastikuria. misgan gansxvavebiT tipi _ ufro mxatvrul-ferwerulia. Tu xasiaTi dgindeba msoflWvretis garkveul RirebulebebTan damokidebulebebis mixedviT, gamoxatavs samyaroSi adami-anis SemecnebiT-eTikur mizandasaxulobas da TiTqos miiwevs da aRwevs uSualod yofierebis sazRvars, tipi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, daSorebulia samyaros sazRvrebs da gamoxa-tavs adamianis mizandasaxul damokidebulebas ukve konkre-tuli epoqiTa da garemoTi SemosazRvrul konkretizebul faseulobebTan. es konkretizeba Tavis saxes, specifikur azrobriv-Sinaarsobriv gansazRvrulobas mravalferovani cxovrebiseuli tipebis _ fsiqologiuri, socialuri, erov-nuli tipebis TvisebaTa, grZnobaTa, qceva-qmedebaTa da sxva niSanTa meSveobiT avlens. miTiTebuli formaciis tipebi, zogadad rom vTqvaT, eTikur-esTetikuri normebiT sxvaoben literaturis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva epoqebSi _ antikuri samyarodan dawyebuli uaxles saukuneebamde (savaraudebe-lia momavali droc)...

cnobilia, rom tipi konkretulSi, garkveuli SinaarsiT davarqvaT yoveldRiurobaSi, eZiebs zogadsakacobrios mniS-vnelobas, riTac gansakuTrebuli da xangrZlivi (ufro albaT

mudmivi) aqtualobiT itvirTeba∗. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom tipuroba, bunebrivia, mxatvrulobis safuZvlad gvev-lineba da aqedan gamomdinare, logikuria, rom tipi (adami-ani, personaJi) xatvis xerxebisa da xasiaTis mixedviT mizan-

∗ aq gavixsenebT cnobil frazas realizmis epoqisa: `tipi tipur garemoSi~. tipi SeiZleba iyos moTavsebuli tipur garemoSi, Tumca, SesaZlebelia, rom iyos tipuri garemo da ar iyos tipi.

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mimarTulad axerxebs erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSnis _ pirovne-bis individualobis gamokveTas, ris gansaxorcielebladac umniSvnelovanesi funqcia ganekuTvneba kvlavac portrets.

mwerlis mTlian saxes da xasiaTs _ SemoqmedebiT meTods, mxatvrul samyaros, msoflmxedvelobas mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs misi damokidebuleba adamianisadmi. Semoqme-dis mier gamoxatuli adamiani is centria, romelsac ukav-Sirdeba mxatvruli nawarmoebis agebisaTvis saWiro mTeli meqanizmi, anu sistemiT naTlad unda gacxaddes personaJe-bis sazogadoebasTan rTuli, mravalferovani urTierToba, bunebasTan maTi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba, adamianze istoriul movlenaTa zegavlenis roli da amave dros cal-keul maTganze TviT adamianis zegavlenis mniSvneloba.

literaturul TxzulebebSi gamoxatul adamianTa umrav-lesobas atyvia sakuTari wris, garemosa da drois aRmniS-vnel niSan-TvisebaTa beWedi (im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca moq-medi piri ramdenadme `saerTo adamianuri~, ganyenebuli mo-delis saxiT warmogvidgeba, igi garkveuli planiT mainc ata-rebs konkretul-istoriuli cxovrebisa Tu movlenis Sem-cvel niSans). aq arsebobs mizanswrafuli mimarTeba, igrZno-ba ZiriTad problemaTa magistraluri xazis mimarTuleba. konkretuli movlenebi konkretuli ideebis, qceva-moqmede-baTa matarebeli (agreTve garegnuli niSnebiT aRbeWdili) personaJebis momsaxurebas saWiroeben: msgavs personaJTa zogad mxatvrulobas ki (rogorc farTo gagebiT xelovnebis nawarmoebis specifikur _ gvareobiT _ niSans) konkretuli portreti aRasrulebs saTanadod. igi sZens misgan gamomdi-nare Rirebulebas grZnobadi saxeebis formaSi sinamdvilis warmosaxvis process.

sayuradReboa, rom saerTod literaturis ganviTarebas-Tan erTad portretis xatva TandaTan ufro konkretuli xdeba. XX saukunis literaturis personaJTa saxeebSi gamov-lenilia rogorc axali cxovrebis ritmi, momavlis rwmena-imedi, aseve istoriul Tu Tanadroul pirTa cxovrebis wi-naaRmdegobrioba, xSirad tragikuloba, gmiris zogadi inte-

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leqti da misi gamovlenis siZneleebidan gamowveuli garTu-lebani. XX saukunis qarTvel mwerlebSi (k. gamsaxurdia, gr. robaqiZe, W. amirejibi, o. WilaZe da sxv) naTlad igrZnoba miswrafeba adamianTa axleburad gamoxatvisa. mwerlebTan fsiqologizms Seesatyviseba aRwerili bunebis detalebi, filosofiuri msjeloba-gafiqrebani, personaJis zneobrivi Ziebani. im SemTxvevaSi, roca Semoqmedi uars ambobs persona-Jis fsiqologiis dawvrilebiT daxasiaTebaze, maSin persona-Jis sulieri mdgomareobis mxolod calkeuli konturis mo-xazviTac ki motivirebuli xdeba ZiriTadi saTqmelis azri da es xSirad personaJis portretuli Strixis gamokveTiT miiRweva.

am ukanaskneli viTarebis warmosaCenad, magaliTad, k. gam-saxurdias `didostatis marjvenaSi~ dafiqsirebul nimuSebs SevexebiT mokled:

romanis erT-erTi dasamaxsovrebeli personaJia mariam dedofali da miuxedavad imisa, rom igi nawarmoebis arcTu mraval epizodSia moqceuli Tundac calkeuli movlenis centrSi, mTlianad mis gamoxatvasac ereTob mcire adgili eTmoba, siuJeturi funqciac minimumamde aqvs Semcirebuli, mainc mniSvnelovani gmiria Txzulebisa, upirvelesad, ro-manSi daxasiaTebul religiur movlenebTan Tavisi damokide-bulebiT. asketuri suliT, fanatikuri aRtyinebiT dedofa-li upirispirdeba sasaxlis karze mimdinare cxovrebas, iq ga-mefebul wesebs, rasac Tundac farsmanis mimarT damokide-bulebiT amJRavnebs. mwerali fsiqologis TvaliT afasebs mariams. igi Tavisi mizanswrafulobiT, dasaxuli amocanebis Sesrulebisaken ltolvis dauokeblobiT erTgvar keTilgan-wyobas imsaxurebs (bolos da bolos qristianuli religi-isadmi Tavdadebul adamians vWvretT masSi, Tumca fanati-kossac). magram dasmenis, jaSuSobis (maluli zverva-Tval-Tvalis Sinagani sisaZagle), sxva uzneo saSualebebisa da xer-xebis gamoyeneba Tundac didi miznebisaken ltolvisas, yo-velTvis uaryofiT emociebs aRZravs. k.gamsaxurdia ramdeni-

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me sityviT xatavs mariamis portrets, magram mkafiod da STambeWdavad:

`...dedofali Semovida darbazSi. sigamxdres ufro metad gaemaRlebina axovani, pirxmeli qali. fergamkrTali sCanda da saxegamSrali. Cinuri, Savi farCa ecva, didroni almasebis maniaki irises darad uTimTimebda yelis garSemo. wvrilsa da grZel kiserze ucnaurad daberili, energiuli ZarRvebi mo-uCanda, risxvianad uelavda wamosivebuli Tvalebi... Warbad wacxebul umaruls ver daefara Citis nafexuriviT wvrili, wvrili naoWebi, farTe da sevdian Tvalebis garSemo momdgarni~...

asketis portretia! sevdiani Tvalebi xazs usvams dedoflis Sinagan moTxov-

nilebebs, pirovnuli interesebis seriozulobas, daberili ZarRvebi _ sianCxles, sigamxdre, fergamkrTaloba, pirxme-loba _ amqveyniur siamovnebebze uaris Tqmas da a.S...

erTi detalic: `roca spasalars salamiTve miugo, naZaladevad gauRima...

uCveulo SariSuriT gaiara sawolis darbazisaken. karis ga-xurvazedac SeamCnia zviadma, raRac didi usiamovneba unda mosvloda col-qmars~...

es uCveulo SariSuri gaRizianebis xarisxis eqspresiuli gamovlenaa, marTalia, Zunwad gamosaxuli, magram emociurad damajerebeli. da mTlad STambeWdavi isaa, rom didi gabra-zebis Jamsac ki dedoflis qceva ar “yviris”, sulieri aRSfo-Teba garegnulad mkacri CarCoTia Semofargluli, Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, Sinagan energias Zalumad amzeurebs.

warmodgenili epizodi mwerlis mier portretis Seqmnis poziciur princips hfens naTels _ ar aris gadamwyveti, na-warmoebis mTavari (arsakiZe, giorgi pirveli, farsman sparsi, Sorena, melqisedeki), Tu meorexarisxovani (zviad spasalari, girSeli, mamamze da Wiaber erisTavebi, Talagva kolonkeli-Ze, Savleg toxaisZe, mariam dedofali) personaJebis daxasi-aTebas Tavobs portreti, mniSvnelovani isaa, ra rols Tama-Sobs gamoxatuli epizodis, arsebuli viTarebis arsis war-

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moCenaSi monawile personaJi, anu arsebiTi misi ideur-esTe-tikuri funqciis naTelyofaa nawarmoebis kompoziciur-siuJetur struqturaSi. am TvalsazrisiT TviT epizoduri saxeebic (bagrat ufliswuli, raJden mitropoliti, pipa, ezosmoZRvari ambrosi, fxoveli xevisTavi uSiSa RuduSauri, misi vaJi TorRva da mravali sxva) ambavTa rTul xlarTSi organulad erTvian da saTanadod ganapirobeben romanis kompoziciur mTlianobas. bevri personaJis portreti ide-ur-mxatvrulad TvalsaCinoa (vardisaxari, mxevali nonai, moxuci bodokia, mexamle qitesa druisZe, mejinibe gabriel koxriWisZe, bazieri estate lomaisZe, mona waTaia, arsakiZis deda), miuxedavas imisa, rom isini wamierad gaielveben romanis furclebze, saTanado STabeWdilebas mainc axdenen, zogjer ki _ sakmaod mniSvnelovansac, gansakuTrebiT arsakiZis deda, romelic eqspresiuli da lakoniuri xatvis wyalobiT naTel kvals tovebs nawarmoebSi.

calke gvinda aRvniSnoT xalxis rolic romanSi. mwerali xalxis qmediT rols, misi aqtiurobis personaJSi gamoxatvis meTods iyenebs upiratesad, magram mxolod am xerxiT ar kmayofildeba. xalxis saxe masobriv epizodebSic vlindeba, romelTagan zogi didi poeturobiT gamoirCeva(ferxulis aRwera mTaSi, sveticxovlis mSeneblobis obieqtebi...).

adamianis sulis xveulebSi wvdoma marTlac rTulia. Za-luZs mwerals pirovnebis qcevidan, misi vnebebis samyarodan saaSkaraoze gamoitanos yvelaze mniSvnelovani, da radgan portretze vsaubrobT, ise, rom personaJis vnebebis naTel-yofas garegnuli Strixis, detalis, Jestis metaforizacia moaxmaros?! ai, ra aris sakiTxavi! Tu aRniSnuli da misi msgavsi niuansebi gamouyenebelia, portreti, am sityvis sru-li gagebiT, ver Seiqmneba!

portretis (gamosaxulebis) cneba xelovnebis mraval dargSi funqcionirebs, ris gamoc igi erTgvari magnetizmis matareblobaa. portreti mxatvruli saxis erT-erTi pir-velelementia. magram, da radgan asea, yovelive misgan gamo-saxuli, saTanadod mxatvrul-saxeobrivia, Tundac, vTqvaT

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peizaJi, an interieri da a.S. anu peizaJic, sayofacxovrebo garemoc, raime kulturul-istoriuli Zeglic da sxva, er-Tgvarad specifikur portrets SeiZleba warmoadgendes, anac _ emsaxurebodes sxva portretis gaxsnas. rogorc ze-moT aRvniSneT, garegnuli aRwera gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, bunebis, sagnebisa da movlenebis, mcenare-cxovelebis, frin-velebisa da msgavsTa Sinagani arsis damaxasiaTebel kompo-nentadac SeiZleba mogvevlinos: garegani Strixi, raime por-tretuli detali SeiZleba gadmoscemdes nebismieri asasa-

xavi obieqtis mTavar damaxasiaTeblobas∗. marTebulad da Rrmaazrovnad aqvs gamoxatuli buneba-

peizaJis roli k.gamsaxurdias: `didi poetia ara is, vinc gamarTobel ambebsa da TavSesaqcev azrebs moacodvilebs, aramed igi, vinc bunebis _ cxovrebis am CarCos gamosaxvaSi iseve daxelovnebulia, rogorc masSi moqceuli tipaJis gan-saxierebaSi~ (gamsaxurdia 1963: 253). anu fauna, flora, sti-qioni (viwro gagebiT peizaJi) adamianTanaa SemsWvaluli yo-velTvis. amitom dajerebiT ganmartavs qarTveli klasikosi: `didi peizaJistis xelSi landSafti mudam adamianuri su-lobis komentaria~ (gamsaxurdia 1963: 487)... amgvari gancxa-deba SemTxveviTi ar aris, vinaidan peizaJi (da es dasturdeba yvela didi Semoqmedis magaliTze) gmirTa ganwyobilebis, Zlieri emociebis gamoxatvis erT-erT mTavar xerxad gvev-lineba. peizaJis xatebsa da saxeebSia gadatexili, arcTu iS-viaTad, adamianuri xasiaTebi. bunebis wiaRSi, mis fonze xde-ba xSirad yvelaze Seucdomlad SesaZlebeli adamianis ra-obis amocnoba. peizaJi sarkea adamianis sulisa. xatovnad werda v.Sklovski: `peizaJis miRma yovelTvis aris SfoTva da sindisi~... (Sklovski 1975: 415)

∗ aq erT citatas gavixsenebT: yovelive axlaxan gamokveTili da `mTeli bunebac umciresi nawilebidan dawyebuli udidesamde, pawia kenWidan mzem-de, protistidan a d a m i a n a m d e (xazi Cvenia _ T.k.), marad warmoSobasa da warmavlobaSi, Seuwyvetel mdinarebaSi, daudgromel moZraobasa da cva-lebadobaSi imyofeba~ (fr. engelsi `bunebis dialeqtika~).

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yoveli didi mwerali akavSirebs (amsgavsebs an ansxvavebs) bunebis movlenebs pirovnebis ganwyobilebebTan, eZebs para-lelizmebs bunebasa da adamians Soris. àdamianuri sulobis komentirebis~, `peizaJis miRma adamianuri SfoTvisa da sin-disis~ saucxoo, Seucvleli roli swored portretma SeiZ-leba itvirTos _ xandaxan pirovnebis garegnul-zedapiru-li figura-siluetis moxazulobiT, xan sxeulis calkeuli nakvTebis ufro dawvrilebiTi (sazareli an momxibvleli) aRweriT, an pirovnebis Sinagani bunebis _ sikeTisa Tu boro-tebis da uamravi sxva Tvisebis gamomzeurebiT, anu jamSi fi-zikur-sulismier damaxasiaTeblobaTa CvenebiT...

bunebis (farTod) da peizaJis (viwrod) kanonzomierebebSi garkvevis gareSe adamianTa sulieri raobis dadgena princi-pulad SeuZl;ebelia, radgan kidev erTxel gavimeorebT, xe-lovanisa (mwerlis) da misi Txzulebis personaJTa msof-lmxedvelobas bunebac amzeurebs Sesafrisad. amaze Sexedu-leba cnobil qarTvel moazrovneebs, did SemoqmedT gamouTqvamT:

ilias azriT buneba ubralod ki ar garemoicavs adamians, aramed misi arsebobisaTvis aucileblad saWiro materialur samyaros warmoadgens. ilia sagangebod usvams xazs adamiansa da bunebas Soris ucnaur kavSirs, saintereso axsnas uZebnis am kavSiris idumalebis fenomens da sabolood harmoniul Sexamebas xedavs kacobriobasa da bunebas Soris, romlebic ganuwyvetlad `CaxlarTvian~ erTmaneTs: `cxovrebasaca aqvs Tavisi Semodgoma da gazafxuli, rogoraTac bunebasa. ma-cxovnebelia pirveli qrola gazafxulis pirvelis dilisa, maSin ca da qveyana erTi-erTmaneTs Sehxarian... guli sxva-rigad scems, roca dedamiwazed zamTris Semdeg mze amoxeT-qavs mwvane balaxsa da ufro sxva-rigada scems maSin, roca cxovrebazed amova, Tavs amohyobs brwyinvale yvavili axa-lis azrisa... is xalxi, is cxovreba, romelic ar izrdeba, ro-melsac ara aqvs Tavisi gazafxuli da nayofieri Semodgoma, romelic berdeba ki, magram am siberis nayofzed isev ar amo-va ganaxlebuli, ganaTlebuli siaxlis mSvenier gvirgviniTa

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_ is xalxi, is cxovreba miCanCalebs samarisaken~... (WavWavaZe 1953: 57-59).

ilias azriT, `kacT-gareTi buneba~ (ilias terminia) gar-kveuli TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba gamodges cxovrebis, adami-anis sulieri mdgomareobis naTelsayofad.

ilia, rogorc lirikaSi, ise epikur TxzulebebSi garkve-uli mizandasaxulobiT gvaazrebinebs da `gvaxilvinebs~, ase vTqvaT, peizaJur portretebs. leqsSi `simRera~ _ liriku-li gmiris azrebi da idealebi funqciuradaa `Cawnuli~ `pe-izaJur~ xatebsa da saxeebSi:

sad migyavar, mdinarev mowyenil sicocxlisav! Cems mcire navs ras arxev zvirTo wuTisoflisav! ras SemamTxvevs, vin icis azri Senis civis wylis? ------------------------------ Sors momavlis varskvlavi Tumc aris uxilavi, magram, vgrZnob, Sexval did zRvas da iq CahRupav Cems navs, da marad Seni wyali waSlis Cems urgeb kvalsa... --------------------------------- hoi, gvedreb, mdinarev im did zRvaSi nu Segvrev.

am azr-idealebis mxatvruli gaTvalsaCinoebisTvisaa moxmobili iseTi òbieqturi materiebi~, rogorebicaa `mdi-nare~, `zvirTi~, `civi wyali~, `varskvlavi~, `zRva~... miuxeda-vad imisa, rom es òbieqturi materiebi~ meyseulad gaiel-veben, Sinaarsobrivad mainc SesamCnevad àmoizrdebian~ teq-stidan da saTanado rols tvirTuloben _ poeturi ganwyo-bis dacema-amaRlebas gamoxataven... òbieqturi materiebis~ iliaseuli `gamoyeneba~ gvimJRavnebs mwerlis damokidebu-lebas rogorc sazogadoebasTan, aseve buneba-samyarosTan.

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ilias lirikaSi gamoxatuli peizaJebi yovelTvis xazgas-miT azrobriv-ideuri qveteqstebis matarebelni arian, im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca poeti aRwers bunebis xedebs, qmnis ferweruli plastikurobiT aRvsil emociur portretul xatebs, vTqvaT, `kacT-gareTi bunebis~ suldgmulisas _ Ci-tisas, leqsSi _ `Citi~:

RvTiT mocemuli did ars qveyana, gaxarebuli vfrinav yvelgana

sadac ki minda, gadavfrindebi, niWi maqvs wminda, safrenad frTebi.

da ros cdunebiT, ZaldatanebiT, galias Camsmen,_ mSvidobiT velo, maSin aRar gstven, sawyalobelo..

daRonebuli, frTebdaSvebuli, daviwyeb Wknobas, sikvdilis xmibas...

da velo, Sensa gamRviZebelsa, Sens Cits pataras male naxav mkvdars.

mravalgvari barieris usazRvrod moZule suldgmuls ekisreba misia _ emociurad SegvagrZnobinos Tavisuflebis-moyvareobis keTilSobili grZnoba. leqsSi gamoyenebuli ga-pirovnebiTa da alegoriiT TavisuflebasTan erTad zogad-deba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis simZimilic... mSobliuri vele-bisadmi (aq sawuTroa nagulisxmebi zogadad) frinvelis sev-

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dismomgvrel mimarTvaSi aseve mkafiod SeigrZnoba poetise-uli grZnobebisa da ganwyobilebebis xasiaTi. amrigad, ilias-Tan buneba adamianurobis arsis, adamianis miRvaweobis spe-cifikurad gamomxatveli kategoriaa.

axla ilias prozidan _`glaxis naambobidan~ portretis xatvis erTi magaliTi gvinda moviyvanoT, rac zogadad bu-nebidan misi erTi segmentis garkveuli azriT àmozrdas~ warmoadgens. portreti uSualod adamianisa ar gaxlavT, Tumca gadataniT masTan kavSirdeba. aseTi gadatana winare leqsSi (sxva leqsebSic) xorcieldeba, magram moTxrobaSi si-uJetis gnviTarebaSi meti kompoziciuri funqciurobiTaa CarTuli: nawarmoebis dasawyisSive nadirobis wesis aRwerasa da monadiris Cvevebisa da vnebebis daxasiaTebaSi amoikiTxe-ba ilias ganzraxva _ migviTiTos moTxrobis personaJTa so-cialuri urTierTobis mimaniSnebel qveteqstebze. nageSi ZaRlisa da kacisagan devnili irmis msgomareoba mebatoni-sagan glexis Seviwroebis asociaciiTaa niSandedbuli. sasik-vdilod ganwiruli pirutyvis yofa Sedarebulia adamianis mZime socialur xvedrs. mwerali am ganwirulobis mxatvru-li simarTliT gamoxatvisaTvis mimarTavs paralelebs, rom-lebic did efeqts qmnian:

`foTleb da buCqeb Sua gamoCnda misi (irmis _ T.k.) daRo-nebuli, naRvliani Tavi. ZaRli dauaxlovda. iSvira fexi iremma da isariviT gadmoeSo buCqnarzed. ggonia agiqcevs gzas da miecema sayvarelis tyis gansacdeliT savse Tavisuf-lebasa, magram ara. dauStven, maSin unda hnaxoT, ra mwuxare-biT Sedgeba, rarig saocar mSvenierebiT moiRerebs kisersa, ra gafeTebiT da imedgadawyvetilad daiwyebs naRvlianis Tvalebis trials, yurebis cqvetas, gaganierebulis nesto-ebiT sunis aRebasa!... iseTi lamazia, iseTi nazia da am sina-zesTan iseTi mimzidveli amayica, roma, ggonia rac bunebisa-gan miniWebuli madli aqvso, sul exla Semoikribao, rom si-keTiT da Tavisi silamaziT mainc Seabralos Tavi damaluls mtersao~.

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araferia aq zedmeti da xelovnuri, manerulad mitmasni-li. es, garkveuli kuTxiT, bunebis pativsacemi simReraa, mag-ram meore mxriv, igiv bunebis Svilis _ adamianis modgmis sisastikea msjavrdebuli: `Cven TviTon sulierTa meufeni, Cven TviTon sulierTa gvirgvinni, Cven TviTon RvTis saxi-sanni erTi-erTmaneTs ar vuTmobT im adgilsa... yoveli kacis nafexursa erTi muWa kacisave sisxli SeuSvria~.

ilia samyaros rTuli fenomenis bunebis Cvenebisaken miis-wrafvis. gamoxatvis ori doniT aSkaravdeba mwerliseuli gancdebi da filosofiur gansjaTa xasiaTi.

ilias mier aRweril peizaJebSi bunebis uamravi saxe da xatia xiluli. am TvalsazrisiT òTaraanT qvrivi~ gamoir-Ceva, romlis personaJTa portretebis (agreTve sxva Txzu-lebaTa personaJebis) aRwerilobas aq ar SevudgebiT, radgan maTi umravlesoba pirdpiri portretuli niSnebiT arian dasuraTebulni da ramdenadme amosacnobi niSnebiT ar arian aRbeWdilni. saxe-xatebis simravlis miuxedavad yovelive msubuqia da gamWvirvale. Semoqmeds bunebis Wvretis eqstazi misZalebia, magram es manerulobis saSiSroebas ar qmnis, radgan frazis formalur mSvenierebas harmoniulad Ser-wymia azris siRrme. yovel `peizaJur konteqstSi~ Sinaarsob-rivi qveteqstebi amoikiTxeba, romlis naTelyofas Sesafe-risad uzrunvelyofs personaJTa Tvisebebi, romelTa Sina-ganoba saTanadod aqcentirdeba garegnuli portretuli xat-niSnebis uirTierTSemavsebeli, urTierTamxsneli SerCeviT.

akaki wereTlis calkeuli Txzulebis erTiani qsovilis metad organuli elementia peizaJi. rac unda didxans (Seda-rebiT) SeaCeros mweralma yuradReba bunebis aRweraze (pe-izaJis gaWianurebuli xatva akakis saerTod ar axasiaTebs), mcire xniTac ar gamorCeba mxedvelobidan mTavari _ ada-mianis sulieri samyaros Cveneba! am ZiriTadi amocanidan gamomdinare, miTiTebuli kompoziciuri komponenti didi zomierebiTaa gamoyenebuli da gamarTlebulia mxatvrulad. akaki ver egueboda bunebis rutinul aRweras. SesaZloa konkretuli peizaJuri xati (vTqvaT: `caze varskvlavebi ki-

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afobdnen~, `Tavi amohyo gaRmidan mTvarem~, `dahqrola niav-ma~, àbibinda mdelo~ da amgvari) stereotipulic iyos, mag-ram mTlianobaSi suraTi cxovrebis gagebis, sinamdvileSi wvdomis simarTliTaa aRbeWdili.: stereotipuli xatebiT gajerebul garemoSi biZina ColoyaSvili madlobas swiravs ufals, rom òrovela~ da `mumli muxasa~ Caesma mis smenas, romelsac kameCebis mimdeni mexre RiRinebda da romelmac bolos maRali xmiT SemosZaxa: `nu eZalebi wyaldidsa, unda eZebde fonebso... xerxi sjobia Ronesa, Tu kaci moigoneb-so!~... am bolo frazebma goneba gaunaTa biZinas: ès ra gavi-gone?! miwam Semomtyorcna Tu cam Camombera es sagulisxmo sityvebi? `xerxi sjobia Roneso!~ saidanac unda iyos, sul erTia... ugangebod caca da miwac, orive munjia~...

amrigad, stereotipulma xatebma suraTis saerTo xibli ver gaauferula, sasicocxlo Cqam-faCuni ver Cakla da amas yovelives saTanado emociuroba Semata portretuli deta-lebis zomierad moxmarebam.

adamianis portretis xatvis mnSvnelovan rols akakis prozaSi kidev erTi magaliTiT davadasturebT: moTxrobaSi `wminda giorgis razmi~ erTgvari wvrilmani warmoaCens per-sonaJis Taviseburebas, individualobas da amis mixedviT iq-mneba kidec mkiTxvelis emiciuri ganwyobac. or batoniSvils _ arCilsa da solomons Soris pirvelis portreti gaci-lebiT dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili, garegnuli niSniTac meta-daa Semkobili (`maRali tanis kaci iyo, ZarRvebiani da Zval-msxvili. moburTave, cxenosani, mojiriTe, meTofe, mexmle da masTanac sam nabadze axteboda~), zedmeti saxelic ki ori aqvs miwerili _ `wminda giorgis mowafe~ da àrCil giJi~. magram solomoni, momavalSi didad wodebuli, ufro `mono-liTurad~ da `masStaburadaa~ gamoxatuli, miuxedavad por-tretuli aRwerilobis lakoniurobisa da kompaqturobisa, radgan misi damaxasiaTebeli niSani ufro mZlavria, `mZime~, eqspresiulic _ `Tvali uWrida, _ imis Tvalebis SeCerebas veravin bedavda~. metsaxeliTac `Raribadaa~ warmodgenili _ erTi aqvs, magram mkveTri da mkafio, gamtani, mixliTi, da-

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majaxebeli _ `qvaxeTqia~. esenia is efeqturi detalebi, is xarisxi, romelic iolad sZlevs raodenobas, Torem sxvaf-riv Zalze Zunwadaa moWrili: `solomonic kargi Sesaxedavi iyo; bevrSi arc is Camouvardeboda arCils~. xazgasmulma de-talebma gadaswones _ ufro dasamaxsovrebeli, gamorCeuli gaxades personaJi.

akaki portretul detalebs poemebSic aniWebs saTanado funqcias. magaliTad, `Tornike erisTavSi~ qarTveli sar-dlis portreti sagulisxmo StrixebiT mSvenivradaa gam-Tlianebuli _ garegnobis gamomxatvel niSnebs (`TeTrwver-TeTrTmianobas~, `tkbilxmianobas~, `gulze jvarad xelebis gadaWdobas~, `wver-ulvaSze margaliteb cremlT dakidebas~ da sxv.) mizezSedegobrivad emsWvaleba Tornikes grZoba-gan-cdebis gamomxatveli saxeobrivi niuansebi (`gulnawyenoba~ Tu `guldawyveta~, `gulze mokidebuli cecxlis mware ox-vriT ver gaqarveba~, `cremlebis Rvra~, TanamebrZolebTan `ganSorebiT xorcieli netarebis dakargva~ da a.S.)...

bunebasa da adamians Soris arsebuli urTierTobis ka-nonebze k. gamsaxurdias Sexedulebebs zemoT nawilobriv Se-vexeT. erTgvarad ganvavrcobT am sakiTxis irgvliv msjelo-bas: miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianuri cnobiereba, azrovneba sul ufro metad iTvisebs bunebas da swvdeba mis kanonebs, igi (buneba) k. gamsaxurdias azriT mainc `did misterias war-moadgens...Semoqmedi itanjeba msoflios da bunebis dausru-leblobiT... igi am dausrulebel qaoss stiqionebisas Tavis pirovnul srulyofas, Tavis Semoqmedebis harmoniulsa da organul mTlianobas upirispirebs. aq iwyeba sazRvrebi mesa da arames, pirovnebasa da samyaros, Semoqmedebasa da bunebas, kulturasa da bunebis nedl masalas Soris~ (gamsaxurdia 1963: 393).

warmodgenili citirebidan SeiZleba ganzogadebuli das-kvnis gamotana:

peizaJi personaJis fsiqologiur portrets mniSvnelo-vani funqciuri roliT tvirTavs. vrceli peizaJuri pasaJe-bi, lapidaruli aRwerebi bunebisa xSirad realur fonad,

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tipuris gamoxatvis obieqtebadac ki gvevlinebian. TviT detalebi, Strixebi amaRelveblad warmoaCenen saxes, gamok-veTen personaJis Sinagan ritmsa da impulss, gvagrZnobineben mis potenciur diapazons. rac unda ganyenebul-konkretu-lad (SedarebiT da specifikuri pirobiTobiT, cxadia,) iyos warmodgenili buneba, misi absoluturad damoukideblad, adamianisadmi yovelgvar kavSirs moklebulad aRqma warmo-udgenelia. bunebaSi yovelTvisaa fiqsirebuli adamianTan mimarTebis raime niuansi mainc... ramdenime mwerlis Semoq-medebaSi axlaxan Tqmulis nimuSebi ukve warmovadgineT. am-Jamad k.gamsaxurdias Semoqmedebas SevexoT zemoxazgasmuli kuTxiT, romlis nawilobrivi warmoCena ukve mogviwia por-tretis sxvadasxva aspeqtiT warmoCenis procesSi...

k. gamsaxurdia ostaturad gamosaxavs peizaJis portre-tulobas. misi peizaJebi datvirTulia sagnebiT, rac simsu-buqes unda ukargavdes TiTqos maT, magram ase ar xdeba da amis mizezia mwerlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli araCveulebrivi gancda perspeqtivisa. igi SesaniSnavi alRoTi gamosaxavs siv-rceSi moculobiT sagnebs, harmoniulad alagebs maT erT-maneTis gverdiT da es aris mizezi, rom misi peizaJebi msu-buqi da plastikuria, SesaSuri xilvadobiT aRsavse da mra-valferovani aRqmiTi asociaciiT gamdidrebuli... aqve aR-vniSnavT, rom k. gamsaxurdias peizaJebi didi fantaziiTaa emocirebuli, rasac Zlier uwyobs xels uCveulo feradov-neba. mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi feri principul esTetikur Se-xedulebaTa donemde rom maRldeba, zemoT, saTanado adgi-las ukve davafiqsireT. amgvari pozicia ilias Sexedulebas rom enaTesaveba, isic aRvniSneT.

aq, mizanSewonilad vTvliT hegelis erTi mosazrebis gax-movanebas: `fermwerTan Cven vxedavT kolorits, romelsac saerTod ver aRviqvamT bunebaSi imis gamo, rom ar vaqcevT yuradRebas, roca igi arsebobs, magram ama Tu im mxatvars TvalSi xvdeba igi, iTvisebs mas da eCveva yvela sagnis am ko-loritSi danaxvas da gadmocemas~ (hegeli 1968: 303) k. gam-saxurdias Semoqmedeba Taviseburad adasturebs hegelis

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sityvebs. mwerali bunebaSi arCevs ara mxolod ZiriTad (tra-diciul) ferebs, aramed grZnobs mis uamrav elfers, tons. ferebis sityvasTan specifikurad SemsWvalvis Tvalsazri-siT k. gamsaxurdia mTel qarTul mwerlobaSi gamoirCeva. igi gverdSi daudgeba rusTavels, galaktions...

garkveuli feris, tonis gageba zogjer calkeul sagans, materias, movlenas an cnebaTa gansazRvrul kompleqss akisria:

`daTovliliviT idgnen garinduli naZvebi vercxlis gava-lakiT damSvenebulni, Suqis bre eyreboda Tavze am mSvenier qveyanas, am naZvebs, am cacxvebs da im mTebs da albaT im qal-wulsac TeTr svetebs Soris uZravad mdgars~;

`mze pirs ibanda, myinvars Tavze wamodgomoda uflis mklaviviT wagrZelebuli Rrubeli. mis gadaRma sTovda, ax-lad amoRebuli abreSumiviT xasxasa sxivebi gars evlebodnen myinvars. am Rrublis Crdil qveS mosCanda samebis eklesia da gergeTi. axla es wagrZelebuli Rrubeli gauCinarda anaz-dad, wamovidnen balRis ocnebasaviT TeTri fTilebi da gars Semoevlen myinvars, mze gadaixara dasavleTisaken da narin-jisfrad aenTo terakotisferi kalTa zecisa. imata siRamem, mTebis wamaxuli muzaradebi Seamko wiTelyviTeli ferebis vasvasma... ielva yinulian mwvervalebs gadaRma, atyda quxili mTebs gadaRma da elvis maxvilebma gaielves Tvalsawierze~;

`dasavleTis pirsisxliani ciskari elavda akaciebis lan-debis gadaRma. Rrublebs xanZari mosdeboda. tfili qari hqroda. TxrilebSi bayayebi yiyinebdnen... TemSaraze mtveri avarda. haerSi qarborbala datrialda. wvimam mouxSira... ga-zafxulis sqeli jiqnidan gamosqda mozRvavebuli wvima... mo-avli mnaTem svel Tokebs xeli. Camoreka ori patara zari, bzrialiT, wkrialiT gahqanda pawia zarebis foladis sici-li... gavarda miyruebul ReleSi. daikarga qarian RameSi naT-qvami zRapari, movarda qari qloSiniT _ aqoCrili, xaxada-Rebuli Zu mgeli (romelsac patara mohpares bunagidan), eZgara samreklos, Searyia, SeanjRria, Seatortmana~.

k. gamsaxurdia mravalferovani saSualebiT aRwevs bune-bis suraTebis dinamikur aRwera-Cvenebas. mis peizaJebSi is-

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mis bunebis xmebi _ qaris sxvadasxva moZraobidan gamowve-uli Cqam-griali, atmosferuli naleqebis TqeS-wkapuni an fifqva, Weqa-quxilis xmauri, foTolcvenis Sriali, mdinaris Sxuili, frinvelTa galoba-WikWiki, civsisxlian cxovelTa xmianoba, rkina-spilenZis nakeTobaTagan gamocemuli gugun-wkriali... mwerlis peizaJebSi SeiniSneba mravalnairi moZra-oba, rogorc materialuri, aseve sulieri _ vardna, zeaR-svla, dauokebeli swrafva da TavSekaveba. moZraobis gver-diT vWvretT saganTa statikur mdgomareobasac, magram arc-Tu iSviaTad garegnul uZraobaSi mainc cnaurdeba struq-turaSi mimdinare procesebis dinamika. eqspresia erTi Ziri-Tadi niSania mwerlis peizaJisa. TxzulebebSi zemoCamowe-rili cnebebiT `Sevsebuli~ konteqstebi, arsebiTad da faq-tobrivad, bunebis mSvenier portretebs warmoadgenen.

k. gamsaxurdias da ara marto mis mier gamosaxuli adami-anebis portretebi xSirad damatebiTi specifikuri niSnebis safuZvelzea agebuli. personaJebSi TiTqmis yovelTvisaa `Caqsovil-Sekedlebuli~ raime gamorCeulad mimikuri an Jestikulaciuri, rac gamokveTilad dinamiurs, Sinaarsob-rivad TvalsaCinosa da ufro cocxlad aRqmads xdis maT grZnoba-gancdaTa emociur niuansebs, an Semoqmedis ideasa Tu ganwyobilebas, cnobierad samyaros saerTod. portretis amgvari gamomsaxvelobis erT-erT niSnad mkvlevari v. odin-covi cnobili mwerlis a. toltois formulas miiCnevs da ax-dens miseuli gansazRvrebis citirebas _ `mxatvruli fraza Cndeba, rogorc Jestebis sistemis gamoxatuleba. aigeba ra mxatvruli fraza, saWiroa raRacis danaxva, Tu es sagani, an saganTa moZraobaa, saWiroa raRacis emociuri SegrZnoba, Tu es idea, cneba an grZnobaa~ (v. odincovi 1973:67).

k. gamsaxurdias novelaTa _ `lil~, `porcelani~, `dam-sxvreuli Conguri~, `tabu~, `qosa gaxu~, `xogais mindia~, `di-di iosebi~ da sxva _ portretebi Jest-mimikis Semcveli mci-re zomis pasaJebiT efeqturad warmoaCenen cxovrebis rTul viTarebas da am viTarebis Sedegad warmoqmnil seriuzul konfliqtebs, misi gaCenis mizezebs, dapirispirebul ZalTa

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gansxvavebul azrovnebas. aq mniSvneloba eZleva gansxvave-

buli azrovnebisaTvis gamosadeg sityvaTa maragis warmoT-qmis tonsac ki...

oriod magaliTi: `porcelanSi~ araferia naTqvami xelovanTa maskaradis

dros madam rostrupTan mosaubre kavalris saxi gamometyve-lebaze. xsenebul epizodSi mwerlis mier specifikuri kom-poziciur-mxatvruli xerxis gamoyenebis gamo (novelis per-sonaJebs niRbebiT aqvT dafaruli saxeebi) TiTqos SeuZle-belia grZnobebisa da gancdebis saxeze amokiTxva.

`_ me, kacma rom Tqvas, wminda xelovani ara var. me vxatav porcelanis WurWlis dekoraciis nimuSebs, eg dargi praqti-kulis mosazrebiT ar amirCevia.

_ ra vuyoT, intensiuri xelosnobac...~ safarvelis miuxedavad, niRbis miRma aSkarad SeigrZnoba

mamakacis saxis kunTebis saTanado moZraoba, erTi sityviT mimika, rac mis ganwyobas mocemul situaciaSi TiTqos raRac neitraluri TavSekavebis gamomxatvelobiT mosavs...

`did iosebSi~ personaJTa portretuli fragmentebiT ma-Ti sulieri raoba da miswrafebebi naTladaa gamosaxuli. sardaf `noes vazSi~ dros gasatareblad Casuli studentisa da qera qaliSvilis saubrisas qali sTxovs students, nukrs nu meZaxio...

`ratom Cemo nukro?~ gauRima studentma (vgulisxmobT, rom studenti qalebis mususis gacveTil, trafaretul da yalb sinazeSeparul tkbil-cinikuri Rimilis gamomxatvel saxes Rebulobs _ T.k.).

`ratom da Cems amxanagebsac nukrs eZaxodi~ (aqac yalbad nawyen-gabutulis saxe, romelic maincdamainc arafrad agdebs Ralats, radgan k. gamsaxurdias sityvebiTve rom vTqvaT, igi uTuod momavali qarTveli metressebis, xasebis winaparia~).

`romels?~ (studenti gafacicda _ T.k.). `nunus~.

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àrasodes~ (Secxadeba-uari TiTqos mgznebarea, mainc TvalTmaqcis saxes warmoaCens _ T.k.)

`ratom styui?~ (kvlav grZnobadaclili, moTenTili wye-na-sayveduri _ T.k.).

Jest-mimikebSi mliqvnelobis, cinizmis, garyvnilebis, Ra-latis, siyalbis niSanTa amokiTxva ganpirobebulia asaxul-aRweril movlenaTa logikiT, rac menSevikebisagan mitove-bul TbilisSi aRZruli realuri qaosiTaa gansazRvruli.

gansakuTrebili funqciurobiT personaJis sulis siR-rmeTa Secnoba da naTelxilva portretis meSveobiT, Janrob-rivi mizezebis gamo, romanebSi xorcieldeba. dasadastureb-lad kvlavac k. gamsaxurdias `mTvaris motacebis~ erTi pasa-Ji SevarCieT:

TaraS emxvars gamoecxadeba Tavisi meore `me~... `misi kostiumic... nacnobia, Cemi fexsacmeli acvia... masac

tuCis kuTxeebTan ekeceba erTaderTi mcire naoWi, gulSi CaJangul mZulvarebis mauwyebeli... Cemi ganumeorebeli si-ciliT iRimeba~...

ubieqtTa msgavsebis aseTi xazgasma mxatvruli Tvalsaz-risiT momgebiania, radgan maT Soris kavSiris uwyvetobiTaa niSandebuli. SemoqmedTa umravlesoba msgavs SemTxvevaSi oreulis, meore `mes~ mxolod ubralo aRniSvna-xsenebiT Semoifargleba...

gmirisa da misi oreulis azrTa gacvla-gamocvlas, maT ideur davas, saTanadod formalur-Sinaarsobriv CarCos SemousazRvravs portretuli Strixebi:

`daberebulxar, veRar gicani, TmaSi WaRara gamogrevia~ axla me Sevagebe gasliani Rimili Cemsave `mes~... ès SenTan brZolam gamiCina TmaSi WaRara... es Sen gamZar-

cve... Sen waritace yovelive, rac me mebada. gulis siqvele, siyvarulis grZneuli niWi, ndoba wamarTvi moyvasisadmi da SemaZule adamis modgma. Sen SemaZage sakuTari me naTesavi. Senis wyalobiT meucxoveba Cemive moZme, Cemi sisxli da Cemi xorci. amitom vgeslav Cemsave xalxs, rogorc aspiti gaaf-Trebuli, romelsac weli mostexes joxiT...~

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`Sen gza agebna am cxovrebaSi... didi TemSara dagigdia da Seyolilxar viris zurgis sigane biliks... eleqtros Suqi gagicvlia naZvis kvarebze... dabrundi, girCev, bars miaki-Txe... aRsdeg, zarmaco, uqnara leSo~

`wa, gamecale, Se murtalo... Sen sxvisi sufris namusreviT gazrdilo, glaxav, Torem aq dagsvam, am devis qvabSi, amogi-kerav selis ZafiT mag didron Tvalebs, dagsvam kerasTan da CagZaxeb yurSi: aaaaaa-s~

àn Sen da an me~... brZola ukompromisoa! vinaidan romanis sruluflebian

da realur personaJs (TaraS emxvars) ar SeuZlia mis winaSe arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis daZleva, amitom sakamaTo obi-eqtis (oreulis) moxmoba-gamowveva problemaTa arsSi gar-kvevisaTvis xorcieldeba. cxadia, azrs gamoTqvams erTi pi-rovneba _ TaraSi, magram mas gadaaqvs ra Tavis meore `meSi~ saTqmel-sawuxari, xels uwyobs sakamaTod aucilebel Sec-vlas tonisas da amkveTrebs dapirispirebul ZalTa kon-trasts. da mTel am procesSi _ kamaTSi, misi arsis ZiriTa-doba rom ar gafermkrTaldes, mTavari mimarTuleba rom ar daiqsaqsos, misi dvritad arsoba rom ar moirRves, amis uz-runvelmyofelobas realur da warmosaxul personaJTa por-tretuli msgavsoba Tavobs.

amrigad, aq portretis Rirebuleba metad Zvirad fasobs! aq, calke gvinda warmovaCinoT kidev erTi modeli _ spe-

cifikuri azriT gamokveTili e.w. portreti kulturul-is-toriuli Zeglebisa, romelTa aRwerilobam zogierT qar-Tvel mweralTa nawarmoebis mixedviT mainc, garkveuli for-malur-ideuri transformacia ganicada.

magaliTad, ilias àCrdilSi~ kulturul-istoriuli Zeg-lis ganzogadebuli, amave dros garkveuli aspeqtiT konkre-tuli, Tumca jamSi oden fragmentuli mxatvruli saxea spe-cifikuri mizanmimarTulebiT warmoCenili _ `mcxeTa... sa-dac hyvaoda xe cxovrebisa~... magram erT dros vrceli qala-qi àw samikitno dabad gamxdara, ngreulan misni didni pa-latni~, anu aq, erTgvari portretia gamoxatuli gaveranebu-

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li Zeglisa... kulturul-istoriuli Zeglis fragmentebs vWvretT `gandegilSic~ _ mTiulTa Soris yvelgan gan-Tqmul... beTlems _ yinulSi SeTxrils taZars, gamokveTili kariT da erTi sarkmliT, saidanac”Turme gadmodenila Suqi mzisa da mTvaris naTeli~....

rac Seexeba zemoT naxseneb transformacias, es, magali-Tad, k. gamsaxurdias `didostatis marjvenaSi~ fiqsirdeba naTlad, roca mwerali portrets sveticxovelis taZrisas, romelic misTvis mxolod RvTis saxli rodia, aramed xe-lovnebis igavmiuwvdomeli qmnilebac, gansxvavebuli masSta-buri ganzomilebiTa da ganzogadebiT gvisuraTxatebs... gar-kveuli TvalsazrisiT es portreti TiTqos ferweruli su-raTis niSandobliobiT gamoirCeva. sveticxovelis oqro-curvili gumbaTi dRis sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvaferia. ta-Zari fasadebis bareliefebiT, kar-fanjrebis samkaulebiT, lavgardanebis CuqurTmebiT, sxvadasxvagvari ornamentebi-Taa damSvenebuli:

`CuqurTmebsa da rozetebs iseTi silbo gadahkravda zed, rogorc salmasuris javSans samfareSosans, xanac abreSumis qsovilebs rbili da msxvili zezisagan SemtkiculT... maryu-Jiani detalebi, mcenareulis saxeebi ise faqizad iyvnen Ses-rulebulni, rogorc axlad mosuli pwkalebi vazisa, an is um-ciresi natifi xazebi, vazis foTlebs waRmarT mxareze rom amCnevia... Zlierad gavlebul, momrgvalebul naxazebs moCve-nebiTi drekadoba irmis rqebisa zed emCnevodaT~.

gamosaxul portretSi qvas cocxali sxeulis sirbile-sinatife SesZina TiTqos Semoqmedis sityvis gamomsaxvelo-biTma SesaZleblobam...

daskvna: SemoqmedebiTi niWiT gamorCeuli mwerali (xelovani)

mxatvrul nawarmoebSi mravalsaxeobriv obieqtTa portre-tebis mTel sistemas àgebs~, romelic miznad isaxavs asaxu-li obieqtebis Tvisebrivi niSnebis warmoCenas, an, personaJ-Ta xasiaTebis gamokveTiT, calkeuli nawarmoebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gamoxatvas. personaJis portreti damxmare an

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gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas iZens pozitiuri an nagatiuri mov-lenis Tu situaciis, qcevisa Tu moqmedebis naTelsayofad. amasTan, portreti saTanado kvals aCnevs Tavad mwerlis ideur-esTetikur mimarTulebasac.


kikaCeiSvili 1982: kikaCeiSvili T. konstantine gamsaxurdias

mxatvruli prozis poetika. Tb.: 1982. odincovi 1973: odincovi v. mxatvruli prozis enis Sesaxeb. m.: 1973

(rusul enaze). Sklovski 1974: Sklovski v. TxzulebaTa krebuli sam tomad. t. III.

m.: 1974 (rusul enaze). hegeli 1968: hegeli g. v.f. esTetika oTx tomad. t. I. m.: 1968 (rusul

enaze).

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gaga lomiZe

mxatvruli saxe

mxatvruli saxe mxatvruli Semoqmedebis esTetikuri kategoriaa, samyaros axsnisa da gaTavisebis formaa.

mxatvruli saxis, rogorc esTetikuri kategoriis gan-xilva, SedarebiT gviandel periods ukavSirdeba, Tumca jer kidev aristotelesTan vxvdebiT mxatvruli saxis Teoriis Canasaxs, rodesac is `mimesisis~ _ xelovanis mier sinamdvi-lis mibaZvis Sesaxeb saubrobs. winaT upiratesoba eniWeboda plastikur xelovnebas, esTetikuri azric jer kanonis da Semdeg stilisa da formis gagebas jerdeboda. swored maTi saSualebiT arkvevdnen, Tu ra damokidebuleba hqonda xelo-vans masalasTan. sityvieri da musikaluri xelovnebis wina planze gamosvlasTan erTad, cxadi gaxda, rom mxatvrulad gadamuSavebul masalaSi aris iseTi ram, rac azrs hgavs. platonTan, magaliTad, mimesisi sagnebis garegani saxis pasi-ur mibaZvaSi gamoixateba da amitomac, misive TqmiT, mibaZva WeSmaritebamde verasdros migviyvans. aristotele ki Tvli-da, rom sagnebis mibaZviT, xelovneba maT ufro mSvenieri an ufro usaxuri kuTxiT warmoaCens, vidre sinamdvileSi arian. mxatvruli saxe rTuli fenomenia, romelic sakuTar TavSi moicavs individualurs da zogads, saxasiaTos da tipurs. aristoteles TqmiT, mibaZvis sami saxeoba gamoiyofa. misi azriT, àucilebelia, rom asaxvis sami SesaZleblobidan igi (xelovani _ g.l.) yovelTvis asaxavdes sagans erT-erT rome-limenairad: an ise, rogorc igi iyo Tu aris, an ise, rogorc amboben da rogorc igi gveCveneba, an ise, rogorc igi unda iyos~ (aristotele 1979: 204). elinistur da romis imperiis batonobis xanaSi mibaZvis idea aqtualuri iyo, magram masSi koreqtivebic Seitanes. magaliTad, filostrate ufrosi Tvlida, rom warmosaxva sibrZnesTan ufro axlos iyo, vidre mibaZva, vinaidan warmosaxva ekuTvnis sferos, rac aqamde ar-naxulis asaxvas gulisxmobs. SuasaukuneebSi, qristiani mo-

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azrovneebi, maT Soris tertulianec Tvlida, rom RmerTi samyaros raime saxiT gadmocemas krZalavs. sqolastikosebi ki miiCnevdnen, rom sulieri ornamentebi ufro faseulia, vidre _ materialuri. magram mibaZvis kategoriiT kvlav da-interesebis tendencia ukavSirdeba me-12 saukunis humanis-tebs. magaliTad, ioane solsberieli eTanxmeboda antikuri xanis avtorebs da gamosaxulebas mibaZvad moixseniebda. aristoteles mimdevarma Toma aqvinelma xmamaRla ganacxada, rom `xelovneba baZavs bunebas~. aRorZinebis xanaSi mibaZva xelovnebis Teoriis Zireuli gageba gaxda. me-15 saukuneSi es Teoria jer plastikuri xelovnebiT dainteresda. erTi sa-ukunis Semdeg ki, mibaZvis cnebas literaturis mimarTac aaq-tiureben. renesansis xanaSi aqtualuri gaxda is sakiTxi, rom unda miebaZaT ara mxolod bunebisTvis, aramed maTTvisac, visac sxvebze ukeT exerxeboda bunebis mibaZva. aq antikuri xanis xelovanebs gulisxmobdnen, vinaidan aRorZinebis xana antikur xelovnebasa da azrovnebasTan dabrunebas gulis-xmobda. maSasadame, amieridan unda eweraT ise, rogorc Tavis droze ciceroni werda. mag., „me-16 saukunis humanistma, karlo sigoniom, àRmoaCina~ ciceronis dakarguli naSromi Consolatio (nugeSi), romelic sabolood misi dawerili aRmoC-nda“ (biorki 2001: 21). hegelis da mis Semdgom esTetikaSi ukve farTod iyenebdnen mxatvruli saxis kategorias da erTma-neTs upirispirebdnen saxes, rogorc mxatvruli azrovnebis Sedegs da saxes, rogorc abstraqtul, samecniero azrovne-bis Sedegs. hegels miaCnda, rom mxatvruli saxe Cvens mzeras warmouCens sagnis ara abstraqtul arss, aramed mis konkre-

tul sinamdviles∗. mibaZvis Teoriis kidev erTi mniSvnelo-vani cvlileba iwyeba me-18 saukunis bolodan da me-19 sa-ukunis dasawyisidan, rodesac Teoretikosebma principulad CaTvales, rom mibaZvis sagani unda iyos ara mSvenieri, aramed _ namdvili, rac safuZvels uyris realizmis Teorias _

∗ pozitivistebisTvis mxatvruli saxe aris ideis xiluli warmoCena, rac esTetikur siamovnebas iwvevs.

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rogorc stendalis gamonaTqvamSia, sadac is mwerals mogza-urs adarebs, romelic cxovrebiseuli gziT midis da Tan, ukan sarke miaqvs. mogzauri am sarkeSi areklil samyaros ver xedavs. swored ase SegviZlia davaxasiaToT realisturi li-teratura da xelovneba. qarTul literaturaSi realizmis principebi ilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianSi~ sarkis metafo-raSi vlindeba, sadac avtori, realisturi prozisTvis dama-xasiaTebeli normebis Sesabamisad, ìnstruqcias~ gvTava-zobs da gveubneba: ès moTxroba sarke iyos da me _ Tu ginda _ mTqmeli viqnebi. daakvirdi, iqneba geniSnos rame. esec icode: marto Seni mteri dagimalavs, Sens saxezed rom uri-goba hnaxos rame, moyvare ki maSinve sarkes mogitans, rom gaisworo da xalxSi ar Sercxve. mec moyvaresaviT geqcevi, _ sarke mogitane, amazed rogor unda gamiwyre?! ra vuyoT, Tu es sarke gabzaruli gamodgeba da Siga-da-Sig laqebianica? raca mqonda is mogarTvi, rogorc SemeZlo, ise dagexmare~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 130).

mxatvruli saxis gareSe ar arsebobs arc sinamdvilis asax-va, arc warmosaxva, arc Semecneba, arc Semoqmedeba. es aris idealizebuli, anu iseTi konstruqcia, romelic uSualod ar Seesabameba realurad arsebul sagnebs (magaliTad, wer-tilis gagebas mecnierebaSi, devebis fantastikur saxeebs zRaprebSi, sfinqsisa da grifonebis miTiur saxeebs). saxem SeiZleba detalurad asaxos sagani (fotoportreti), an emya-rebodes gamonagons rogorc nawilobriv, aseve mTlianad.

mxatvruli saxe yovelTvis atarebs Tavis TavSi ganzoga-doebas, anu gaaCnia tipiuris mniSvneloba (berZ. typos _ ana-beWdi, kvali, naWdevi). xelovnebis saxeebi individualurSi zogadis brwyinvale xorcSesxmis nimuSebia. magaliTad, `ti-pad~ literaturuli personaJi iqceva xolme SemoqmedebiTi tipizaciis Sedegad, anu cxovrebiseuli movlenebis garkve-ul mxareTa SerCevisa Tu maTi xazgasmis, mxatvrul gamosa-xulebaSi maTi hiperbolizaciis (gazviadebis) Sedegad. mwer-lisTvis mniSvnelovani ama Tu im Tvisebis gasaxsneladaa sa-Wiroa gamonagonis, fantaziis CarTva, cxovrebiseuli masa-

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lis mxatvrul samyaroSi ganxorcieleba. „mxatvruli saxe, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi tipizaciis Sedegi, gansxvavdeba pub-licistikis, memuarebis da sxva faqtografiuli, dokumen-turi saxeebisgan. tipizaciam SeiZleba migviyvanos gabedul hiperbolamde, grotesksa Tu fantastikamde (jonaTan svif-tis `guliveris mogzauroba~)“ (skiba... 1997: 131).

mxatvruli saxe eqspresiulia, anu gamoxatavs avtoris ideur-emociur damokidebulebas sagnisadmi. igi mimarTu-lia mkiTxvelTa, msmenelTa, mayurebelTa ara marto gone-bisadmi, aramed grZnobebisadmi. emociuri zemoqmedebis Za-liT, gamoxatuleba xSirad Warbobs gansjas. xasiaTebis av-toriseul ideur-emociur Sefasebas adasturebs gmirebis `dadebiTad~, ùaryofiTad~ da `winaaRmdegobrivad~ dayo-fis myarad damkvidrebuli tradicia. gansakuTrebulad mar-Tebulia aseTi dayofa klasicizmTan, anu im literaturul mimdinareobasTan mimarTebaSi, sadac xelovnebis miznad iT-vleboda zneobrivi aRzrda. ideur-emociuri Sefasebis um-niSvnelovanes saxeobebad iTvleba esTetikuri kategoriebi, romelTa Suqzec mwerali (iseve rogorc nebismieri adamiani) aRiqvams cxovrebas. mxatvruli saxe asrulebs SemecnebiT funqcias. is sagnis individualuri da saerTo Tvisebebis er-Tobliobaa, Tumca masSi arsebuli codna subieqturicaa, radgan Seferadebulia avtoris poziciiT, romelic movle-nis miseul xedvaSi vlindeba. igi grZnobismierad aRqmad formebs iRebs da zemoqmedebs mkiTxvelTa, msmenelTa, mayu-rebelTa grZnobebsa da gonebaze. mxatvruli saxis tipolo-gia efuZneba bunebis, adamianisa da sazogadoebis kategori-ebs: avtori Zerwavs mxatvrul saxeebs am kategoriebis yove-li komponentidan _ peizaJidan, interieridan, eqsterieri-dan, sagnebidan, detalebidan, personaJebidan, portretebi-dan, sazogadoebidan, samyarodanac ki.

semiotikuri (niSnebis Teoriis) TvalsazrisiT, mxatvru-li saxe aris niSani, rac gulisxmobs azrobriv komunikacias mocemuli kulturis an monaTesave kulturebis farglebSi. mxatvruli saxe yofierebis warmosaxvis faqtia, romelic

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yovelTvis cocxldeba im adresatis warmosaxvaSi, romelsac aqvs mocemuli kulturis kodis `gasaRebi~. magaliTad, iapo-nuri Teatraluri warmodgenis arsis gasagebad aucilebelia iaponuri kulturis da Jestebis enis codna. sagulisxmoa isic, rom literaturismcodneobaSi sityvebma `niSani~ da `niSnobrioba~ Seaviwrova `saxe~ da `saxeobrioba~. niSani se-miotikis centraluri cnebaa. iuri lotmanma ki niSnis gageba kulturis istoriis analizis centrSi moaqcia, ramac kul-turis, rogorc semiotikuri (niSnobrivi) sistemis gagebas misca dasabami.

gnoseologiuri (Semecnebis Teoriis) TvalsazrisiT, mxatvruli saxe gamonagonia. jer kidev aristotele miuTi-Tebda, rom xelovnebis nimuSi albaTobis kategorias gane-kuTvneba, romlis yofierebis Sesaxeb verc “ho”-s vityviT da verc àra~-s. mxatvrul saxes misi damajerebloba gansaz-Rvravs, imis miuxedavad, rom sxvadasxva epoqaSi esTetikuri prioritetebi icvleba. vTqvaT, Tuki realizmisTvis Sinaar-si ganapirobebs formas, modernizmisTvis _ forma ganapi-robebs Sinaarss.

esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, mxatvruli saxe aris sidide, sadac araferia zedmeti, SemTxveviTi da mSvenierebis gancda mTlianobaSi misi gaazrebis gziT iqmneba.

mxatvruli saxe samyaros realiebis mxatvruli Semecne-bis Sedegia. samyaros mxatvruli Semecneba imas niSnavs, rom am dros samyaros subieqti/avtori gansxvavebulad aRiqvams. d. lixaCovi ambobda, rom `Tuki mxatvrul nawarmoebSi yve-laferi cxadia, is mxatvrulobas kargavs. masSi raRac mainc unda iyos idumali~ (valgina 2003: 81). es ìdumali~, udavod, ukavSirdeba mxatvrul sityvas, metaforulobas. sxva tipis teqstebSi ki saxeobriobas mxolod da mxolod teqnikuri funqcia akisria. magaliTad, samecniero-popularul lite-raturaSi mas ganmartebiTi datvirTva aqvs, xolo sagazeTo statebSi _ SefasebiTi. orive SemTxvevaSi sityva erTmniS-vnelovania da mis miRma araviTari “idumaleba” ar aris.

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xelovnebaSi mxatvruli saxe xelovanis mier misTvis sain-tereso sakiTxebze pasuxis gacemis saSualebacaa. mxatvruli saxe mTlianobaa, Tundac ramdenime detalisgan Sedgebodes, an iyos eskizuri, bolomde uTqmeli. mxatvrul saxed iT-vleba mxatvruli mTlianobis elementi an nawili, fragmenti, romelic TiTqosda damoukideblad arsebobs. (mag., irakli Carkvianis qaRaldis gemi, romelic sabWoTa sinamdvilidan gaRwevis romantikul metaforad iqca).

SemoqmedisTvis damaxasiaTebelia asociaciuri azrovneba (magaliTad, hemingueis moTxrobaSi `mTebi, rogorc TeTri spiloebi~ mTebi asociaciurad TeTr spiloebTanaa dakavSi-rebuli). mxatvruli saxe asociaciuria, metaforuli azris gamomxatvelia, sadac erTi movlena meores saSualebiT ix-sneba. uZveles teqstebSi mxatvruli azrovnebis metaforu-li buneba gansakuTrebiT xilulia. miTologiuri arsebebis gamosaxva mxatvruli saxis erTgvari modelia. mag., RmerTi anubisi _ turisTaviani adamiani, an kentavri _ cxenistani-ani da mamakacisTaviani arseba.

mxatvrul-saxeobrivi azrovneba mravalmniSvnelovania. mravalmniSvnelovnebis erT-erTi mxarea bolomde uTqmelo-ba. amis gamo, mxatvruli teqstis aRqmis procesSi mkiTxve-lic erTveba da erTgvari Tanamonawilis, TanaSemoqmedis funqcia eniWeba (es gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa deteqtivebis da postmodernistuli prozis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mkiTxve-lic teqstis rekonstruirebis procesSi erTveba). mkiTxve-li fiqrisTvis impulss iRebs, mas emociuri mdgomareoba teqstis saSualebiT eZleva, magram SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis TvalsazrisiT, is SeuzRudavia da SeuZlia Tavis warmodge-nas sruli Tavisufleba mianiWos. mxatvruli saxis bolomde uTqmeloba aRmqmelis gonebas fiqrisTvis aRZravs. zogjer avtori wyvets nawarmoebs da bolomde ar ambobs saTqmels, bolomde ar aviTarebs siuJetur xazs an xazebs.

mravalplanian mxatvrul saxeebSi mravalgvari azria, romlebic sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxvagvarad ikiTxeba. Ti-Toeuli axali epoqa nawarmoebis axleburad wakiTxvis saSu-

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alebas iZleva. aseTia, magaliTad, klasikuri saxeebi, rom-lebsac TiToeuli epoqa sxvadasxvagvar interpretacias ani-Webs. magaliTad, me-18 saukuneSi hamleti avtoris azrebis gamomxatvelad aRiqmeboda, me-19 saukuneSi _ sakuTari az-rebis gamomTqmel inteleqtualad da amasTan dakavSirebiT gaCnda termini `hamletizmi~. me-20 saukuneSi Seqspiris am personaJs cxovrebiseul winaaRmdegobebTan mebrZolad Tvlidnen. cxadia, interpretacias ganapirobebs konkretu-li epoqis idealebi Tu esTetika da Rirebulebebi, istori-uli sinamdvile da sxva faqtorebi.

saxeobriobis misaRwevad yovelTvis saxeobrivi saSuale-bebi aucilebeli ar aris. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sagulis-xmoa im mwerlebis Semoqmedeba, romlebsac weris TavSekave-buli stili axasiaTebT da romlebTanac garegani detalebis stilistikas mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba. magaliTad, tol-stois romanSi àna karenina~ wiTel fers gansakuTrebuli

datvirTva eniWeba, rac Txrobisas saspenss∗ intensiurs xdis, gansakuTrebiT anas wiTeli qisis xsenebisas, romelic sisxlis wiTeli laqasaviT, avismomaswaveblad Cndeba xolme teqstSi da bolos logikur finalamde _ anas TviTmkvle-lobamde midis kidec. aq wiTeli feri ukve gansakuTrebul, simbolur datvirTvas iZens da saxed iqceva.

mxatvruli saxis Seqmnisas konkretuli mniSvnelobidan (xilulobidan) gadavdivarT gadataniT mniSvnelobaze. bevri literaturuli nawarmoebi swored am proceszea agebuli, gansakuTrebiT ki es iTqmis poeziaze, romelic saxeobriv az-rovnebas, tropulobas efuZneba. magaliTad, baraTaSvilis leqsSi `merani~ Tavidan konkretuli merania warmodgenili,

∗ saspensi. (ingl. suspense _ gaurkvevloba, mSfoTvare molodini) _ mxatvru-li xerxi, rodesac mkiTxveli/mayurebeli xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi daZabulia. aristoteles Tanaxmad, amgvari daZabuloba Sedgeba realuri safrTxis SegrZnebis da imedis molodinisgan, romlidanac orgvari dasas-rulia: a) an saxifaTo molodini aRsruldeba, ris gamoc mayurebeli mwuxa-rebiT ivseba, an b) imediani molodini aRsruldeba, rac mayurebels bedni-erebas aniWebs. Tuki imedi ar arsebobs, maSin mayurebels sasowarkveTileba ipyrobs.

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romelic TandaTanobiT misi simboluri mniSvnelobiT _ adamianuri ocnebebis da misTvis Tavganwirvis mxatvruli sa-xiT icvleba da simbolod gardaiqmneba. amgvaradve, irakli Carkvianis leqsSi `qaRaldis gemi~, TandaTan, leqsis konteq-stis gaTvaliswinebiT naTeli xdeba, rom qaRaldis gemi si-namdvileSi sabWoTa totalitaruli sistemidan Tavis daR-wevis da Tavisuflebis mopovebis gzad iqceva.

maSasadame, saxeobriobis umaRlesi safexuria simbolo. simboluri mniSvnelobis gaCena rTuli procesia. saxe-sim-bolo SeiZleba iyos nawarmoebis konkretuli saxeobriobis Sedegi. aris SemTxvevebic, rodesac erTi saxe-simbolo to-vebs nawarmoebis sivrces, romlis wiaRSic is gaCnda da sxva nawarmoebebSi, sxva avtorebTan Cndeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi sa-xe-simbolo erTmniSvnelovnebas iZens da amitomac sayovel-Taod nacnobi xdeba da, garkveulwilad, sityvis semantikur struqturaSi erTveba. arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis simbolo-ebi. tradiciuli simboloebi _ mdgradobiT, erTplaniano-biT da erTmniSvnelovnebiT xasiaTdeba, rac tradiciis Se-degad yalibdeba. aseTebia klasikuri, erovnuli an bibliuri simboloebi. magaliTad: zeTisxili, zeTisxilis toti _ mSvidobis simboloa; cisartyela _ imedis niSania da a.S. zo-gadliteraturuli, klasikuri simboloebi tradiciuli da erTmniSvnelovania da amitomac yvelasTvis gasagebia, azrTa sxvadasxvaobas ar iwvevs.

sxva SemTxvevaa ama Tu im konkretul epoqaSi, Tavisi dro-isTvis damaxasiaTebeli ritorika. amis kargi magaliTia sam-magi zmiT Seqmnili striqonebi, romelic imereTis mefe solomon I-s eZRvneba da misdami opoziciurad ganwyobil rostom raWis erisTavs ekuTvnis: `Sensa movel da Sevamkob Sensa tanadobasa,/Seni udasturoba ki arRvevs baton-ymoba-sa~. aq, erTi mxriv, vkiTxulobT sruliad uwyinar, pativis-cemiT gamsWvalul frazebs: `Sensa movel~, `Sensa tanadoba-sa~, `Seni udasturoba~, magram politikuri konteqstis gaT-valiswinebiT, es striqonebi ikiTxeba, rogorc: `Sen samo-vel~, `Sen satana~, `Sen iuda~. maSasadame, am striqonebis qve-

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teqsti barokos xanaSi, rodesac is daiwera, sruliad Cve-ulebrivi ambavi iyo, imdroindeli esTetikuri normebis Ta-naxmad. amgvari stili _ zmebiT metyveleba gansakuTrebul unarTan ar igivdeba, vinaidan es mxolod teqnikis xelov-nebis sakiTxia.

gamosaxvis Taviseburebebi ama Tu im epoqisa Tu litera-turuli mimdinareobisTvis damaxasiaTebel xedvis Tavise-burebebs ukavSirdeba. vTqvaT, romantikos mwerlebs Tavise-buri saxe-simboloebi hqondaT. magaliTisTvis, Tu erTmane-Tis paralelurad ganvixilavT romantizmis xanis or leqss _ goeTes `tyis mefes~ da baraTaSvilis `xma idumals~, davi-

naxavT, rom `tyis mefe~ aseTi fraziT iwyebs: “Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind?”. nikoloz baraTaSvilis leqsis `xma idu-mali~ pirveli striqoni aseTia: `visi xma aris es sakvirve-li?~ aris udavo Tanxvedra am or leqss Soris, ara poeturi leqsikis, aramed konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT. „goeTes `tyis mefe~ romantizmze gadasvlis etapis momaswavebelia, sadac mamis pozicia ganmanaTleblobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli racionalizmiTaa daRdasmuli, romelic Svilis idumalebiT mocul kiTxvebs, TiTqosda, bunebis movlenebiT xsnis _ anu aq cxadad aris dapirispirebuli racionalizmi da roman-tizmi, goneba da warmosaxva, mgrZnobeloba“ (kalhuni 1992: 27). tyis mefe igive bavSvis mamaa _ bavSvis warmosaxvaSi arse-buli mamis gansxvavebuli buneba. sagulisxmoa, rom orive leqsSi, is, rac ganmanaTleblobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ra-cionalizmiT ver aixsneba _ JReradobiT, xmis saSualebiT Semodis. `xma idumalis~ saerTo konteqstis gasaTvaliswi-neblad aucilebelia goeTes `tyis mefe~, romlis saSuale-biTac ikiTxeba baraTaSvilis leqsi. qarTveli romantikosis leqsSi, erTi mxriv, romantizmis kanonebis Sesabamisad, ikve-

Teba misticizmi, ezoTeruli codnis∗ saSualebiT samyaros

∗ ezoTerizmi (berZ. esoterikos _ Sinagani) _ saidumlo moZRvreba, romelic mxolod gandobilTaTvis, am moZRvrebis mimdevarTa elituri nawilisTvi-saa gankuTvnili. es aris samyaros mistikuri kanonebis sulieri gziT Ses-wavlis gza.

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Secnobis wyurvili da am samyaros winaSe martoobis gancda; meore mxriv, leqsi ukavSirdeba adamianis ganviTarebis im etaps, rodesac is Semecnebas iwyebs da warsuls - bavSvobas igonebs, rogorc samoTxes (`ra vscan pirvelad wuTisofe-li,/ davSTe adgili, sadaca wrfeli/ rbioda naTlad dro ymawvilobis/ sworTa, TanzrdilTa, megobarT Soris~). leq-sSi `xma idumali~ vxvdebiT striqonebs, sadac is `sindisis xmis~ koncepts axsenebs: `mas aqeT xma ram Tan sdevs yovelTa/ CemTa zraxvaTa da sawadelTa!../ nuTu xma ese ars xma devnisa/ Seuwyalisa sinidisisa?~ (baraTaSvili 1972: 26). Tuki mis saq-ciels am striqonebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT da, imavdro-ulad, analitikur fsiqologiasac gaviTvaliswinebT, cxadi gaxdeba, Tu riT iyo gamowveuli misi cvalebadi xasiaTi da isic, rom `sindisis xma~ igive superegoa, sadac iseve ro-gorc `tyis mefeSi~ tyis mefis da mamis poziciebi, erTmaneTs upirispirdeba cduneba da tabu. baraTaSvilTan amgvari swrafva Tavisuflebisken, erTi mxriv, realur cxovrebaSi drostarebisadmi mis midrekilebaSi aisaxeba, meore mxriv ki poeziaSi _ rogorc represirebuli fantaziebis realizebis asparezSi. goeTeseul `tyis mefeSic~ bavSvis represirebuli warmosaxvebi moCvenebebis _ tyis mefis da misi amalis saxiT vlindeba, romelsac yovlismcodne mama axSobs. romantizmSi xom represirebuli fantaziebi moCvenebebis saxiT Cndeba.

germanuli romantikuli ferweris warmomadgenlis _ kaspar david fridrixis namuSevarSi `martoxela moxetiale romelic nislis zRvas gadmoyurebs~ fermkrTali da bundo-vani ladSaftis fonze, gamosaxulia kldis wverze mdgari ya-ribi, rogorc martoobis da bundovani momavlis gamoxatu-leba, sadac RmerTis Secnobisadmi adamianis iracionaluri survili ikveTeba. yaribis Tvalwin gadaSlilia gaurkveveli momavali _ ufskruli, romlisken gadasadgemladac mas na-biji aqvs momzadebuli. es erTgvari metaforaa rogorc mar-toobis da sasowarkveTilebis, ise didebulebis da mSveni-erebis, zogadad, adamianuri cxovrebis, rogorc mogzauro-bis, romelic sikvdilis mdgomareobaSi, an usasrulobaSi

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gadadis. garkveulwilad, esec orbunebovnebaa _ nebismieri saSualebiT samyaros saidumlos SecnobisTvis mzadyofna. iseve rogorc baraTaSvilis `xma idumalSia~ es asaxuli: àn-gelozi xar, mfarveli Cemi,/ an Tu eSmaki, macTuri Cemi?/ vin-ca xar, marqvi, ras momiswaveb,/ sicocxles Cemsa ras ganum-zadeb?/ ros vscna me Seni saidumloba..~ (baraTaSvili 1972: 26), sadac bundovnad miniSnebasac vxvdebiT imdroindel literaturaSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebul motivze _ lu-ciferTan Sexvedris Sesaxeb, rogorc goeTes `faustSi~ Tu baironis `kaenSi~.

erTi sityviT, mxatvrul saxeTa zogadi sistemis saTanado gagebisTvis aucilebelia ama Tu im stilisTvis damaxasiaTe-beli pirobiTobebis codna, an is, Tu ra prioritetebiT gamoirCeoda ama Tu im xanis esTetika. saxe-simboloebis ga-Sifvris gareSe warmoudgenelia iseTi wignis saTanado wa-kiTxva, rogoricaa biblia. bibliuri teqstebis saxe-simbo-loebis codnis gareSe ki SeuZlebelia iseTi teqstis marTe-buli gageba, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, ilia WavWavaZis saetapo mniSvnelobis poema àCrdili~. mis SemoqmedebaSi erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan poema àCrdilSi~, rogorc saidumlo wignSi, gaSifrulia misi, rogorc erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-beli moZraobis lideris momavali samoqmedo gegma. manamde ki is Targmnis am poemis erTgvar wyaros _ puSkinis leqss `winaswarmetyveli~, romelic man dekabristebis amboxebis Semdeg dawera. puSkinis teqsti esaia winaswarmetyvelis Se-saxeb bibliur legendas efuZneba, rodesac mas eqvsfrTiani serafimi gamoecxada, Tvali auxila da samoqmedo gegma da-usaxa. ilias àCrdilSi~, iseve rogorc puSkinis `winaswarme-tyvelSi~, poeti utoldeba mediums, mesias, romelmac adami-anebs RvTaebrivi sityva unda amcnos. lirikul `me~-s ecxa-deba aCrdilad wodebuli `...kaci didi,/myinvarzed mdgomi moxucebuli~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 181), romelic saidumlos gaan-dobs mas da erTgvar samoqmedo strategias usaxavs. aCrdi-lis gamocxadeba moses winaSe sinas mTaze uflis gamocxa-debis pirdapiri gadaZaxilia, saxeebis donezec ki: `vidre Ze

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Seni ar gaikvlevs zogad cxovrebas/da mcnebis naTliT ze-aRzidul, amaRlebuli~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 184), sadac `mcnebis naTeli~ igive RvTaebrivi kanonebia, romelsac RmerTisgan miiRebs mose. `Sromis sufeva~ ki, romelzec ilia àCrdilSi~ saubrobs, `gankacebis”, srulyofili adamianis safuZveli xdeba, ramac saTave unda daudos samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, sadac `...uqm sityvad ar iqnebian/Zmoba, erToba, Tavisufle-ba~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 189).

maSasadame, klasikuri (antikuri xanis), erovnuli, bibli-uri saxe-simboloebi, romlebsac iTvisebs mxatvruli lite-ratura, ama Tu im stilis elementad iqceva. avtoris sti-listikaSi isini mza masalis saxiT gadadis.

mxatvruli saxeebis sxva kategoriaSi erTiandeba indivi-dualuri saxeebi, romlebic SeiZleba erTi nawarmoebis far-glebSi Seiqmnas (don kixote, fausti, hamleti, luarsab TaTqariZe, Teimuraz xevisTavi, jayo) an mTeli misi Semoq-medebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aRmoCndes. magram yvela Sem-TxvevaSi amgvari saxe erTi avtoris mier unda iyos Seqmnili, sadac es saxe-simboloebi avtoris stilistikasTan igivdeba da mis msoflaRqmas gamoxatavs. amitomac, aseTi saxe-sim-boloebi SeiZleba iyos moulodneli, mravalplaniani, mra-valmniSvnelovani. avtoriseuli simbolo mravalgvari waki-Txvis SesaZleblobasac gulisxmobs. SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom romelime konkretul nawarmoebSi gaCenili simbolo mis farglebs gacdes da damoukideblad arseboba gaagrZelos. aseT SemTxvevaSi simbolos Tan axlavs erTaderTi mniSvne-loba da swored am mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba xolme. aseTia, magaliTad, sawamebeli kamera _ oTaxi 101 jorj oruelis romanSi `1984~ _ azrebis kontrolis da totalitaruli si-stemis simbolo. arsebobs individualuri saxe-simboloebis sxva tipic. esenia simboloebi, romlebic mxolod TavianTi konteqstis, konkretuli avtoris nawarmoebis farglebSi arseboben. aseTi saxe-simboloebi nawarmoebis sivrcidan gasvlisTanave kargavs im mniSvnelobas, rac mas nawarmoebSi aqvs. aseTi simbolo, ZiriTadad, Cveulebrivi, arasaxeobrivi

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enobrivi masalis safuZvelze igeba da saxeobrivi mniSvne-loba teqstis mocemuli konteqstis wyalobiT eniWeba. maga-liTad, axal aRTqmaSi cis feri _ lurji feri ukavSirdeba qalwul mariams. baraTaSvilis erT usaTauro leqsSi es mniS-vnelobac niSandoblivia, Tumca poetma feris aRmniSvneli es Cveulebrivi sityva damatebiTi simboluri mniSvnelobiT datvirTa. masTan lurji feri jer cisTvis damaxasiaTebel feradaa dasaxelebuli, xolo Semdeg TandaTanobiT damate-biT konotaciebs (konotacia _ zogierTi frazis an sityvis damatebiTi, asociaciuri mniSvneloba, am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobis _ denotaciis paralelurad) iTavsebs _ ro-gorc siwmindis, ukvdavebis, zogadad dedamiwis simbolo. amave dros, mxatvruli teqstisTvis damaxasiaTebelia per-sonifikacia, rodesac personaJi, romelic ama Tu im moce-mul mxatvrul nawarmoebSi cocxlobs da tipis sizustemdea daxasiaTebuli, simbolod iqceva xolme. swored aseTi saxe-ebia don kixote, don Juani, fausti, luarsab TaTqariZe, yvaryvare... literaturuli nawarmoebebis gmirebi avtoris teqstis miRmac agrZeleben arsebobas da raime tendenciaze miuTiTeben _ magaliTad yvaryvarizmi, romelic totali-taruli sistemis simbolod iqca. yvaryvarizmi ukve garkve-uli Sinaarsis matarebeli niSania, Tumca is konkretuli nawarmoebis farglebSi gaCnda.


aristotele 1979: aristotele. poetika. s. danelias Targmani. Tb.: 1979.

baraTaSvili 1972: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani. akaki gawerelias da ivane lolaSvilis redaqciiT. Tb.: 1972.

biorki 2001: biorki p. renesansi. g. lomiZis Targmani. Tb.: 2001. valgina 2003: Валгина Н.С. Теория текста. М.: 2003. kalhuni 1992: Calhoon, K.S. Fatherland: Novalis, Freud, and the Discipline of

Romance. Wayne State Univ Press, 1992. skiba... 1997: В.А. Скиба, Л.B. Чернец. ОБРАЗ ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫЙ. Вве-

дение в литературоведение. Литературное произведение: основные понятия и термины. М.: 1997.

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irma ratiani

Txroba Txroba mxatvruli teqstis umTavresi msazRvrelia. yo-

veli nawarmoebi Txrobis principebis, formebis, xerxebis, TxrobiTi modelebisa da kombinaciebis TaviseburebiT gamo-irCeva. Txroba, rogorc struqtura, garkveul enobriv mo-cemulobas efuZneba da sityvaTwyobis mizanmimarTul, lo-gikur, urTierTgamWol sistemas warmoadgens. Txrobis struqturaSi vlindeba enis erovnuli, socialuri da kul-turuli SesaZleblobebi, agreTve _ avtoris stiluri indi-vidualoba da teqstis Janruli kuTvnileba, dgindeba mki-Txvelis interpretaciis sazRvrebi.

Txroba warmoadgens mxatvrul teqstSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis sityvier gamoxatulebas. es aris modeli, rom-lis meSveobiTac avtori gadmogvcems ambebs da migviTiTebs maT Soris arsebul kavSirebze. teqstSi Txrobas eZleva gar-kveuli Sinagani mimarTuleba: is mizandasaxuladaa mimarTu-li teqstis mniSvnelovani, e.w. birTvuli movlenebisaken, an _ teqstis kulminaciuri wertilisaken. Sesabamisad, Txro-bas axasiaTebs azrobrivi da emociuri gradaciebi, aRmarT-daRmarTebi, romlebic esadageba teqstis konkretul epizodebs.

mxatvruli teqstis Txrobis sistemas swavlobs narato-logia, romelic Tanabrad iTvaliswinebs rogorc Txrobis process, ise _ monaTxrobs. Seswavlis sferodan gamomdi-nare, naratologia araerT mniSvnelovan cnebas amkvidrebs. maT Soris:

narativi _ Txroba (garkveuli formiT _ zepirad an werilobiT _ gadmocemuli ambavi);

naracia _ Txrobis procesi; naratori _ mTxrobeli. Tavad terminis _ naratologia _ avtori aris franguli

struqturalisturi skolis warmomadgeneli cvetan todo-

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rovi, Tumca, naratologiis fesvebi Tavdapirvelad antiku-ri epoqis poetikaSi (platoni, aristotele), mogvianebiT ki _ rusul formalizmsa (Sklovski, eixenbaumi, propi) da

mixail baxtinis Teoriul SexedulebebSi unda veZioT∗. amrigad, Txroba mxatvruli teqstis aucilebeli Tvisebaa

da mas imTaviTve gaaCnia garkveuli pirobebi. kerZod, Txro-bas esaWiroeba: mTxrobeli, romelic mimarTavs adresatebs; Txrobis procesi, romelsac mTxrobeli warmarTavs; ambavi, romelsac mTxrobeli yveba; da _ mkiTxveli, romelsac Txroba miemarTeba. Sesabamisad, Txroba sakmaod rTuli da Sreobrivi mocemulobaa, romelSic ori ZiriTadi Sre dominirebs:

a) Txrobis procesi; b) monaTxrobi ambavi.

Txrobis procesi

mTxrobelisa da Txrobis procesis Sesaxeb msjeloba jer kidev platonis `saxelmwifoSia~ warmodgenili.

baZvis, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi procesis aucilebeli wi-napirobis analizisas platoni mTavar kriteriumad miiCnevs Txrobis principebs. kerZod, baZvis procesSi is ganasxvavebs, erTi mxriv, mimesiss, rogorc personaJis mier pirdapir war-moTqmul sityvas da, meore mxriv, diegesiss, rogorc avto-riseul Txrobas. am modelis Tanaxmad, drama (tragedia, ko-media) aris calsaxad mimeturi, xolo eposi mimeturia im Sem-TxvevaSi, Tu dialogi uSualod personaJebis piriT warmo-ebs da diegeturia, Tu ambavs Tavad poeti yveba. poetikis principebze agebuli literaturuli Txrobis pirveli Te-

∗ ix. T. lomiZe, `rusuli frmaluri skola~, i.ratiani, `mixail baxtinis Te-oriuli koncefica. dialoguri kritika~, m. xarbedia, `naratologia~, wig-nSi: `literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi~, Tb., 2008.

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oriuli modeli Camoyalibebulia `saxelmwifo~-s mesame wig-

nSi, sadac dialogi warmoebs sokratesa∗ da adimantes Soris. sokrate gamoyofs Txrobis sam saxeobas: pirvelia `wminda Txroba~ anu Txroba avtoris piriT, meorea `wminda baZva~ anu Txroba `sxva mTxrobelis~ piriT da mesame _ Txrobis am ori meTodis kombinacia. sokrate ar kmayofildeba Txrobis meTodebis mxolod aRweriT, aramed ganazogadebs informa-cias literaturis Janruli klasifikaciis mimarTulebiT: `poeziisa da miTisqmnadobis erT dargs wminda mibaZva udevs safuZvlad; es, Seni Tqmisa ar iyos tragedia da komediaa [e.i. dramatuli Janrebi _ i.r.]. meore dargis safuZvlad sakuT-riv poetis sityva gvevlineba; es upiratesad diTirambosebi gaxlavT da bolos, epiuri poezia da sityvierebis bevri sxva dargic, Tu kargad gesmis Cemi, orive zemoxsenebul safuZ-vels emyareba~ (platoni 2003: 97). amrigad, diTirambuli po-ezia, romelic realurad odis Canasaxovan formas warmoad-genda, sokrates azriT, efuZneboda Txrobis pirvel meTods, tragedia da komedia _ meores, eposi ki _ mesames. naTelia, rom platonis azriT, literaturis Janruli klasifikaciis safuZvels Txrobis sxvadasxva manera, anu narativis gansxva-vebuli modelebi warmoadgens. narativi aris baZvis ganxor-cielebis ZiriTadi meqanizmi, romelic zustad axdens lite-raturuli Janrebis diferenciacias.

maSasadame, klasikuri ganmartebiT, mxatvruli teqstis Txrobis sistema, mTxrobelze orientaciis, anu mTxrobelis poziciis TvalsazrisiT, or ZiriTad formas icnobs: 1. avto-riseul Txrobas, rodesac Txrobas warmarTavs avtori, ro-gorc teqstis nawili da ara rogorc realuri, biografiuli figura (teqstSi uxvad aris warmoCenili misi msoflmxedve-

lobrivi Tu zneobrivi konceptebi)∗∗; 2. `sxva mTxrobelis~

∗ berZnuli filosofiuri skolis genialuri wamomadgeneli, platonis maswavlebeli. ∗∗ mixail baxtinma, statiaSi àvtori da gmiri esTetikuri qmnadobis proces-Si~ (1919 weli), mkveTrad gamijna erTmaneTisagan avtori, rogorc realuri,

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mier Txrobas, rodesac Txrobas SeiZleba warmarTavdes ne-bismieri personaJi, ris Sedegadac saqme gveqneba personaJi-seul TxrobasTan. aqve mivaniSnebT, rom rig SemTxvevebSi: a) personaJi-mTxrobelis pozicia SeiZleba ganixilebodes ro-gorc avtorTan daaxloebuli pozicia, Tumca _ ara misi identuri. am dros ixmareba termini _ personificirebuli mTxrobeli; b) personaJi-mTxrobelis pozicia SeiZleba gani-xilebodes rogorc personaJTan daaxloebuli pozicia, Tumca _ ara misi identuri: mTxrobels aqvs saxeli, gvari, garkveuli biografiuli monacemebi, magram ar monawileobs Tavis mierve aRweril movlenebSi. am dros ixmareba termini _ neitraluri mTxrobeli;

Txrobis procesi iZleva Txrobis yvela am formis ara marto SeTavsebis, aramed _ maT mier erTmaneTis gadafarvis saSulebasac.

aq garkveul dazustebas moiTxovs Txrobis pirianobis sakiTxi: Txroba SeiZleba warmoebdes pirveli piris mier, an _ mesame piris mier. Txrobis pirianoba ar aris damokide-buli teqstSi mTxrobelis statusze, _ mTxrobelis sta-tuss SeiZleba flobdes avtori-mTxrobeli an personaJi-mTxrobeli _ TumcaRa, gamokveTs mTxrobelis adgilsa da pozicias am konkretul teqstSi:

`pirveli piris mier warmoebuli Txrobis SemTxvevaSi mTeli teqsti orientirebulia mTxrobelis droul gamoc-dilebaze. misi mdebareoba drosa da sivrceSi gansazRvravs droul da sivrcul urTierTobebs nawarmoebSi. mesame piris mier warmoebuli Txrobis SemTxevaSi msgavsi orientacia ar arsebobs: movlenebi aisaxeba rogorc ukve momxdari. gamom-dinare aqedan, pirveli piris mier warmoebuli Txrobis Sem-TxvevaSi gamoiyeneba warsulis, awmyosa da momavali gramati-kuli drois formebi, mesame piris mier warmoebuli Txrobis SemTxvevaSi ki ZiriTadad warsuli drois formebi ixmareba” (turaeva 1979: 13).

biografiuli adamiani da avtori, rogorc teqstis aucilebeli esTetikuri kategoria.

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pirveli pirisgan warmoebuli Txrobisas teqsti eyrdnoba mTxrobelis gamocdilebas, mesame pirisgan warmoebuli Txrobis pirobebSi ki mTxrobeli mxolod gareSe damkvireb-lis funqciiT Semoifargleba.

miRebuli azriT, Txrobis aRniSnuli poziciebi gansxva-vebuli maneriT realizdeba teqstebSi. pirvelad es mosaz-reba aristoteles `poetikaSia~ gamoTqmuli. `poetikaSi~, romelic efuZneba Tezas, rom xelovneba (maT Soris poezia da literatura) aris realobis baZva (SemoqmedebiTi da ara

meqanikuri)∗, SemoTavazebulia literaturuli mibaZvis sti-luri nairsaxeobani. aristoteles azriT, baZvis stili ad-gens seriozul Janrul gansxvavebebs: ìgi SeiZleba iyos samgvari: pirvel SemTxvevaSi, avtori saubrobs movlenebze rogorc sruliad ganyenebul qmedebebze, meore SemTxvevaSi avtori Tavad aris aRwerili qmedebebis monawile da mesame SemTxvevaSi igi koncentrirebulia ara mxolod `realur~, aramed `moqmed~ adamianebze” (ratiani 2009: 11). Txrobis pir-veli manera ganisazRvreba rogorc obieqturi (aristote-les azriT, is gamoiyeneba eposSi (homerosi); Txrobis meore manera aris subieqturi (aristoteles mosazrebiT, is re-alizdeba lirikul JanrebSi); Txrobis mesame manera ki spe-cifikuria da miesadageba dramatul nawarmoebs (rasac aris-totele tragediasa an komedias miakuTvnebs), romelSic per-sonaJTa moqmedebebs iseTive mniSvneloba eniWeba, rogoric sityvebsa da frazebs. Txrobis maneris sxvadasxvaoba zemoq-

medebs teqstis kompoziciur struqturaze∗∗. sazogadod, si-tyva da Txroba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs antikur tra-gediaSi: `berZnuli tragedia sityvebis dramaa. personaJebi Semodian, subroben, gadian. Zalian cota ram `xdeba~ scenaze _ araviTari brZolebi da sisxlisRvrebi, rogorc es Seq-spirTan aris... nebismieri ZalmomreobiTi qmedeba aRwerilia

∗ ix. i. ratiani `Janris Teoria~. Tb. 2009. ∗∗ ix. g. limiZe, `kompozicia~ amave wignSi.

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sityva-saubrebiT... tragediis konfrontaciebic arsobri-vad verbaluria~ (buriani 1997: 200).

mogvianebiT, Txrobis rogorc Janris msazRvrelis anti-kuri mniSvneloba warmatebiTi SeiTvises rusuli formalis-turi skolis (me-20 saukunis 10-20-iani wlebi) warmomadgen-lebma. maT Txrobis maneris gansakuTrebuli modeli Seimu-

Saves: daamkvidres termini сказ (Txroba/Tqma) da ganixiles igi, rogorc mxatvruli teqstis formis mTlianobis wina-piroba. Txroba/Tqma pirveli piris mier warmoebuli Txro-bis specifikur saxeobad iqna miCneuli: cneba imTaviTve da-efuZna folklorul tradicias (xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli mTxrobeli, folkloruli personaJi) da ganisazRvra, ro-gorc gamomsaxvelobiTi Txroba _ TxrobiTi da asaxviTi manerebis mTlianoba. aqedan pirveli gamoixateba garkveuli lingvistur-gramatikul formebiT (ritmuloba, reCitati-uloba, dialeqtizmebi, Jargonizmebi), xolo meore _ kon-kretuli Jestikulaciur-artikulaciuri formebiT (mimika, Jesti, gamoTqma). Sesabamisad, formalistebis azriT, Txro-ba/Tqma aris ara marto `moyolis~, aramed _ ìmitaciis~ procesic. Tu moyolis manera `warmoqmnis Tanazomieri mety-velebis STabeWdilebas, imitaciis miRma, erTgvarad, igrZno-ba msaxiobi, ise, rom `Tqma~ TamaSad iqceva~ (eixenbaumi 2010: 114).

cnebis amgvar gansazRvrebas ar daeTanxma mixail baxtini. man miiCnia, rom Txroba/Tqma aris avtoris nebis gamoxatu-leba teqstSi: avtori iTavsebs `sxvis sityvas~ da `sxvis cno-bierebas~. avtors sagangebod Semoaqvs teqstSi garkveuli socialuri fenis (upiratesad _ dabalis) `xma~ da mizanmi-marTulad iTavsebs mis funqciebs. sagulisxmoa, rom `sxvisi sityva~, `sxvisi cnobiereba~ da `sxvisi xma~ radikalurad gansxvavdeba avtoriseulisagan da es gansxvavebuloba qmnis winaaRmdegobriv, magram gamTlianebul orxmianobas. Txro-bis amgvari saxeosxvaobani miiCnia baxtinma romanis Janris Camoyalibebis safuZvlad da mis umTavres Rirsebad.

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damoukideblad imisagan, Tu vin awarmoebs Txrobas, Txrobis principi SeiZleba iyos linearuli (xazovani) da aralinearuli (araxazovani).

linearuli Txroba qronologiurad mowesrigebuli we-siT aRwers movlenebs da miemarTeba dasawyisidan dasasru-lisken. aralinearuli Txrobis procesSi ki irRveva moTx-robili ambebis qonologiuri Tanamimdevroba: a) Txroba ub-rundeba ufro adreul ambebs; b) win uswrebs axlandel am-bebs; g) ganicdis wyvetebs xelovnuri Carevis gziT. line-aruli Txrobis SemTxvevaSi Txroba Tanamimdevrulia, ara-linearuli Txrobis SemTxvevaSi _ araTanamimdevruli. Txrobis es orive xerxi zemoqmedebs teqstis siuJetur da kompoziciur wesrigze. Txrobis Tanamimdvrobisa da xan-grZlivobis siuJetze zegavlenis problemas gansakuTrebu-li datvirTva SesZina Jerar Jenetma, romelmac literatu-ruli narativi gaiazra ambavis drosa da Txrobis dros So-

ris urTierTmimarTebebis analizis WrilSi∗.

CanarTi praqtikuli analizisTvis:

zemoT Camoyalibebul rig mosazrebaTa gasamtkiceblad, magaliTisaTvis, mivmarToT ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebebs: `glaxis naambobi~, `kacia-adamiani?!~, `mgzavris werilebi”.

`glaxis naambobi~-s dasawyisi pirveli piris mier warmo-ebuli avtoriseuli Txrobis nimuSia: `me, swored, nadirobis trfials rom ityvian, isa var”.

`msjeloba zogadia, momdinare avtori-mTxrobelis ukve formirebuli tipisgan. misi msjeloba erTgvari winasityva-obaa im poziciisa, romelsac daikavebs avtori Txzulebis yvela gadamwyvet momentSi. es erTgvari avtoriseuli pro-logi awmyos drois formiTaa gadmocemuli da gaiazreba ro-gorc sruliad gansazRvruli avtoriseuli koncefcia~ (ratiani 2006: 24, 25).

∗ ix. i. ratiani `fabula da siuJeti~ amave wignSi.

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Txzulebis meore TavSi Txroba transformirdeba. perso-naJis _ glaxas gamoCenas Tan axlavs teqstSi Txrobis axali formebis Semotana da damkvidreba.: avtori inacvlebs ga-reSe damkvirveblis poziciaze da asparezs uTmobs perso-naJiseul Txrobas, romelic warmoebs mesame pirisagan da, upiratesad, warsuli drois formas eyrdnoba. mag.: `ToTxme-tis wlisa SeviqeniT batoni da yma, roca qalaqSi saswavleb-lad daTikos gagzavna didma batonma daapira~. avtori met-wilad msmenelia, Tumca, aqtiuri msmeneli, romelsac mi-emarTeba personaJis Txroba. mag.: `guli ufro amemRvra, me im wams Cemi Tavi SemZulda, ras brZanebT?.. Cem win naxevrad-mkvdari kaci iyo, egre unugeSod darComili. imas ise eWire-boda gulmtkivneuli qceva da tkbili sityva, me ki mxecurad Tvali movaride da SevizizRe, modi aqa da Tavi gaimarTle! unda wamovmdgariyavi da bodiSiT Semenana Cemi mxecuri qce-va, maSin gavmarTlebodi...~. Txzulebis dasasruls, Txrobis sadaveebi isev avtoris xelSi gadainacvlebs: àmiT gaaTava glaxam Tavisi naambobi. SuaRame gadasuli iyo~. Txroba TxzulebaSi linearulia.

Txzuleba `kacia-adamiani?!~ mesame pirisagan warmoebuli avtoriseuli Txrobis klasikuri nimuSia. Txrobas awarmo-ebs avtori, romelic uSualod ar monawilebs nawarmoebSi aRweril movlenaTa msvlelobaSi. avtori gareSe damkvirve-belia da sruliad aSkarad warmarTavs, awesrigebs, aregu-lirebs damokidebulebas realur samyarosa da mxatvrul mikrosamyaros Soris. regulirebis procesSi avtori sulac ar Sedis uSualo kontaqtSi personaJebTan, aramed calkeu-li Sefasebebis, msjelobebisa da daskvnebis saxiT gamoxa-tavs sakuTar pozicias: àvtoriseuli CanarTebi, msjelobe-bi, mimarTebebi upirispirdeba ama Tu im personaJis pozicias konkretul, lokalur Sexvedris wertilSi, romelic abolo-ebs winamaval siuJetur pasaJs da romlisganac saTaves iRebs axali siuJeturi xazi~ (ratiani 2006: 31, 32).

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magaliTad: `dro gamoicvala _ ityoda xolme aRmooxvriT luarsabi,

_ dro gamoicvala. rac es raRac eSmakuri skolebi Semoi-Res, batono, qarTveli kacis xeiri maSin wavida. feri ki aRar SerCaT Cvens Svilebsa da!... WamiT isini vera sWamen, smiT isi-ni veRara smen, ra kacebi arian?! wigni ician? me Tu wigni ar vici, kaci aRar var, qudi ara mxuravs, gana! xorci me ar mak-lia da feri... venacvale uwindels dros! yvelaferi maSin Tavis donezed iyo moyvanili, yvela Tavis qerqSi iyo. venac-vale!.. kai cxeni, kai Tofi, marjve mklavi da kaci iyav patiosani~.

am vrcel pasaJs mosdevs avtoriseuli mwvave reaqcia: èh, Cemo luarsab! vici, gulwrfeli ki xar, rogorc yvela

Zveli qarTveli, magram Zvels dros tyuilad Sehnatri. rom arc ki ici, ra iyo sanatreli Zvels droSi? cxeni gana exla ki ar aris? Tofi gana exla ki niSanSi ver miva? marjve mklavi cotaa? exlac aris es yvelaferi, magram is guli aRar aris, is gulis simxurvale, is Tavgamodeba mamulisaTvis, rome-lic kai cxens kai saqmeSi axmarebda” .

TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ mravlad aris gabneuli av-torisa da personaJis Sejaxebebi, rac azrobrivad asrulebs im konkretul siuJetur monakveTebs, romlebic maT win uZ-Rvis, yoveli Sejaxebis Semdeg ki Txroba sxva geziT warimar-Teba da teqstSi momwifebuli axali Sepirispirebis winapi-robad gvevlineba. Txrobis xerxi TxzulebaSi aralinearu-lia, vinaidan: a) ganicdis wyvetebs avtoris xelovnuri Care-vis gziT _ avtoriseuli CanarTebi, msjelobebi, mkiTxveli-sadmi mimarTvebi da sxv. b) inversiulia _ qronologia ir-Rveva luarsabis sizmris, agreTve, luarsabisa da darejanis qorwinebis epizodebis SemotaniT.

TxzulebaSi `mgzavris werilebi~ Txroba warmoebs pirve-li pirisgan da personificirebulia. `mgzavri-mTxrobeli pirvel pirSi saubrobs Tavis Tavze da aRiqmeba rogorc moq-medi piri. Sesabamisad, dgeba problema: ramdenad esadageba personificirebuli mTxrobelis msoflmxedvelobrivi po-

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zicia avtoriseuls? emTxveva mas Tu ar emTxveva?~ (ratiani 2006: 21). msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT, `mgzavris we-rilebis” mgzavri-mTxrobeli savsebiT iziarebs avtoris Se-xedulebebs, aqtiurad gamoxatavs mis subieqtur pozicias. metic, avtoris msoflmxedvelobrivi principebi mxatvru-lad realizdeba mgzavris-mTxrobelis azrovnebis proces-Si. magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom mgzavri-mTxrobeli ey-rdnoba avtoriseul gamocdilebas, is teqstis mxatvruli qsovilis nawilia da misi da avtoris dro-sivrculi velebis damTxveva pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs: `mgzavris werilebi” aris literaturuli teqsti da masSi arsebuli mxatvruli pirobiTobis atmosfero avtorisa da mTxrobeli-personaJis poziciebis sruli gaigivebis saSualebas ar iZleva. mgzavri aris personificirebuli mTxrobeli, xolo Txroba ara-linearulia, fiqriseuli da monologuri CanarTebis gamo.

monaTxrobi ambavi mxatvruli teqsti ama Tu im wesebiTa da principebiT mo-

naTxrobi ambavis mTlianobaa. teqstSi Txroba ZiriTadi teq-stis, monologebisa da dialogebis (maT Soris, poliloge-bis) formiT realizdeba.

ZiriTadi teqsti gulisxmobs monologebisa da dialo-gebisagan Tavisufal zonas teqstisa, romelic Tanamimdev-ruli Txrobis process efuZneba.

monologi (berZn. Λογος — sityva, Txroba), misi klasikuri ganmartebiT, aris Txrobis saxeoba, romelic sruliad an TiTqmis sruliad ar ukavSirdeba Tanamosaubris Txrobas. monologi emijneba TanamosaubresTan sityvier kontaqts rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, ise _ struqturuli TvalsazrisiT. miCneulia, rom monologi asaxavs avtori-mTxrobelis an personaJi-mTxrobelis Sinagan gancdebs, fiqrebs, vnebaTa-Relvebs, romlebic ar aris gamiznuli teqstis sxva monawi-leTa gasagonad. monologuri Txroba iwarmoeba pirveli pi-

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risgan, Tumca, masSi SeiZleba iyos CarTuli `sxvisi sityvis~ elementebic _ wabaZva-parodirebis an gabrazeba-SekamaTe-bis mizniT. monologuri formis Txrobis tradiciul nimu-Sebad miCneulia: xmamaRali fiqri, dRiurebi, werilebi. mo-nologis TvalsaCino nimuSad qarTul mwerlobaSi SeiZleba davasaxeloT mgzavris monologebi i. WavWavaZis Txzulebi-dan `mgzavris werilebi~.

me-19 saukunis miwurulisa da me-20 saukunis literatu-raSi, gansakuTrebiT ki modernistuli mwerlobis wiaRSi, personaJis fsiqologiuri portretis Seqmnisa da srulyo-fis mizniT, didi datvirTva SeiZina e.w. Sinagani monologis formam, romelic gaformda, rogorc cnobierebis nakadi. cnobierebis nakadis fuZemdeblebad msoflio mwerlobaSi miCneulni arian jeims joisi (ùlise~), marsel prusti (`da-karguli drois ZiebaSi~), knut hamsuni (`misteriebi~), maT genialur winamorbedad _ f. dostoevski (`Zmebi karamazo-vebi~). Txrobis am specifikuri modelis gamokveTam da da-nergvam me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebidanve moaxdina gavlena mis Teoriul gaazrebaze: literaturismcodneebi dabejiTe-biT dafiqrdnen monologis siaxloveze dialogTan.

dialogi (berZn. Διάλογος _ saubari or adamians Soris), misi klasikuri ganmartebiT, aris saubari, monacvleobiT warmoebuli or an met (polilogi) adamians Soris. dialogi aris teqstis calkeuli monawileebis urTierTobis, komuni-kaciis, sityvieri kontaqtis forma. dialogis yoveli gamo-naTqvami, romelsac replika ewodeba, mimarTulia Tanamosa-ubrisaken. teqstualuri dialogis uZvelesi modelebi war-modgenilia vedebis wignebSi, kerZod, `rigvedasa~ da `maxab-xarataSi~. aRniSnul teqstebSi dialogs eniWeba teqstis Zi-riTadi saTqmelis gamokveTisa da gaazrebis funqcia. mogvi-anebiT, dialogs, rogorc filosofiuri WeSmaritebis mik-vlevis aucilebel formas, gamoiyenebs antikuri epoqis ber-Zeni filosofosi platoni _ platonis improvizebuli di-alogebi sokratesTan, romelic im droisaTvis ukve gardac-vlilia, warmoadgens argumentirebuli msjelobis unika-

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lur nimuSs (`kamaTSi ibadeba WeSmariteba~). igive platoni datvirTavs dialogs damoukidebeli literaturuli for-mis mniSvnelobiTac, gamoiyenebs ra mas Janruli miznebiT (`laxeti~). mogvianebiT, qsenofontes `nadimi~ platonise-uli literaturuli eqsperimentis saintereso gagrZelebas SemogvTavazebs. dialogi TandaTan yalibdeba Txrobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes formad antikur epoqaSi. arsobrivad dialoguria lukianes, ciceronis teqstebi. dialogi iqceva qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis danergvis saukeTeso saSu-alebadac. dialogis formats iyeneben netari avgustine, Toma aqvineli, sxva didi qristiani mamebi.

dialogi mxatvrul literaturaSi aqtiurad mkvidrdeba Sua saukuneebis epoqidan. mas imTaviTve umniSvnelovanesi funqciebi ekisreba teqstis TxrobiT qsovilSi: dialogi Txrobis uaRresad TavisTavadi stilisturi xerxia, rome-lic acocxlebs da fleqsiurs (moqnils) xdis Txrobas. di-alogi: a) warmoaCens Txrobis mravalferovnebas, vinaidan aC-venebs gansxvavebas Txrobis dialogur da monologur for-mebs Soris; b) amkvidrebs cocxal metyvelebas, vinaidan er-geba yoveli personaJis socio-lingvistur models; g) gamo-xatavs teqstis mTavar saTqmels, vinaidan mosaubreTa sity-vieri kontaqtis procesSi vlindeba Txzulebis mTavari ide-aca da moralic; d) xels uwyobs mxatvrul saxeTa Seqmnis process, vinaidan erTmaneTTan Ria saubrisas iZerweba per-sonaJTa xasiaTebi.

dialogebiT uxvadaa datvirTuli qarTuli mwerloba. sa-intereso, cocxali dialogebis nimuSebs vxvdebiT i. WavWava-Zis, vaJa-fSavelas, d. kldiaSvilis, m. javaxiSvilis da sxva qarTvel klasikosTa TxzulebebSi.

dialogis mxatvrul-esTetikuri funqcia teqstSi Zalze didia. dialogSi, arcTu iSviaTad, iWreba avtoric, mkiTxve-lisaken mimarTuli remarkebiTa da komentarebiT. Tumca, am-gvari wyveta ar arRvevs dialogis mTlian struquturas, aramed metad mizanmimarTuls xdis mas mkiTxvelisaken. amis

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magaliTebs uxvad vxvdebiT i. WavWavaZis TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~

dialogi saukuneebis manZilze miiCneoda monologisagan ara marto gansxvavebul, aramed _ masTan dapirispirebul formad Txrobisa. me-20 saukunis literaturismcodneobam, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gadasinja es ganmarteba da moax-dina misi Casworeba. monologisa da dialogis cnebebis gada-azrebis pionerad iTvleba mixail baxtini, romlis Sromebic am mimarTulebiT daefuZna f. dostoevskis romanebis axle-bur interpretacias. mravalwliani muSaobis Sedegad, baxti-ni Zalze sagulisxmo daskvnebamde mivida: dostoevskis Se-moqmedebas tradiciulad kiTxulobdnen rogorc monolo-gurs, anu miiCneoda, rom misi teqstebi prioritetulad age-bulia monologis principze, rogorc msoflmxedvelobrivi, ise _ struqturuli TvalsazrisiT. midgoma mcdaria, vina-idan dostoevskis romanebSi avtorisa da personaJebis cno-biereba gamokveTilad dialogizebulia: TiTouli maTgani mudmivad mimarTavs mosaubres _ sxvas, mesames, meoTxes Tu Tavis Tavs _ radgan icis: am cocxali mimarTvis gareSe is ver Camoayalibebs urTierTobas verc sxvebTan da verc sa-kuTar TavTan. dialogi, da ara monologi, warmoadgens dos-toevskis romanebis simZimis centrs: mwerals ara aqvs mza xasiaTebi, is TandaTan aRmoaCens maT dialogis procesSi _ mxolod saubrisa da urTierTobis procesSi, sxvasTan da sa-kuTar TavTan, àdamiani yalibdeba adamianad~. Sesabamisad, dostoevskis romanebi gamoirCeva azris pluralizmiTa da dialoguri xmebis mravalferovnebiT, rac ganapirobebs ki-dec misi romanebis polifoniurobas (mravalxmianobas): `da-moukidebel da Seurwymad xmaTa da cnobierebaTa simravle, srulfasovani xmebis WeSmariti polifonia namdvilad war-moadgens dostoevskis romanebis Taviseburebas~ (baxtini

1972:7)∗.

∗ dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. i. ratiani, `mixail baxtinis Teoriuli kon-cefcia. dialoguri kritika~, wignSi `literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi~. Tb., 2008.

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aRsaniSnavia, rom dialogis baxtiniseuli ganmarteba scdeba romanis farglebs da, misi gavliT, ubrundeba di-alogis gagebis uZveles filosofiur da kulturologiur modelebs: `romani misTvis (baxtinisaTvis) marad cocxali organizmia, mxatvruli struqtura, romelic zedmiwevniTi sizustiT warmoaCens sazogadoebriv da kulturul sinamdvi-leSi mimdinare istoriul procesebs sazogadoebaTaSorisi da kulturaTaSorisi dialogis saxiT~ (ratiani 2008: 38-39).


baxtini 1972: Бахтин М. М., Проблемы поэтики Довстоевского. Изд. 3-тье. М.: 1972.

buriani 1997: Burian, P. Myth into muthos: the shaping of tragic plot // The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy (ed. By P. E. Easterling). Cambridge University Press, 1997.

eixenbaumi 2010: eixenbaumi b. rogoraa agebuli gogolis `Sine-li~ //literaturis Teoria qrestomaTia. t. 2. Tb.: 2010.

platoni 2003: platoni, saxelmwifo. Zveli berZnulidan Targmna baCana bregvaZem. Tb.: 2003.

ratiani 2009: ratiani i. Janris Teoria. Tb. 2009. ratiani 2008: ratiani i. mixal baxtinis Toriuli koncefcia.

dialoguri kritika // literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi. Tb.: 2008.

ratiani 2006: ratiani i. qronotopi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi. Tb. 2006.

turaeva 1979: Тураева З. Я. Категория времени. Время грамматическое и время художественное (на материале английского языка). М. 1979.

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TinaTin bolqvaZe

enis poeturi funqciis Sesaxeb

ukvdavi aRmoCnda pirveli sinkristuli poetikis (`kavy-alamkāra~) avtoris bhamahas (VII s.) gansazRvreba: `poezia _ es enaa~. swored am formulamde dadis Zvelinduri poeturi Teoria, romelic Tavisi arsiT lingvisturia. sankristuli poetikis nebismieri kategoria poeturicaa da enobrivic, ufro zustad, igi poeturia imis wyalobiT, rom enas ekuT-vnis da enis Tvisebidan gamomdinareobs (grinceri 1964: 53.6). Tanamedrove poetikam da lingvistikam ki rTuli gza gan-vles, sanam mividodnen im daskvnamde, romelzec mravali saukuniT adre idga sankristuli poeturi Teoria.

meoce saukuneSi enaTmecnierTa mier karga xnis manZilze ignorirebuli iyo enis poeturi funqcia. literatorebic ver eguebodnen da eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen im faqts, rom enaTmecnieri poezias ikvlevda. pirvelad lingvistTa IX kongresze imuSava stilistikisa da poetikis specialurma seqciam. swored aq SeniSna maxvilgonivrulad emil benve-nistma, rom dReidan enaTmecnierTa yvela sazodagoebisa da Jurnalis saxelwodebas unda daematos `da poetikaSi~. roca roman iakobsoni am kongresis muSaobas ajamebda, Tqva: Ta-namedrove lingvistTa poetikisadmi cxoveli interesis ra-odenobrivi gamoxatulebaa is faqti, rom im auditoriaSi, sa-dac poetikis seqcia muSaobda, kibeebzec ar iyo arc erTi Tavisufali adgili... ufro da ufro naTlad gaiazreba, rom Tu romelime enaTmecniers SeuZlia Semoifarglos enis iera-rqiis garkveuli safexuris kvleviT, lingvistikas mTlianad ara aqvs ufleba gamotovos an gamoTiSos romelive safexuri (iakobsoni 1965: 583, 588). cota xnis Semdeg ki r. iakobsoni uk-ve gadaWriT ambobda: is dro, roca enaTmecnierebi da lite-raturaTmcodneebi agdebulad uyurebdnen poetikis saki-Txebs, aRarasodes mobrundeba. axla Cven kargad gvesmis, rom

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rogorc enis poeturi funqciis uarmyofeli lingvisti, ise lingvisturi problemebisadmi gulgrili da enaTmecniere-bis meTodebSi gaucnobierebeli literaturaTmcodne Se-uwynarebeli anaqronizmia (iakobsoni 1975: 228).

umetes SemTxvevaSi saliteraturo ena fonia poeturi eni-saTvis. amas maTi funqciuri sxvaoba ganapirobebs. salitera-turo enas ZiriTadad axasiaTebs avtomatizacia. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saliteraturo ena cdilobs norma bolomde ga-ataros, anu igi gaxados avtomaturi. amis sapirispirod po-etur enas miznad, ufro metic, TviTmiznada aqvs enobriv formaTa aqtualizacia, ese igi enobrivi potenciis raime niSniT gamoyofa-gamoCineba. magaliTad, taepSi `mTavazob-diT dani vardT~ galaktion tabiZe axdens narTaniani mrav-lobiTis aqtualizacias. miuxedavad mravlobiTi ricxvis aseTi warmoebis arqauli elferisa, aris SemTxvevebi, rom-lebic arqaul niuanss ar avlenen. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis Taniani mravlobiTis naTesaobiT brunvaze. magaliTad, for-mebs _ mweralTa kavSiri (mwerlebis kavSiri) an qalTa sabWo (qalebis sabWo) ar dahkravs arqaulobis elferi, magram imave Taniani mravlobiTis gamoyeneba micemiT brunvaSi (mTava-zobdiT vardT _ mTavazobdiT vardebs) mxatvrulad efeq-turia. rasakvirvelia, yvela komponentis sruli da erTob-livi aqtualizacia SeuZlebelia, radgan es maT erT doneze dayenebasa da avtomatizacias gamoiwvevda. aqtualizebul da araaqtualizebul komponentTa damokidebuleba qmnis na-warmoebis struqturas (mukarJovski 1967: 409-413).

sxvadasxva mimarTulebis stilisturma Teoriebma erT pe-riodSi gaamyares Sexeduleba, rom poeturi enis mizani enis normaTa darRvevaa. absurdamde miyvanili aseTi koncefcia qmnida mcdar warmodgenas _ TiTqos ena polarulad upi-rispirdeba yoveldRiur enas. magram am daskvnis praqtikuli Rirebuleba kargad Cans Tundac im faqtidan, rom igi pasuxs ver iZleva umTavres kiTxvebze: enis Cveulebrivi `normisa-gan~ riTi gansxvavdeba poeturi enis mier darRveuli norma? rogor igebs mkiTxveli teqsts maSin, roca normidan gadax-

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raTa raodenoba Zalian didia? rogoria aseTi darRvevebis lingvisturi da aralingvisturi parametrebi? saeWvo sti-listurma Teoriebma saxelic ki gautexes poeziis kvleviT dainteresebul enaTmecnierebs. Tanamedrove poeti da kri-tikosi k. svasiani wers: `poezia lingvisturi kontrabandaa. oridan erTi: is an elvis siswrafiT aRwevs sulSi da aryevs sulier safuZvlebs an mas akaveben lingvistur-logikur sa-baJoSi, detalurad Cxreken da yovel sityvaze TavianT kvals toveben: aq `gadaxraa~, iq _ `Zaladoba~. ufro Sors _ `pi-robiToba~. sosiurianuli pulvelizatoris mZlavri Wavli dezinfeqcias ukeTebs mis yovel kunWuls. morCa! axla gaus-nebovanebuli da moTvinierebuli, `nebismierobis~ paspor-tiT is Sedis sulebSi da disertaciis weris impulss aRZravs maTSi~ (svasiani 1983: 96). aSkaraa, rom es poeti enaTmecniers Jandarmad miiCnevs, magram rogorc g. maWavariani ityoda, yvela enaTmecnieri `Jandarmi~ rodia... sul sxvaa pozicia Tanamedrove lingvisturi TeoriiTa da kvlevis zusti me-TodebiT aRWurvili enaTmecnierisa, romelic, rogorc obi-eqturi mecnierebis warmomadgeneli, miznad isaxavs detalu-rad gamoikvlios enis yvela aspeqti. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Tavs iCens konfliqti `gramatikosis~ dogmebsa da mwerlis saR enobriv intuicias Soris, Tanamedrove enaTmec-niereba uTuod mwerlis mxares aRmoCndeba (maWavariani 1966: 130).

pirvelad, rasac mkiTxvelTa didi nawili amCnevs poeturi nawarmoebis kiTxvisas, es aris saliteraturo enis normaTa darRveva, radgan rogorc aRiniSna, poeturi enis TviTmizani enobriv formaTa aqtualizebaa. yoveli cocxali ena soci-alurad sanqcirebulia, anu aqvs faqtobrivi normebi. magram amisgan vasxvavebT enis gaazrebul standartizacias, rac, Cveulebriv, mxolod saliteraturo enas axasiaTebs.

cocxali saliteraturo enis normebi cvalebadia. amis sa-ilustraciod uamravi magaliTis damowmeba SeiZleba. SoTa rusTveli wers:

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`zogTa gadahkris maTraxi qve mkrdamdis gasapobelad~. (95 (94), 4)

`vefxistyaosnis~ am taeps xSirad Tanamedrove normis mi-

xedviT asworeben: zogTa gadahkris maTraxi mkerdamdis gasapobeblad.

m. rifateri specialurad msjelobda im Secdomebis Sesa-xeb, romelic mosdis Zveli epoqis nawarmoebis mkiTxvels _ man SeiZleba `waumatos~ an `gamotovos~ rame (rifateri 1959). mkerdamdis forma Tanamedrove mkiTxvelis mxridan swored `wamatebaa~, radgan mkrdamdis mas xelovnur, arapoetur formad miaCnia. arada mkerd fuZe Zvel qarTulSi ikumSebo-da. ase rom, mkrdamdis rusTvelis droisTvis sruliad bu-nebrivi formaa. es erTi magaliTic naTlad mowmobs, rom nor-mireba (standartizacia) ufro SefasebiTia, vidre aRweriTi.

swored cvalebadoba da SefasebiTi xasiaTi ganapirobebs imas, rom enobriv normas xSirad adareben, magaliTad, suf-rasTan qcevisa da dana-Canglis gamoyenebis wesebs. r. hali wers: Cems axalgazrdobaSi lorsa da sendviCs dana-CangliT miirTmevdnen, axla ki maTi xeliT Wamaa `swori~... sufrasTan qcevis wesebis msgavsad icvleba enobrivi normebic. rac erT dros miRebuli iyo, axla SeiZleba `Secdomad~ CaiTvalos (hali 1950: 13).

ritorikuli figuris, anu metabolisa da normis urTier-TmimarTebis sakiTxis kvlevisas amosavlad unda aviRoT de-buleba, rom metabolis mxatvruli efeqtisTvis foni swo-red norma anu nulovani safexuri, e.i. neitraluri diskur-

sia∗. enas axasiaTebs siWarbe, anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, enis elementebi metyvelebaSi meordebian, rac uzrunvelyofs

∗ saerTod, enobrivi normis darRvevis umravlesi SemTxvevis axsna SesaZle-belia imis miuxedavad, vulgarizmad SevafasebT mas, Jargonad, dialeqtiz-mad Tu metabolad. magaliTad, normaa: erTxel, orjer; darRvevaa: erTjer (II jel), orxel... -xel da -jer saerTo semantikis formantebia TiToeulis-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli distribuciiT. -xel mxolod erT- fuZesTan gamoiye-neba, xolo -jer danarCen raodenobiT da rigobiT ricxviT saxelebTan. ma-Sasadame, erTjer (II jel), orxel da msgavs formebSi darRveulia forman-tTa sintagmatika.

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enobrivi informaciis gagebas misi gadacemisas daSvebuli Secdomebis miuxedavad. a. molis dakvirvebiT, Tu Setyobine-baSi nebismierad arCeuli mniSvnelobis mqone elementTa 55%-s gavauqmebT, igi mainc gasagebi iqneba (moli 1966: 54). kodis am Tvisebas SecdomaTa avtokoreqcias uwodeben. magram roca siWarbe veRar uzrunvelyofs srulfasovan ko-munikacias da normis darRveva veRar daiyvaneba nulovan safexurze, maSin teqsti iqceva bgeraTa uazro, mniSvnelobis armqone simravled, Tumca ki bgerebi danawevrebul metyve-lebas qmnian. aseTi SemTxveva Sordeba enaTmecnierebis far-glebs. msgavsi magaliTebis moZieba SeiZleba qarTvel mexot-beTa TxzulebebSi. sailustraciod davakvirdeT ioane Sav-Telis àbdulmesianis~ III odas, romelSic aris aseTi aux-sneli strofi:

24. 1. brZanon samalad, ar Tu samalad:

èli amo siT. es rom ara miT? 2. masTana Sorad, _ arTua Sorad! _

elia mosiT, esrom _ aramiT. 3. qvelad WeriTa, risxviT, WeriTa

eli am osiT, esro mar amiT 4. masar a riTa? mas ar ariTa,

el ia-mosiT. es rom a, ra miT?~

taepSi _ èlia mosiT, esrom _ aramiT~ TiTqos SeiZleba bibliuri personaJebis: mose da elia winaswarmetyvelebis, daviT winaswarmetyvelis winapris esromisa da misi Zis ara-mis saxelebis amokiTxva, magram amiT strofis Sinaarsis gax-sna mainc ver xerxdeba. i. lolaSvili wers: es strofi maja-mur-omonimuri wyobis urTulesi nimuSia. Tu `TamarianSi~ majama sam an xuTmarcvliani sariTmo sityvebisagan Sedgeba, aq mis SedgenaSi monawileobas iRebs taepis mTeli aTmar-cvledi, romelic zogjer erT an or patara winadadebasac ki Seicavs. amitom taepis danawevreba da gaazreba TiTqmis Se-uZlebeli xdeba (lolaSvili 1964: 183). aseTi magaliTebi

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erTnairad daabnevs rogorc literaturatmcodneebs, ise enaTmecnierebs.

ra Tqma unda, aseTi SemTxvevebisgan unda ganvasxvaoT is metabolebi, romelTa dayvana nulovan safexuramde anu nor-mamde qvecnobierad SeuZlia mkiTxvelTa umravlesobas. av-toris mxridan enobrivi normis darRvevis fazas aucileb-lad mosdevs mkiTxvelis mier darRvevis amosaval wertilze dabruneba, anu misi aRdgenis faza (koeni 1966). swored esaa avtokoreqcia, romelic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba SesaZ-lebeli, roca darRvevaTa saerTo raodenoba ar aRemateba siWarbis dones. metabolisa (am termins viyenebT poetur, gnebavT ritorikul figuraTa ganmazogadebel terminad) da normis urTierTmimarTeba garda iseTi SemTxvevebisa, roca SeuZlebelia avtokoreqcia (ixileT zemoT damowmebuli ma-galiTi _ ioane SavTelis àbdulmesianis~ III oda), aCvenebs, rom metyveleba (am SemTxvevaSi _ poeturi teqsti) enis mxo-lod Sinagani bunebis realizebaa, xolo norma anu nulovani safexuri, enis Cveulebrivi gamoyenebis miRma dgas (ritori-kuli figurebisa da saliteraturo normebis mimarTebis Taobaze dawvrilebiT ix. bolqvaZe 2005: 61-74).

poeturi teqstis analizisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom lingvistur fenomens aqvs lingvisturi da eqstralingvis-turi aspeqtebi. poeziis kvleva gvamze muSaobas rom ar da-emsgavsos, pasuxi unda gaeces umniSvnelovanes kiTxvas _ ris wyalobiT xdeba sametyvelo informacia xelovnebis na-warmoebi? am kiTxvis pasuxs lingvistikis garda mravali mec-niereba eZebs. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania am Tvalsazri-siT semiotikis, masobrivi kominkaciis Teoriisa da zogadi ritorikis wvlili.

mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgenlebi mividnen im daskvnadme, rom ena dgas, erTi mxriv, adamiansa da gare samyaros Soris da, meore mxriv, adamiansa da adamianis Semoq-medebis produqts Soris.

ena, Tanamedrove s e m i o t i k i s terminologiiT, aris pirveladi mamodelirebeli sistema, xolo adamianis mTeli

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danarCeni Semoqmedeba, rogoricaa sityvieri (proza, poezia, miTologia da sxv.) da arasityvieri xelovneba (ferwera, qan-dakeba, arqiteqtura da sxv.), mecniereba da sxva aris meora-

di mamodelirebeli sistemebi.∗ rogorc pirveladi, ise me-oradi mamodelirebeli sistemebi adamianis tvinis muSaobis Sedegia da struqturul principzea agebuli. radganac mxatvruli literatura, romelsac semiotika meorad mamo-delirebel sistemas uwodebs, enaze iqmneba. bunebrivad, mxatvruli nawarmoebi unda asaxavdes enis sxvadasxva doneze moqmed kanonzomierebebs, romelsac Semoqmedi grZnobs in-tuiturad _ enis SegrZnebis misTvis bunebiT moniWebuli unaris safuZvelze da romlis Seswavla da axsna mkvlevris saqmea (WaniSvili 1978: 32). enaTmecnierebaSi SemuSavebuli meTodebi, kulturis semiotikis saSualebiT, vrceldeba lit-mcodneobaze. rogorc harold uaiTholi werda: `msgavsad maTematikuri analizisa, romelic fizikis safuZvelia, lin-gvisturi analizi xdeba safuZveli literaturaTmcodneobisa~.

m a s o b r i v i k o m u n i k a c i i s T e o r i a mxat-vrul nawarmoebs komunikaciis erT-erT saxed ganixilavs. rogorc levi werda, es aris procesi, romelic iwyeba mwer-lis mier nawarmoebis SeqmniT da mTavrdeba mkiTxvelTa mier nawarmoebis konkretizaciiT. obieqturi realobis elemen-tebisa da subieqturi gamocdilebis saSualebiT (informa-ciis wyaro) avtori (gadamcemi) irCevs da gardasaxavs ele-mentebs (arCevani), raTa gamoxatos isini eniT (kodireba), li-teraturuli informaciis teqnikuri saSualebaa (arxia) na-warmoebis teqsti, romelic Sedgeba asoebisagan (signalTa sistema). mkiTxveli am signalebs aRiqvams kiTxvis procesSi da ukeTebs mas interpretacias (levi 1975: 279-280). Zalze xSiria uaryofiTi damokidebuleba masobrivi komunikaciis Teoriis mimarT, romelic poeziaSi yvelaze ZiriTadis waS-

∗ es terminebi SemuSavda tartus universitetis sazafxulo skolaSi 1964 wels. amis Sesaxeb ix. saredaqcio werili krebulisa Труды по знаковым систе-мам Тартуского госуниверситета, II Випуск, 181, Тарту, 1965, gv. 5-6.

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las cdilobs. saerTod, Cvenc viziarebT im azrs, rom masob-rivi komunikaciis TeoretikosTa ZiriTadi amocana _ sazo-gadoebrivi azris regulireba _ yovelTvis ar aris mainc-damainc sasaxelo saqme, magram radgan maT interesTa sfe-roSi literaturac Sedis, igi uyuradRebod ar unda davtovoT.

poetur enas swavlobs z o g a d i r i t o r i k a , romel-mac XX saukunis meore naxevarSi axali sicoxle SeiZina. zo-gadi ritorikis Teoretikosebi cdiloben enaTmecnierebis, semiotikis, masobrivi komunikaciis Teoriis, poetikisa da ritorikis monapovrebze dayrdnobiT Seqmnan iseTi modeli, romelic erTnairad gamosadegi iqmneba komunikaciis gan-sxvavebuli saxeebisaTvis _ poeturi enisa da komerciuli reklamisaTvis, politikuri propagandisa da kinematogra-fiisaTvis, dramatuli speqtaklisa da komiqsisaTvis. ase ga-ifarTova ritorikam asparezi, radgan mas ainteresebs enis poeturi funqcia ara mxolod poeziaSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac. ritorikis belgieli Teoretikosebi, romelTac

TavianTi erTobis berZnuli sityvis metafora-s pirveli bev-

ris mixedviT `jgefi μ~∗ _ uwodes, r. iakobsonis mier Semu-Savebuli komunikaciis funqciaTa sqemas iReben safuZvlad.

r. iakobsoni kominikaciis aqtSi eqvs faqtors gamoyofs, romelTagan TiToeuls enis garkveuli funqcia Seesabameba.

∗ leJes universitetis eqvsi profesori _ v. edelini, J. m. klinkenbergi, f. menge, f. piri da a. trinoni _ gaaerTiana, rogorc Tavad aRniSnaven, mxat-vrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis kvlevis survilma, uaxloes dromde uar-yofili, odesRac ki didebiT mosili mecnierebis, ritorikis farglebSi r. iakobsonma pirvelma aCvena aristoteles Semotanili cnebebis praqtikuli Rirebuleba. swored am ori mecnieris pativsacemad SeirCies belgielma mkvlevrebma saxeli `jgufi μ~, sadac μ berZnul sityvas, metabolaTagan yve-laze mniSvnelovans, μεταφορά-s aRniSnavs. amitomac movixseniebT am saxeliT maT.

konteqsti (referenciuli funqcia) Setyobineba (poeturi funqcia)

adresati adresati (eqspresiuli funqcia) (konotaturi funqcia)

kontaqti (fatikuri funqcia) kodi (metalingvisturi funqcia)

faqtobrivad levi da r. iakobsoni erTsa da imave mov-

lenas gansxvavebuli terminebiT aRweren. rogorc sqemidan Cans, enis esa Tu is funqcia komunikaciis aqtis romelime faqtorzea orientirebuli. miuxedavad amisa, r. iakobsoni xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom ar arsebobs iseTi sametyvelo aqti, romelic mxolod erT funqcias asrulebs. informaciebi er-TmaneTisagan ganirCevian funqciaTa gansxvavebuli ierarqi-iT (iakobsoni 1975: 189, 202). sityvieri xelovnebisaTvis po-eturi funqciaa centraluri, Tumca, rogorc r. iakobsoni wers, poeziis dayvana mxolod poetur funqciaze saSiSi ga-ubraloebaa, radgan mas sxva funqciebic aqvs, magram isini meoreuli, damatebiTia. sametyvelo qmedebis (sosiuriseuli gagebiT) sxva gamovlinebebSi ki poeturi funqciaa meoreuli.

leJes (belgia) universitetis profesorebma saxeli Seuc-vales enis poetur funqcias da mas ritorikuli funqcia uwodes. belgieli mecnierebi gvaTavazoben funqciaTa iseT ierarqias, romelSic wamyvani roli eqneba Setyobinebas da

mis Sesabamis ritorikul funqcias (jgufi μ 1986: 55). am na-bijis Sedegebi, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, metad mniSvnelo-vania. enis ritorikuli funqcia sxva funqciebTan mimarTe-biT iZens gansakuTrebul wonas, rac saSualebas iZleva Ses-wavlil iqnes es funqcia nebismieri tipis verbalur komu-nikaciaSi, xolo semiotikuri midgomiT, araverbalur komu-nikaciur sistemebSic.

enobrivi masalis gavlena poetur formaze ueWvelia. sol saporta enasa da poezias Soris mimarTebas safuZvlianad adarebda cecxlisa da Rumelis damokidebulebas (saporta 1980: 100). magaliTad, poeziis uZiriTadesi niSani _ misi

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fonetikuri organizebuloba umWidroes kavSirSia mocemu-li enis fonologiur struqturasTan. aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva enaSi poeziis fonetikuri organizaciis sxvada-sxva saSualeba arsebobs (iakobsoni 1987: 24). leqsis riTmis struqtura enis fonetikuri mxaris garda, kavSirSia agreT-ve sityvis fleqsur da derivaciul cvalebasTan. mraval ena-Si sityvawarmoebis afiqsebi da fleqsia gavlenas axdenen riTmaze. strofis gamaerTianebeli faqtorebidan yvelaze saintereso Sedegebs mainc poeturi modelebis kvleva iZle-va, radgan enis yvela doneze moqmedi kavSiri aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris leqsSi gamorCeul mniSvnelobas iZens (po-eturi modelebis kvlevis mniSvnelobisTvis ix. bolqvaZe 1977).

yovel enobriv niSanSi ganirCeva ori saxis operacia. al-ternativTa Soris arCevani SesaZlebels xdis alternativa Seicvalos, erTi TvalsazrisiT, ekvivalenturi da, meore mxriv, misgan gansxvavebuli alternativiT, amitom SerCeva (seleqcia) da Canacvleba (substitucia) erTi operaciis ori mxarea, isini marTaven erTeulebs, romlebic kodSia gaerTi-anebuli, magram araa mocemuli SetyobinebaSi. radgan nebis-mieri lingvisturi niSani gamodis konteqstis rolSi ufro martivi erTeulebisaTvis da imavdroulad TviT poulobs sakuTar konteqsts ufro rTuli enobrivi niSnis Semadgen-lobaSi, amitom kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi erTeulebi erTian-debian kodsa da SetyobinebaSi, an mxolod realur Setyobi-nebaSi (iakobsoni 1990: 114).


bolqvaZe 1977: poeturi paralelizmi `vefxvistyaosanSi~. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1977.

bolqvaZe 2005: ideologizebuli Rirebulebebi. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005.

grinceri 1964: Гринцер А.И. Определение поэзии в санскритской поэтике. Проблемы теории литературы и эстетики в странах Востока. М.: 1964.

iakobsoni 1965: Якобсон Р. Итоги девятого конгресса лингвистов. Новое в лингвистике. Випуск IV. М.: 1965.

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iakobsoni 1975: Якобсон Р. Лингвисктиа и поэтика. Структурализм "за" и "против". М.: 1975. ix. agreTve, Jakobson R. Linguistics and Poetics. In: Sebeok Thomas a. (ed.) Style in Landuage. Cambridge: MA: MII Press, p. 350-377.

iakobsoni 1987: Якобсон Р. Основы славянского сравнительного литерату-роведенияб Работы по поеэтике. М.: 1987.

iakobsoni 1990: Якобсон Р. Два аспекта языка и два типа афатических нарушуний. Теория метафоры. М.: 1990.

levi 1975: Левый И. Теория информации и литературный процесс. Струк-турализм "за" и "против. М.: 1975.

lolaSvili 1964: lolaSvili i. SavTeli ioane. abdulmesiani (Tamar mefisa da daviT soslanis Sesxma). gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, komentarebi da leqsikoni daurTo ivane lolaSvilma. // Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni. t. II, Tb.: 1964.

maWavariani 1966: maWavariani g. saliteraturo enis normirebis

zogierTi sakiTxi. `ciskari~, № 12. Tb.: 1968.

mukarJovski 1967: Мукаржовский Ян. Литературный язык и поэтический языкю Пражский лингвистияеский кружок. Сборник статей. М.: 1967.

rifateri 1959: Riffater M. Criteria for Style Analysis. Word, 15, April, 1959. saporta 1980: Сапорта С. Применение лингвистики в изучении поэтичес-

кого языка. Новое в зарубежной лингвистике. Вып. IX, М.: 1980. saredaqcio werili krebulisa 1965: Труды по знаковым системам,.

Тартуского госуниверситета. II Випуск, 181, Тарту: 1965. svasiani 1983: svasiani k. poeti da kritikosi, evropuli da ameri-

kuli poeziis nimuSebi. Targmani daTo barbaqaZisa. Tb.: 1993. WaniSvili 1978: WaniSvili n. enobrivi movlenebis kavSiri adamianis

fsiqikasa da fizikur samyarosTan (Tanamedrove mecnieruli Te-oriebis mimoxilva), Tanamedrove mecnierebis zogierTi aqtualuri sakiTxi. Tb.:1978.

jgufi μ 1986: Дюбуа Ж., Эделин Ф., Клинкенберг Ж-М., Мэнге Ф., Пир Ф., Тринон А. Общая риторика. М.: 1986.

hali 1955: Hall R. Ir., Hands of Pidgin English. Pacific Publications. Sydney: 1955.

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nino popiaSvili

poeturi leqsika

poeturi ena aris SemoqmedebiTi ena da ramdenadac Semoq-medebiToba, zogadad, esTetikur sferos ganekuTvneba, po-eturi ena Semoqmedebis esTetikur mniSvnelobas asaxavs.

sityvaze muSaoba mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mxarea. mwerali garkveuli SemoqmedebiTi mi-zandasaxulobiT udgeba sityvas; maRalmxatvrul litera-turul teqstSi ar gvxvdeba SemTxveviTi sityvaTSeTanxme-bebi an nebismieri sityvaTwarmoeba. swored es rTuli da mra-valferovani procesi Seadgens mxatvruli anu poeturi sti-listikis sagans. mxatvruli anu poeturi stilistika swav-lobs poeturi metyvelebis sepcifikas da oTx ZiriTad kom-ponents efuZneba. esenia: poeturi leqsika, poeturi seman-tika, poeturi fonetika da poeturi sintaqsi.

Cveni werili poetur leqsikas eTmoba. poeturi leqsika gamoxatavs mxatvruli enis leqsikuri

maragis mravalferovnebas. misi daniSnuleba isaa, rom naT-qvams mxatvruloba SesZinos, emociuri SeferilobiT dat-virTos, misces eqspresia da simkveTre; ara mxolod xedavdes sagans, aramed grZnobdes da ganicdides mas (hegeli 1973).

poeturi leqsikis komponentebia: arqaizmebi, neologiz-mebi, barbarizmebi, Jargonizmebi, profesionalizmebi, sino-nimebi, antonimebi, omonimebi, da sxv. leqsika, zogadad, enaT-mecnierTa, leqsikografTa Seswavlis sagania. magram Tu enaTmecnierebi leqsikuri erTeulebis gramatikul mniSvne-lobasa da daniSnulebas ikvleven, poeturi leqsika mxat-vrul literaturaSi upiratesad literaturaTmcodneebis Seswavlis obieqtia, radgan poeti, romelic mxatvrul saxeSi amJRavnebs Tavis damokidebulebas samyarosadmi, xSirad swored poeturi leqsikis saSualebiT warmogvidgens Tavis damokidebulebas sagnebTan da movlenebTan, Tavis ideur Ca-nafiqrsa da esTetikur Sexedulebebs. poeturi leqsika sxva-

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dasxva ganzraxviTa da mizniT gamoiyeneba: koloritis saC-veneblad, poeturi saTqmelis dasaxvewad, poeturi efeqtis misaRwevad aramarto poeziaSi, aramed _ prozaSi, miniatu-raSi da sxva. ganvixiloT poeturi leqsikis ZiriTadi komponenetebi.

arqaizmebi

arqaizmebi (laT. berZnulidan avrcai¿o", archaios _ Zveli) moZvelebuli sityvebi, gamoTqmebi, gramatikuli formebi an sintqsuri konstruqciebia, romlebic Tanamedrove enaSi aRar ixmareba. arqaizmebi mxatvrul literaturaSi ZiriTa-dad stilistur funqcias asrulebs.

arqaizmebi SesaZloa iyos leqsikuri (mag. moZvelebuli sityva: hune, sasiqadulo) leqsiko-semantikuri (sityvis moZ-velebuli mniSvneloba: ariTmetika, simwifis atestati), leq-siko-fonetikuri (aTerTmeti, simSili), gramatikuli (mag. Rimili aRaCina).

mxatvrul teqstSi arqaizmebis xmarebis ramdenime gav-rcelebuli SemTxveva arsebobs:

• avtori mimarTavs arqaizmebs, raTa aRadginos warsu-li istoriuli epoqis enobrivi modeli da teqsti maqsima-lurad dauaxlovos aRweril movlenaTa istoriul dros. mag.: `mefe giorgi taZreuliTa da didis laSqriT mobrZande-bao kvetars~ (gamsaxurdia, `dodistatis marjvena~);

• avtori cdilobs, Seqmnas amaRlebuli ganwyobileba teqstSi: `qvaTa RaRadi~, `Tqveno brwyinvalebav~, `misi udi-debulesoba siyvaruli~ da sxva;

• avtori xmarobs arqaizmebs personaJis an situaciis ironizebis mizniT. magaliTad davasaxelebT ilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamians?!~, nikolai gogolis `mkvdar sulebs~, sadac vrceli arqauli pasaJebi emsaxureba ironizebis xerxs.

• avtori mimarTavs arqaizmebs musikaluri keTilxmo-vanebis mizniT. mag.: `gaswi, gafrindi, Cemo merano, / gardama-

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tare bedis samzRvari~ (baraTaSvil, `merani~). `gadamatare~-s arqauli formaSi `r~ aliteraciis mizniT aris Casmuli;

• avtori xmarobs arqaizmebs, raTa amoavsos Tanamed-rove enaSi arsebuli sicariele. aseTi arqaizmebi, maTi xSiri da swori gamoyenebis gamo, SesaZlebelia, dabrundes kidevac aqtiur metyvelebaSi. mag. generali, oficeri, lari, minis-tri da sxva (Tumca, rogorc wesi, arqaizmebs moepoveba Tana-medrove saliteraturo enaSi sinonimebi, romlebic arqaiz-mebs enacvleba);

• arqaizmebs Soris gamoiyofa istorizmebis jgufi, romelic istoriulad arsebul, magram dRes ukve gamqral, ararsebul sagnebsa Tu movlenebs gamoxatavs. mag.: bolSe-viki, komunisti, meWurWleTuxucesi, jvarosani da a.S. isto-rizmebi ar aris moZvelebuli sityvebi, isini SeiZleba Tana-medrove enaSi an metyvelebaSic gamoiyenebodes saWiroebi-samebr. mag. sityva `vasali~ istorizmia da misi Tanamedrove Semcvleli ar arsebobs, magram misi gamoyeneba am sityvis istoriul mniSvnelobas usvams xazs da mianiSnebs, rom sa-ubaria warsulze, an warsul gamocdilebaze. istorizmebs Tanamedrove metyvelebaSi ar moeZebneba sinonimebi. es imiT aixsneba, rom moZvelda TviTon realiebi, romlebisTvisac es sityva iyo saxeldebuli.

sityvaTa arqaulobis beds wyvets ara àsaki~, aramed maTi

gamoyeneba metyvelebaSi. is sityvebi, romlebic aRniSnaven aucilebel da saWiro mniSvnelobebs, sagnebsa Tu movlenebs, saukuneebiT ar Zveldeba. sxvebi ki arqauldeba sakmaod swra-fad: adamianebi gadaeCvevian im sityvebis xmarebas, romelTa mniSvnelobac qreba. magaliTad, mas Semdeg, rac Seicvala saganmanaTleblo sistema, gaqra metyvelebidan `keTilSo-bil qalTa saswavlebeli~, `vaJTa skola~ da bevri amgvari sityva Tu termini.

enis leqsika mudmivad icvleba, mdidredeba, axldeba. co-cxal metyvelebaSi sasurveli ar aris arqaizmebis Warbi xma-reba. arqaizmebs mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Tavisi roli da fun-

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qcia aqvT. dauSvebelia arqaizmebis Warbad da ufunqciod gamoyeneba literaturul TxzulebebSi, aseve, arqauli for-mebis xSiri gamoyeneba winaswar gansazRvruli Canafiqris, poeturi xerxis gareSe. es enis xelovnur daZvelebas iwvevs.

neologizmebi

neologizmebi (berZn. nevo" _ axali, lovgo" _ metyveleba, sityva) _ sityvebi an sityvaTa jgufi, romlebic axali damkvidrebulia enaSi. am sityvis Tu sityvaTa jgufis siaxle advilad aRiqmeba ama Tu im enis matarebelTa mier. neolo-gizmebi warmoSobis mixedviT iyofa saerToenobriv, avto-rismier da individualur-stilistikur jgufebad. neolo-gizmebis mTavari funqciaa adre ararsebuli sagnebisa da movlenebis gamoxatva.

neologizmi _ esaa axali sityva, romelic Semodis enaSi axali sagnebis, movlenebis aRsaniSnavad. neologizmebi Ziri-Tadad dakavSirebulia mecnierul miRwevebTan, teqnikasTan, kulturasTan da socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebTan, aseve mxatvrul literaturasTan, mwerlis individualur stilTan. cnobilia neologizmebis warmoebis sami saxeoba: sityvaTwarmoebiTi derivacia (warmoqmna), semantikuri de-rivacia, da sxva enis (ucxo) sityvebis mixedviT derivacia.

• sityvaTwarmoebiTi derivacia _ axali sityvebis Seq-mna enaSi arsebuli morfemebis meSveobiT cnobili meTode-bis saSualebiT, anu sityvebiT, romlebic enaSi ukve arse-bobs aseTi neologizmebi ZiriTadad prefiqsebisa da sufiq-sebis meSveobiT iqmneba. mag: `mkaTaTve... gzis piras mdumared amreSebuli yanebi. Tavdazneqili TavTavebi fxian namgals ucdidnen. niavi sadRac gaxiznuliyo. gza daxeTqili, mtvri-ani... irgvliv mxolod sevda da Tvlema... Saraze gamoCnda martodmarto beriqala, arsaferisad ecva, sxvadasxva mxi-aruli, Wyetela naWrebisgan Sekerili kaba. cali xeliT moZ-velo qolga eWira, meoreTi Wreli boxCa. Zveleburi Savi

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TaTmani ecva xelT da adamis xnis daglejili, maRalqusli-ani, CaRiluli, yeliani fexsacmeli da momtvreuli, Suaze gadaCexili qusli Zalze awvalebda. moqacnuli, Seofliane-buli gminavda, Sewuxebuli calke sicxiT, calke uxerxuli fexsacmliT, calke Tavisi mware bediT!~ (leoniZe, `fufala~) sityvaTwarmoebiTi derivacia SesaZleeblia iwarmoebodes enaSi arsebuli sityvebis SemoklebiTac: Sizo _ Sizofreni-ki, disko _ diskoTeka;

• semantikuri derivacia _ ukve arsebuli sityvidan axali, meoradi mniSvnelobis Seqmna axali mniSvnelobisa da arsebulis siaxlovis gziT. Tvalis fanqari, fulis gaTeT-reba, zebra (fexiT mosiaruleTa gadasasvleli);

• sxva enis sityvebis mixedviT derivacia: vauCeri, imi-ji, marketingi, Trileri, ToqSou, sponsori da sxv.

neologizmis ganmartebis mixedviT cxadi xdeba, rom ne-

ologizmis gageba droSi SemosazRvruli da SedarebiTia. neologizmad sityva rCeba manam, sanam mosaubreebi mas siax-led aRiqvamen. neologizmebi xSirad farTo moxmarebis si-tyvebi xdeba. mag. interneti, mobiluri, menejeri, ofisi da a.S. mas Semdeg, rac ena bolomde gaiTavisebs, sityva ukve aRar iTvleba neologizmad.

mxatvrul literaturaSi, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, mwe-rali ara mxolod iyenebs enaSi axlad Semosul Tu gaCenil sityvebs, aramed TviTonac qmnis, awarmoebs, Txzavs garkve-ul leqsikur erTeulebs. poeturi leqsikisaTvis aseTi si-tyvebi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa. miCneulia, rom rac unda mdidari iyos ena leqsikuri erTeulebiT da gramatikuli formebiT, mwerals mainc uxdeba axali sityvebisSeqmna an romelime ukve arsebuli sityvis gaazreba axali semantikuri mniSvnelobiT. mag.:

patarZeulis iebi dila brolSenaciebi... dila RmerTmoCvenebuli

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SanTiviT CamrCa xsovnaSi, da fiqri mojerebuli pirveli sityvis povnaSi.

o, mas aqeT var msurveli, mtanjos, damferflos Ziebam; mafrqvion Suqi _ surneli patarZeulis iebma.

(leoniZe, `patarZeulis iebi~)

saerToenobrivi neologizmebis gverdiT SeiZleba Seg-vxvdes avtoriseuli (individualuri, individualur-sti-listikuri) neologizmebi, romlebic iqmneba avtorebis mier gansazRvruli mxatvruli miznebiT. maT poetizmebsac uwo-deben. aseTi neologizmebi iSviaTad scildeba mxatvruli teqstis konteqstis sazRvrebs, ar aris farTod gavrcele-buli da, rogorc wesi, individualuri stilis kuTvnileba xdeba. ase rom, SenarCunebulia maTi siaxle da uCveuloba. mag.:

`dalaqi bunbula farsmaniSvili metad Cvili, gulnazuqi maxsovs, _ mosiyvarule, uwyinari, Zviruxsenebeli, megulke-Tile, Tan gagebuli, Sesmenili kaci.

_ aravis awyenino, moSiSeba unda gqondes, Cveni bolo sami ficaria! _ zed daayolebda am sityvebs, samarTebels rom Rvedze lesvas dauwyebda. kargi memusaife iyo, xalxis Se-maqcevari. sityvis Tavze `Cemi xar batoni~ ar daaviwydeboda~ (leoniZe, `bunbula~).

`ra saWiro iyo, isedac doyela iyvnen taSmeikerebi~ (burWulaZe, `xsnadi kavka~).

TumcaRa gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac esa Tu is avtori-seuli neologizmi saerTo leqsikis Semadgeneli xdeba. amis TvalsaCino magaliTebia dReisaTvis sayovelTaod cnobili sityvebi: utopia (t. mori, XVI s.), roboti (k. Capeki, XX s.). zogjer avtoriseuli neologizmebi imdenad gaTavisebulia saliteraturo enis mier, rom mxolod specialistebs SeuZ-liaT maTi amocnoba. mag.: `prezidentis kata moiZia. oTaxis erT-erTi kuTxidan forToxlisferi SemoefeTa _ iq prezi-dentis kata miwmawniliyo~ (odiSaria, `prezidentis kata~).

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gansakuTrebul jgufs neologizmebSi qmnis leqsikuri da frazeologiuri kalkebi, sityvebi da sityvaTa SeTanxmebebi, romlebic ucxo enis gavleniT iqmneba.

neologizmebisagan unda gaimijnos okazionalizmebi.

okazionalizmebi

okazionalizmebi (laT. occasionalis SemTxveviTi) _ sity-vebi, romlebic `SemTxvevazea~ orientirebuli; es aris in-dividualuri avtoriseuli neologizmebi, romlebic Seqmni-lia mwerlis mier sityvaTwarmoebis gziT an im modeliT, romelic enaSi arsebobs da gamoiyeneba mxatvrul teqstSi, rogorc mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis leqsikuri saSualeba an enobrivi TamaSi.

okazionalizmebi metyvelebis konkretul pirobebSi ixma-reba, rogorc wesi, sapirispiro enobrivi normebis meSve-obiT da sityvis warmoebis miRebuli normebis ignorirebiT. okazionalizmebi sityvis warmoebis sawinaaRmdegod iqmneba. es aris `sityva-kanondarRveva~, `sityva-ukanonoba~.

Tavisi formaluri xasiaTis gamo okazionalizmebi iqmneba enaSi arsebuli sityvaTwarmoebis gziT, sufiqsebiT, prefiq-sebiT, prefiqs-sufiqsebiT, daboloebebiT, TavsarTebiT, am-gvari okazionalizmis nimuSia `moRreja~, romelic `daRre-jis~ analogiiTaa nawarmoebi. Sdr: `kiseri moiRrijes xareb-ma da furebma, atortmanda qorbudian irmebisa tevri~ (gam-saxurdia, `didostatis marjvena~). kazionalizmebi arRveven Txzvis kanonebs, radganac arasworad aris Sedgenili an gaazrebuli. amitomac maTi interpretacia umravles SemTx-vevaSi konteqstzea damokidebuli.

xSirad okazionalizmebi gamoiyeneba enobrivi, sityvaTa TamaSis, xumrobis kalamburis mizniTac. mag.:

ani bani da gani da marTla ar vici ra minda albaT patara da minda RmerTo, daminde amin, da ani bai da gani da.

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minda amovZvre kanidan, sicocxle minda Tavidan. sikvdili minda? _ ar minda, ara rogorme avitan, mxriT golgoTaze avitan dReebs, romelic sve-bedma gami-wvim-avdar-aminda.

(amaRlobeli, `sekventa~)

okazionalizmebi iqmneba ara mxolod mwerlebis mier, ara-med Cveulebrivi adamianebis mierac. okazionalizmebs xan-daxan qmnian bavSvebi. mag., bavSvs esmis sityva `dedobili~ da awarmoebs sxvas _ `bebobili~. bunebrivia, bavSvebis mier Seq-mnili okazionalizmebi Zalze sasaciloa, Tumca aq aisaxeba sityvis yvelaze patara didostatebis SemoqmedebiTi ener-gia. rogorc wesi, aseTi sityvebi ar vrceldeba farTod da aranairi ziani ar moaqvs, Tumca igives ver vityviT okazi-onalizmebze, romlebsac Segnebulad qmnian da romelic xSi-rad Zalze moduri xdeba da enis leqsikur fonds anagvianebs.

Cveulebriv, okazionalizmebi ar aris saliteraturo enis srulfasovani nawili, aramed arsebobs mxolod im konteq-stSi, sadac gaCnda.

okazionalizmebi xSirad ar gairCeva enaSi Semosuli axali sityvebisgan, neologizmebisagan, Tumca rodesac neologiz-mebi mkvidrdeba enaSi, mudmivad Zveldeba da aRar warmoad-gens siaxles, okazionalizmebi, Zvelic ki, romlebic Seqmni-lia gasul saukuneSi an ufro adrec, mainc siaxlea.

barbarizmebi

barbarizmebi (berZn. barbaros _ ucxo. Zveli berZnebi ase uwodebdnen dacinviT yvela araberZnulad molaparakes.) _ ucxoenovani sityvebi an gamoTqmebi, romlebic bolomde ar aris gaTavisebuli enis mier da aRiqmeba, rogorc ucxo. barbarizmi iseTi enobrivi kalkia, romelic arRvevs mocemu-li enis saliteraturo normebs da Seqmnilia sxva enis gra-matikuli wesebis mixedviT (mag. gamoTqma `TavisTan aris~

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gadmotanilia rusulidan: `он у себя~, `ZiriTadSi~ _ `в основ-ном~ da sxv.). barbarizmebad iTvleba agreTve saWiroebis ga-reSe enaSi Semotanili ucxo sityvebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi es sityva an amovardeba xmarebidan da daviwyebas miecema, an xmarebaSi Semova da gansazRvrul sferoebSi damkvidrdeba, mag. rogorc peijeri, hakeri, an iqceva farTo moxmarebis sityvad, mag.: specialisti, informacia.

barbarizmebis Semotana da xmareba ar aris yovelTvis gamarTlebuli. saliteraturo enis sisufTave moiTxovs, rom enam Tavi aaridos zedmet ucxoenovan sityvas, maT Soris barbarizmebs. es ki, pirvel rigSi, poetur enas exeba, rad-ganac barbarizmebi Zalze martivad aRiqmeba da dasamaxsov-rebeli xdeba, xolo sxva enis JReradobis gamo iSviaTad mi-iRweva Sesabamisi mxatvruli efeqti.

mxatvrul literaturaSi barbarizmebi gamoiyeneba per-sonaJis dasaxasiaTeblad, socialuri garemos dasaxatavad, komikuri efeqtis miRwevis mizniT, rogorc sxva xalxTa yo-

fis realiebis, ise adgilobrivi koloritis couleur locale-s saCveneblad, parodiuli efeqtis misaRwevad. aseve sakuTari saxelebis, wodebebis, Tanamdebobebis dasaxelebis dros. mag: pan, musie, madam, her, ser, mis, krupie, kurieri, meri. barba-rizmebs Soris zogjer gamoiyofa egzotizmebic, romlebic aRniSnavs im realobas, romelic araindoevropuli enebidan momdinareobs. mag. àuli~.

barbarizmebis xazgasmuli siWarbiT xmarebas `makaronuli metyvelebasac~ uwodeben. mag.:

`qarTuli Rvino! eto glupost! ra Rvinoa, hsworeT kluk-veni kvasia! klukvas ra hqvian? Za... Zaxveli~ (erisTavi, `gayra~);

`pastaianna cvalebadi moanaxazebi srazu Caanacvles Ta-vianTi sliSkamtoCni da rac mTavaria, erTxel da samudamod mocemuli, gansazRvruli da dadgenili ferebiTa da formebiT~ (burWulaZe, `xsnadi kavka~).

`_ uyure exla dixtors... xvalindeli is waikiTxa... kak evo?! _ damtvreuli, rusulsityvebSezavebuli qarTuliT

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alaparakda cekas pirveli mdivani, _ erTi kviraa uJe... isa... etat... es kaci zis. meti daJe. gZe JenSCina?... qali sad ari?

_ sul oTxi diqtori gvyvavs, vasil pavloviC, ori kaci da ori qali.

_ JenSCina gZe, saSa? _ amxanagi odikaZe? _ da! _isev iqaa, vasili pavloviC... zustad jdebian TariRebSi. _ a... isa... marTalia? tavariSCi mne gavarili... _ ra, vasili pavloviC? _ nu, eta, ra... Cto fidel ne xoCit puskat?! _ dix, vasili

pavloviC, _ amoioxra saqteleradio komitetis Tavmjdoma-rem, _ mec momivida xmebi amxanagi odikaZis Sesaxeb.

_ eta skandal? _ neet, vasil pavloviC, ras brZanebT, albaT, Worebia,

Tanac... araa amxanagi odikaZe magis Citi... muSakebic blomad arian, arc miscemen gasaqans...

_ kai, saSa... esli Sto, zvani, nu. _ ki, vasil pavloviC...~ (buRaZe, `ruseTi~)

Jargonizmi

Jargonizmi aris poeturi leqsikis nairsaxeoba, romelic gasagebia adamianTa mxolod erTi nawilisTvis. Jargonizme-biT gamoiTqmeba arastandartuli terminologia, romelic erTi profesiis, asakis, socialuri fenis, kulturis matare-beli adamianebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. rogorc wesi, Jar-gonizmebs romelime konkretuli socialuri subkultura iyenebs da gasagebia mxolod am wrisaTvis.

Jargoni, rogorc sasaubro metyveleba, ganekuTvneba sxva tipis metyvelebas _ socioleqts (socialur dialeqts), ro-melic momxmarebeli jgufisaTvis Zalze gamartivebuli sa-komunikacio saSualebaa. Jargonuli leqsikis nawili axasi-aTebs ara erT, aramed ramdenime (maT Soris, ukve gamqral) socialur jgufs. erTi Jargonidan meoreze gadasvlisas, si-tyvebi `saerTo fondidan~ SesaZloa icvlidnen formas an

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mniSvnelobas. mag., sityvam `sakaifo~ garkveulwilad gaifar-Tova mniSvneloba da zogadad, sasiamovnos, kargs niSnavs:

gadmoeSva cisartyela da uecrad ca gaipo! sxva samSoblo davinaxe _ zeciuri. sakaifo... saxe saxes, fiqri fiqrebs da Rrubeli Rrublebs mihyva... rac me am cis meSinia! meSinia, magram... miyvars...

(Wanturia. `ca. ca...~)

Jargoni, rogorc wesi, iqmneba metad Tu naklebad daxu-rul, Caketil socialur jgufebSi: moswavleebSi, studen-tebSi, samxedroebSi, sxvadasxva profesiul jgufSi. mas axa-siaTebs kargad ganviTarebuli da sakmaod zusti termino-logia. Jargonizmebi leqsikurad da stilistikurad gansxva-vebulia, gamoirCeva salaparako enaSi aramdgradobiT da swrafi cvalebadobebiT.

Tanamedrove enaSi Jargonizmebi farTodaa gavrcelebu-li gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdaTa metyvelebaSi (axalgazrdu-li slengi). is iqmneba xelovnuri Carevis, winaswar gaazre-buli strategiis gareSe, advilad dasamaxsovrebeli da aq-tiurad mosaxmarebeli xdeba. mag. mayuTi, Jmoti, masti.

Jargonis saxeobad gvevlineba argotizmic, rac pirobiT enas, saidumlo saubars niSnavs. cnobilia, rom 1832 wlis qarTvel SeTqmulebis monawile berma filadelfos kiknaZem SeimuSava àqti goniuri~, rac SeTqmulTa dafarul, saidum-lo enas warmoadgenda.

asxvaveben Jargons: socialur jgufebSi _ axalgazrde-bis, studentebis, moswavleebis, ofisis TanamSromlebis, pa-timrebis, mZRolebis, narkomanebis, birJis, hip-hopisa da re-pis momRerlebis da sxvaTa Jargonebi; profesiul jgufebSi _ samTo, sanadiro, sazRvao, samxedro, iuridiuli wreebis Jargonebi; teqnikur enaSi: kompiuteruli TamaSebis momxma-

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reblebis, hakerebis Jargonebi; specialur jgufebSi _ sa-kancelario, samecniero, sportuli da sxva tipis Jargonebi.

Jargoni ar unda agverios profesionalizmebSi.

profesionalizmebi

profesionalizmebi _ sityvebi an gamoTqmebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia ama Tu im profesiuli jgufisaTvis. ar-sebobs Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac profesionalizmi `specialuri terminis” gagebis sinonimia, vinaidan profesi-onalizmebi naxevradoficialuri saxelwodebebia erTi Te-matikiT, erTi profesiiT SemosazRvruli adamianebisaTvis. swored am funqciiTaa gansazRvruli profesionalizmebis moxmareba mxatvrul literaturaSic.

magaliTad: `grilma siom kvamlis suni Semoitana senakSi. es ki igrZno

berma. kandels Sexeda, merme SuqCamdgar sarkmels. mxolod axla

igrZno daRla... etratis furclebs sirma daayola da daxura xelnaweri. Semdeg TiTqos daenanao _ isev daxeda, yalami frCxilze dinjad gaiswora, singurSi amoawo da xatuli xeliT etrats boloSi miawera: èse cxovrebai wmidisa grigol didisa xanZTelisa, am savanis maseneblisa, gadavwere xanZTasve: bermonazonma xanZTelma grigol mcirem. ucbad da cdomiT CxrekisaTvis nu mabralebT, rameTu iyo Jami TurqTa moZalebisa da samcxe-saaTabagos rbevisa... qoronikoni: sm: qristesiT 1552 weli~ (goTua, `xanZTis zari~).

profesionalizmebi yovelTvis eqspresiulia da stilis-turi neitralobiT azustebs terminebs.

magaliTad: `stvena, yiJini, taSi. _...Sen dauka, SalvoviC... cekva. solo. davero miqaSaviani-

Ze cekvavs, alegro, SalvoviC! _ davero, davero! _ yvirodnen yoveli mxridan. _ tempo! _ gankargulebas iZleoda duglasi.

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tanmorCilma kacma, simpatiuri dabali RipiT, ramdenime ileTi Caaxvia sxartad adgilze, ritmSi da droSi gaWeda mTiuluri. adrindelze didi taSi da yiJina Seiqna:

_ repete, repete, repete! _ alegro! yviroda isev duglasi da fulis Sekvras

utyapunebda melot Tavze mravaldolian diad medoles. bolobolo dajda daRlili da fulis Sekvrasac mouZebna gulisjibe~ (WeiSvili, àskilis wiTeli yvavili~).

profesionalizmebi axlos dgas JargonizmebTan da samom-xmareblo, ubralo sametyvelo enasTan. es siaxlove gansaz-Rvrulia dabali, uxeSi eqspresiiT, agreTve imiT, rom pro-fesionalizmebi, iseve rogorc Jargonizmebi, aris ara damo-ukidebeli enobrivi qvesistema Tavisi gramatikuli gansa-kuTrebulobiT, aramed mxolod leqsikuri kompleqsi Seda-rebiT SemosazRvruli raodenobis adamianebisaTvis. zogjer profesionalizmebi da Jargonebi paraleluri mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, Tumca Jargons damakninebeli mniSvneloba aqvs, xo-lo profesionalizmi teqnikuri terminologiaa. Tu profe-sionalizmis mniSvneloba gafarTovda da sayovelTaod gasa-gebi gaxda, maSin saqme gvaqvs formalur terminebTan.

profesionalizmebi Cndeba romelime sferos eqspertTa mier zusti mniSvnelobiT komunikaciis saWiroebis gamo, Tumca amis arasasurveli efeqti isaa, rom mocemuli jgufis gareT myofTaTvis jgufis specializirebuli ena gaugebari xdeba. cnobilia eqimebis, meSaxteebis, monadireebis, meTev-zeebis, mZRolebis, sportsmenebis, mocekvaveebis, progra-mistebis da sxva profesiuli jgufebis leqsika. teqnikis sferos leqsikas teqnicizmebsac uwodeben.

dialeqtizmebi

dialeqtizmebi (berZn. diavlekto" _ kuTxuri laparaki) _ sityvebi an gamoTqmebi, romlebic asaxavs ama Tu im di-aleqts, teritoriuls Tu socialurs, romelic literatu-rul enaSi Semodis. dialeqtizmebi aris literaturuli enis regionalur-kuTxuri an salaparako forma, romelic amave

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enis sxva dialeqtebisagan garkveuli raodenobis leqsikuri, sintaqsuri Tu fonetikuri TaviseburebebiT gansxvavdeba.

dialeqtizmebi Tavis SemadgenlobaSi moicaven TviTmyo-fad xalxur sityvebs, romlebic cnobilia mxolod gansaz-Rvrul adgilebSi. dialeqtizmebs iyenebs mosaxleobis mci-re nawili, Tumca igi standartuli enis matareblebisTvisac gasagebia.

magaliTad: Ramea bneli, delgmaa, dgandgarebs are-mareo. RmerTo, mohxede tanjulTa, uSvele, Saiwyaleo! kargi kargia mainca, _ beCavi Saiyvareo! tanjulTa locva-mudara guls vardad daiyareo!

(vaJa-fSavela, `stumar-maspinZeli~)

ganasxvaveben dialeqtTa or tips: lokalur dialeqtebs, anu geografiul dialeqtebs, romlebsac geoleqtebsac uwo-deben da maT Seiswavlis dialeqtologia, da _ socialur dialeqtebs, anu socioleqtebs, romelTac sociolingvis-tika Seiswavlis.

dialeqtizmebi mxatvrul literaturaSi gamoiyeneba Zi-riTadad ama Tu im regionis an mosaxleobis cxovrebiseuli realiebis aRsawerad, vinaidan dialeqtizmebi adamianis da-badebisa da Camoyalibebis adgilTan identurobis sferos miekuTvneba. urTierToba dialeqtis matarebelsa da lite-raturul-standartul enaze molaparakes Soris emociurad datvirTuli xdeba.

erT-erTi gza saliteraturo enaSi dialeqtizmebis Se-mosvlisa aris mxatvruli literatura. rodesac mwerali aRwers xalxis cxovrebas, cdilobs gadmogvces adgilobrivi koloriti, Seqmnas ama Tu im teritoriaze mcxovrebTa mkveTri xasiaTi.

mxatvrul teqstebSi gavrcelebuli dialeqtizmebis ci-taturi gamoyeneba, rodesac mwerals moaqvs dialeqturi

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forma, rogorc am dialeqtze aramosaubres da mkiTxveli xvdeba, rom es aris gmirebis metyveleba da ara Tavad avto-risa. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebSi~ lelT-RuniasTan saubari:

`_ ra gqvian, Zmobilo? _ vkiTxe me. _ lelT Runias mixmoben, _ momigo man. _ sadauri xar? _ sadavel? gaibotidam, aqaiv mTaCia, Terg-kidurzed. _ kai adgilia es Tqveni adgili. _ araa gonjai: Cvens beCaobas Sehferobs. _ amisTana wyali, amisTana haeri swored bednierebaa. _ hm! _ Caicina moxevem. _ ras icini? _ sacinals vicini. carial styamaqi magniT ver gaZRebis. _ aq Zalian mosavali unda icodes?! _ raid ar ecodinebis? adgil araa gonjai, patar gvaqvn:

TviTvauls kacs or-or Sabadis yana ar eqmnebis. viwrod varn” (WavWavaZe, `mgzavris werilebi~)

dialeqtizmebi gamoiyeneba, agreTve, saliteraturo enis leqsikur maragTan erTad. am dros avtori dialeqtizmebs iyenebs ara mxolod gmirebis metyvelebaSi. mxatvrul teq-stSi dialeqtizmebis citaturi gamoyeneba, Cveulebriv, sti-listikurad aris motivirebuli, Tuki avtori icavs zomi-erebis grZnobas da mkiTxvelisaTvis gaugebar sityvebs War-bad ar mimarTavs.

dialeqtizmebis paralelur cnebad xSirad saxeldeba provincializmebi, sityvebi an gamoTqmebi, romlebic adgi-lobrivi mniSvnelobisaa da saliteraturo enisaTvis uCve uloa. dialeqtizmi raime konkretuli daniSnulebis gamo ixmareba mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, provincionalizmi ki _ ucodinrobis xazgasmaa. cnobilia, rom vaJa-fSavelas poezi-aSi fSauri dialeqtis gamoyeneba karga xans iyo azrTa sxva-dasxvaobis sagani. kritikosTa nawils vaJas poeturi metyve-leba SecdomiT provincionalizmis gamovlinebad miaCnda. mxatvrul literaturaSi provincializms Tavisi gansakuT-

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rebuli datvirTva aqvs da warmoadgens mwerlis mier gmiris xatvis erT-erT xerxs. is xSirad gamoiyeneba komikuri efeq-tis miRwevis mizniT. mag.: `Sagnebulo da momzadebulo amxa-nagebo!~ (leoniZe 1990).

eTnografizmebi

eTnografizmebi _ sityvebi, romlebic aRniSnavs sagnebs an movlenebs, romlebic yofa-cxovrebis gansakuTrebul sferoebTan aris dakavSirebuli. eTnografizmebSi asaxulia xalxuri wes-Cveulebebi, Sexedulebebi, metyveleba. imdenad, ramdenadac xalxuri tradiciebi da Cveulebebi Tavisi fes-vebiT xalxis sulier warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba, eTnogra-fizmebSi vlindeba konkretuli xalxis nacionaluri, yofiT-materialuri da sulieri xasiaTi.

magaliTad: ra kargi iyo bardnala, bardnalelebis borani, vardebiani bardnari, bulbulTa naamborali, Cemi xorgo da marani, Cemi cecxli da Radari, saxlis win nagrigalari, gafiTrebuli Wadari, Cemi kavi da saxnisi, Cemi Tone da beReli da deda, diasaxlisi, janRone gautexeli.

(asaTiani, `bardnala~)

eTnografizmebi or ZiriTad jgufs qmnis: materialuri kulturis amsaxveli leqsika da sulieri kulturis amsax-veli leqsika. iseTi gamovlinebebi, rogorebicaa: sacxovre-beli, aveji, WurWeli, tansacmeli, sakvebi materialuri kulturis gamovlinebad iTvleba. sayofacxovrebo leqsika da materialuri kulturis gamomxatveli leqsika xSir Sem-TxvevaSi erTmaneTs emTxveva. sulieri kulturis gamomxat-vel leqsikad iTvleba: simRerebis, leqsebis Janruli saxel-

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wodebebi (kafia, Sairi), tradiciebTand dakavSirebuli leq-sika, miTologiuri da ritualuri leqsika, musikaluri in-strumentebis saxelwodebebi da sxv.

tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, romlebic Taobidan Ta-obas gadaecema, qmnis eTnografizmebis leqsikur fonds, ro-melic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xeluxebelia. eTnografiz-mebi ZiriTadad ar iTqrgmneba sxva enaze. mag.: qvevri, Tone, qalamani, fanduri.

eTnografizmebi mWidro kavSirSia eTnolingvistikasTan. eTnolingvistika Tanamedrove dargia, romelic swavlobs kavSirebs enasa da kulturas Soris da mWidro kavSirSia poetikasTan.

evfemizmebi

evfemizmi (berZn. eu kargad phēmē vlaparakob) _ mniS-vnelobiT neitraluri sityvebi an gamoTqmebi, ucxouri si-tyvebi an uazro bgerebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba weriT Tu zepirmetyvelebaSi sxva, ucenzuro, miuRebeli an uadgilo sityvebis magier. cnobilia, rom rig mizezTa gamo adamianebi Segnebulad gverds uvlian garkveuli obieqturi monaceme-bis aRmniSvneli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis xmarebas. aseT sityvebs an sruliad ar asaxeleben, an amboben arapirdapir, SemovliT, STabeWdilebis mniSvnelobiT, sxva sityviT, raTa misaRebi gaxadon adresatisTvis.

evfemizmebis gamoyeneba sakmaod amcirebs teqstSi negati-ur datvirTvas. evfemizmebis gamoyenebis dros an TviTon evfemizmebis, an konteqstis mixedviT gasagebia, evfeizmi ra sityvas Tu gamoTqmas cvlis. mag.: èrTxelac, sad iyo da sad ara (sad iyo da TbilisSi), Sinidan adrianad gamosulsa da universitetSi, leqciebzed mimavals, Cemma legendarulma mezobelma, Ria fanjridan gadmomZaxa _ bavSvi SemeZina, amo, davilocoTo. bodiSi da wina Ramis namTvralevs, diaRac ga-mixarda zemodan movlenili Sveba. vifiqre, aval, davlocav, sisxlZarRvebs gavifarToeb da gana sisxlZarRvebgafarTo-

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ebuli, ufro mets da ukeT ar Seviswavli-meTqi mSobliur universitetSi. avel da ras vxedav _ ramdenime, aranakleb-legendarul ubnels Cems mezobelTan mouyria Tavi da ro-gorc TviTon miTxres, axalSobilis ambavSi, mosawevs abo-lebs~ (turaSvili, `tibeti ar aris Sors~). aq advilad igu-lisxmeba, rom avtori sityvaSi `legendaruli~ narkomans gulisxmobs.

evfemizmebi jer kidev homerosTan gvxvdeba da gulis-xmobs Zvel, warmarTul Cveulebas, romlis mixedviTac msxverplis Sewirvis da locvebis dros mxolod `kargi mniS-vnelobis~ sityvebi unda gamoeyenebinaT. Semdgom es Cveule-ba gafarTovda ise, rom warmarTuli RvTismsaxurebis dros saerTod aikrZala saubari, radgan xSiri iyo SemTxveva, ro-desac am saqmis yvelaze morwmune da Tanmimdevruli Semsru-lebelnic ki Secdomas uSvebdnen da Sesaferis sityvebs ver irCevdnen. es azria swored Caqsovili romaelTa cnobil

gamoTqmaSi „favete linguis~ _ `gaCumdi, enas kbili daaWire~. TviT msxverplad Sesawiri cxovelis bRavilsac ki sakravTa xmebiT axSobdnen, radgan, warmarTTa azriT, bRavilsac, ise-ve rogorc uxeSi gamoTqmebis xmarebas, SeeZlo maTi RvTa-ebis ganawyeneba.

evfemizmebi gamoiyeneba:

• Rrmad arqauli enobrivi `tabus~ aRsaniSnad, rac gamowveulia romelime sityvis an gamoTqmis xmarebisgan Tav-Sekavebis aucileblobiT. mag.: RmerTebis, wmindanebis, daava-debebis dasaxelebisgan Tavis aridebis mizniT, ramdenadac, dasaxelebisas SeiZleba mavnebloba moutanos sakuTer Tavs an sxvas. aseTi sityvebia: uxsenebeli (gvelis nacvlad), bato-nebi (daavadebaTa garkveuli jgufis nacvlad) da a. S.;

• adamianis yofa-cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rigi sagnebisa da movlenebis Casanacvleblad. mag. `SarSanwin mcxeTobas naxa Sorena pirvelad. savsebiT gadaaviwyda, rom igi mefe iyo da TavdaWera marTebda. kaTalikosi da dedofa-li taZreuls Seatova, ymawviliviT agvekida me da Wiabers. roca wamosvla davapireT, Sorenas mieWra, cxenze asvlaSi

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uSvela TavaT, Semdgom amisa, unagirze gadamjdar qals mis-wvda, cxeni ifara, sawmerTulis toti auwia da akoca wvivze. Wiabers es ar daunaxavs, radgan im wuTSi jdeboda cxenze~ (gamsaxurdia, `didostatis marjvena~).

• ironiuli da satiruli datvirTviT. mag.: `ruseTis giJs rom vergo! oh! RmerTma damifaros, rozgiTa mcems siberis drosa... magram gabriela ambobs, kargi gulisa ariso! mere Tu Tavis planebi mohyva, rasac dasTess, sul WinWrad gadaeqceva~ (erisTavi, `gayra~).

• Setyobinebis emociur Seferilobis Sesacvlelad. mag.: àmerikeli zangi~-s nacvlad àfroamerikeli~, ìnvali-dis~ nacvlad ùnarSezRuduli~; aseve, spec eqspresiis ga-saZliereblad: specoperacia, specjgufi, speckontigenti.

ZiriTadi miznebi evfemizmebis gamoyenebisas aris: komu-nikaciuri konfliqtisgan Tavis arideba, rom mosaubres ko-munikaciuri diskomfortis SegrZneba ar gauCndes; arsebuli realuri viTarebis vualireba, SeniRbva (mag. evfemizmebad iTvleba sabWoTa terminologiis nawili); koduri metyvele-bis mizniT, rom mTqmelma mxolod konkretul adresats ga-dasces informacia, xolo danarCenebs daumalos.

disfemizmebi

disfemizmebi (berZn. du"' ara, fhvmh Tqma) _ uxeSi an mi-uRebeli, vulgaruli mniSvnelobis sityvebi. disfemizmebi da kakofemizmebi (berZn. kakov" cudi) evfeizmebis antonime-bad gamoiyeneba.

disfemizmebi Tavazianis nacvlad uxeSi sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis gamoyenebas niSnavs. disfemizmebi upiratesad ixmareba vulgarizmebis, Jargonizmebis, familaruli sityve-bis an gamoTqmebis paralelurad an sinonimebadac ki. mag:

`mimifurTxebia Tqveni SeმoTavazebisaTvis~, nacvlad frazi-sa _ `Tqveni SemoTavazeba CemTvis uinteresoa~. disfemizmi SeiZleba iyos Seuracxmyofeli an damakninebeli. aseTi dis-

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feizmis nimuSia ilia WavWavaZis `kacia adamianSi~ moyvanili Semdegi gamoTqma: `vinc luarsabis saxeSi Tavis-Tavs icnobs, vinc luarsabzed dawerils Tavis-Tavzed miiRebs, is, ra-sakvirvelia, lafis srolas damiwyebs da `giJias~ dauZaxebs am moTxrobis uxeiro damwersa~ (WavWavaZe 1988) gansxvavebiT disfemizmebisagan, kakofemizmebi gamoiyeneba ganzrax Se-uracxmyofelis mniSvnelobiT mag. `_ Se ZaRlo da mama-ZaRlo, _ moisma uecraT xma saWuredan. _ rom giTxari, Wuri garecxe-Tqva, ras Sobi madane?!~ (lorTqifaniZe, `saba~).

sainteresoa, rom erTi da igive sagani an movlena SesaZ-loa erTdroulad disfemizmis mniSvnelobiTac ixmarebodes da evfeizmis mniSvnelobiTac. mag.: `mokvda / gardaicvala~ evfemizmia, xolo `CaZaRlda / Wiri mogWama~ _ disfemizmi. disfemizmebis gamoyeneba xSirad miuTiTebs mTqmelis fsiqo-logiur mdgomareobaze, aRelvebulobaze, kompleqsebze, aramyar fsiqikur mdgomareobaze, gaRizianebulobaze, ukma-yofilebaze da a.S. disfeizmi aseve gamoiyeneba oponentis, mosaubris diskreditaciis, moraluri ganadgurebis mizniTac. magaliTad:

`dilaobiT aRar gvaRviZebda daTiko brigadiris bRavili: _ andria, gamodi gareT! _ edemika, ar gamomWra yeli. _ sosoia, gaaxile Tvali. _ minadora, gadaasxi Sens mutruks wyali~ (dumbaZe, `me

vxedav mzes~). Tanamedrove mxatvrul literaturaSi Segnebulad ixma-

reba disfemizmebi imisaTvis, rom mkiTxvelSi gamoiwvion in-teresi, gaaZlieron eqspresia. avtorebi xSirad mimarTaven disfemizmebs Tanamedrove gmirebis dasaxasiaTeblad, Semo-aqvT isini axalgazrda personaJebis metyvelebaSi, poetur teqstebSi. mag.:

kide kai, cocxali xar! _ Sromob! omob! kai kide! siRaibe? vali? qali? _ morCi wuwuns _ d a i k i d e !

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ra waage, ra moige, ra gayide, ra iyide _ safiqrali meti ar gaqvs? _ gaanebe! _ d a i k i d e ! rom mistiri, vis mikstiri: “ra dro iyo, hai gidi!” dro aseTi, dro iseTi! _ dro erTia _ d a i k i d e !

(Wanturia, `kidev kai, cocxali xar~)

aq swored disfemizmis meSveobiT aris miRweuli mxatvru-

li efeqti, disfeizmi am leqsSi refrensac warmoadgens. evfemizmis sapirispiro, uxeSad naTqvami sityvebi an gamo-

Tqmebia vulgarizmebic, romlebic romelic miuRebelia sa-yovelTao literaturuli an/da salaparako leqsikisaTvis. vulgarizmebi disfeizmebis sinonimebad miiCneva, Tumca xa-siaTdeba kidev ufro radikalurad uxeSi da miuRebeli leq-sikuri erTeulebiT. vulgarizmebi mxatvrul teqstSi ixma-reba winaswarganzraxuli stilistikuri efeqtis, romelime konkretuli koloritis (quCuri, vulgaruli, qurduli...) misaRwevad, xSirad _ amaRlebuli tonis Sesamcireblad. magaliTad:

rux institutSi, ra leqtori leqcias Cmaxavs, mandilosnebi mas usmenen cru mowiwebiT... gareT ki qari amoucnob sivrceebs xazavs, vzivar da vxarSav STagonebas gafacicebiT... civ ironiiT zed vafurTxeb amompal qalaqs, _ `Tvalis wyvdiadi~ ipareba _ `sulis ukunSi~... viT prospeqtebze, haerebze sidinjiT daval, TviT dedamiwac, roskipia, SiSveli, mruSi!

(bundovani, `codnis taZarSi~)

sinonimebi

sinonimebi (Zv. berZn. synоnymos erTsaxeliani, Tanasaxe-liani) _ erTnairi mniSvnelobis mqone sxvadasxva sityvebi Tu gamoTqmebi. sinonimebis ganmartebis ramdenime saxesxva-

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oba arsebobs: `sinonimebi ewodeba iseT sityvebs, romlebic bgeriTad gansxvavebuli arian, mniSvneloba ki erTaniri aqvT~ (Ciqobava 1946). `sinonimi berZnuli sityvaa da ewodeba iseT or an met sityvas, romelnic sxvadasxvani arian, magram erTgvari an msgavsi mniSvneloba aqvT~ (kvaWaZe 1993). `sxva-dasxva bgerobrivi modeliT gadmocemul erTi mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebs sinonimebi hqvia, bgerobrivi samoslis sxva-dasxvaoba, Sinaarsis erToba, _ ai, ra niSan-Tviseba aqvT maT~ (Rlonti 1971). am ganmartebebidan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom sinonimebi erTnairi an msgavsi mniSvnelobis sityvebia, rom-lebic erTsa da imave sagans an movlenas aRniSnaven, magram gansxvavdebian kidec erTmaneTisagan. sinonimebia: orTqli da oxSivari, dangreva da dalewva, omi da brZola, orguli da moRalate, gaxseneba da mogoneba da sxv.

magaliTad: Soria Seni Saori, lurj-cisfer xarisTvalaTi, dagigviane Sairi, nu gegoneba Ralati (leoniZe, `Saori~).

sinonimebi orgvaria: absoluturi da relatiuri. abso-luturia sinonimebi, romelTac erTnairi mniSvneloba aqvT. aseTi sinonimebi, ZiriTadad, dialeqturi sityvebia, romle-bic saliteraturo enaSi Tanabrad ixmareba. mag.: papa / babua, bebia / dideda, komSi / bia, ifani / kopiti, muryani /Txmela da a.S. frazeologiuri gamoTqmebi: `Tavsxma wvimaa~ da `kokispi-rulad wvims~. gansxvavebiT absoluturisgan, relatiur si-nonimebs aqvT ara erTnairi, aramed _ msgavsi mniSvneloba. mag.: faqizi / nazi / saTuTi. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom yovel sinonimur sityvas, absoluturi iqneba is Tu relatiuri, Ta-visi niuansi gaaCnia. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi am niuan-sis mixedviT xdeba sityvaTa SerCeva, rasac mwerlebi mimar-Taven mxatvruli efeqtis misaRwevad.

roca sinonimebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT ixmareba, isini er-TmaneTs avseben, azusteben, gansxvavebul Seferilobas usva-men xazs. sinonimebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba: 1. mniSvne-

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lobiT; 2. stilistikuri SeferilobiT; 3. sintaqsuri xasi-aTiT; 4. mniSvnelobis moculobiT; 5. garemocviT; 6. Sesi-tyvebis Seqmnis unariT; 7. gamoyenebis sixSiriT.

sinonimur sityvebSi yovelTvis arsebobs erTi centra-luri sityva, dominanti, romelic gamokveTilad gadmog-vcems sinonimuri rigis sxva sityvebis saerTo mniSvnelobas. es aris stilisturad neitraluri sityva, romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro xSirad ixmareba. Tumca, misi sinonimebi ufro metad datvirTulia stilisturi da eqspresiuli TvalsazrisiT. mag.: Savi _ neitraluri sityva; giSrisferi, kunapenti, kupriviT, mayvlisferi, yornisferi, Rameuli fe-ris _ `Savis~ stilisturi da eqspresiuli sinonimebi.

yvela xevsuri da yvela svani, qarTveli qali Tvalebmayvala, Cemi Tbilisi da firosmani, ar vici, ase ram Semayvara.

(asaTiani, àr vici, ase ram Semayvara~).

sinonimuri azrovneba mxatvrul literaturaSi miuTi-Tebs enis srulyofil codnaze, avtoris maRalmxatvrul gamomsaxvelobiT unarze. cnobilia, rom rac ufro xSirad iyenebs mwerali sinonimebs, ufro mdidaria misi poeturi ena.

magaliTad: caRia dRea, Suqi dga svetad, momwons da miyvars mzis qveS yoveli... magram am dilas yvelaze metad miyvarxarT Sen da sveticxoveli!

(leoniZe, `Sen da sveticxoveli~)

motanil magaliTSi aSkarad Cans, rom mwerali asxvavebs mowonebisa da siyvarulis mniSvnelobebs da am niuansobriv elfers poeturad gadmogvcems.

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sinonimebi mxatvrul literaturaSi xSirad evfeizmebis wyarocaa (aq igulisxmeba: mokvda, CaZaRlda, gardaicvala, suli ufals miabara da a.S.) garda amisa, sinonimebis daxma-rebiT mwerali Tavs aRwevs tavtologias.

antonimebi

antonimebi (berZn. anti _ winaaRmdeg, onoma _ saxeli) _ sapirispiro mniSvnelobis sityvebia. mag.: tkbili _ mware, maRali _ dabali, ca _ dedamiwa, asvla _ Casvla da sxv.

hegelis azriT, gansxvavebulisa da dapirispirebulis warmoCena enis gansakuTrebuli unaria. antonimia leqsikuri movlenaa, Tumca xSirad stilistikis Seswavlis saganicaa, radgan dapirispireba stilistikuri xerxia, romelic ama Tu im momentis gasaZliereblad gamoiyeneba. daviT kldiaSvilis cnobili gamoTqma _ `sasaciloa, satirali rom ar iyos~, swored stilisturi antonimia. poeturi enis Seswavlis dros mwerlis stilistikis kvlevisas mniSvnelovania ro-gorc leqsikuri, ise azrobrivi antonimebis gamovlena da maTze dakvirveba. rogorc cnobilia, mwerluri ostatoba swored amgvari xerxebis gamoyenebiT aRwevs individualo-basa da ganumeoreblobas.

antonimebis ZiriTadi niSania sapirispiro Sinaarsi. anto-nimia upiratesad im sityvebs axasiaTebs, romlebic raime Tvisebebs gamoxataven (antonimebi zogjer ukavSirod arian SeerTebulni da kompozitebs qmnian: mTa-bari, sikvdil-si-cocxle, av-kargi, cocxal-mkvdari da sxv.)

dasabamidan ucvlelia kanoni Ramis, Rame erTbaSad aTanabrebs: mdidars da Raribs, jansaRs da sneuls, briyvsa da Wkvians, zarmacs da mamacs, tusaRs da guSags, munjsa da metyvels,

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maxinjs da lamazs, borots da keTils, mefes da yaribs _ ganukiTxavad aTanabrebs kanoni Ramis,

da mainc yvela mzes Sehxaris mxolod da mxolod, TumcaRa dRisiT zogi cocxlobs da zogi cxovrobs.

(javaxaZe, `dasabamidan ucvlelia kanoni Ramis~)

erTsa da imave sityvas, sxvadasxva konteqstSi, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva sityva Seeferebodes antonimad. mag.: ùxeSi kanis~ antonimia `nazi kani~, magram ùxeSi adamianis~ antonimia ara `nazi adamiani~, aramed `saTno adamiani~. aseve: magari yda / rbili yda, magram _ magari guli / susti guli an Cvili gu-li; magari simRera / cudi simRera, magari foladi/ myife fo-ladi, maRali adamiani / dabali adamiani, magram - maRali Sub-li / viwro Subli an patara Subli.

mwerlebis umravlesoba mimarTavs antonimebs, rogorc dapirispirebis, kontrastebis xerxs da amiT xazs usvams sa-kuTar saTqmels, ama Tu im gmiris xasiaTs an raime Tvisebas. antonimebi xSirad ixmareba oratorul metyvelebaSi. sity-vaTa dapirispirebiT miRweuli kontrasti xandaxan dasabu-Tebis mTavar dasayrdens warmaodgens. mag:

an Sen rogor sZleb uwuTisoflod! mere, ici ki, rarig tkbilia! aq sikvdilia, iq ki sicocxle, aq Wiria da ik ki lxinia!

(WavWavaZe, `gandegili~)

antonimebiT Seqmnil winadadebas an azrs oqsimirons uwo-deben. oqsimironi e. w. antonimuri metyvelebaa. mag.: cocxa-li leSi, Tavisufali mona, sevdanarevi sixaruli da sxv.

dapirispirebis warmoCena, kontrasti poeturi azrovne-bisa da metyvelebis mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa. mxatvrul lite-raturaSi xSiria nawarmoebis saTaurebadac ki antonimebis gamoyeneba. mag. sulxan-saba orbelianis „sibrZne sicruisa“, l. tolstois „omi da mSvidoba“, mark tvenis „ufliswuli da

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maTxovari“, vaJa-fSavelas „mTa da bari“, „stumar-maspinZe-li“, galaktion tabiZis „xan ufskrulebi, xan mwvervalebi“ da sxv.

omonimebi

omonimebi (berZn. homōnyma homos _ erTnairi, onoma _ saxeli) _ erTi da imave JReradobis sityvebia, romelTac sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvT. ganasxvaveben srulsa da nawi-lobriv omonimebs.

sruli omonimebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia JReradobrivi damTxveva. mag: kvira _ erTi dRe, da kvira _ 7 dRe kviraSi; civi mzera _ civi qari.

mivdivar da mivqanqarob _ TiTqo viyo me maqsveli! _ aqeT-iqiT, iqiT-aqeT _ mevalisTvis mimaqvs vali!

gavrbivar da gamovrbivar _ cxra adgili me maqvs sveli! _ vyoymanob da vorWofob da mevalisTvis mimaqvs vali!

xom ginaxavT civ zamTarSi kubo, uRvTod gadaxdili! _ e, imas hgavs swored kaci, vali rom aqvs gadaxdili!

(Wanturia, `mivdivar da mivqanaob...~)

nawilobrivi omonomebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia JRera-dobrivi damTxveva calkeul formebSi. mag: is ari _ isari.

ominimiis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebs wamodgenen: omo-formebi, omofonebi da omografebi.

omoformebi bgeraTa an/da sityvaTa calkeuli formebis Tanxvedras niSnavs. mag. asuli (qaliSvili) asuli (asvla zmnis warsuli drois forma).

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omofonebi erTnairad JRers, magram sxvadasxvanairad an cal-calke iwereba. mag. is ario _ isario.

omografebi erTnairad iwereba da sxvadasxvanairad warmoiTqmis.

omonimia poetur leqsikaSi kalamburis, anu zmis gamosa-yenebladac ixmareba.

kalamburi stilisturi figuraa, ZiriTadad galeqsili, romelic sityvaTa bgeriT igiveobazea agebuli da aqcenti gadatanilia bgeriT igiveobasa da mravalmniSvnelovnebaze, anu polisemiaze. unda aRiniSnos, rom kalamburs ZiriTadad iyeneben komikuri efeqtis misaRwevad. amis nimuSia akaki wereTlis kalamburebi da omonimurriTmiani taepebi:

vinc me im dros xels SemiSlis qveynis mteric is ario, da misTvis maqvs momarTuli gesliani isario!

omonimebis gageba konteqstiT ganisazRvreba. unda aRi-niSnos, rom qarTul poeziaSi omonimuri riTma, anu majama farTod iyo gavrceebuli. davimowmebT SoTa rusTavelis, ioane SavTelis majamur riTmebs (omonimuri riTmebi):

RmerTman Tu mca ena Cemi, qebad Senda uSenosa, SenTvis mkvdari aras vityvi, maS momkali uSenosa, mzeman lomsa vard-giSeri baRi baRCad uSenosa Senman mzeman _ Tavi Cemi, arvis hmarTebs uSenosa!

(rusTaveli, `vefxistyaosani~)

majamuri, anu omonimuri leqsebi damaxasiaTebelia spar-

suli literaturisaTvis. Teimuraz pirvelma, sparsuli enis SesaniSnavma mcodnem, gansakuTrebulad srulyo omonimuri riTma. `majama~ Teimurazis mxatvruli nawarmoebia, romlis didi nawilic omonimuri riTmebiT aris Semkuli. Teimurazis omonimuri riTmis saukeTeso nimuSia wuTisoflis samdurav-ze Seqmnili strofi:

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rad, sofelo, sxva ar daswvi Cemebr, me mqen dasadage? glax, laxvari sasikvdine yvela me mkar, dasadage! damikarge Ze, asuli, Zma ar vici da sad age, sxva nayofi maTebr turfa ra aSene da sad age?

(Teimuraz I, `majama~)

majamis Rirseba omonimuri sityvebis ostaturi SerCevaa. moxdenili omonimebi gansakuTrebul poetur-Sinaarsobriv, JRerad da musikalur ganwyobas qmnis.

paronimebi

paronimebi (berZn. para -Tan, axlos da onyma saxeli) _ sityvebi, romlebic garegnulad erTmaneTs hgavs, magram Si-naarsobrivad, semantikurad sruliad gansxvavdeba. erTi si-tyvis nacvlad meoris xmareba azris aRrevasa da mniSvnelo-bis cvalebadobas iwvevs.

paronimebia:

kampania/kompania kampania _ 1. aqtiuri muSaoba, romelic tardeba garkve-

ul periodSi raime mniSvnelovani sazogadoebriv-politiku-ri an sameurneo amocanis Sesasruleblad. mag.: saarCevno kam-pania. 2. laSqroba. 3. xomaldis ganuwyveteli curvis peri-odi. 4. agregatis, manqanis, meqanizmis ganuwyveyeli moqmede-bis dro.

kompania _ 1. jgufi adamianebisa, romlebic erTad atare-ben dros. 2. savaWro an samrewvelo amxanagoba.

cneba/mcneba cneba _ sityvis mniSvneloba. mcneba _ zneobrivi xasiaTis darigeba.

aRqma/aRTqma aRqma _ erTdroulad mocemul SegrZnebaTa erToblioba. aRTqma _ pirobis dadeba.

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amo/amao amo _ saamo. amao _ uSedego, usagno.

unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu paronimebis xmareba Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi Secdomaa da dauSvebelia, poeturi metyeleba-Si paronimebi mdidar wyaros warmoadgens da riTmis srul-fasovnebas ganapirobebs:

sevdam momxvia gulsa brWyalebi, zed damrTo Wirni malis malebi. marad mioxavs gulsa Zalebi, amod mdindes cremlTa Tualebi. ara sad vin Cans Cemi mbralebi, romelman ese cecxlis alebi damSritos, gulsa masxas wyalebi da miT mikurnos Rawvni nalebi, dReni momecnes sxua axalebi. sevdam momxvia gulsa brWyalebi, zed damrTo Wirni malis malebi.

(bagrationi, `sevdam momxvia gulsa brWyalebi~)

paronimebis ganzrax gamoyeneba erT winadadebaSi stilis-tikur figuralobas iwvevs. mag. sagazeTo statiis saTauri: `satelefono kompaniis ucnauri kampania~. aseT SemTxvevebs paronomazia (berZn. axlos darqmeva) ewodeba. paronomazia binaruli figuraluri stilistikaa, radganac masSi orive paronimi monawileobs. paronomazia farTod gamoiyeneba.

polisemia

polisemia (berZn. poli _ mravali, sema _ niSani) _ sity-vaTa mravalmniSvnelovneba. magaliTad, sityva Tavi SeiZleba mravali mniSvnelobiT iqnas moxmarebuli: Tavi daxara, Tavi stkiva, Tavi moabezra, Tavi gadaikla, Tavi Seakla, Tavi mo-ikatuna, gaiTavisa, erTi Tavi xaxvi, wignis erTi Tavi, Tavi Seircxvina, Tavi gamoiCina, Tavze gadauara da sxva.

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polisemia aris aRqmis saxeoba, romelic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs logikaSi, logikur semantikaSi, semiotikasa da lingvistikaSi. polisemia gvevlineba enis bunebriv Tvise-bad. amitomac sainteresoa mxatvruli enis TvalsazrisiTac. polisemia sakuTar TavSi moicavs erTi da imave sityvis, si-tyvaTa SeTanxmebisa Tu frazis gamoyenebas sxvadasxva azri-Ta da mniSvnelobiT, sxvadasxva interpretaciiT. polisemia gvaqvs iq, sadac erTi da igive sityvis gansxvavebul mniSvne-lobebs vxvdebiT.

garda leqsikuri polisemiisa, mxatvrul nawarmoebSi gamoiyofa siuJeturi polisemia, sadac polisemiuroba miiR-weva teqstis interpretaciis mravalmxrivobiTa da mraval-mniSvnelobiT.

polisemia mxatvrul teqstSi SesaZloa sityvaTa TamaSis saganic gaxdes. mag.:

`kolmeurneobis kreba saRamoTi imarTeboda, zaris rekva ki SuadRidan iwyeboda. zosimem gaxsna kreba. vin avirCioT Tavjdomaredo?

_ Sen TviTon iyavi. mag saqmisaTvis xar dabadebuli. sxvad mainc arafrad vargixar. _ Tqva diomidem.

_ ki, magram krebas mdivani ar unda? _ mdivanic Sen iyavi! _ uTxra isev diomidem... _ kenWi mainc ar viyaro? _ kenWi ki ara, Tu ginda, qva isrole da Tavi SeuSvire,

oRond daiwye~ (dumbaZe, `me vxedav mzes~). mecnierTa varaudiT, polisemiis Semswavleli Tanamedro-

ve meTodebSi gamoiyofa oTxi jgufi: konteqstualuri, struqturuli, fsiqolingvisturi da statikuri.

tavtologia

tavtologia (berZn. tautologis<tautos _ igive, logos —sityva) _ erTi da imavve cnebis, azris an grZnobis gamoxatva igive an azrobrivad axlos mdgomi sityvebiT.

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poetur leqsikaSi tavtologia vlindeba, rogorc gameore-bis erT-erTi saxe, romelic aZlierebs emociur datvirTvas:

me var arabi, arabeTs ars Cemi darbazebia. (rusTaveli, `vefxistyaosani~)

an: feri edeba berdias,

feri sxva-rigis SiSisa. (vaJa fSavela, àluda qeTelauri~)

unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu Cveulebriv, tavtologia uaryo-fiTi movlenaa, radgan aRniSnavs sityvebis uadgilo, ufun-qcio gameorebas da pirovnebis Raribi leqsikuri maragis maCvenebelia, mxatvrul teqstSi is yovelTvis atarebs gar-kveul stilistur Tu emociur datvirTvas. magaliTad, `glexTa ganTavisuflebis scenebSi~ ilia WavWavaZe speci-alurad mimarTavs tavtologiur metyvelebas, raTa gamok-veTos glaxa WrialaSvilis personaJi.

poeziaSi tavtologiad iTvleba refreni, rogorc game-orebis erT-erTi stilizebuli gamoxatuleba, da xSirad riTmac, rac gansakuTrebuli musikaluri efeqtisa da JRe-radobis miRwevaSi exmareba poets.

magaliTad:viZaxi da viZaxi da viZaxi

mwuxria Tu Ramea Tu riJraJi, _ viZaxi da viZaxi da viZaxi: _ vis xelSia bedi visi, visaSi?! vis xelSia bedi visi visaSi?!

(maWavariani, `viZaxi da viZaxi da viZaxi~)

tavtologias Tavisi gansakuTrebuli adgili aqvs mxat-vrul metyvelebaSi:

viT foToli Seni, mzeze mocimcime qarebs ahyolia da wasula Sengan, gafrenila Sengan,

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miwas dahkonvia, ise guli Cemi sxvaTa, sxvaTa, sxvaTa utyvi gamgonea... ar vaxsovar albaT, ar vaxsovar albaT, Cemo magnolia! Cven cxraTvala mzeTa da mZvinvare zRvaTa trfoba gagvyolia... migvatovon marad maT, samxreTis qarTa, raRac ar mgonia... magram... guli misi sxvaTa, sxvaTa, sxvaTa utyvi gamgonea... me ar vici ratom... arc Sen ici raTa, Cemo magnolia? o, aseTi wuTi, daubrunebeli, Senc xom ar gqonia? mSvenieri zRvebis, mSvenieri mTebis trfoba gagvyolia... rogor minda SenTan, rogor minda SenTan, Cemo magnolia!

(kalandaZe, `Cemo magnolia~)

sityvebis, frazebisa Tu winadadebebis an/da striqonebis ganmeorebiToba musikalobis garda azris, ideis ganmeore-bas, xelaxla gaazrebas, saTqmelis kidev erTxel gadaxedvas iwvevs, rac mxatvrul teqstSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani xdeba.

pleonazmi

pleonazmi (berZn. pleonasmos _ zedmeti) — mravalsityva-obis erT-erTi saxe, rodesac frazaSi bevri iseTi sityvaa gamoyenebuli, romelic arafers matebs Sinaarss da zedme-tic kia. magaliTad: ùkan dabrunda~.

Tu Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi pleonazmi kargi tonis maC-venebeli ar aris, mxatvrul metyvelebaSi SeiZleba poetur xerxad iqces da mwerlis gansakuTrebul Canafiqrs emsaxu-ros. poeturma mravalsityvaobam, ganmeorebiTobam SeiZleba metad gaamZafros saTqmeli.

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gamoyenebuli literatura: asaTiani 1988: asaTiani l. rCeuli. Tb.: `sabW. saqarTvelo~, 1988.

busmani 2002: Bussmann H. Lexsikon der Sprachwissenschaft. 3. aktuatisierte und erweiterte Aufgabe, Kröner, Stutgart: 2002.

enaTmecniereba 1998: Языкознание. Большой энциклопедический словарь. Гл. ред. Ярцева В.Н. 2-ое изд. М.: 1998.

iakobsoni 1974: Jakobson, R. Form und Sinn. Sprachwissenschaftliche Betrachtungen. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München: 1974.

imnaiSvili 1966: imnaiSvili i. qarTuli poeturi enis sakiTxebi. Tb.: `literatura da xelivneba~, 1966.

kvaWaZe 1993: kvaWaZe l. qarTuli ena. meoTxe Sesworebuli gamo-cema. Tb.: „rubikoni“, 1993.

neimani 1961: neimani a. sinonimTa leqsikoni. Tb.: `sabW. saqar-Tvelo~, 1961.

Rlonti 1971: Rlonti a. qarTuli leqsikologiis safuZvlebi. meore gamocema. Tb.: „ganaTleba“, 1971.

Ciqobava 1946: Ciqobava a. zogadi enaTmencierba. mesame, Sevsebuli gamocema. naw. I. Tb.: „saxelgami“ ,1946.

xinTibiZe 2000: xinTibiZe a. qarTuli leqsmcodneoba. Tb.: Tbili-sis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2000.

hegeli 1973: hegeli f. esTetika. t. I. Targmna S. papuaSvilma. Tb.: `xelovneba~, 1973.

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rusudan canava

poeturi semantika. tropebi∗ poeturi semantikis msazRvrels tropebi warmoadgens. tropebi ewodeba gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT naxmar sity-

vebsa da gamoTqmebs, romelTac mxatvrul metyvelebaSi es-Tetikuri funqcia eniWebaT.

tropebis Seswavlas safuZveli Caeyara antikur saber-ZneTSi. tropebs Seiswavlida mecniereba, romelsac erqva ritorika. berZnul-romaul samyaroSi Camoyalibda ritori-kis 2 gansxvavebuli gageba da tradicia. 1. aristoteles sko-la ritorikas miiCnevda darwmunebis mecnierebad (aristo-tele, `ritorika~ I, 2); 2. kvintilianesa da misi mimdevrebis azriT, ritorikisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania sworad mety-velebis xelovneba _ mWevrmetyveleba. klasikuri antikuri ritorika Sedgeboda 5 nawilisgan: 1. inventio _ `gamogone-ba~, anu imis moZebna, Tu ra unda iTqvas; 2. dispositio _ `gegma~ anu argumentebis (msjelobis komponentebis) Tanmim-devrulad dalageba; 3. elokutio _ sityvierad gamoxatvis uzrunvelyofa; 4. memoria _ damaxsovreba (dawerili teq-stis dazepireba); 5. aqtio _ `gaTamaSeba~ (auditoriis winaSe deklamireba). teqstis mxatvruli ùzrunvelyofa~, e. i. sa-Tanado tropebiT `Semkoba~ Sedioda III nawilSi _ elokutio. antikurma ritorikam udidesi roli Seasrula esTetikisa da mxatvruli azrovnebis CamoyalibebaSi, magram ukve cicero-nis droidan, mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo, daiwyo misi `kvdo-mis~ procesi. Semdgom epoqebSi ritorikis sakiTxebs mecni-erebis sxvadasxva dargi ikvlevda.

àxali ritorika~ Seiqmna sxvadasxva humanitaruli dis-ciplinebis warmomadgenelTa (lingvistebis, literaturaT-mcodneebis, filosofosebis, logikosebis) ZalisxmeviT. am mimarTulebam XXs-Si didi popularoba moipova da axlebu-

∗ statiis vrceli versia ix. r. canavas naSromSi `metafora”, Tb. 2009.

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rad warmoaCina mravali problema, maT Soris, tropebis sakiTxi.

mxatvruli metyvelebisaTvis niSandoblivi tropebis sis-tema, romelsac Seiswavlis literaturismcodneoba, sakma-od mravalferovania. am sistemis Sesaxeb arsebobs gansxva-vebuli Sexedulebani (magaliTad, mecnierTa nawili iziarebs tropebis klasifikaciis klasikur sqemas, nawils miaCnia, rom epiTeti da Sedareba sulac ar aris tropebi, aramed _ tropebis Seqmnis saSualebebia da sxva). Cven gamovyofT meta-foras, rogorc centralur trops da masTan mimarTebiT mi-movixilavT yvela im semantikur models, romlebic trope-bis funqcias (pirdapir an iribad) asrulebs teqstSi. agreT-ve, gansakuTrebul funqcias vaniWebT simbolos, romelic, metaforis msgavsad, poeturi semantikis mTavari elementia. am tropis konceptualuri funqcia yvelaze mkafiod Cans miTopoetur da qristianul (zogadad, religiur) teqstebSi. sasuliero literaturis mkvlevarTa azriT, erTaderTi WeSmariteba aris RmerTi, sxva yvela literaturuli saxe (personaJi) simboloa. miTosur azrovnebaSi ki RmerTebic simboloebia. swored amitom qristianuli (religiuri) sa-xismetyvelebis warmmarTveli tropia simbolo iseve, ro-gorc miTopoeturi azrovnebisa. am tipis teqstebSi metafo-ris moZieba Wirs.

metafora

metafora (meta-foravv) berZnuli sityvaa da `gadatanas~ niSnavs. metafora aris tropi (an metyvelebis meqanizmi).

TiTqmis yvela sityvas aqvs mniSvneloba, Tumca, arcTu iS-viaTad sityvebs viyenebT ara maTi sakuTari mniSvnelobiT, aramed gadataniTi azriT. es xdeba yoveldRiur metyvele-baSic (mag.: mze amovida; wvima saxuravze akakunebs...) da mxat-vrul literaturaSic (mag,: `naxes, mzisa Sesayrelad gamoeS-va mTvare gvelsa~. am winadadebaSi 6 sityvidan mxolod erTia gamoyenebuli pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT: `naxes~). metafora

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aris saganTa an movlenaTa aRmniSvneli romeliRac klasis niSan-TvisebaTa gadatana sxva klasis sagnebsa da movlenebze.

aristotele (romelmac daamkvidra termini metafora) werda: `metafora aris saxelis gadatana, misi mniSvnelobis SecvliT, an gvaridan saxeze, an saxidan gvarze, an saxidan sa-xeze, da bolos, es gadatana SeiZleba analogiis gziTac moxdes~ (`poetika~, T. 21, 22. Targm. b. bregvaZis. `ritorika~ III, 2, 4, 9, 11). am ganmartebis mixedviT, aristotele ganasxva-vebda 4 tipis metaforas: I _ rodesac gadatana xdeba gvari-dan saxeze; II _ saxidan gvarze; III _ saxidan _ saxeze; IV _ analogiis mixedviT (am ukanasknels proporciul metafora-sac uwodeben). amaTgan pirveli sami msgavsebas efuZneba (mag.: àdamiani mgeli(a)~), meoTxe ki _ analogias (`Tasi dionises-Tvis igivea, rac fari _ aresisaTvis”). msgavseba, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba gamovlindes ramdenime saxiT: a) rodesac usulo sagnis Tviseba gadatanilia sulierze: òqros guli~, `fola-dis xasiaTi~; b) rodesac sulieris Tviseba gadatanilia usu-loze: `Cafiqrebula mTawminda~; usulo sagnis Tviseba gada-tanilia meore usulo saganze: `rkinis niaRvari~; g) rodesac sulieris Tviseba gadatanilia meore sulier saganze~: `giorgi amirania~. aristotele werda: `yvelaze mniSvnelo-vania daxelovnebuli iyo metaforebSi. mxolod amisi gada-Reba ar SeiZleba sxvisgan. es aris talantis niSani, radgan kargi metaforebis Seqmna niSnavs msgavsebis SemCnevas~ (`poetika~, 22, 1459a).

`ritorikebis~ avtorebi gamoyofdnen metaforis 2 tips: I ùsulo samyaros movlenebi~, `sagnebi da movlenebi arasu-lieri bunebisa~ misadagebulia (mimsgavsebulia) adamianis, cocxali samyaros, grZnobebTan da TvisebebTan. magaliTad: `wylebis saubari~, `rkinis kaci~. II bunebis movlenebi, `gare-samyaros Tvisebebi~ gadatanilia adamianze. gasagnobrivebis metaforebi ufro iSviaTia, vidre anTropomorfuli meta-forebi, magaliTad: `misi gesliani laparaki sulSi civ Sxams Rvrida~; `sulSi dnebian mravalwliani tkivilebi~; `rogorc gadafrenili varskvlavis kvali~; am magaliTebSi sityvaTSe-

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Tanxmebis (magaliTad, `Tovlis dnoba~) klasikuri, sityvasi-tyviTi mniSvneloba `gadatanilia~ sulieri cxovrebis procesebze.

aristoteledan moyolebuli, yvela xelovani da mkvleva-ri aRiarebs, rom metafora aris teqstis mxatvrulobis Zi-riTadi sazomi, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom metafora `SeiW-ra~ yvela sferoSi: yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi, samecniero gamokvlevebSi, reklamaSic. es mravlismomcveloba da `yvel-

ganmyofoba~ (metaforizaciis usasrulo procesi)∗ uflebas gvaZlevs daveTanxmoT ortega-i-gasetis mosazrebas, rom me-tafora aris samyaros Secnobis gasaRebi.

rac ufro metad uRrmavdebian metaforis fenomenis arss, miT meti Tavsatexi iCens Tavs. swored amitom metaforas, sxvadasxva kuTxiT, Seiswavlis mecnierebis sxvadasxva darge-bi: rogorc tropis saxeobas, metaforas Seiswavlis poetika (stilistika, ritorika, esTetika); rogorc sityvebis axali mniSvnelobebis wyaros _ leqsikologia; rogorc metyvele-baSi gamoyenebul gansakuTrebul saxeobas _ pragmatika; ro-gorc asociaciur meqanizms, metyvelebis interpretaciisa da aRqmis obieqts _ fsiqologia da fsiqolingvistika; ro-gorc azrovnebisa da sinamdvilis Semecnebis saSualebas _ logika, filosofia (gnoseologia) da kognituri fsiqolo-gia. metaforaze mecnieruli Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibeba gu-lisxmobs kvlevis yvela mimarTulebis debulebaTa gaTva-liswinebas.

poetur da enobriv metaforebs erTgvarovani buneba aqvT, magram poeturi metafora enobrivisgan, ZiriTadad, eqspresiulobiT, siaxliT gansxvavdeba. Tanamedrove mecni-erebi gamoyofen enobrivi metaforis 3 tips: nominaciurs, kogniturs da saxeobrivs. poeturi metyvelebisTvis ki da-maxasiaTebelia binaruli metafora _ metafora-Sedareba. zogi mecnieri gamoyofs epiTetur metaforebsac: `mWreli

∗ mecnierulma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom arsebobs codnis miRebis sami gza: racionalisturi, empiriuli da metaforuli.

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Tvali~, `basri goneba~. struqturis TvalsazrisiT, mxat-vrul teqstSi ganarCeven martiv, rTul da gavrcobil meta-forebs. poeturi metafora eqspresiuli da emociuria, siax-liT sunTqavs. misgan gansxvavebiT, enobriv metaforaSi mo-iazreba rogorc e.w. `cocxali~, ise `waSlili~ (`mkvdari~, `gacveTili~) metaforebi. waSlili ewodeba metaforebs, rom-lebmac ìmuSaves~ da imdenad Cveulebrivi (yofiTi) gaxdnen, rom dakarges moulodnelobis efeqti, gafermkrTaldnen da SeuerTdnen yoveldRiuri leqsikis fonds (mag.: `civi guli“).

metaforis warmoSobasa da formirebaSi monawileobs ram-

denime komponenti∗: metaforis mTavari da damxmare subieq-tebi (romlebsac moixsenieben sxvadasxva terminebiT: bukva-luri (zusti, sityvasityviTi) CarCo da metaforuli fokusi; Tema da konteineri; referenti da korelati; sagnobrivi da figuraluri; pirdapiri da gadataniTi da sxva) da TiToeuli obieqtis (an obieqtebis klasis) urTierTSefardebiTi Tvi-sebebi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, `lomi tarieli~: saxeli `lo-mi~, inarCunebs mimarTebas lomebis klasTan, magram axasi-aTebs individs _ tariels, romelic Sedis sxva bunebriv

∗ zogi mosazrebiT metafora oTx elements Seicavs, sxva mosazrebiT _ sams: aRmniSvnels, aRsaniSns da maT Soris kavSirs. Cveulebriv niSanSi, ara trop-Si, aRmniSvneli erT aRsaniSns ukavSirdeba, tropSi ki _ erTdroulad ors. magaliTad: laerti daRupul ofelias ase mimarTavs: Rose of May! (maisis vardo!). sityva `vardi~ Cvens aRqmaSi garkveul yvavils ukavSirdeba, tropSi ki erTdroulad ors: yvavils (es tropis I, pirdapiri, mniSvnelobaa) da ofe-lias (tropis II, gadataniTi, mniSvneloba). pirvel mniSvnelobas (`yvavili~) aRmniSvneli ukavSirdeba uSualod, meores ki _ pirvelis gziT. rogoria am dakavSirebis meqanizmi? am ori mniSvnelobis erT semantikur erTeulad Sekvra ase xdeba: gamovyofT I (pirdapiri) mniSvnelobis niSnebidan romelime erTs an mets da obieqturobis (sicxadis) ama Tu im zomiT vukavSirebT am niSnebis meore (metaforul) mniSvnelobas _ ofelias mSvenierebas, romel-ic axasiaTebs vards. magram saerTo niSnebi ar amowuravs vardis (I mniSvne-lobis) niSanTa mTel kompleqss. rCeba SekavSirebis procesSi ganuxorci-elebeli, ase vTqvaT, `Tavisufali~ niSnebi (yvavili, surnelovani, baRi, bulbuli, gazafxuli...), romlebic agreTve _ aracnobierad _ Semodian Cvens aRqmaSi da amdidreben ofelias saxes. atyobineben msmenels, rom ofe-lias, mTqmelis azriT, axasiaTebs vardis Tavisufali niSnebis umetesoba. iqmneba metafora, romlis mxatvruli zemoqmedebis meqanizmi, Cveni dakvir-vebiT, pirveli mniSvnelobis (vardi) swored “Tavisufali niSnebis~ da maT-Tan dakavSirebuli asociaciebis arsebobiT ganisazRvreba (naTaZe... 1988: 207-208).

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gvarSi (tarieli adamiania). tarielis msgavseba lomTan mo-icavs niSanTa difuzur kompleqss (Tavis saxeobaSi gamorCe-ulobas, pirvelobas, siZlieres, mSvenierebas), romlebic qmnis individis saxes. metaforis mniSvneloba iqmneba obieq-tis (obieqtebis) dasaxelebuli klasis TvisebebiT, romle-bic Seesabameba metaforis subieqts (am SemTxvevaSi, tariels).

mecnierebi xSirad ver Tanxmdebian, tropis romel tips miekuTvneba konkretuli mxatvruli gamonaTqvami. erTi da imave poetur frazas zogi metaforad miiCnevs, zogi _ ale-goriad, zogi sinekdoqed. magaliTad: `nisli fiqria mTebisa, imaT kacobis gvirgvini~ (vaJa) zogis azriT metaforaa, zogis _ gapirovneba. imisaTvis, rom ukeT gaverkveT metaforisa da sxva tropebis arsSi, mimovixiloT metaforis `momijnave~ tropebi.

metafora da sxva tropebi∗

kvintilianes TeoriiT (romelTanac Tavmoyrilia im epo-qis moazrovneTa ZiriTadi tendenciebi), tropebs didi mniS-vneloba eniWeba teqstSi. kvintilianes da mis mimdevarTa

dakvirvebiT, metafora (laT. translatio) moiazreboda, rogorc Semoklebuli Sedareba. miaCndaT, rom metaforaSi xdeba: Tvisebebis gadatana sulieri sagnidan usuloze, usulodan sulierze da a. S. sulieridan usuloze Tvisebebis gadatanas sxva sityviT gapirovnebas uwodebdnen. SesaZlo iyo sxvag-vari klasifikaciac _ metyvelebis nawilebis mixedviT, rac metaforuli epiTetebis models iZleoda. gafarToebis Sem-TxvevaSi metafora aseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba gadavides alegoriaSi. mniSvnelobis gadatanam momijnaveobis princi-piT SeiZleba mogvces metonimia. mniSvnelobis gadatanas ra-odenobis mixedviT mivyavarT sinekdoqesTan. sinekdoqes ker-Zo SemTxvevaa antonomasia (gadarqmeva) magaliTad: àresis

∗ vefuZnebiT Tanamedrove Tvalsazrisebs.

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vaJi~ agamemnonis nacvlad (an rostevanis asuli _ TinaTinis nacvlad). mniSvnelobis Secvla sapirispiro mimarTulebiT gvaZlevs ironias. mniSvnelobis Seviwroeba gvaZlevs emfa-zas. magaliTad: ès rom gaakeTo, adamiani unda iyo (anu, gmi-ri) an: àq saWiroa gmiri da ara ubralod adamiani~. mniSvne-lobis gaZliereba gvaZlevs hiperbolas _ gazviadebas. maga-liTad: àsi welia, erTmaneTi ar gvinaxavs~. hiperbolis sapi-rispiroa meiosisi _ damcroba. magaliTad: “TiTisxela bi-Wi~. es xerxebi (perifrazi maT Soris) mxolod tradiciiT miekuTvnebian tropebsa da figurebs, arsebiTad ki isini uf-ro xatovani gamonaTqvamebia, romlebsac met-naklebad mWid-ro kavSiri aqvT metaforasTan.

metaforuli epiTeti

metaforisa da epiTetis kavSirze araerTi mkvlevari sa-ubrobs, Tumca, Tavad epiTetis mimarT mkveTrad Camoyalibe-buli da SeTanxmebuli pozicia ar arsebobs: Teoretikosebis nawili mas figurad miiCnevs, nawili _ tropad, nawilic _ poeturi metyvelebis specifikur xerxad.

klasikuri ganmartebiT, epiTeti aris mxatvruli gansaz-Rvreba; sityva an gamoTqma, romelic Tavisi struqturiTa da funqciiT teqstSi amkvidrebs axal mniSvnelobas da aniWebs sityvas gansakuTrebul mxatvrul datvirTvas. tradiciuli SexedulebiT, romelic antikurobidan momdinareobs, ganas-

xvaveben aucilebel epiTetebs (epitheton necessarium) da xato-van epiTetebs (epitheton ornans). pirveli tipis epiTeti sity-vaTSeTanxmebis organuli nawilia, romelic gamokveTs ama Tu im sagnis romelime Tvisebas, magram ar cvlis an afar-Toebs mis mniSvnelobas (mag., `cofiani ZaRli~), meore tipis epiTeti afarToebs gansazRvrebis masStabebs da aRwevs mo-ulodnel gamomsaxvelobiT efeqtebs (mag., ìisferi Tovli~).

Tanamedrove mecnierebisaTvis epiTetis amgvari dayofa naklebad misaRebia: aucilebeli epiTeti ar asrulebs gansa-kuTrebul stilistikur funqcias teqstSi da, Sesabamisad,

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uinteresoa poetikis TvlasazrisiT; xatovani epiTetis cne-ba ki martivad SeiZleba Canacvldes cnebiT _ epiTeti, ro-melsac ikvlevs da swavlobs poetika.

epiTeti metyvelebis sxvadasxva nawilebiT SeiZleba gamo-ixatos. misi mTavari Rirsebaa mWidro kavSiri avtoris (mTxrobelis) warmosaxvasTan: epiTeti gamoxatavs avtoris (mTxrobelis) damokidebulebas saganTan an movlenasTan _ is individualur, originalur elfers sZens gansasazRvrs (lirikuli epiTeti).

termini _ metaforuli epiTeti _ me-20 saukunis dasa-wyisSi gaCnda rusul literaturismcodneobaSi da gaziare-buli iqna sxva Teoriuli skolebis mier. metaforuli epi-Teti miawers konkretul sagans an movlenas iseT maxasiaTeb-lebs, romlebic ar Seesabameba mis Zireul gagebas da qmnis moulodnelobis efeqts. es aris atribuciuli metaforuli struqtura, romelic aTavsebs araTavsebad realiebs. maga-liTad, `Tavisuflebis naTeli (sxivi)~, `tkbili saxeli~.

metafora da Sedareba

metaforis Teoretikosebi yvelaze xSirad svamen metafo-risa da Sedarebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. marTlac, am ori tropis siaxlove eWvs ar iwvevs.

Sedareba (laT. comparatio), rogorc poetikis termini, niS-navs asaxvis obieqtis (sagnisa an movlenis) Sedarebas sxva saganTan an movlenasTan saerTo maxasiaTeblis niSniT. Seda-reba SeiZleba iyos martivi (rodesac or sagans an movlenas adareben) an rTuli (rodesac ramdenime sagans an movlenas adareben), dadebiTi an uaryofiTi.

Sedarebas xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc aucilebel sin-taqsur formas metaforis gamoxatvisaTvis. metaforis Seq-mnis mTavar xerxad miiCneven Sedarebidan misTvis aucilebe-li kavSirebis _ `rogorc~ (ìse~, `TiTqos~, `msgavsad~.

berZn. wJ~, ingl. like), bolosarTis _ `viT~, èbr~, an predika-tebis _ `msgavsia”, `hgavs”, èmsgavseba~, `mogvagonebs~ _

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amoRebas. am nabijs moyveba sintaqsuri struqturis arsebi-Ti Secvla.

magaliTad: es gogona hgavs Tojinas _> es gogona iseTia, rogorc

Tojina _>es gogona namdvili Tojinaa; `yornis frTasaviT Savi wamwamebi~ _ Sedarebaa, `qali

tirs da cremlsa afrqvevs, hxris yornisa bolo frTaTa~ _ ukve metaforaa.

Tu SedarebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tavisufleba sxvada-sxva mniSvnelobebis mqone predikatebTan mimarTebiT, meta-fora ufro lakonuria _ gaurbis modifikaciebs, ganmarte-bebsa da dasabuTebas. metafora amoklebs metyvelebas, Se-dareba ki ganavrcobs. es tropebi poetikis enis sxvadasxva tendenciebs upasuxeben: Tu Sedareba miuTiTebs erTi obi-eqtis msgavsebaze meoresTan (imis miuxedavad, es mudmivia Tu cvalebadi, namdvilia Tu moCvenebiTi, erTi aspeqtiTaa Semo-fargluli Tu globaluria), metafora gamoxatavs myar msgavsebas, romelic aaSkaravebs sagnis arss da, saboloo jamSi, mis mudmiv niSans. amasTan, metafora kategoriulad ar uSvebs miTiTebas im Tvisebaze, romelmac ganapiroba msgav-seba. mag.: `Tavisi fexmrudobiT sobakeviCi iyo daTvi~. meta-fora Tavad ikavebs im sintaqsur adgils, romelic gansaz-Rvrulia Sedarebis predikatisTvis: sobakeviCi mouqneli, mZimewoniani da fexmrudia, rogorc daTvi _> sobakeviCi namdvili daTvi(a).

SedarebiTi (komparativistuli) kavSiris `SemoklebiT” metafora sakavSirebel sityvasTan erTad ukuagdebs Sedare-bis safuZvelsac: Tu klasikur SemTxvevaSi Sedareba samwev-

riania (A hgavs B-s C-s niSniT), metafora orwevriania (A aris

B). xatovnad rom vTqvaT,metafora aris ganaCeni sasamarTlo ganxilvis gareSe.

samecniero literaturaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Seda-rebis sami tipis gamijvnas. es tipebia: bukvaluri Sedareba, mimsgavseba da analogia. bukvalur SedarebaSi Sedarebis sa-fuZvlebi TvalsaCinoa, magaliTad: `jonis coli hgavs mis

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dedas~; mimsgavsebaSi Sedarebis safuZvlebi ar aris Tvalsa-Cino: `jonis coli hgavs mis qolgas~ (es fraza SeiZleba ase aixsnas: jonis coli qolgasaviT wvrilia, gamxdaria; an: co-li jons qolgasaviT icavs); analogiebi, Cveulebriv, moicavs 4 wevrs, radgan isini agebulia, rogorc ariTmetikuli pro-

porciebi: x:y::nx:ny (`fexis guli ise miemarTeba fexs, ro-gorc xelis guli _ xels~).

metaforul gamoTqmaSi SeiZleba gvqondes Semoklebuli Sedareba an Semoklebuli dapirispireba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi xazgasmulia analogiis principis roli azris formirebisas, meore SemTxvevaSi aqcenti gadatanilia imaze, rom metafora irCevs yvelaze mokle da aratrivialur gzas WeSmaritebisa-ken. metafora _ imiT, rom uaryofs Cveulebriv klasifika-cias (taqsonomias) _ gvTavazobs sagnebis axal ganawilebas kategoriebad da SemoTavazebis momentSive gaemijneba mas. igi saerTod ar egueba klasifikacias. metaforisTvis miuRe-belia taqsonomiuri principi.

amrigad, metafora Sedarebisgan gansxvavdeba SemdegiT: metaforaSi amogdebulia Sesadarebeli sityva; metafora orwevriania _ ugulvebelyofilia Sedarebis safuZveli (ar ainteresebs); metafora uars ambobs yovelgvar ganmartebaze (ganaCeni sasamarTlos gareSe); metaforul gamonaTqvamSi Se-iZleba davinaxoT ara marto msgavseba, aramed dapirispirebac.

metafora da gapirovneba

gapirovneba, upiratesad, metaforis kerZo saxeobad miiCneva.

gapirovneba aris adamianuri Tvisebebis gadatana sagneb-ze, movlenebze, cxovelebze; usulo da sulieri sagnebis gaadamianeba. gapirovneba efuZneba bunebis movlenebis, mce-nareuli da cxoveluri samyaros Segnebul gaigivebas adami-anTa cxovrebasa da moqmedebebTan maT Soris msgavsebis sa-fuZvelze. cxovelTa, frinvelTa da usulo saganTa gapirov-

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nebis magaliTebi uxvadaa vaJa-fSavelas leqsebSi, poemebsa da moTxrobebSi. magaliTad:

soflis Tavs sZinavs Savs nislsa/ dafiqrebulis saxiTa. dRem daixura pirbade, mTebma daxuWes Tvalebi.

gapirovneba damaxasiaTebelia adreuli religiebisa da primitiuli adamianebis warmodgenebisTvis. am process an-Tropomorfizaciasac (gaadamianurebas) uwodeben. anTropo-morfizmi aris nebismieri adamianuri Tvisebebis mikuTvneba ara-adamianebisTvis: cxovelebisTvis, usulo sagnebisTvis, fenomenebisTvis, materialuri mdgomareobebisTvis, iseTi obieqtebis an abstraqtuli konceftebisTvis, rogoricaa sulebi an RvTaebebi. pirvelyofili sazogadoebis adamiani bunebis movlenebs suls udgamda, adamianur Tvisebebs mi-awerda. aman gamoxatuleba hpova uZveles mxatvrul qmnile-bebSi, xolo Semdeg Camoyalibda, rogorc sinamdvilis mxat-vruli warmosaxvis erT-erTi xerxi.

gapirovnebis diapazoni farToa. is SeiZleba gaiSalos da adamianis Tvisebebi gadavides ganyenebul movlenebze, cne-bebze. magaliTad: òcneba tanjulis qveynis/ qviTinebs mTisa wverzeda~. aq gapirovnebulia òcneba~. SeiZleba usulo sag-nis gapirovnebac: `ferdobs zeviT isliT gadaxuruli qoxi moCans. gadaxrilia siberisgan. uxmod ixveweba gamasveneTo~. vaJa-fSavelas mier daxatuli mTebi dajildoebuli arian adamianuri TvisebiT _ fiqris unariT: mTebi TavCaCqianebi fiqrs miscemian mwaresa. an: nisli fiqria mTebisa, imaT kacobis gvirgvini; g. erisTavi fulis gapirovnebis xerxs mimarTavs: karapeta ase ealerseba Tavis oqroebs: Cemi coli Sena xar! Cemi Svili Sena xar... Cemo aRdgomis batkano! Cemo axalwlis halvav! gaizarde, Cemo Svilo! (`Zunwi~). aq gapirov-neba Sedarebis formiTaa warmodgenili. mxatvrul Semoqme-debaSi xSiradaa gasulierebul-gaadamianurebuli siyvaru-li, sikvdili da sxva movlenebi.

gapirovnebaSi usulo sagani warmodgenilia, rogorc ada-miani, romelic msjelobs, moqmedebs, amitomac gapirovnebas

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zogjer animistur metaforas uwodeben. gapirovnebis aseTi siaxlove metaforasTan aixsneba imiT, rom orive emyareba warmosadgensa da dasaSvebs, magram gansxvaveba maT Soris is aris, rom metaforaSi yvela Tvisebis (ganurCevlad imisa, sulieria es sagani Tu usulo, adamiani Tu saerTod cocxali arseba) gadatana SeiZleba erTi sagnidan meoreze, gapirovne-baSi ki gadatanilia mxolod adamianuri Tvisebebi. am Sez-Rudvis miuxedavad, gapirovnebas metaforis kerZo saxeobad miiCneven xolme. Tu metafora erTeuli sityvaTSewyobaa, ga-pirovneba _ mTeli saxea, romelic iqmneba calkeuli sityvi-eri metaforebisgan, romelTac aqvT damoukidebeli sagnob-rivi mniSvnelobebi.

gapirovnebis 2 saxes gamoyofen: a) adamianis Tvisebebi gadatanilia bunebaze an konkre-

tul saganze:

roca ki gazafxuldeba/ gamoiRviZebs qveyana: silaRe, simxiarule/ daseirnoben yvelgana, gaCndeba CirTi, yvavilni/ ekonebian mwvanesa... `mindias gaumarjoso~/ erTxmad astexen yiJinsa,/ xeebi foTlebs arxeven, / buneba iwyebs bibinsa, da mere saTiTaoda / yvela mohyveba titinsa.

b) adamianis Tvisebebi gadatanilia ganyenebul movlenebze:

`modi, modi Cemo Zvelo ocnebav, modi momialerse, Semijine zurgze da Seni msubuqi frTebiT matare Cems sayvarel qveyanaSi~.

xSirad erTmaneTs emTxveva gapirovneba da personifikacia.

personifikacia (laT. persona pirovneba, facio vakeTeb) mxatvruli literaturis gamosaxvis xerxia, rodesac bune-bis movlenebi, sagnebi, frinvelebi da cxovelebi gaadamianu-rebulia da moqmed personaJebadaa gamoyvanili (zRapari, igav-araki da sxva).

personifikacias ZaluZs adamianuri maxasiaTeblebis mi-kuTvneba abstraqtuli ideebisTvis. ramdenadac personifi-

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kacia Tvisebebis gadatanas gulisxmobs, mas metaforis Tavi-sebur saxedac miiCneven. personifikacia iTvleba metaforis formad, romelSic ena akavSirebs adamianis qmedebas, emo-cias, motivacias ara-adamianTan an sagnebTan (`dRes amindi gviRimis~). abstraqtul cnebaTa gapirovnebas simbolur per-sonifikacias uwodeben (òcneba tanjulis qveynis/ qviTi-nebs mTisa wverzeda”).

klasikur ritorikaSi personifikaciis aRsaniSnad gamo-

iyeneboda termini prosopopoeia (proswpo-poiiva berZn. gansaxiereba).

gapirovnebas gansakuTrebeli da mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia xalxur sityvierebaSi. literaturaSi ki gapirovneba fantastikurobis, animizmis, alegoriulobis gamovlenis, mxatvrulobisa da saxeobriobis gamaZlierebel saSualebad iqca. pirvelyofil sinkretul xalxur SemoqmedebaSi gapi-rovneba iyo ara mxolod forma, aramed, Sinaarsic. adami-anebs egonaT, rom bunebis movlenebi, cxovelebi, frinvele-bi, mcenareebi Segnebuli cxovrebiT cxovrobdnen _ SeeZ-loT laparaki, moqmedeba. ase arian isini warmodgenilni zRaprebSi. lirikul xalxur poeziaSi gapirovnebebi iqmne-boda mimarTviT ama Tu im movlenisadmi, sulieri arsebebi-sadmi. saukuneebis Semdeg es pozicia Seicvala. arqauli gapi-rovnebebi kargavdnen TavianT adreul Sinaarss. maT Semor-CaT mxolod Zveli forma mxatvruli azris gamosaxatad. xalxur SemoqmedebaSi, Semdgom ki mxatvrul literaturaSi gvxvdeba ara mxolod bunebis gapirovneba, aramed adamianis Seqmnili artefaqtebisac _ (mag.: Rumeli rusul zRaprebSi).

erTi mosazrebiT, gapirovnebebi im Zvel religiur for-maqmnadobas miekuTvneba, rodesac Zalebs, romelTa alyaSic iyo moqceuli kacTa modgma, adamiani adamianur saxes

aniWebda∗.

∗ gapirovneba-gansaxierebis safuZveli uadres droSi iyo mocemuli. eTnog-rafiam da religiaTmcodneobam gagvacno primitiuli anu arqauli religi-uri cxovrebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi elementi: RmerTebisa da sule-bis samyaros gansaxiereba cxoveluri formiT. es Teriomorfuli (cxovelu-

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metafora da alegoria

metaforasTan mWidro kavSirSia alegoria.

alegoria (berZn. ajll-hgorevw) aris tropi, romelic aRniS-navs qaragmulad, sxvagvarad Tqmas. alegoriaSi sityvebi da frazebi SeiZleba pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gamoviyenoT, mag-ram mTeli Sinaarsi arapirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gaigeba. ma-Sasadame, alegoriis dros mTeli konteqsti gadataniTi mniS-vnelobiT ikiTxeba. magaliTad: `nestan-darejan qajebs hyavs, moelis turfa gamomxsnels~. miaCniaT, rom akakis am frazaSi nestan-darejanSi saqarTvelo igulisxmeba, qajebSi _ saqarTvelos mteri.

Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi alegoriisTvis damaxasiaTebe-lia ganyenebuli cnebis Secvla konkretuli sagniT, magali-Tad: mela moxerxebulobis alegoriaa, jori _ sijiutis, lomi _ vaJkacobis. alegoria gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebe-lia xalxur SemoqmedebasTan asocirebuli JanrebisaTvis _ andazebisa da igav-arakebisTvis.

alegorias, rogorc mxatvrul xerxs, uZvelesi droidan iyeneben literaturaSi. magaliTad, vaJa-fSavelas `baxtri-onSi~ daWrili luxumi, romelic laSaris gorze unda Sedges, aRorZinebuli saqarTvelos alegoriaa. aseTive saxea amirani akakis `Tornike erisTavidan~ (safuZvlebi 1972).

alegoria gamosaxvis (gamoxatvis) formaa. imisaTvis, rom ufro kargad gaverkveT alegoriis arsSi, saWiroa gaviaz-roT termini `gamosaxva~ (`gamoxatva~). gamosaxva aris `Sina-ganisa~ da `gareganis~ sinTezi _ Zala, romelic `Sinagans” aiZulebs, rom gamovlindes, `garegans” ki eqaCeba (eweva), rom SeaRwios `Sinaganis~ siRrmeSi. gamosaxva (gamoxatva) yovel-Tvis dinamikuri procesia; moZraoba xorcieldeba rogorc

ri) saxovaneba safuZvelia yovelive imisi, rasac totemizmi hqvia (an, rasac totemizms uwodebdnen r.c.); aseve RmerTebis metamorfozebi (mag.: zevsis gardasaxva xarad, wvimad, gugulad da a.S.). yvela am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs adamianuris fantastikur SeniRbvasTan cxoveluri saxis miRebis gziT.

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`Signidan~ `gareT~, ise _ `garedan~ `SigniT~. xatovnad rom vTqvaT, gamosaxva aris ori energiis (Sinaganisa da gareganis) Sexvedris arena da maTi Serwyma erT mTelSi, romelic erT-droulad erTicaa da meorec. termini gamo-saxva (gamo-xatva) miuTiTebs aqtiur mimarTulobaze, TviTgardasaxvaze. alegoriaSi Cadebulia `saxe~ da ìdea~ _ `garegani~ da `Sina-gani~, Tumca, maTi urTierTmimarTeba winaaRmdegobrivia. es kargad Cans poeturi alegoriis yvelaze TvalsaCino nimuSSi _ igavSi. magaliTad, sulxan-saba orbelianis, krilovis (da, zogadad) igavebSi WianWvela, mgeli, daTvi da sxva cxovelebi metyveleben, magram arc avtori da arc mkiTxveli ar fiq-robs, rom maT namdvilad SeuZliaT laparaki, an ise moq-cevian, rogorc igavSia warmodgenili: aq `saxe~ niSnavs erTs, ìdea~ _ sruliad sxvas. ra Tqma unda, isini raRaciT dakav-Sirebuli arian erTmaneTTan, sxvagvarad warmodgenili amba-vi ar iqneboda gamomsaxveli, magram `saxe~ gaigivebulia gan-yenebul ideasTan, romelic mTlianad ar emTxveva `saxes~. alegoriaSi saxe yovelTvis metia ideaze, saxe yovelTvis aR-niSnuli da gamoxatulia, idea ki ganyenebuli da gamouvleneli.

alegoriis sapirispirod, simboloSi aris sruli Tanas-woroba `Sinagansa~ da `garegans~, ìdeasa~ da `saxes~ Soris. es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs, rom simboloSi ar aris araviTa-ri gansxvaveba saxesa da ideas Soris; isini aucileblad ga-nirCevian raRaciT, sxvagvarad simbolo ar iqneboda gamom-saxveli (gamomxatveli). ase magaliTad, igavebis personaJe-bisgan gansxvavebulad aRviqvamT miTosur saxeebs (movigo-noT kerberosi (cerberi) berZnuli miTidan, an aqilevsis erT-erTi cxeni, romelic adamianis xmiT daelaparaka pat-rons da sikvdilis moaxloeba auwya, an sirenebi da sfin-qsebi). am gansxvavebis mizezi isaa, rom miTosuri persona-Jebis Semqmnelebi maT realur saxeebad aRiqvamdnen. miTosu-ri saxeebi realurad aRsaqmeli saxeebia da ara gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT gasagebi. aqedan gamomdinare, miTi arc alego-riaa, arc _ sqema, miTi simboloa. Tumca, simbolos cneba SefardebiTia, e.i. mocemuli gamomsaxvelobiTi forma simbo-

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loa raRac sxvasTan mimarTebiT. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-lovania imitom, rom erTi da igive gamomsaxvelobiTi forma sxvasTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iyos sqemac, alegoriac da simboloc. magaliTad, novalisis TxzulebaSi warmodgenili cisferi yvavili mistikuri simboloa; botani-kosisTvis cisferi yvavili garkveuli saxeobis mcenarea, romelsac aqvs konkretuli agebuleba (sqema); Tu cisferi yvavili Segvxvda iseT TxrobaSi, sadac sxva personaJebTan erTad figurirebs, igi alegoriaa. igive SeiZleba iTqvas lomze: zoologiur atlasebSi lomi sqemis saxiT warmodge-ba, igavebSi _ alegoriulad, poetur metyvelebaSi (ara yo-velTvis) da gerbebSi ki lomi simboloa.

ufro rom ganvazogadoT, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom xelov-neba, cxovrebasTan SedarebiT, alegoriulia. msaxiobi gana-saxierebs, TamaSobs `sxvas~. amitom Teatri alegoriulia. es xels ar uSlis arc Teatrs, arc xelovnebas (zogadad) iyvnen simbolurebi. xelovneba unda iyos simboluri (an sxvadasxva doziT simboluri), magram realur cxovrebasTan SedarebiT igi alegoriulia.

simbolo. metafora da simbolo

mecnierebi miuTiTeben, Tu sad ikveTeba metafora da sim-bolo, da, amavdroulad, aRniSnaven principul gansxvavebas maT Soris.

simbolo (berZn. suvmbolon _ niSani, mauwyebeli) _ tropis erT-erTi saxea, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT naxmari sityva; pi-robiTi niSani namdvilisa da SesaZleblis misaniSneblad. simboluri SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod sityva, aramed mTli-anad azri.

simbolos, literaturismcodneobis erT-erT sakvanZo termins, umniSvnelovanesi kulturologiuri funqcia gaaCnia.

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àdamianuri~ saqcieli iwyeba simboloebis gamoyenebiT. yvela civilizacia aRmocenda da SenarCunda mxolod simbo-loebis gamoyenebis wyalobiT. adamianuri saqcieli simbo-luri saqcielia. simbolizaciis unarma warmoSva kultura; simbolos gareSe ar iqneboda civilizacia, adamiani ki cxo-velad darCeboda.

adamianis saqcieli SeiZleba iyos orgvari: simboluri da arasimboluri. xvela, cemineba, fxana, yvirili, mrisxaneba da a.S. axasiaTebs cxovelsac da adamiansac; es arasimboluri saqcielia. adamiani Tavis msgavsebTan urTierTobas amyarebs metyvelebiT, qmnis kanonebs, adgens daweril da duwerel we-sebs. es qmedebebi unikaluria, damaxasiaTebelia mxolod adamianisTvis da xorcieldeba simboloebis gamoyenebiT. adamianurobis gamoxatvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani formaa da-nawevrebuli metyveleba. ena (metyveleba) _ sityvis (bgera-Ta jgufis) dakavSireba saganTan, movlenasTan, emociasTan simbolizaciis pirveli umTavresi Sedegia. simbolo SeiZle-ba ganvmartoT, rogorc sagani, romelsac faseulobas an azrs aniWeben isini, vinc mas iyenebs. vambobT `sagans~, radgan simbolos SeiZleba hqondes materialuri obieqtis ra ginda ra fizikuri forma: feri, bgera, suni, moZraoba, gemo da sxva.

`simbolon~ Zvel saberZneTSi ewodeboda danawevrebuli Tixis firfitis im natexebs, romelTa SeerTebiTac unda amoecnoT erTmaneTi qonebis memkvidreebs an Tanamoazreebs. aseTia am terminis dabadebis ùwyinari~ safuZveli. Semdgom simbolom, iseve rogorc terminTa umetesobam, sul sxva mniSvneloba SeiZina (Tumca darCa erTi intriga _ àmocnoba~).

simbolo aris cocxali sakraluri miTis elementi da mi-Tisken mimavali aucilebeli safexuri. simboloTa samyaro aris Sesabamisobebis Sualeduri samyaro. es aris narcisis anareklis samyaro, romelic TavisTavad arc narcisia, arc _ wyali. isini (simboloebi) erTsa da imave dros xilulic aris da uxilavnic. es aris samyaro xilulis gadasvlisa da gardasaxvisa uxilavSi, cnobierisa _ aracnobierSi, sico-cxlisa _ sikvdilSi da piriqiT. ase rom, tye, romelSic aR-

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moCnda dantes personaJi `Tavisi sicocxlis Suaxans~ da bod-leriseuli `simboloTa tye~ aris ara garesamyaros tran-scendenturi xilviT miRebuli gamocdileba, aramed Sinaga-ni tye _ erTaderTi adgili, sadac maZiebels SeuZlia Sex-vdes saidumlos da mis gancxadebas. simboloTa enis codna gansakuTrebul niWs moiTxovs. sametyvelo enis SezRudu-lobas xSirad mihyavs adamiani afaziamde, dumilis enamde. adamianTa erTi nawili iyenebs simboluri metyvelebis sxva formas _ musikas, cekvas, mxatvrobas da qandakebas. simbo-lo aris maradiulisa da WeSmaritis gamovlena droSi. Tavi-sufleba mxolod simboloSi gveZleva.

simboluroba msWvalavs yofiT salaparako enas; simbolo aris lozungebsa da sxva politikur niSnebSi. aRarafers vam-bobT religiis enis qaragmulobasa da arqaul kulturebze. poeziaze, istoriul saxeebze. simbolos Seswavla mWidrod ukavSirdeba arqeologias, Zvel istorias, eTnografias, he-raldikas, folkloristikas, religias, miToss.

simbolo aris abstraqtuli realoba gamoxatuli konkre-tuli niSniT, romelsac SeuZlia gadmosces urTulesi logi-kuri cnebebi, ideebi, mistikuri movlenebi da mdgomareoba. simboloebSi pouloben Tavis gamoxatulebasa da axsnas kos-miuri fenomenebi, adamianis fsiqikis meqanizmebi da a.S. es fenomenebi gadaecema Taobidan Taobas folkloris saSuale-biT. am memkvidreobasTan SexebisTanave mkvlevaris winaSe warmodgeba simboloTa uamravi raodenoba, romelTac saer-To warmomavloba aqvT. simbolo aRiqmeba intuiciurad (Jiuleni 1999: 5-7).

simbolos gagebas gviadvilebs misi gamoyofa momijnave cnebebisgan: niSani, emblema da alegoria, Tumca zogjer ma-Ti garCeva erTmaneTisgan Zalian Wirs. simbolos niSnisgan ganasxvavebs mravalmniSvnelianoba. simbolo aris saidum-loc da am saidumlos wvdomac. saxis, simbolosa da niSnis urTierTkavSiris gasarkvevad sayuradReboa s. averincevis definicia: `SeiZleba iTqvas, rom farTo gagebiT simbolo aris saxe Tavis niSnur aspeqtSi da amasTan, niSani, romelSic

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Tavs iCens saxis amouwuravi da mravalmniSvnelovani organu-loba. yvela simbolo aris saxe (da yvela saxe, garkveulwi-lad, simboloa), magram simbolos kategoria saxis sazRvre-bidan gasvlas, garkveuli azris arsebobas gulisxmobs, ro-melic saxesTan aris Serwymuli, magram saxesTan gaigivebuli ar aris (averincevi 1987). ZiriTadi gansxvaveba simbolosa da niSans Soris aris is, rom niSans aqvs praqtikuli, araoraz-rovani mniSvneloba: àr mowio~, `gadasasvleli~... simbolos aqvs ukukavSiris gacilebiT meti SesaZlebloba, is xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobebs Seicavs.

karl iungis azriT, `simbolo unda moicavdes erTgvar gaucnobierebel aspeqts, romelic bolomde verasdros iqne-ba calsaxad axsnili an Camoyalibebuli~ (abzianiZe, elaSvi-li 2006: 3-4). `calsaxoba~ axasiaTebs emblemas, niSans, alego-rias. erTi da igive sagani erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba niSani iyos, meoreSi _ emblema, mesameSi _ simbolo: magaliTad: xuTqimiani varskvlavi samxreebze niSania, gerbze _ emblema, beTlemis Tavze ki _ simbolo. baraTaSvilis leqsSi `Cems varskvlavs~ varskvlavi poetis satrfos metaforaa.

simbolosgan gansxvavebiT, alegoria konkretul asoci-aciaze agebul erTsaxovan suraTs warmoadgens. simbolo da alegoria gamosaxvis monaTesave formebia, magram gansxva-veba maT Soris is aris, rom simbolo ganasaxierebs ganyene-bul, zogad ideas; alegoriaSi ki erTi konkretuli sagnis Tvisebaa gadatanili meore konkretul saganze (Wilaia, SuSania 1957).

brokhauzisa da efronis klasikuri enciklopedia simbo-loebs 3 kategoriad yofs: sagnobrivi simbolika (jvari, dis-ko, mze, xeli, Tvali, yvavili da a.S.); ritualuri simbolika (ritualebi _ pirvelyofili cekvebidan Tanamedrove para-dis CaTvliT) da sityvieri simbolika (saxelTa da saxel-

wodebaTa CaTvliT)∗.

∗ mecnierTa nawili simboloTa met jgufs gamoyofs.

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Tu xelovani Tavis Sinagan mimarTebaTa gadmocemisas ukve aprobirebul simboloebs mimarTavs, an Tavis metaforul xelweras ufro da ufro usadagebs pirobiTobis am enas, Cven vlaparakobT simbolizmze, rogorc esTetikur mimarTulebaze.

simboloSi yovelTvis aris raRac arqauli. yoveli kul-tura saWiroebs teqstis plasts, romelic arqaulobis fun-qcias asrulebs. simboloTa kondensireba aq, Cveulebriv, gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia. meore mxriv, simbolo aqtiurad urTierTobs kulturul konteqstTan, transformirdeba mi-si zegavleniT da Tavad axdens mis transformacias. simbo-los invariantuli arsi realizdeba variantebSi.

niSandoblivia isic, rom e.w. elementarul (Tavisi gamoxa-tulebiT) simboloebs aqvT ufro didi kulturul-azrob-rivi moculoba, vidre rTul simboloebs. jvars, wres, pen-tagramas gacilebiT meti azrobrivi potencia aqvT, vidre àpolons, romelic tyavs aZrobs marsiass~. swored `marti-vi~ simboloebi qmnian kulturis simbolur birTvs da swo-red maTi gajerebiT iqmneba saSualeba vimsjeloT mTliano-baSi kulturis simbolizirebadi Tu desimbolizirebadi orientaciis Sesaxeb.

folklorSi simbolo warmoiSva poetur SemoqmedebaSi arsebuli orsaxovani xatovani paralelizmisgan. am konteq-stiT, simbolo aris damoukidebeli mxatvruli saxe, romel-sac aqvs emociur-qaragmuli azri da efuZneba cxovrebise-uli movlenebis msgavsebas. simboluri saxeebis warmoSoba moamzada sasimRero tradiciam, romlis dasabami uxsovar droSi ikargeba. xalxuri simRerebi Taobidan Taobaze gada-dioda. im SemTxvevebSic, rodesac es simRerebi iTxzveboda pirdapiri orwevriani paralelizmis safuZvelze, masSi Sema-vali saxeebis azrobrivi kavSiri TandaTanobiT mtkicdeboda Tavad momReralTa da maT msmenelTa gonebaSi. amitom, ro-desac simReraSi Cndeboda paralelizmis pirveli wevri _ bunebis esa Tu is suraTi (saxe), gonebaSi maSinve wamotivtiv-deboda ukve cnobili meore wevri _ saxe adamianisa, romlis sityvieri daxasiaTeba aRar iyo saWiro. sxvagvarad rom

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vTqvaT, bunebis `cxovrebis~ asaxva iyo momaswavebeli adami-anis cxovrebisa da aman miiRo gadataniTi, simboluri mniS-vneloba. adamianebma iswavles adamianuri cxovrebis Secnoba dafaruli analogiis _ bunebis cxovrebis _ gziT.

qarTul folklorSi viri sisulelis, uzrdelobis, uWku-obis simboloa, arwivi _ simamacis, Zlierebis, melia _ msu-nagobis, cbierebis, mgeli _ gaumaZRrobis, xari _ Sromis da a.S.

mxatvrul literaturaSi simboluri SeiZleba iyos mxat-vruli saxe, gmiri, mTeli nawarmoebi. `gvelis mWamelSi~ gve-li sibrZnis simboloa. n. lomouris `gigo RrubelaSvilSi~ CiraRdani ganaTlebis simboloa. simboloebi uxvadaa sasu-liero literaturul teqstebSi. saero poeziaSi simbolo-ebis siuxviT gamoirCeva daviT guramiSvilis Semoqmedeba.

karl iaspersis azriT, samyaro Seicnoba simbolos saSu-alebiT. simbolo usasruloa da ar daiyvaneba azrze. simbo-lo mravalmniSvneliania da ganusazRvreli. simbolo uZravi da fiqsirebuli xdeba (mkvdar obieqtad gadaiqceva), rode-sac kargavs Tavis arsebiT Tvisebebs; am SemTxvevaSi igi gada-iqceva niSnad, mniSvnelobad, metaforad. WeSmariti simbo-los ganmarteba ar SeiZleba. is, risi ganmarteba SeiZleba `sxviT~, aRar aris simbolo. simbolos Secnoba SeiZleba mis garSemo trialiT; mis naTebaSi SeRweviT. aseTi Secnoba Ta-vad xdeba simbolos nawili. simbolos saSualebiT Cven Sev-divarT `molivlive realobaSi~ _ miTSi; da bolos, simbo-los saSualebiT Cven mivdivarT RmerTTan (simboloTa en-ciklopedia 2000: 5-14).

metaforisa da simbolos safuZvelia saxe _ ZiriTadi semiotikuri cnebebis dasabami. metafora da simbolo àmo-dian~ saxidan, magram Semdgom maTi gzebi iyofa. metaforis safuZvelSia kategorialuri Zvra (Zvra, romelic iwvevs ka-tegoriis Secvlas). metafora, predikatulobis gamo, wina planze wamoswevs semantikur aspeqts, masSi aqcentirebulia mniSvneloba, romelic TandaTanobiT xdeba mkafio da SesaZ-lebloba aqvs, Sevides enis leqsikur fondSi. simboloSi, romlisTvisac ar aris damaxasiaTebeli predikatad gamoye-

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neba, piriqiT, stabiluri formaa. simbolo iswrafvis grafi-kuli gamosaxvisaken.

metaforaSi SenarCunebulia saxis mTlianoba. simbolo sxvagvarad ìqceva~. saqme isaa, rom simbolos aqvs aRmniSvne-lis gamartivebis tendencia da SeuZlia miiRos saxis rome-lime erTi niSani _ misi feri, forma da a.S. saxis danawevreba simbolur elementebad misi `wakiTxvis~ saSualebas iZleva. saxe gadaiqceva `teqstad~. miuxedavad imisa, rom simboloebi (iseve rogorc metaforebi) ar aris erTmaneTze damokide-buli, maT SeuZliaT sistemaSi gaerTianeba. ferTa simboli-kas SeuZlia warmoSvas Tavisi èna~ _ kodi. am SemTxvevaSi simboloTa interpretacia efuZneba kodis codnas. es viTa-reba damaxasiaTebelia xatwerisTvis (ufro farTod, ritu-aluri simbolikisTvis).

simbolosTvis damaxasiaTebelia aRmniSvnelis sqematiza-cia, ris gamoc misi kavSiri mniSvnelobasTan naklebad orga-nulia. es ki kardinalurad ganasxvavebs simbolos metafo-risgan, sadac damokidebuleba saxesa da mis gaazrebas Soris arasdros aRwevs srul SeTanxmebulobas (konvencionaliza-cias). simbolo, metaforisgan gansxvavebiT, asrulebs deiq-tikur (miTiTebis) funqcias. simbolos ar axasiaTebs meta-foriseuli or-subieqturoba, simbolo imperatiulia.

swored es gansxvavebebia metaforisa da simbolos gamij-vnis safuZveli. metaforisTvis ucxoa semantikuri Semofar-gluloba, mas SeuZlia miiRos nebismieri niSan-Tvisebis mniS-vneloba. metaforas, Cveulebriv, miakuTvneben konkretul subieqts, risi wyalobiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba misi SenarCu-neba garkveuli (pirdapir Tu iribad realobasTan dakavSi-rebuli) mniSvnelobis farglebSi. simbolo piriqiT, iolad gadalaxavs `miwier mizidulobas~. is iswrafvis asaxos mara-diuli da medini, is, rac mistikuri swavlebebis mixedviT, WeSmariti realobaa. amitom simbolos xSirad aqvs bundovani transcendenturi mniSvneloba: simboloSi aris dafaruli da cxadi, utyvi da metyveli. metaforas sxva, ufro `miwi-eri~, funqcia aqvs. misi daniSnulebaa Seqmnas obieqtis iseTi

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saxe, romelic gaxsnis (warmoaCens) mis latentur (farul) arsebas. metafora aRrmavebs realobis gagebas, simbolos ki gahyavs realobis farglebidan; metafora gamoxatavs enob-

riv mniSvnelobebs, romlebic metaforis CarCoSia (vehicle) Cadebuli, simbolo _ zogad ideebs. amitom simbolos ar Se-uZlia asaxos SemTxveviTi ram. Sesabamisad, rodesac saubro-ben xelovnebaSi qmnil saerTo (zogad) ideebsa da saxeebze, isini avtomaturad transformirdebian simboloebad. maga-liTad, rodesac i. anenski aanalizebs `danaSaulsa da sas-jels~, mas romanis yvela personaJi gamohyavs, rogorc sim-bolo: `mRebavi _ tanjvis simboloa; porfiri _ simboloa ucnauri bednierebisa, romelic adamianis tanjvasTan TamaSs moiTxovs da a.S.~

arsebobs kidev erTi fundamenturi gansxvaveba metafora-sa da simbolos Soris: saxidan metaforaze gadasvla gamow-veulia semantikuri (anu enis SigniTa) saWiroebebiT; simbo-loze gadasvla ki ufro xSirad xdeba eqstralingvisturi faqtorebis gamo. es exeba rogorc okazionalur (SemTxve-viT) ise myar simboloebs. simboloebad gadaiqcevian, simbo-lomde maRldebian, izrdebian. simbolo adamianis cxovre-baSi asrulebs araordinarul funqcias _ karnaxobs mas air-Cios cxovrebiseuli gza, qcevis modelebi. SemTxveviT ar saubroben samefo Zalauflebis simboloebze. adamianTa gar-kveul kavSirebsac aqvT gamokveTili socialuri simbolika, romlis mizania koleqtivis Zalisxmevis gaerTianeba da gar-kveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTva.

amrigad, saxe fsiqologiuria, metafora _ semantikuri, simbolika _ imperatiuli, niSani _ komunikaciuri.

metafora da ironia

ironia (berZnuli eijrwneiva moCvenebiTi, TvalTmaqcuri naTqvami) aris tropi, romelic gamoxatavs sityvis namdvili mniSvnelobis Seusabamobas mis bukvalur gamoxatulebasTan; ironiul gamonaTqvamSi molaparakes mxedvelobaSi aqvs imis

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sapirispiro, rac man Tqva. ZvelberZnul komediaSi ìroni-kosi~ erqva xumaras, romelic Tavs warmoadgenda ufro su-lelad da sustad, vidre sinamdvileSi iyo. ironikosis sapi-rispiro saxe iyo `baxvalosi~ _ xumara, romelic ufro Wkvi-anad da Zlierad warmoadgenda Tavis Tavs, vidre iyo. ìro-nia~ dasabams iRebs ironikosis mxatvruli saxidan.

davuSvaT, gatexeT tanis epoqis Zalian Zvirfasi Cinuri larnaki da ironiiT geubnebian: ès genialuri saqcieli iyo”. am winadadebaSi iseve, rogorc metaforaSi, mosaubris mier winadadebaSi Cadebuli mniSvneloba da winadadebis namdvili mniSvneloba sxvadasxvaa. rogoria principebi, romelTa sa-fuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ga-vigoT naTqvami, Tu ara?! ironiuli gamonaTqvami, Tu mas bukvalurad aRviqvamT, aSkarad uadgilo (arakoreqtuli, Seusabamo) aRmoCndeba mocemuli situaciisTvis. an piriqiT, koreqtuli (mizanSewonili, Sesabamisi) iqneboda mocemul winadadebaSi gamoTqmuli azris sapirispiro Tvalsazrisi.

ironiisa da metaforis urTierTkavSiri efuZneba maTsave maxasiaTeblebs: ironia, iseve rogorc metafora, ar mo-iTxovs araviTar konvenciebs _ arc eqstralingvisturs, arc sxvagvars. metafora da metonimia

metonimia (berZn. met-wnumiva) aris tropi, romelic aR-niSnavs erTi saxelis Secvlas meoriT. metonimia gadasaxe-lebis figuraa. metonimiaSi TvisebaTa gadatana erTi movle-nidan meoreze xorcieldeba ara msgavsebis safuZvelze (rogorc metaforaSia), aramed movlenaTa realuri kavSiris niadagze. metonimia movlenaTa momijnaveobis aRmniSvneli sityvebis qaragmulobas efuZneba. metonimia gulisxmobs saxelis regularulad an okazionalurad (SemTxveviT) ga-dasvlas obieqtebis erTi klasidan (an calkeuli obieqti-dan) meore klasze (an calkeul obieqtze); gadasvlis safuZ-

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velia am obieqtTa momijnaveobis, mezoblobis, erTsa da imave situaciaSi CarTulobis asociacia.

metonimia Semoklebuli aRweraa. is aZlierebs mkiTxvelze mxatvrul zegavlenas specifikuri xerxiT: gamoyofs sagnisa an movlenisgan erT-erT niSans, romelic mwerals arsebiTad miaCnia da masze amaxvilebs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas. maga-liTad: vambobT _ yanwi Sevsvi; sinamdvileSi yanwSi Casxmuli Rvino Sevsvi. metonimiis sxva magaliTebi: rusTaveli zepi-rad vici (igulisxmeba: rusTavelis poema `vefxistyaosani~ zepirad vici); puSkini vTargmne (igulisxmeba: puSkinis Txzulebebi vTargmne); `mTeli kaxeTi qceula Ciqilamoxdil qalada~ (vaJa-fSavela, `baxtrioni~); mTelma orkeTma icis (l. qiaCeli, “gvadi bigva~); baraTaSvils vswavlob (baraTaS-vilis Semoqmedebas vswavlob); akakis vicnob (akakis Semoqme-debas vicnob); mTeli Teatri taSs ukravda (Teatris mayure-beli taSs ukravda).

metonimiaSi Secvla-gadasaxeleba gapirobebulia sityvis gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebis xasiaTiT, magram cne-baTa da saxelTa am SecvlaSi, gadarqmevaSi mWidro Tvisob-rivi kavSiri Semcvlelsa da Secvlils Soris yovelTvis Se-monaxulia. Secvla-gadasaxelebis procesSi metonimias axa-siaTebs romelime sityvis amogdeba winadadebidan da sityvis funqciis sxva sityvisTvis dakisreba. iqmneba sxarti metyve-lebis nimuSebi: leqtors auditoria yuradRebiT usmenda.; balzaki viyide.

metonimiis dros gamoTqma mokldeba, ikumSeba, sityvaTa ekonomiis wyalobiT mtkice mxatvrul erTeulad ikvreba da ise aRibeWdeba mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi.

arsebobs metonimiuri gamoTqmebis Taviseburi jgufi, romelsac sinekdoqes uwodeben (berZn. sun-ekdochv _ sityvis sxva tevadobiT, datvirTviT gamoyeneba). sinekdoqe iseTi gamoTqmaa, sadac dasaxelebulia nawili mTelis nacvlad, an piriqiT _ mTeli nawilis nacvlad: Tavi davkarge; kera gaucivda.

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SeiZleba erTi da igive sityva erTsa da imave dros meto-nimiac iyos da sinekdoqec. mag.: `mokvdavi wuTisoflis stu-mars mogvagonebs~. aq mokvdavi metonimiaa imitom, rom Ca-enacvla adamians; sinekdoqea imitom, rom mokvdavi naxmaria mxolobiT ricxvSi, magram gulisxmobs mraval adamians. si-nekdoqes erT-erTi saxesxvaobaa sakuTari saxelis gamoye-neba sazogado saxelis mniSvnelobiT: Cven baraTaSvilebi gvWirdeba.

gamoyofen metonimiis ramdenime saxeobas:

• adgilis metonimia: mTel qalaqs eZina, rodesac isini movidnen (qalaqis yvela mcxovrebs eZina); TeTri saxli axali iniciativiT gamovida; londonma da moskovma notebi gacvales.

• drois metonimia: es rTuli weli iyo; mZime dro;

• iseTi sityvaTSeTanxmeba, romlebSic esa Tu is moq-medebebi aRiniSneba im saSualebebis (iaraRi, organo) dasa-xelebiT, romelTa daxmarebiTac isini xorcieldeba: Zalian maxvili Tvali aqvs; ena daimokle.

• kuTvnilebis metonimia: zepirad ician galaktioni.

• iseTi sityvaTSeTanxmeba, romelic miuTiTebs adami-anuri cxovrebis ama Tu im mdgomareobasa da damokidebule-baze: am ymawvils namdvilad Tavi abia; amaze ar Rirs Tvalis daxuWva; jer tuCebze rZe ar SeSrobia.

metonimiis safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes sivrculi, xdomi-lebiTi, cnebiTi, sintagmaturi da logikuri urTierTobebi sxvadasxva kategoriebs Soris. saxeli SeiZleba gadavides:

1. saTavsidan SigTavsze (mag.: `langari~ _ `didi TefSi~ da `saWmeli~ `sanovage~); 2.masalidan _ nakeTobaze (`spilenZi~ _ `metali~ da `spilenZis fuli~); 3. dasaxlebuli punqtis saxeldebidan _ iq macxovreblebze (`mTeli sofeli das-ci-noda~); 4. moqmedebidan _ rezultatze (mag.: `gaCereba~ _ `garkveuli tipis moqmedeba~; `transportis gaCerebis adgi-li~; `manZili gaCerebebs Soris~); 5. Sinaarsis gamomxatveli formidan (an misi materialuri gansaxierebidan) _ Sinaar-

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sze (mag.: `sqeli wigni~ miekuTvneba sagans, `saintereso wigni~ _ Sinaarss). 6. mecnierebis sferodan _ mecnierebis saganze da piriqiT (mag.: `gramatika~ _ ènis wyoba~; ènis Semswav-leli mecniereba~). 7.socialuri movlenidan (RonisZiebidan) _ mis monawileebze (mag.: `konferenciam miiRo mniSvnelo-vani gadawyvetileba~). 8. socialuri organizaciidan, dawese-bulebidan _ mis TanamSromlebze, Senobaze (`fabrika gaifi-ca~). 9. mTelidan _ nawilze da piriqiT (mag.: `msxali~ _ `xe~, `nayofi~) metonimiis am formas sinekdoqes uwodeben. 10. emo-ciuri mdgomareobidan _ emociis gamomwvev mizezze (mag.: `Tavzardacema~ _ `SiSi~ da `saSineli movlena~); 11. avtoris saxeli (gvari) SeiZleba Caenacvlos mis nawarmoebebs an mis mier Seqmnil models, stils (mag.: `vkiTxulob tolstois~. buli _ ostatis gvari da àm ostatis damkvidrebuli deko-ri avejze~).

asaxavs ra obieqtebisa da kategoriebis cnebebis mudmiv urTierTqmedebas, metonimia xdeba regularuli da qmnis semantikur modelebs _ mravalmniSvnelian sityvebs, rom-lebic xSirad principulad gansxvavebul mniSvnelobebs atareben.

metonimia warmoiqmneba sintagmaturi (sintagma _ erTma-neTTan dakavSirebuli sityvebi, romelTa erToblioba erT azrobliv mTlianobas qmnis) gardasaxvis meqanizmebis safuZ-velze. igi aris teqstis elifsuri Semoklebis Sedegi (`muze-umSi ori rembrantia~. igulisxmeba: muzeumSi rembrantis ori tiloa). metonimiis kavSiri konteqstTan gansakuTrebiT mtkicea, rodesac ama Tu im situaciis sruli asaxva efuZneba predikats: `ra mogivida?~ _ `Tavi (guli, yeli, kbili)~. nac-vlad pasuxisa: `mtkiva Tavi (guli, yeli, kbili)~. metonimia (upirvelesad ki sinekdoqe) gamoiyeneba, rogorc obieqtis situaciuri nominaciis saSualeba (mag.: `qudi [pirovneba, ro-melsac qudi axuravs] gazeTis kiTxvaSi Caeflo~). predika-tad gamoyeneba metonimias metaforad gardaqmnis: metonimia iswrafvis subieqtis poziciisaken. misi predikatad gamoye-neba ar SeiZleba, metafora ki piriqiT, Tavisi pirvandeli

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funqciiT mtkiced ukavSirdeba predikatis pozicias. ganvi-xiloT erTi fragmenti teqstidan: `waikiTxeT konferenciis Sesaxeb, romelic ganiaraRebas exeba? _ hkiTxa erTma pikes Jiletma meore pikes Jilets...graf bernstrofis gamosvla? bernstrofi Tavia... upasuxa Jiletma, romelsac kiTxva da-usves. ras ityviT snoudenis Sesaxeb? gulwrfelad getyviT _ upasuxa panamam _ snoudens pirSi TiTs nu Cauyof... pikes

Jiletebi mxrebs iCeCdnen~ (i. ilfi, e. petrovi∗). moxmobil fragmentSi metonimiebia: pikes Jiletebi, Jileti, panama. maT subieqtebis saidentifikacio funqcia akisria. am fragmen-tSi metafora aris Tavi(a), romelsac predikatuli funqcia aqvs.

metaforisa da metonimiis arsis Sesaxeb msjelobisas ga-saTvaliswinebelia, rom: 1. metafora qronologiurad ufro adreuli warmomavlobisaa, vidre metonimia. metaforuli azrovneba adamians axasiaTebda civilizaciis istoriis ga-riJraJze; 2. azrovnebis metonimiuri da metaforuli plane-bis gansxvaveba gamoixateba diqotomiiT: nacnobi/ucnobi. metonimiis safuZvelia warmodgena nacnobi _ analitikurad gaazrebuli sagnis Sesaxeb, metafora ki emyareba warmod-genas ucnobi _ erTdroulad aRqmuli sagnebis Sesaxeb war-modgenaTa urTierTdaaxloebas. Tu SevecdebiT metonimiis siRrmiseuli struqturis semantikur axsnas, aSkarad gamov-lindeba misi zemoaRniSnuli Tviseba. mag., èrTi kaTxa dav-lie~ _ `yvelam icis, rom sityva `kaTxis~ warmoTqmisas me vfiqrob ludze~; an: `Tergdaleulebi~ Cvens literaturas SemoeWrnen, rogorc namdvili revolucionerebi~ (v. kote-tiSvili) _ `yvelam icis, rom sityva `TergdaleulTa~ war-moTqmisas me vfiqrob maT Sesaxeb, vinc XIX s-is Sua xanebSi ganaTleba ruseTSi miiRo da Semdgom saqarTveloSi dabrun-da~. 3. `metonimia amqrqalebs sagnis konturebs~, _ wers r. iakobsoni metonimiis kerZo nairsaxeobis, sinekdoqes Sesa-xeb. marTlac, metonimiuri detalis `msxvili planiT~ warmo-

∗ И. Ильф, Е. Петров, Золотой Теленок, М.,1960.

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Cena iwvevs aRmqmeli subieqtis yuradRebis gamaxvilebas de-talze da ara mTlianad saganze. metafora, Tavis mxriv, am-qrqalebs, abundovanebs sagnis Sesabamisi termis konkretul mniSvnelobas, gadahyavs ra is gangrZobiT semantikur velSi. 4.metonimia, rogorc suqcesiuri (Senacvlebuli) aRqmis Se-degi, anawevrebs drosa da sivrces diskretul (wyvetil) na-wilebad, xolo `metaforul gamonaTqvamSi gamoricxulia droisa da adgilis garemoebaTa monawileoba~. 5. gacveTili, tradiciuli metaforebi, romlebic formalurad kvlav me-taforebad rCebian, inacvleben metaforiuli RerZidan (me-taforuli planidan) metonimiuri RerZisken (metonimiuri planisken). amgvar metaforebs SeiZleba vuwodoT `metonimi-

uri metaforebi~∗. arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, tropebis mTeli

simravle daiyvaneba ramdenime saxeobamde: metafora _ mniS-vnelobis gadatana msgavsebis mixedviT; metonimia _ mniS-vnelobis gadatana momijnaveobis mixedviT; sinekdoqe _ mniSvnelobis gadatana odenobis mixedviT; hiperbola _ mniSvnelobis gaZliereba; da, bolos, emfaza _ mniSvnelobis Seviwroeba (ès adamiani namdvili adamiani iyo~; àq gmiroba unda gamoiCino, is ki mxolod adamiania~). am TvalsazrisiT, metonimia sintagmaturi xasiaTis analitikuri tropia, ro-melic imave niSniT ganekuTvneba metyvelebis plans, ro-gorc, magaliTad, myari (`gacveTili~) metafora. metonimiis virtualuri wevri cxadad, erTmniSvnelovnadaa gansaz-Rvruli enobrivi koleqtivis cnobierebaSi da masSi sintag-maturad nawevrdeba warmodgena obieqtis Sesaxeb. analiti-

∗ rodesac vambobT àfras~ imis nacvlad, rom vTqvaT `gemi~, Cven vaqcevT àfras~ `gemis~ sinonimad, e.i. mis ekvivalentad. sityvebi àfra~ da `gemi~ urTierTs ukavSirdeba momijnaveobis mixedviT, amitom sityva àfra~ sinek-doqurad aRniSnavs `gems~. substitucia aq marTlac xorcieldeba, ris ga-moc Znelia metaforisa da sinekdoqes maorganizebel principTa urTier-Tgamijvna. magram Tu metaforis warmoqmnis erTaderT principad seleqcias miviCnevT, maSin es principi, ra Tqma unda, ar gavrceldeba sinekdoqeze, romelic ar gulisxmobs araviTar seleqcias _ àfra~ yovelTvis sinekdo-qurad aRniSnavs mxolod da mxolod `gems~.

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kuri tropebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba: sinekdoqe _ obieqtis detalis mixedviT am obieqtis aRniSvna; hiperbola, romelic emyareba gansxvavebuli sagnebis an movlenebis urTierTSe-jerebas da emfaza, romelic analogiuri xerxiT aigeba. ze-moCamoTvlili tropebi metyvelebaSi ixmareba myari sintag-mebis saxiT. Sesabamisad, isini SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT ro-gorc figurebi, xolo metafora _ rogorc sakuTriv tropi.

metafora da hiperbola

hiperbola (berZn. uJper-bolhv _ `ze~ + `srola~, `gadagdeba~; gadameteba, gadaWarbeba) aris tropis saxe, romelic sagans, sagnis moqmedebas an qcevas gadaWarbebulad warmoadgens, axdens mis mxatvrul gaazviadebas. hiperbolas iyenebs rogorc mxatvruli literatura, ise xalxuri Semoqmedeba. magaliTad:

vaxtang mefe RmerTs uyvarda, / cidan Camoesma reka, ialbuzze fexi Sedga, / didma mTebma iwyes dreka.

(xalxuri)

aqeT gorasa wixlsa vkrav, / iqeT gorasa Zvras vuzam. (xalxuri)

an aris lomi, devgmiri,/ an aris rkinis mkvnetavi. (àrsena~)

kaci kacsa Semovtyorcne, cxen kacisa davdgi gori. ra gaizarda _ gaivso, mze misgan sawunaria. Svidisa wlisa Seiqmna qali wynari da cnobili, mTvarisa msgavsi, SvenebiT, mzisagan ver Sefrobili. mzesa me vjobdi SvenebiT, ciT bindsa Jami dilisa.

(rusTaveli, `vefxistyaosani~)

hiperbolis warmoSobis Ziebas kacobriobis Soreul war-sulSi gadavyavarT. metyvelebis ganviTarebasTan erTad pirvelyofil xalxebSi iqmneboda `cxovelTa~ zRaprebi. am zRaprebis saxeebi gansakuTrebiT kargad gamoxatavdnen pir-velyofili fantastikuri azrovnebis Tvisebas, mieniWebina

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movlenebisa Tu cxovelebisTvis gadaWarbebuli zomebi, codna an sxva unarebi.

pirvelyofili xalxebi asulierebdnen ra bunebis Zalebs, cxovelebsa da mcenareebs, maT warmoidgendnen gacilebiT ufro didi zomis, ufro Zlier, swraf, zebunebrivi ZaliT dajildoebulebad. hiperbolizacia iyo pirvelyofili ada-mianis msoflmxedvelobis arsebiTi mxare.

hiperbolizmiT gansakuTrebiT mdidaria miTosi da sag-miro eposi. mag.: skandinavielTa cis RmerTebi, àsebi~ _ odini, tori da sxvebi _ arian usazRvrod Zlierni yvela TvalsazrisiT; miwis naxevarRmerTebi _ goliaTi `tursebi~ _ imdenad didebi arian, rom dedamiwa erT-erTi am gigantis (imiris) sxeulisgan SeuqmniaT. xalxur sagmiro eposSi Zalian Zlieria devgmiri raindebis sabrZolo moqmedebebis hiperbolizacia.

adreuli Suasaukuneebis epoqaSi msmenelebi aseT gada-Warbebebs gulubryvilod ijerebdnen. iseTi mxatvruli teq-stebic ki, rogoricaa homerosis ìliada~ da òdisea~ (Zv.w. VIIIs.) gajerebulia mTavari personaJebis TvisebaTa hiperbo-lizaciiT. rogorc Cans, Zveli berZeni msmenelebi am po-emebSi asaxul ambebs aRiqvamdnen realurad momxdari movle-nebis asaxvad. pirvelyofili sinkretuli xelovnebisgan gan-sxvavebiT (romelic gulubryvilo fantastikur msoflaR-qmas gulisxmobs), xelovneba hiperbolizacias iyenebs, ro-gorc xerxs emociuri zemoqmedebisTvis. hiperbolizmis kar-gi nimuSia, agreTve, Zveli franguli `simRera rolandze~ (XIs.); es teqsti Seiqmna xalxuri poeziis safuZvelze. masSi gandidebulia mefe karlos didi, romelic mavrebis winaaR-mdeg ibrZoda espaneTis gasaTavisufleblad. am brZolaSi mas gverdiT edga da Tavs ar izogavda grafi rolandi, ro-melic iqca raindobis idealad. maT mier gadaxdili brZolis epizodebi hiperbolizmis saukeTeso nimuSebia.

mxatvrul teqstebSi hiperbola aZlierebs STabeWdile-bas, warmosaxvis emociur efeqts. hiperbola amaxvilebs, gan-sakuTrebiT mkafiod gamoxatavs movlenis damaxasiaTebel

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Tvisebas. movlenis hiperboluri asaxva yovelTvis mkiTxve-lis yuradRebis centrSia, radgan igi moulodnelia da ga-ocebas aRZravs. avtori sagangebod arCevs sagnebsa da sity-vebs, romlebiTac mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba iqneba Se-saZlebeli. ase magaliTad, SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosan-Si~ hiperbola erT-erTi poeturi xerxia: `Zalad lomsa, Tva-lad mzesa, tanad vhgvandi edems zrdilsa~; `viT katasa, vxocdi lomsa~. hiperbolis nimuSebi uxvadaa àmirandaraja-nianSi~, `visramianSi~. hiperbolizacia (Sesabamis konteqst-Si) garkveul funqcias asrulebs sasuliero teqstebSic. hiperbolebi gvxvdeba qarTveli romantikosebis, agreTve, ilias, akakis, vaJas, yazbegis, i. griSaSvilis, g. leoniZis, k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi. magaliTad, vaJa-fSavelas leq-sSi `wiwila~ vkiTxulobT, ra qna wiwilis sisxlma:

Rvari wavida sisxlisa, / waleka mTa da baria: aragvs gza daaTmobina / da gadaTela mtkvaria.

hiperbolas xSirad iyeneben komikuri saxis Sesaqmnela-dac. gmiris xasiaTSi ararsebulis ganamdvileba da Semdeg misi gazviadeba komizmis warmoSobis wyaroa. aRorZinebis epoqidan hiperbola, sxva sityvier-gamomsaxvelobiTi tra-diciuli saxeebis msgavsad, iqca mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis Sinaarsis gadmocemis saSualebad. misi gamoyeneba aqtiurad daiwyes komikuri xasiaTebis tipizaciisas maTi iumoristu-li da satiruli gaazrebisTvis. hiperboluri xerxebiT gan-sakuTrebiT mdidaria rables da sviftis Semoqmedeba. qar-Tuli literaturidan magaliTisaTvis movixmobdiT p. kaka-baZis `yvaryvare TuTabers~. yvaryvares baqiaoba uyvars: `Cvens sofelSi erTxel xeliT rom xe movTxare, ar gaxsovT, _ mimarTavs igi kakutasa da quCaras, _ gzaSi rom didi lodi movxeTqe da mTidan grail-grialiT davagore, is xom Tqveni TvaliT naxeT?~ (kakabaZe 1966). komediografi, rome-lic iswrafvis gansakuTrebulad cocxlad gaxsnas Tavisi personaJebis xasiaTebis komizmi, Cveulebriv, mimarTavs hi-perbolasa da grotesks. gmiris xasiaTis komikuri urTier-

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Tsapirispiro Tvisebebis aqcentireba am xasiaTs imdenad erTsaxovans xdis, rom swored es xdeba komikuris umTavresi mizezi da iwvevs sicils.

antikurobidan romantizmis epoqamde dramatuli nawar-moebebi daufaravad miiswrafodnen mkafio da demonstati-uli hiperbolizmisken. XIX-XXss-idan literaturaSi ZiriTa-di adgili daikava movlenebisa da grZnobebis realisturad asaxvis tendenciam, amitomac pirobiTobebis ena, maT Soris hiperbolis gamoyeneba, Zalian SeizRuda. Tumca, hiperbo-lisgan sruli gaTavisufleba mwerlobam ver SeZlo. Cexovis SemoqmedebaSic ki, romelic maqsimalurad `cxovrebise-ulia~, gamoyofen fsiqologiur hiperbolebs.

hiperboluri SeiZleba iyos xasiaTi _ nacarqeqia, yvar-yvare TuTaberi; situacia _ d. kldiaSvilis `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~, `darispanis gasaWiri~. hiperbola SeiZleba iyos paTetikuric da komikuric.

sityva `hiperbola~ xelovnebasa da literaturaSi SeiZ-leba aRniSnavdes mxatvruli Semoqmedebis sxvadasxva mxare-ebs: a) hiperbolizmi _ am sityvis yvelaze farTo gagebiT _ SeiZleba moicavdes xelovnebis mTavar Tvisebas, romelic gulisxmobs cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenebis ti-pizacias; b)hiperbola SeiZleba ganvmartoT ufro viwro gagebiTac _ rogorc erT-erTi saxe sagnobriv-sityvieri gamomsaxvelobisa, romelic imiT gamoixateba, rom cxovrebi-seuli movlenebi Zalian gazviadebulia mxatvrul saxeebSi rogorc garegnulad, ise moqmedebisa da Sedegebis Tvalsaz-risiT. g) arsebobs sakuTriv sityvieri hiperbolebi, romle-bic, Cveulebriv, iqmneba metaforebisa da Sedarebebis daxma-rebiT; mag.: ìSviaTi frinveli Tu miaRwevs dnepris Suawels~ (gogoli). am frazaSi aSkaraa dnepris siganis gazviadeba.

hiperbolis sapirispiro tropia litotesi (berZn. litovth~ _ ubraloeba, mokrZalebuloba). rogorc zepir, ise mxat-vrul metyvelebaSi xSirad mimarTaven damcirebas (damcro-bas), magaliTad, winadadebaSi _ `Svilo, mefis toli kacia, CvenisTana mwers neki rom gaanZrios, imiT gasress~ (e. ninoS-

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vili, `simona~). _ erTi mxare hiperbolurad aris warmodge-nili (`mefis toli kacia~), meore ki _ damcrobilad (`Cvenis-Tana mwers~). movlenis an adamianis damcirebulad gamoxat-vas litotesi ewodeba. litotesis magaliTebia: `Calis fa-sad gayida~; `Sua alSi ise gadagisvri, TiTqos kenWi qva gada-migdia~ (l. qiaCeli, `gvadi bigva~). `yurebze xaxvi ar damaW-ra~. `cota kacia amiran, cota sma-Wama eyofa~. hiperbola da litotesi gansakuTrebiT efeqturia oratorul xelovnebaSi.

hiperbola xSirad Serwymulia sxva tropebTan, magali-Tad, hiperboluri Sedareba: `... elvisa msgavsad Svenoda~ (`vefxistyaosani~); hiperboluri metafora `...mzeo, vin giSe-ri awamwame~ (`vefxistyaosani~). gamoTqma _ `misi Tvalebi cecxls afrqvevda~ _ erTdroulad metaforac aris da hi-perbolac. aseT gamoTqmas SeiZleba hiperboluri metafora vuwodoT. magaliTad: `sisxlis mdinareebi~, ìsrebis wvima~; `Svidisa wlisa Seiqmna qali wynari da cnobili,/ mTvarisa msgavsi, SvenebiT mzisagan ver-Sefrobili~. `mzesa me vjobdi SvenebiT, viT bindsa Jami dilisa~.

metafora da oqsimoroni

oqsimoroni (berZn. ojxuv-mwron) niSnavs TiTqmis uazro, abdaubda, mwvave gamonaTqvams, erTmaneTis sapirispiro cne-bebis xatovan dakavSirebas. oqsimoroni aris enobrivi gamo-saxvis stilistikuri xerxi, metyvelebis figura, azrobrivi winaaRmdegobis Semcveli gonebamaxviluri, moswrebuli Tqma, romelic aerTebs opoziciur (SeuTavsebel) terminebs.

oqsimoroni Cndeba uamrav sxvadasxva konteqstSi, uneblie Secdomebis CaTvliT. mag.: xmeleTis piloti. mxatvrul-li-teraturul teqstSi oqsimoronebs SeuZliaT warmoaCinon paradoqsi. oqsimoronis Sinaarss qmnis erTmaneTis sawinaaR-mdego azris gamomxatveli sityvebis Segnebulad Sewyoba, mniSvnelobis mopirdapire sityvebis ganlageba winadadebaSi axali azris gamosaxatavad. magaliTad: `Rataki fufuneba~.

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oqsimoroni sityvieri antiTezis Taviseburi saxeobaa. oqsimoronSi xdeba erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobe-bis mqone sityvaTa Sewyoba, ris gamoc es sityvebi Rebuloben ufro Zlier emfatikur intonacias da metaforul datvir-Tvas iZenen. oqsimoronis stilistikur figuraSi SeerTebu-li urTierTsawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobis sityvebi qmnian me-taforebs, ris gamoc oqsimorons zogjer metaforadac miiC-neven (`cocxali leSi~). magaliTad: `medidur gamoxedvas darcxveniT da kadnierad Sevxvdi da Tavi davukari~. sir-cxvili da kadniereba erTmaneTis gamomricxvelia, amavdro-ulad, iqmneba metaforuli saxe: sapirispiro mniSvnelobis mqone epiTetebis erTmaneTis gverdiT dayenebiT poeti aR-wevs gaZlierebul semantikur da intonaciur mniSvnelobas. amgvari oqsimoronis warmoqmnis yvelaze Cveuli formaa zedsarTavisa da arsebiTi saxelis kombinacia. magaliTad,

taepi tenisonis `mefis idiliebidan~ (“And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true”) ùrwmuno rwmenam igi aqcia marTal crud~.

zedsarTavisa da arsebiTi saxelis kombinaciiT Seqmnili oqsimoronis sxva magaliTebi: `bneli sinaTle~, `cocxali mkvdari~, àxali klasika~, `Zveli axali ambebi~, `gacxadebu-li saidumlo~, `Zveli moderni~. ufro iSviaTia zmnuri (naz-

mnari) formisa da arsebiTi saxelis kombinacia: (“The silence whistles” mdumare enatanioba, “Sounds of Silence” mdumarebis xmebi).

oqsimoroni SeiZleba moiazrebodes winadadebis an fra-zis mniSvnelobaSi. is SeiZleba daiyos: gamonaTqvamebad, rom-lebic ganzrax Seiqmna SeuTavseblobis (opoziciis) gamosaxa-tad, da frazebad, romlebic uyuradRebobis gamo an Sem-TxveviT warmoiTqva da darCa rogorc kalamburi. arsebobs uneblie oqsimoronebi, romlebic iqmneba saubrisas daSvebu-li Secdomebis an daudevrobis wyalobiT. nimuSebi: Zalian normaluri, obieqturi varaudi, originaluri asli. agreT-ve: `tkbilmware~, `virtualuri realoba~, ùcvleli cvla-di~, `cocxali mkvdari~.

mwerlebi xSirad iyeneben oqsimorons, raTa gamoiwvion in-teresi cxadi dapirispirebis mimarT. magaliTad: vilfred

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ouenis poema “The Send-off” eZRvneba jariskacebs, romlebic

toveben frontis xazs: isini “lined the train with faces grimly gay” (Camwkrivdnen matarebelSi saSinlad mxiaruli saxeebiT). oq-simoroni `saSinlad mxiaruli~ naTlad gamoxatavs, Tu ras grZnoben jariskacebi da rogor moqmedeben.

bevri paradoqsuli oqsimoroni kliSedac ki iqca: seri-ozuli xumroba, wynari amboxi, gamayruebeli siCume da sxva.

metafora da kataqrezisi

kataqrezisi (berZn. kata-vcrhsi~) niSnavs sityvis gamoyene-bas araswori an sruliad sxva mniSvnelobiT.

metafora rom erTgvari Tavsatexia, amaze aravin davobs. ismis kiTxva: ratom aiZulebs mwerali mkiTxvels Tavsatexe-bis amoxsnas? erTi pasuxi SeiZleba aseTic iyos _ enaSi ar aris am konkretuli sagnis, faqtis, cnebis aRmniSvneli ekvi-valenti da metafora avsebs (`faravs~) cariel adgilebs. si-tyvis axali azriT gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, metafora ka-taqrezisis saxesxvaobad miiCneva. Tumca, aq erTi garemoebac unda gaviTvaliswinoT: kataqrezisis gziT miRebuli mniSvne-loba swrafad xdeba bukvaluri. magaliTad, sityva narinjis, rogorc feris aRmniSvnelis `dabadeba~ (saubaria narinjis-ferze), kataqrezisis saSualebiT moxda, magram amJamad `na-rinjisferis~ gamoyeneba feris aRmniSvnelis TvalsazrisiT sruliad bunebrivi da arametaforulic kia. m. blekis azriT, kataqreziss aseTi bedi ergo: rogorc ki warmatebuli aR-moCndeba, maSinve qreba. inglisuri enis leqsikonSi (oqsfor-dis gamocema) kataqrezisi amgvaradaa ganmartebuli: `kataq-rezisi _ sityvebis araswori gamoyeneba; saxelis gamoyeneba im obieqtTan mimarTebiT, romelsac ar aRniSnavs mocemuli saxeli. es aris tropebis an metaforis borotad gamoyeneba~. m. bleki ar iziarebs am ganmartebis kategoriulobas. misi azriT, ar SeiZleba `borotad gamoyenebad~ miviCnioT sity-vis Zveli mniSvnelobis axliT àRWurva~. kataqrezisi, ubra-

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lod, sityvis mniSvnelobis transformaciis TvalsaCino gamovlenaa, romelic nebismier cocxal enaSi xdeba.

metafora da perifrazi

perifrazi (berZn. perivfrasi~ _ aRweriTi gamonaTqvami) aris stilistikuri xerxi, gamosaxvis saSualeba, romlis Si-naarss gansazRvravs sagnis an movlenis daxasiaTeba Tviseba-Ta miniSnebiTa da arapirdapiri dasaxelebiT (magaliTad: cxovelTa mefe, lomis nacvlad; an Tbilisis nacvlad _ saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi). perifrazi gulisxmobs erTi si-tyvis Secvlas Semdegi wesiT: a) SeiZleba erTi sityva Seic-valos ramdenimeTi; b) SeiZleba ufro `mdabio~ sityva Seic-valos `maRali Rirsebis~ mqone sityviT _ evfemizmiT; g) SeiZleba sityvis pirdapiri mniSvneloba Seicvalos ormagi uaryofiT (gasparovi 2000: 454-456).

poetur metyvelebaSi perifrazis saSualebiT saxels Se-enacvleba iseTi sityva, romelic pirdapir ar aRniSnavs sa-gansa da movlenas, magram naTlad migvaxvedrebs, Tu ra igu-lisxmeba: `mwvane megobari~ _ tye; `meore puri~ _ kartofili.

perifrazireba gansxvavdeba metaforulobisagan. perif-raza aris xerxi, rodesac mniSvneloba eZleva ara sityvebis pirdapiri an arapirdapiri mniSvnelobiT xmarebas, rogorc es metaforaSia (an metonimiaSi), aramed cnebis ufro vrclad gamoxatvas. amisaTvis perifrazi TviT cnebis nacvlad aR-niSnavs mis arsebiT niSnebs. perifrazis mniSnelovani maxasi-aTebelia is, rom cneba erTi sityvis nacvlad ramdenime si-tyviTaa gamoTqmuli. mag.: `daiZina~-s nacvlad _ `Zils mi-eca~. metaforuli gamoTqmisagan gansxvavebiT, perifrazul gamoTqmaSi sityvebi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ixmareba.

perifrazi metonimiis sawinaaRmdego mxatvruli movlena-caa. Tu metonimia amoklebs saTqmels (rusTavels vkiTxu-lob), perifrazi, piriqiT, avrcobs, gaSlili saxiT warmo-gvidgens: xSirad ityvian _ `vefxistyaosnis~ avtori, `mera-nis~ avtori, nacvlad imisa, rom Tqvan: rusTaveli, baraTaS-vili. k. gamsaxurdias romanSi `daviT aRmaSenebeli~ daviTi

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xSirad moixseneba sityvebiT _ ùpovarTa da glaxakTa me-fe~. gaSlili perifrazis nimuSia: òdes welTa tvirTis zid-viT/ qedsa mSvildebr movixrebiT“ (ilia WavWavaZe). mTeli es fraza miuTiTebs moxucebulobaze.

perifrazis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens evfemizmi. magali-Tad: `mokvdas~ nacvlad `gardaicvala~; an, rogorc poeti am-bobs: `wiTlad SeReba man mwvane mdelo~; `daRamdas~ nacvlad _ `samSoblos casa bnelad gaSlili mwuxris zewari gadaefara~.

perifrazaSi pirvel planze gamodis raRac Tviseba, aR-saweri cnebis romeliRac mxare, romelic arsebiTia moce-mul konteqstSi, situaciaSi. perifrazis umTavresi mxat-vruli daniSnuleba teqstis gamomsaxvelobis gaZlierebaa.

perifrazi funqcionirebs mxatvrul-literaturul ena-Si, publicistikaSi, zepir oficialur da sametyvelo enaSi. samecniero enaSi perifrazi moklebulia eqspresias da ter-minad iqceva (mag.: `mziuri qari~).

musikaSi perifrazis fardi terminia parafraza, rac niS-navs musikaluri nawarmoebis Tavisufal gadakeTebas, musi-kaluri frazis Secvlas; ama Tu im musikaluri motivis an xalxuri simReris axali variantiT Secvlas. xSirad perif-razi da parafrazi sinonimur cnebebad ixmareba literatu-rismcodneobaSi, mwerlobasa da musikaSi.

funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT ganarCeven 2 saxis peraf-razs: a) sayovelTaod miRebuli da yvelasTvis gasagebi (fra-zeologizmebi, frTiani gamonaTqvamebi); b) situaciuri, in-dividualur-saavtoro, romlis azri ganpirobebulia kon-kretuli konteqstiT (mag.: `dro _ frTiani wisqvili~).

perifrazs gansakuTrebuli funqcia ekisreba igavuri metyvelebisas.

bevri perifrazi, umetesad saxeluri Semadgenlobisa, sxva tropebis bazazea agebuli. magaliTad, metaforis kva-lobaze awyobili perifraza: `msjavrdebuli var grZnobaTa katorRisTvis/ vabruno poemaTa dolabi~ (esenini); metonimi-is kvalobaze: `yvela droSa Cven gvestumreba~ (puSkini); `ga-zafxulis frTiani sityvebis momRerali~ (derJavini); sinek-

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doqes kvalobaze: `rodesac mokvdavisTvis dadumdeba xma-uriani dRe~ (puSkini).

ganarCeven agreTve mxatvrul, saxeobriv (tyis mefe _ lomi) da logikur (maT nawilobriv miekuTvneba evfemizmebi) perifrazebs.

perifrazis gramatikuli struqtura mravalferovania. ufro metad damaxasiaTebelia saxeluri Sewyobebi: mag.: ar-sebiTi+zedsarTavi (`pirveli xelTaTmani~); arsebiTi+ arse-biTi naTesaobiT brunvaSi (`mSvidobis macne~); am ori struq-turis kombinacia: (`saxelmwifos rkinis arteriebi~; `mexuTe okeanis raindebi~); Tandebulian-saxeluri konstruqcia (`ga-zeTi qaRaldis gareSe~). gvxvdeba sxvagvari gramatikuli warmonaqmnebic, magaliTad: zmnuri (`yvavebis Tvla~), predi-katuli erTeulebi (`yuTi Turme Cveulebrivad iReba” _ es rusuli gamoTqma niSnavs: `sul ubralo ram yofila~, àra-feri Tavsatexi ar yofila~).

perifrazirebuli metyveleba gansakuTrebiT damaxasi-aTebeli iyo klasicizmisa da santimentalizmis epoqebis literaturisaTvis.

metafora da iribi sametyvelo aqtebi

davuSvaT, sufrasTan mjdomi mimarTavs Tanameinaxes: àr SegiZliaT, momawodoT marili?~ Tanameinaxe am frazas aRiq-vams ase: `momawodeT, geTayva, marili~. ris safuZvelze vas-kvniT, rom `SegiZliaT~ = `momawodeT~? irib sametyvelo aq-tSi molaparakes mxedvelobaSi aqvs is, rasac ambobs, magram amavdroulad, mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs raRac ufro metic.

metafora da gamocana

i. haizingas azriT, kulturis aRmocenebasa da misi yvela saxeobis ganviTarebaSi arsebiT rols asrulebda TamaSi. TamaSis erT-erTi uZvelesi da sakraluri saxea gamocanebiT Sejibri. msxverplSewirvis uZveles ritualebSi gamocanebis amoxsna iseve aucilebeli iyo, rogorc samsxverplo zvara-

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kis dakvla. gamocana imiT amJRavnebs Tavis saRmrTo, e.i. saxifaTo xasiaTs, rom miTologiur an ritualur teqstebSi TiTqmis yovelTvis `sabediswero gamocanad~ gvevlineba _ adamianis sicocxle mis gamocnobazea damokidebuli. msof-lios sxvadasxva xalxebis ritualuri teqstebis Sejerebisa da Seswavlis safuZvelze i. haizinga askvnis, rom gamocana Tavdapirvelad saRmrTo TamaSi iyo. e.i. gamocana TamaSisa da seriozulobis sazRvarzea, ritualis mniSvnelovani elemen-tia da amave dros ar kargavs TamaSebriv xasiaTsac. gamoca-nis Semdgomi evolucia orad itoteba: is iqceva, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebriv gasarTobad, meore mxriv ki, saRmrTo ezo-Terul moZRvrebad (haizinga 2004:149).

antikuri epoqis berZnebs kargad hqondaT gaazrebuli garkveuli kavSiri gamocanebiT TamaSsa da filosofiis war-moSobas Soris. aristoteles moswavle klearqosi werda, rom Zvelebi TavianT ganaTlebas gamocanebis gamocnobiT amowmebdnen. gamocanas udidesi roli ekisreba mxatvruli literaturis CamoyalibebaSic. literaturuli masalis cen-tralur Temas Seadgens gamocana, romelic unda gadaWras gmirma, gamocda, romelsac man unda gauZlos. am aspeqtiT gamocanis funqcia Zalian farTovdeba: gmiri, romlis fun-qciaa, miznis misaRwevad amoxsnas gamocana da gadalaxos wi-naaRmdegobebi, Sedis agonuri (Sejibris) TamaSis sferoSi. am `TamaSebisas~ gmiri icvlis garegnobas, saxels, erTi sity-viT, sxvadasxva niRbiT gvevlineba, malavs namdvil saxes. am gzaze mkiTxveli xan gmiris saidumlos Tanamatarebelia, xan _ gamocanis gamomcnobi. meore aspeqtiT, gamocanebiT Se-jibri imTaviTve mniSvnelovani impulsi iyo kazmuli sityvis aRmocenebisTvis. gamocanebiT brZolaca da poeziac winas-war gulisxmobda gandobilTa wres, romelTaTvisac gasagebi iqneboda am SemTxvevebSi gamoyenebuli ena. poeti isaa, visac SeuZlia pirobiT enaze saubari. poeturi ena imiT gansxvav-deba Cveulebrivisgan, rom Segnebulad iyenebs gansakuTre-bul, arc Tu yvelasTvis gasageb saxeebs. rasac poeziis ena saxeebis meSveobiT sCadis, TamaSia _ is maT stilur mwkrive-

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bad alagebs, maTSi idumalebas aqsovs. ase rom, yoveli saxe sxva araferia, Tu ara gamocanaze pasuxi TamaSis gziT (ha-izinga 2004:174-5). rodesac mavani `laparakis ekals~ xmarobs ènis~ nacvlad, xolo `qaris darbazis iataks~ `miwis~ nac-vlad (Zvelskandinaviuri `keningaridan~), is Tavis msmene-lebs poetur gamocanebs sTavazobs, romlebsac msmenelebi uxmod gamoicnoben. poetma da misma auditoriam aseTebi aso-biT unda icodnen (haizinga 2004:176-7).

ismis kiTxva: ra manZilia gamocanidan metaforamde? gamo-canisa da metaforis siaxloveze jer kidev aristotele wer-da: metaforis gamoyeneba iwvevs `gamocnobis siamovnebas~. ciceroni saubrobs imaze, rom mkiTxvels siamovnebas aniWebs mwerlis unari _ gadalaxos `Cveulebrivi~ (yofiTi, ruti-nuli) da gamoigonos sagnis warmodgenis cocxali, STambeW-davi saSualeba. Tumca, gansxvavebiT metaforisgan, gamocana aucileblad moiTxovs pasuxis gacemas. metaforaSi pasuxi SeiZleba iyos bundovani, arakonkretuli, gamocanaSi _ cxadi da naTeli.

rogorc vxedavT, arc ise advilia metaforis kategori-uli gamijvna sxva tropebisgan da metyvelebis figurebisgan. es sakiTxi xSirad iCens Tavs metaforis mkvlevarTa naSro-mebSi. axla ki TvalsaCinoebisTvis movixmobT metaforebis magaliTebs qarTuli literaturidan.

praqtikuli analizisTvis:

poezia

`vefxistyaosanSi~ gamoyofen martiv, rTul da gavrcobil metaforebs (kekeliZe... 1969: 267-271). yvelaze xSiri metafo-ruli saxeebia: vardi, nargizi, mze, melnis tba. `vardi~ zog-jer personaJis saxis calkeul nakvTs gamoxatavs, zogjer _ mTel pirisaxes:

vardi gaapis, gamoCndis mun broli gamomWvirvali. vardsa xleCdes, bageTagan kbilni TeTrni gamosWvirdes.

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vardi erTgan Seeweba, margalitsa ar aCenda. mun vardsa Sua Svenodes Zow-margalitni tyubani.

saxis nakvTebis metaforad rusTveli `Zow-margalits~ iyenebs:

vnaxe Zowsa margaliti gare turfad moemazra. gaRimdis, Zowi gaapis, kbilTagan elva krTeboda. maT margaliti uCvenis Zowisa karman Riaman.

xSirad gamoiyeneba `vardis baRi~, `vardis veli~:

amad tirs, baRi vardisa cremliTa aivseboda. giSrisa tevrsa agubebs, vardisa velsa fonia. nargisni quxan, cremlsa wvims, Carcxis brolsa da minasa. nuSni gaapna, SeiZrnes saTni giSrisa wneliTa. vardisa baRsa uCrdilobs Crdili wamwamTa qoxisa. esa Tqva, nelad atirda da wvima Tovlsa aria, nargisTaT iZvris borio, vardsa zravs, ianvaria.

rTuli metaforis nimuSi:

naxes, mzisa Sesayrelad gamoeSva mTvare gvelsa.

rTuli da, amavdroulad, gavrcobili metaforis nimuSia:

Sina Sevidi, mas wina edgis cremlisa gubebi, Sigan sisxlisa morevsa eyaris giSris Subebi. melnisa tbaTaT iRvrebis savse saTisa rubebi, Sua Zowsa da ayiysa sWvirs margaliti tyubebi.

es strofi srulad warmoudgens mkiTxvels atirebuli nestanis saxis nakvTebs, da mTlianobaSi, qalis Rrma mwuxarebas.

vaJa-fSavela: aRarsada Cans, gamqrala

TeTri Tma Savis mTisao naRvliT naqargi, naqsovi saxe im salis kldisao ro mudam mgloviarea, cremli ankara sdisao.

(`stumar-maspinZeli~)

247

Reles Cavida mwuxari vardi, vardis wyliT nabani.

(`baxtrioni~)

aqve unda aRiniSnos (es adrec vTqviT), rom vaJa-fSavelas poeziis mxatvruli figurebi mecnierTa azrTa sxvaobas iw-vevs. xSirad erTsa da imave figuras zogi metaforad miiC-nevs, zogi _ gapirovnebad. es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, ram-denad faqizia zRvari tropis saxeebs Soris. farTo gagebiT (rogorc zemoT ukve vaCveneT) gapirovneba (usulo sagnebis anTropomorfizacia), tradiciulad, metaforaSi Sedioda. amitom Tu saqme gvaqvs gasulierebis martiv formasTan, igi SeiZleba tropis am saxes mivakuTvnoT. magram Tu poeti ga-sulierebuli xatebiT agebs axal saxes (iRebs axal seman-tikur mniSvnelobas), maSin saqme gvaqvs metaforasTan.

caze hyvavian Rrubelni, mzis sxivebs svamen diliTa, mTebs auxsniaT pirbade SvilebiT, Svili-SviliTa; gulgrilad icqirebian gaumaZRarni ZiliTa; qaTibs uReWavs niavi brol-minanqaris kbiliTa.

(`sisxlis Zieba~)

galaktioni: Sori ca nislian fiqrebs cris.

(`qari hqris~)

o, fiqrebo, mvlelno taZrad o, qceulno mtvrad da nacrad rad mihyvebiT ase mkacrad Camaval mzes, Camavals.

(`Camaval mzes~)

248

Sen frTamoRuRunes JamTa simaRleze, Cveni saukune gicavs uaxlesi.

(`qebaTa qeba nikorwmindas~)

ianvris Tovli, ianvris Tovli aWknobs Cems sulSi naadrev iebs.

(`samreklo udabnoSi~)

da maxsovs mxolod cisferTvaleba idumaleba Soreul trfobis. (ìs~)

Tu sizmarma viT Seisxa cidan camde frTebi, da gaSala ocnebaTa lurji ialqnebi.

(`mTawmindis mTvare~)

oh, netavi ar Seirxeodes gadazneqili sizmrebis weli!

(àlvebi TovlSi~)

verxvis foTolTa TeTri laSqari aSrialdeba uSores zRaprad.

(`verxvebi~)

Sen mxolod maradi simaRle giSvelis, ros Suqad mSobliur cas SeeSenebi.

(`dro~)

koSkTa simaRlidan rekavs molandeba, civi udabnoa Rame uSfoTveli, Tanac gaixedav: Senac daRamdebi _ irgvliv damWknaria feri da fervali; iseT sanaxavad, rogorc Tanamdebi, baRSi SeSliliviT kvdeba Tebervali.

(`saubari edgarze~)

da yovel saflavze, mzis yovel Reroze xazebad iSleba erosi, sioni mTawmindad, geguTi gelaTad,

249

arabTa Tvalebi, qceuli eladad, azia _ aRelvebs ocnebas.

(`dabruneba~)

sxvagvar TibaTvis dReebs igonebs Camaval mzeTa mgloviareba.

(`Sen erTi mainc~)

cekvavs samefod naqargi qoSi da xelsaxocTa qrian zRaprebi da meZaxian mSvid samefoSi mTebi, sizmrebi da winaprebi.

(pirimze~)

da sibnelidan ubinao maTi cxedrebi samarisebur udabnoSi stoveben qalaqs.

(`micvalebulis xsovna~)

oh! amdeni ocneba sulma veRar dalia. (`mzadeba gasamgzavreblad~)

xomalds mihyveba Tovlis madona da yvavilebi gaiiadona.

(ùsaTauro~)

sZinavs aRmosavleTs... gafrenil dReebs is ar mihkiva, erTi da igive, erTi da igive mas efareba sizmrebis Rvari da misi Zili aris koSmari. sZinavs aRmosavleTs.

(àRmosavleTi~)

cxovreba bedTan gadiqca brZolad, suls ki maradis surs ciereba.

(`gaafTrebuli ram iyos vefxvi~)

250

bza, saxareba, sarke, saaTi... sarkeSi TeTri Tmebi Tovdeba da saaTidan samocdaaTi weli, gadia, giaxlovdeba.

(`gadia~)

o, yoveldRe mzeebi qimerebSi vardeba, qaravani dReebis mZimed miemarTeba.

(`Ramev, ra mogivida~)

cixe-galavans sCqefs sisxlis wveTi, dRe SemmusvrelTa alTa kidebiT. quCa poetad darCa

(`mTvarem amozida lurji mogoneba~)

ocdaaTian wlebis, gacveTili aqvs lanCa,

darCa kani da Zvlebi. (`quCa~)

xalxuri: sal kldeze jixvi Semodga, rqebiT laJvardi gaxia.

proza:

qarTuli qristianuli mwerlobis mkvlevarebi teqstebis mxatvrul mxareze msjelobisas upiratesad win wamosweven simbolos, alegoriasa da Sedarebas (siraZe 2000; farulava 1982; murRulia 1997). es viTareba( rogorc zemoTac aRvniS-neT) Tavad sasuliero mwerlobis specifikiTaa gapirobebu-li: `RvTis pirveli xati qristea... adamiani `saxis saxea~... igi erTaderTia, romelSic gaerTianebulia RvTiuri da qveyni-uri~. `RvTis saxe-simbolo SeiZleba iyos TiTqmis yvelaferi: mzec da lodic, karic da mcire marcvalic. oRond es araa metaforebi RvTisa, eseni simboloebia, saRvTo `saxelebia~. metafora mxatvruli arCevania, saTqmelis esTetikurad

251

gamomxatvelia, simbolo ki idumali, saswaulebrivi miaxlo-ebiT gamoxatavs RvTis raime niSans~ (siraZe 2000: 82).

ismis kiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara sasuliero teqstebSi meta-forebis daZebna? mag.: èSmaki Txrida gulsa missa~; ùJamod nayofni Cemni moisTulna~; `sagebelsa Cemsa nacari gardaasx~ (`SuSanikis wameba~). `momipyreniT... ege yurni gulisa da go-nebisa Tquenisani” (àbos wameba~); `mwuxar ars da midrekil dRe~ (`serapion zarzmelis cxovreba~). aris Tu ara metafo-rebi: `suliTa gulis Ãmayo~; `frTeTa sulierTa mimxumeli~, `mduRarebaÁ sulisaÁ~. ènaÁ sulisaÁ~, `mowyalebaÁ sulisaÁ~, `sulisa survili~, `Tualni sulisani~ (magaliTebi moxmobi-lia wignidan: farulava 1982).

rogorc Cans, sasuliero teqstebSi metaforulobas sim-boloebis, alegoriis, bibliuri igavebis, analogiebis er-Toblioba ganapirobebs.

`miwaze fexs aRar vakarebdi: ca qudad ar mimaCnda da dedamiwa qalamnad! guli grZnobad da goneba ocnebad gadaq-ceuli meSvide caze mimafrendnen; qveyana Cems nebaze bru-navda da bednier awmyos ueWveli momavliT vigvirgvinebdi~ (wereTeli, `samgvari siyvaruli~).

òcnebas frTa Seekveca da goneba gamiTavadda~. `gaimarTa miTqma-moTqma, daabes ferxuli da im dRidan

ybadaRebulis elikos leCaqma ukuRma Seifriala~. `Ramis wyvdiadisaTvis ganTiads niskarti ekra da feri

ecvlevinebina~ (yazbegi, èlguja~). `... da Tqven iciT, ra Znelia poetisTvis krizisi? krizisi

Cveni sulis gamofxizlebaa zmanebisa da miTis jadosgan. krizisi? umiTod yofnaa. CvenTvis: ar yofna. ... gikvirs, rom odesRac suli gedga miTebis mTxzveli da

adamianebis sityviT da, diacis sulSi iWvi CainTxa... erTxel mainc gaego _ Tu ras niSnavda vnebis Rvelfze piraRma wola `modgmis codva aduRda xvaramzes sisxlSi~ (gamsaxurdia, `tabu~).

252

`revoluciis grialSi Teimuraz xevisTavis knavili vera-vin gaigo, xolo misi aTi wlis naSenebi da nacodvilari wi-Telma goliaTma qinZisTavisodena lukmasaviT Caylapa~.

`kidev gavida xani. qurumi dadna da dapataravda. uxato margosac yvelaferi moswyinda da mohbezrda: uxaliso si-cocxlec, ucecxlo Teimurazic, misi mCate naazrevic...~

ùSvilo Teimurazic jiSis gagrZelebis alRosac ufro da ufro cxared hgrZnobda da, Svilis ZebniT gatacebuli, gulmodgined oflSi iwureboda, magram oxunjisa da ulmo-beli bedis wyalobiT mas `berwi meuRle Sexvda~.

`rogor an rodis gamoecala xevisTavis uduRabo cixes pirveli aguri, arc Teimurazs axsovda, arc margos. pirvel agurs mohyva meore, meoTxes mexuTe da mecxres meaTe. bo-los, ise dRe ar gavidoda, rom Teimurazis moSlil budeSi zizRis niaRvari ar Sevardniliyo; mZulvarebis Sadrevans ar amoexeTqna da isedac morRveul cixe-ojaxSi kidev erTi kedeli ar Camongreuliyo~ (javaxiSvili, `jayos xiznebi~).

gamoyenebuli literatura: abzianiZe, elaSvili 2006: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. simboloTa

ilustrirebuli enciklopedia. t. I, Tb.: `bakmi~, 2006. averincevi 1987: averincevi s. literaturuli enciklopediuri

leqsikoni. moskovi: 1987

averincevi 2001: Аверинцев С. Словарь. Киев: София-Логос, 2001. aruTinova 1990: Арутюнова Н.Д. Теория метафоры. М.: 1990. aruTinova 2007: aruTinova n. simbolo. Targm. rusulidan T.

yuraSvilisa. semiotika, № 1, Tb.: 2007.

bidermani 1996: Бидерманн Г. Энциклопедия символов. пер. с нем. М.: «Республика», 1996.

gaCeCilaZe 1955: gaCeCilaZe s. literaturismcodneobis Sesavali. Tb.: 1955.

doborjginiZe 1968: doborjginiZe b. anTromorfizmis bunebisaT-vis mxtvrul warmosaxvaSi. // literaturis Teoriisa da esTetikis

sakiTxebi. № 4, Tb.: 1968.

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enciklopedia... 1993: The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Alex Preminger and T. V. Brogan, Princeton. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993.

kakabaZe 1971: kakabaZe p. yvaryavare TuTaberi. // dramatuli poezia or tomad. t.I, Tb.: `xelovneba~, 1971.

kekeliZe... 1969: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli qarTuli litera-turis istoria. Tb.: Tsus gamomcemloba,1969.

kiknaZe 1957: kiknaZe gr. metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi. Tb.: 1957.

klingi 1999: Клинг О.А. Введение в литературоведение. Литературное произведение, основные понятия и термины. М.: 1999.

leTodiani 2011: leTodiani a. simbolos ganmartebisTvis. `sjani~,

№12, 2011.

leqsikoni 1987: Литературный энциклопедический словарь. Под ред. В.М. Кожевникова и П.А.Николаева. М.: 1987.

lingvisturi... 1990: Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. М.: 1990.

literaturismcodneobis Sesavali 1976: Введение в литературо-ведение. М.: 1976.

literaturuli enciklopedia 1978: Краткая литературная энцик-лопедия. М.: 1978.

lomiZe 2006: lomiZe T. metonimia JenetTan. `sjani~, № 7, 2006.

lomiZe 2010: lomiZe T. metafora da metonimia. semiotika, № 2, 2010.

losevi 1991: Лосев А.Ф. Философия, мифология, культура. М.: 1991. lotmani 2007: lotmani i. simbolo kulturis sistemaSi. Targm.

rusulidan n. abakeliasi. semiotika, № 1, Tb.: 2007.

mecleri 2001: Metzler. Lexikon Literatur und Kulturtheorie. Herausgegeben von Ansgar Nu>nning. Stuttgart. Weimar: 2001.

murRulia 1997: murRulia g. `daviTnis~ mxatvrul saxeTa sistema. Tb.: 1997.

naTaZe... 1988: naTaZe m., naTaZe g. ra aris tropi da rogor aisaxeba mis cvlaSi epoqebis svla. // dasavleT evropis literatura (XX saukune). Tb.: 1988.

ninoSvili 1988: ninoSvili e. simona. // qarTuli proza. t. XV, Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1988.

Julieni 1999: Жюльен Н. Словарь символов. пер. с франц. Улал: «Урал LTD», 1999.

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rusTaveli 1966: rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. ak. SaniZisa da al. baramiZis redaqciiT. Tb.: 1966.

safuZvlebi... 1972: literaturis Teoriis safuZvlebi. Sedgenili g. ciciSvilis, ak. gawerelias, m. duduCavas, p. Sarias, ak. xinTibiZis, n. Wolokavas, r. beriZis, f. beriZis, b. doborjginiZis, g. zautaS-vilis, g. lomiZis, v. WeliZis mier. Tb.: 1972.

simboloTa enciklopedia 2000: Энциклопедия символов, знаков, эмблем. М.: 2000.

siraZe 2000: siraZe r. qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi. Tb.: 2000.

uaiti 2004: Уайт Л. Символ: начало и основа человеческоко поведения. // Избранное: Наука о культуре, пер. с англ. М.: «Российская политическая энциклопедия», 2004.

farulava 1982: farulava g. mxatvruli saxis bunebisaTvis Zvel qarTul prozaSi. Tb.: 1982.

canava 2009: canava r., metafora, Tb., 2009. am wignSi miTiTebulia gamokvlevebi metaforaze.

Wilaia 1971: Wilaia a. literaturismcodneobis ZiriTadi cnebebi. Tb.: 1971.

Wilaia 2003: Wilaia r. literaturisTmcodneoba. enciklopediuri cnobari. Tb.: 2003.

Wilaia... 1957: Wilaia a., SuSania o. literaturul terminTa leqsikoni, Tb., 1957.

javaxiSvili 1995: javaxiSvili m. jayos xiznebi. // qarTuli proza. t. XXII, Tb.: `saqarTvelo~, 1995.

haizinga 2004: haizinga i. omo ludans (kaci moTamaSe) kulturis TamaSSi warmoSobis Sesaxeb. germanulidan Targmna g. nodiam. Tb.: 2004.

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venera kavTiaSvili

poeturi teqstis sintaqsi poeturi sintaqsi aris poeturi stilistikis nawili, ro-

melic Seiswavlis mxatvruli teqstis sintaqsuri kompozi-ciis Taviseburebebs, gramatikuli kategoriebisa da forme-bis semantikasa da funqcias; ganixilavs winadadebebs Soris urTierTobebsa da kavSirebs, rac mxatvrul teqsts ganas-xvavebs aramxatvrulisagan. am SemTxvevaSi problematika mniSvnelovnad farToa imaze, rac zogadad damaxasiaTebelia gramatikuli, lingvisturi winadadebebis sintaqsisaTvis, vinaidan poeturi sintaqsi moicavs gansakuTrebul, mxolod mxatvruli enisaTvis niSandobliv problemebsac. Sesabami-sad, poeturi sintaqsis analizi gulisxmobs lingvistur da

literaturaTmcodneobiT midgomebs erTdroulad.∗ poeturi enis sintaqsi ganixilavs mxatvruli teqstebis

saerTo tipologiur Tvisebebs, rac qmnis mxatvruli enis mTlian sistemas. poeturi sintaqsis specifikis analizisas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs or wyalgamyofs, romlebic ar emTxveva (an mxolod mciredad emTxveva) erTmaneTs. esenia: lirika (poeturi teqsti) da proza (prozauli teqsti). cxa-dia, prozaSi SesaZlebelia lirikuli pasaJebis arseboba, iseve rogorc epikuri Txrobisa _ leqsebSi, magram Zireuli gansxvaveba Txrobis am or models Soris sacnauria sinta-qsur doneze.

Cveni narkvevi daeTmoba lirikis anu poeturi teqstis sintaqsuri Taviseburebebis analizs literaturaTmcodne-obiTi meTodis WrilSi.

∗ poeturi sintaqsis analizi gulisxmobs literaturaTmcodneobis midgo-mebsac, radgan swored am sferos kvlevis sagania leqsis Sinaarsi, poetis ideisa da TvalTaxedvis warmoCena da misive mimarTeba naTqvamTan (emoci-uroba, mowoneba, dawuneba, aRSfoTeba, aRtaceba, SiSi da a.S.), romlebzec gadamwyvet zemoqmedebas axdenen gramatikuli kategoriebi.

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poeturi komunikacia

struqturad miCneul yvelaze ufro zogadi faqtorebis Ziebas, romlebzec uSualodaa damokidebuli poeturi teq-stis wyoba (iseve, rogorc sxva tipis teqstebis wyoba, rom-lebic Txrobis sxvadasxvagvar funqcionalur nairsaxeobebs ganekuTvnebian), mivyavarT komunikaciis sferosTan. l. vi-gotskim Txrobis esa Tu is tipi daukavSira TxrobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sakomunikacio pirobebs. man `Sinagani Txro-ba~ (avtokomunikaciisaTvis gankuTvnil enas swored man uwo-da `Sinagani Txroba~) Seadara Txrobis or sxva tips — zepir metyvelebasa da weriT Txrobas da gamoitana Zalze sagulis-xmo daskvna: Sinagani Txrobis dros avtorisaTvis yovelTvis cnobilia Txrobis sagani (`viciT, razec vfiqrobT~) _ Cveni Sinagani gansjis qvemdebare (subieqti) yovelTvis arsebobs Cvens gulSi, is yovelTvis igulisxmeba da sulac ar gvWir-deba imis dasaxeleba, Tu ras exeba Cveni fiqri (e.w. Sinagani Txroba). aqedan gamomdinareobs Sinagani Txrobis predikati-

uloba,∗ rogorc mTavari sintaqsuri forma. lirika Sinagan Txrobaze orientirebuli diskursia. Sesabamisad, lirikis ena, gamoirCeva predikatiulobis maRali xarisxiT, rac iw-vevs sintaqsur erTeulTa efeqtur gamoyenebas. es erTeule-bi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT sintaqsis oTx sferos. esenia:

1. winadadebis an teqstis aqtualuri danawevreba (Tema da rema, mocemuli da axali, cnobili da ucnobi);

∗ predikatiuloba _ sintaqsuri kategoria, romelic winadadebas agebs (aya-libebs) da mis Sinaarss Sekrul erTeulad aqcevs. predikatiuloba warmo-adgens ori sintaqsuri kategoriis _ gramatikuli droisa da kilos _ er-Tianobas. predikatiulobaSi zogjer moiazreben piris kategoriasac, mag-ram igi gamoxatavs mxolod sityvebs Soris damokidebulebas da ganekuT-vneba winadadebis organizaciis sxva dones. winadadebaSi, romelSic moce-mulia qvemdebareca da Semasmenelic, predikatiulobis matarebelia Semas-meneli, xolo sadac mxolod erTi maTgania warmodgenili, maSin am funqcias winadadebis mTavari wevri asrulebs. predikatiuloba ganirCeva e.w. subieqturi modalurobisgan, romlis baza-zec yalibdeba Semfasebluri mniSvneloba _ mTqmelis damokidebuleba naTqvamTan.

predikatiulobas ar miewereba negacia (uaryofa) da mTqmelis mizandasa-xuloba informaciis mopovebasa Tu gadmocemaze (kiTxva, brZaneba).

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2. winadadebis wevrebi; 3. winadadebis tipebi Sedgenilobis mixedviT (msaz-

Rvrel-sazRvruliani martivi winadadebebi, Sedgenili wina-dadebebi, rTuli winadadebebi);

4. winadadebis tipebi gamonaTqvamis komunikaciuri miz-nis mixedviT (TxrobiTi, brZanebiTi, kiTxviTi).

predikatiuloba warmoadgens Sinagani Txrobis ZiriTad

da erTaderT formas da mravalferovnad vlindeba lirika-Si. magram, poeturi teqsti erTdroulad gadaicema ori ar-xiT: `me _ me~ da `me _ is~; amitom masSi Tavsdeba da erT-maneTs erwymis Txrobis ori tipis Taviseburebebi: `Txroba CemTvis“ da `Txroba sxvisTvis~, rac teqstis rTul sintaq-sur faqturas qmnis. is, rac absolutur xasiaTs atarebs Si-nagan TxrobaSi (predikatiuloba), poetur TxrobaSi vlinde-ba rogorc agebis principi. Sedegad, viRebT ara Sinagani Txrobis pirdapir arekvlas, aramed zogadi enis masalaze dafuZnebul axal sakomunikacio models. lirika aris Sina-gani dialogi (saubari sakuTar TavTan) da, amav dros, di-alogi gare samyarosTan, mimarTuli gareSe adresatisadmi, mkiTxvelisadmi. amasTan, Sinagani dialogi, Tavis mxriv, di-ferencirebulia. lirikis gansakuTrebuli ena, misi specifi-ka mniSvnelovnad ganisazRvreba swored Tavisi dialoguro-bis rTuli xasiaTiT.

dialogi lirikaSi

avstrieli filosofosi m. buberi Tavis wignSi Ìch und du~ (`me da Sen~) (buberi 1936) aRniSnavs, rom arsebobs urTier-Tobis ori saxe _ me/Sen da me/is. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, `me~ warmoadgens pirovnebas da mimarTavs `Sen~-s, aseve pirovne-bas (Tu igi mimarTavs ara adamians, aramed sagans an sxva cocxal arsebas, maSin gza exsneba poetis warmosaxvasa da STagonebas), meore SemTxvevaSi, `me~ aris aRmqmeli, damkvir-vebeli da Semmecnebeli subieqti, xolo ìs~ _ aRqmis, dak-

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virvebisa da Semecnebis obieqti. garesamyarosTan adamianis urTierTobas buberi yofs sam sferod: urTierToba adami-anebTan, urTierToba sulier arsebebTan da urTierToba bu-nebasTan. bunebasTan adamianis urTierTobas buberi gansa-kuTrebul sivrcel moiazrebs, romelSic vlindeba wminda `me~. zogadad dialogi mimdinareobs or subieqts Soris, bu-nebasTan dialogi ki warimarTeba avtorsa (me) da avtoris mi-er bunebisagan miRebul STabeWdilebas anu isev `me~-s Soris. swored es aris wminda `me~ (cxovelebTan dialogSi ase Tu ise ikveTeba cxovelis àzri~ an `pasuxi~ Tavisi reqciebis mixed-viT _ siamovneba, gabrazeba, mofereba, rac wamoudgenelia bunebasTan dialogis dros). roca vaJa-fSavela mimarTavs bunebas da misgan `Rebulobs~ adeqvatur pasuxs, es aris wmin-da `me~-s gamovlineba:

_ mTao maRalo, nisliT burvilo... ratom ar mismen, me ra gaxaro, rom Subli gaxsna da gaixaro? _ Cems Subls ra gaxsnis, mter-mkvdaro Sena...

(vaJa-fSavela, `pasuxi~)

lirikosi poeti iswrafvis samive sferos samyarosTan uaRresad farTo urTierTobisaken. swored iq aRmocendeba me/Sen urTierToba da es urTierToba asaxvas povebs lirikis saxeobriv wyobaSi, mis enaSi.

magram arsebobs dialogis sxva aspeqtic: adresatis prob-lema. sakiTxi exeba lirikuli leqsis adresats _ imas, Tu ra mimarTulebiT, anu vis egzavneba lirikuli ambavi. dialogSi damisamarTebis rTul xasiaTze yuradRebas amaxvilebs m. bax-tini SromaSi `sityvieri Semoqmedebis esTetika~ (1979). misi azriT, yovel gamonaTqvams hyavs adresati _ Sen (sxvadasxva xasiaTis, siaxlovis, konkretulobis, SegrZnebis da a.S.), romlis bunebas da Semecnebis xarisxsac iTvaliswinebs avto-ri. Sen dialogis meore adresatia, vinaidan pirveli adresa-ti Tavad avtoria (ase iyofa mxatvrul teqstSi erTi da igive piri orad _ avtorad da mkiTxvelad _ „pirveli Cemi mki-

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Txveli me TviTona var“. Semdeg ki TandaTan gamoikveTeba sa-zogadoebis saxiT `Sen~). magram adresatis am modelis garda, baxtinis azriT, avtori met-naklebi gacnobierebiT vara-udobs xolme umaRles, e.w. zeadresatsac (mesames), romelic igulisxmeba an metafizikur siSoreSi, an Soreul istoriul droSi, sxvadasxva droSi da sxvadasxva msoflgagebis epo-qebSi. es zeadresati da misi idealurad swori Sefaseba Tu pasuxi avtoris gamonaTqvamze Rebulobs sxvadasxvagvar kon-kretul ideologiur gamoxatulebas (RmerTi, absoluturi WeSmariteba, miukerZoebeli adamianuri sindisis samarTali, istoriis samarTali, mecniereba da a. S.). magaliTad movux-mobT galaktionis leqss èxla ki...~:

exla ki mSvidobiT! naxvamdis! naxvamdis, leqsebo, kmara! .................. mgzavroba gqondeT keTili da minda gisurvoT mxolod es, rom, rogorc qvitkiris kedeli, mfarvelad simarTle gyolodeT...

an: Sen ki ivli gulo da fiqro,

jiuto sisxlo, azro da tvino! vai, Sen, Cemo cisfero wigno, momavlisaTvis dabeWdilo.

(lebaniZe, `sizmrad vnaxe irema xari~)

amrigad, lirika asaxavs uSualo mimarTvas adresatTan da masTan qmnis dialogur situacias. poetur teqstSi dialo-guri situacia iRebs rTul mniSvnelobasa da funqcias, ro-desac adamianuri `me~-s umaRles Rirebulebebs — eTikur ga-gebas, sindiss, gonebas, nebas _ adresatad evlineba emoci-uri `me~. dialogis am formas uwodeben dialogs sakuTar TavTan. magaliTad:

ra sevdian zRapars ambobs qari, ameSala Cveul fiqrTa jari, daiZineT survilebo, kmara!

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kmara cremli, rac rom daiRvara, daiZine Senc, imedo, Cemo, Cemo rwmenav, zecav da edemo!

(tabiZe, `ra sevdian zRapars ambobs qari~)

sakuTar TavTan dialogis dros, rasac gavrcelebuli terminologiiT monologsac uwodeben, xSir SemTxvevaSi `me~-s orive mxare Tanabari uflebiT sargeblobs da orive mxare erTdroulad warmoadgens subieqtsac da adresatsac:

zRvaSi Cavagdeb saocar ankess aha, sirenas amohyva guli. igi momasmens mSvenier hangebs da me namdvilad var moxibluli.

(tabiZe, ìq poeziis frialebs droSa~)

sakuTar TavTan dialoguri teqstebis damaxasiaTebeli niSania pirTa cvalebadoba: pirveli piris metyveleba ic-vleba meore piriT da SebrunebiT. pirTa aseT urTierTmo-nacvleobas poetur teqstSi gansakuTrebuli funqcia akisria:

exla raRa vqna? cecxlTa rideba ar genatreba dids da xelovans da ar giSuqebs Sori dideba myudro siberis gzas saxelovans.

(tabiZe, `cxraas Tvrameti“)

galaktionis am sityvebSi aSkarad Cans mkveTri gadasvla emociuri „me“-dan (èxla raRa vqna?~) umaRles „me“-Si, ro-melic meore piriT gamoixateba. sakuTari Tavisadmi mimar-TvebSi SeiZleba figurirebdes Tavad avtoris saxelic:

Sen, galaktion, ici, ra daudevrad Cqara qreba qalebis fici.

(tabiZe, àra erTi da ori~)

an: he, qaosSi dakarguls qari damedevneba

ZaxiliT: galaktion! da Znelia migneba... (tabiZe, èfemera _ cxenTa Sejibrebaze~...)

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an: daviRaleo, ar miTxra, murman, sul brZola geneba!...

(lebaniZe, òrmocdaaTi welia~...)

sakuTari, emociuri „me“-sadmi mimarTva xSirad gamoxatu-lia sityvebiT _ suli, guli. aseTi magaliTebi auracxelia qarTveli poetebis SemoqmedebaSi. magaliTad:

vardebi ar arian. magram ra mevardeba! sulo, ra gemarTeba, gulo, ra mogivida!?

(tabiZe, `gulo, ra gemarTeba?~)

amaRldi, sulo, TeTr akldamaze mSvenierebis leqsiT mqebeli...

(tabiZe, `Serigeba~)

gulo, Cvenc sicocxles vigrZnobT, laRs movisurvebT mRerasa.

(vaJa-fSavela, `gulo, ras dahRonebulxar~) `me”-s romelime mxare SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos, ro-

gorc Sinagani xma, idumali xma, romelic proecirebulia ga-remoze da JRers, rogorc bunebis, stiqiis xma. Sinagani xmebi warmoCndebian, rogorc oreulis, epoqis, socialuri gare-mos da a. S. xmebi.

gavixsenoT baraTaSvilis leqsi `xma idumali~:

... mas aqeT xma ram Tan sdevs yovelTa CemTa zraxvaTa da sawadelTa.

Sinagan dialogSi sakuTari Tavisadmi mowodebebi, gamoxa-tuli brZanebiTi kiloTi, Cveulebriv, moeqceva xolme avto-komunikaciis CarCoSi:

ra sevdian zRapars ambobs qari, ameSala Cveul fiqrTa jari. daiZineT survilebo, kmara!

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kmara cremli, rac rom daiRvara. daiZine Senc, imedo Cemo, Cemo rwmenav, zecav da edemo!

(tabiZe, `ra sevdian ZRapars ambobs qari~)

mowodebaSi gamoxatuli avtoris azri SeiZleba Tanaxmi-eri aRmoCndes sxva adresatisaTvisac _ mowodebis zeindi-vidualuri mniSvneloba izidavs ganusazRvrel adresats, uCinar Tanamosaubres, mkiTxvels. magaliTad:

davdgeT iq, sadac qariSxalia da sisxliani dgas angelosi....

(tabiZe, `Cven _ poetebi saqarTvelosi~)

msgavs SemTxvevebSi brZanebiTi kilo Tavis TavSi iTavsebs ganzraxvis mniSvnelobasa da ganzogadebul modalur mniS-vnelobas (es SeiZleba iyos mizanSewonilebis, garduvalobis, aucileblobis, valdebulebis mniSvneloba).

lirikaSi udidesi adgili uWiravs dialogs sxvasTan (garesamyarosTan). garesamyarosTan dialogis forma avlens lirikuli teqstebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel kompoziciur Ta-viseburebebs. kerZod, xSirad xdeba mesame piridan meore pirSi gadasvla da piruku. es movlena asaxavs mTxrobelTan (poetTan) daaxloeba-dacilebas, subieqtivacia-obieqtiva-cias, lirikuloba-epikurobas.

garda dialogebis sxvadasxva formiT gamowveuli efeq-tisa, romelsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs poeturi teqstis sintaqsSi, mxatvruli, poeturi winadadebis wyobis Taviseburebas, poetur saxesa Tu formas qmnis poeturi fi-gurebi: mimarTva, brZaneba, SeZaxili, SekiTxva (eseni SeiZle-ba teqstSi Segvxvdes rogorc Cveulebrivi Txrobis, ise ri-torikuli formis saxiT), gameoreba, gaCumeba, elifsisi, gradacia, inversia, paralelizmi, antiTezisi.

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ritorikuli figurebi

ritorikuli figurebi poeturi sintaqsis specifikuri da Zalze gavrcelebuli saxeobaa. ritorikuli figurebi ar moiTxovs pirdapir pasuxebs, magram teqstis kompoziciis aucilebel komponentebs warmoadgens. ritorikuli figure-bia: ritorikuli mimarTva, ritorikuli brZaneba, ritori-kuli SeZaxili, ritorikuli uaryofa, ritorikuli SekiTxva.

1. ritorikuli mimarTva aris sintaqsuri figura, romel-Sic yuradReba gadatanilia mimarTvis obieqtze da ara Si-naarsze. arsebobs mimarTvis universaluri saxeebi, romle-bic saerToa lirikuli poeziisaTvis (esenia: mimarTva liri-kuli `Sen~-isadmi, megobrisadmi, axloblisadmi, Seyvarebu-lisadmi), da arsebobs mimarTvis garkveuli sagnobrivi sa-xeebi, romlebic individualuri SerCevis niSans atareben. am ukanasknels warmoaCens poeturi samyaros masStabi, urTier-Tobis diapazoni da poeturi aRqmis wre. poetur teqstSi mi-marTvebi SeiZleba exebodes nebismier sagnobriv sferos: bu-nebas, nivTebs, qveynebs da qalaqebs, drosa da sivrces, ada-mianuri sulis moRvaweobas da Sinagani samyaros movlenebs, sulier arsebebs... Zalian xSirad poetur teqstebSi damisa-marTebis funqcias enacvleba Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebis funqciebi anu im movlenisa an sagnis daxasiaTeba, romelsac avtori mimarTavs. daxasiaTebas Seicavs mimarTva, romelic gamoxatulia zedsarTavi saxeliT:

fantastiuro, damaavades Senma saxlebma da Senma gzebma.

(tabiZe, `qalaqSi~)

an: sadac gind viyo, Zvirfaso,

Sensken qris leqsis pwkarebi. (griSaSvili, `naTeliano!~).

mimarTvisas xSirad gvxvdeba arsebiTi saxelis Sewyoba sxvadasxvagvar gansazRvrebebTan, maT Soris gankerZoebuli

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konstruqciebiT, romlebic arcTu iSviaTad qmnian predika-tiuli xasiaTis konstruqciis jaWvs:

saqarTvelos RviZlo Svilo... wmindani xar, namusis mze, dadafnuli, bednieri, natrobdi da ha, ayvavda Severcxlili Seni eri.

(griSaSvili, `korneli kekeliZes~)

zogjer mimarTvaSi obieqti arc aris dasaxelebuli, mag-ram igi advilad misaxvedri, nagulisxmevia:

aswiT Tasebi, gadavkraT uceb, gadavcdeT CarCos, es gaumarjos mgosnebis muzebs, azrs gaumarjos.

(tabiZe, `puSkini parizSi~)

2. ritorikuli brZanebis sintaqsuri figura, msgavsad mimarTvisa, atarebs sasurvelis mniSvnelobas, Tumca, xaz-gasmuli brZanebiTi kilos meSveobiT, gamoxatavs mTxrobe-lis nebas, mimarTuls obieqtisaken:

Cemo baRebo, ayvavildiT, imxiaruleT! (p. iaSvili, `soneti ellis~)

gamonakliss warmoadgens leqsebi, romlebic locvis for-maSia dawerili, sadac brZanebiTi kilo, Cveulebriv, Txovnis formad gadaiqceva:

mzeo TibaTvisa, mzeo TibaTvisa, locvad muxlmoyrili graals Sevedrebi, igi, vinc miyvarda didi siyvaruliT, frTebiT daifare _ amas gevedrebi.

(tabiZe, `mzeo TibaTvisa~)

3. ritorikuli SeZaxilis sintaqsuri figura gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv, ambis an movlenis mkafiod xazgasmas, meore mxriv ki, gamoxatavs naTqvamisadmi mTqmelis damokidebulebas —

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mowonebas, dawunebas, aRtacebas, aRSfoTebas da a. S. xSir SemTxvevaSi SeZaxilis Tanmxlebi aqsesuarebia Sorisdebulebi:

oh, RmerTo Cemo, sul Zili, Zili! rosRa gveRirsos Cven gaRviZeba?!

(WavWavaZe, èlegia~)

an: viS, am dilasa, am haers, bunebis ganmacxovelsa! (orbeliani, `sadRegrZelo~)

4. ritorikuli uaryofis sintaqsuri figura xSirad war-modgenilia uaryofiTi nawilakebiT -ar, -ver da a.S.:

Camoiburos zeca, misic aRara mjera _ meris TvalebiT igi ver gabrwyindeba, vera!

(tabiZe, `meris TvalebiT~)

oh, netavi ar Seirxeodes gadazneqili sizmrebis weli!

(tabiZe, àlvebi TovlSi~)

5. ritorikuli SekiTxva mniSnvelovani ritorikuli figuraa. igi ar daismis im mizniT, rom miRebul iqnas pasuxi, Tumca, mas hyavs konkretuli adresati mkiTxvelis saxiT.

qarTuli poezia ritorikuli SekiTxvis mraval SemTxve-vas icnobs. magaliTad:

o, ras niSnavs es... es siCume, es gaoceba? es uxilavi, mSobliuri Cveni siCume? risTvis arian gayinulni maRalni mTani? ram daayrua Saragzebi, sadac odesme eqaneboda mZafri cxeni makedonelis?

(tabiZe, `TiTqos ara aq~)

an: sxva saqarTvelo sad aris, romeli kuTxe qveynisa? (orbeliani, `sadRegrZelo~)

sintaqsuri gamosaxvis yvela aRniSnuli saxe, a. xinTibiZis sityvebi rom moviSvelioT, xasiaTdeba `gamosaxatavi movle-nisadmi avtoris aqtiuri damokidebulebiT, rac aZlierebs

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movlenis emociur mxares da amaxvilebs mkiTxvelis yurad-Rebas mis mimarT~ (xinTibiZe 1986: 335).

poeturi miTiTeba (deiqsisi)

poeturi enis dialoguri xasiaTi Tavis asaxvas poulobs Cveneba _ miTiTebis sferoSic. es sfero miT ufro farToa, rac ufro Tavisuflad iWreba poetur enaSi Sinagani mety-velebis Taviseburebani. poetis Sinagani Txroba qmnis zepiri Txrobis komunikaciur situacias, roca TvalisaTvis (da, sazogadod, aRqmisaTvis) xiluli sagani an sivrce SeiZleba mivuTiToT (vuCvenoT) nacvalsaxeliT. Sinagan TxrobaSi, zepir dialogTan SedarebiT, Cvenebis sfero Zlier farTov-deba. igi moicavs poetis Sinagani samyaros sivrces, romel-zec irekleba ara marto mxedvelobisaTvis misawvdomi gare-mo sivrce, aramed warmodgenebic Soreul sivrcesa da dro-ze, abstraqtul gagebebze, grZnobebze, saxeebze da a. S. ami-tom poetur teqstSi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebisa da zmnize-debis funqciebi mniSvnelovnad farToa. CvenebiTi sityvebis poetur funqciaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba sami yvelaze ufro arsebiTi funqcia:

• CvenebiTi sityvebi qmnian ara marto sagnis (movlenis, sivrcis mdgomareobis, grZnobis da a. S.) saxes, aramed gamok-veTen mocemul momentSi da damkvirveblis mocemul pozici-aSi am sagnis aRqmis Wrils da afiqsireben aRqmis moments:

sad zRvis Wavlebia yvavilTa mToveli, kvlav vxvdebiT erTmaneTs me da beTxoveni.

(tabiZe, `mecxre simfonia~)

• CvenebiTi sityvebi iZleva damatebiT SesaZleblobebs sagnisaTvis axali, individualuri niSnebis misaniWeblad. sa-gani warmodgeba ara iseTad, rogorsac mas uyurebs yvela da yovelTvis, aramed iseTad, rogoric poetma dainaxa gansaz-Rvrul wamsa da gansazRvrul adgilas (aq da axla). poeturi siaxlis es saxeoba dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom sagnis da-

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usaxelebloba an saxelis Secvla nacvalsaxeliT aTavisuf-lebs sagans Cveulebrivi asociaciebisagan da saSualebas iZ-leva uCveulo individualuri maxasiaTeblebis Semosatanad:

sadac exla jvaria da gviani mtevnebi, iq ukvdavi magiis marmalilo iqneba.

(tabiZe, èfemera _ cxenTa Sejibrebaze...~)

• saxelebis sanacvlod gamoyenebul CvenebiT sityvebs Semoaqvs poeturi saxis Sesaqmnelad aucilebeli ganusaz-Rvrelobis garkveuli wili. deiqsisuri ganusazRvreloba orgvaria: a) is, rac poetisaTvis ucnobia an mTlad nacnobi ar aris da razec mxolod miniSneba SeuZlia; b) is, rac poetisaTvis nacnobia, magram gaurbis mis dasaxelebas da ifargleba CvenebiTi sityvis gamoyenebiT, radgan dasaxele-ba daarRvevda lirikuli siuJetis mTlianobas.

ucnobi ganusazRvrelobis magaliTia:

me mesizmreba raRac wminda, Sori qveyana, sadRac, odesRac zmanebuli, erTxel naxuli...

(tabiZe, `me mesizmreba~)

nacnobi ganusazRvrelobis magaliTia:

aq rom TaRebia, svetTa Sekoneba, ise nagebia, ciskris gegoneba.

(tabiZe, `nikorwminda~)

poeturi ganusazRvreloba (elifsisi) poeturi ganusazRvreloba (arasruli gansazRvruloba)

mxatvruli saxis saerTo Tvisebaa. garkveuli esTetikuri poziciidan xedva avlens saganSi SezRuduli raodenobis Tvisebebs, amitomac literaturul nawarmoebSi asaxul sa-gans gaaCnia arasruli gansazRvruloba. es gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilia poeziaSi. ganusazRvrelobis maRali xarisxi arsebobs individualur poetur sistemebSi an poetur mimar-TulebebSi (mag. simbolizmSi). ganusazRvrelobis zonaSi Se-

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iZleba moxvdes adgili, dro, subieqti, moqmedeba, mdgomare-oba, moqmedebis obieqti, situacia, grZnoba, sagnis dafaru-li arsi, adresati da a. S. ganusazRvreloba warmoiqmneba tropebis, leqsikuri semantikis, semantikur_sintaqsuri kavSirebis, winadadebisa da teqstis sintaqsis doneze. sin-taqsis sferoSi ganusazRvrelobis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba:

• CvenebiTi, piris da ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxelebi (nimuSebi ix. zemoT);

• lirikuli SekiTxvebi, romlebic ganusazRvreli nac-valsaxelis tolfasi mniSvnelobisaa:

o, ras niSnavs es... es siCume, es gaoceba? es uxilavi, mSobliuri Cveni siCume? risTvis arian gayinulni maRalni mTani? ram daayrua Saragzebi, sadac odesme eqaneboda mZafri cxeni makedonelis?

(tabiZe, `TiTqos ara aq~)

• usruli winadadebebi, romlebSic ar aris dasaxele-buli subieqti, arc moqmedeba an obieqti:

iq irCeoda romeliRac poetis bwkari, uTanxmoebam da kamaTma roca ifeTqa, galaktionma SemoaRo anazdad kari....

(lebaniZe, ìq irCeoda...~)

• Txrobis Seyovneba gadmocemuli mravalwertiliT:

... da alionze TeTr duqanTan stiris arRani.

(t. tabiZe, `mearRneebi da poetebi~)

• logikuri wyvetebi teqstSi, siuJetis azrobrivi na-wilis gamotoveba:

sami saxeli RvTaebrivi uZveles drois isev inaTebs. upirvelesad rusudani, _ ss ...

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_ Semdeg Tamari itriidan, _ Cu ... _ukanasknelad qeTevani. _ ! (tabiZe, „Cveni saukune“)

• dialogSi sityvis an sityvaTa jgufis gamotoveba anu dialogis SekumSva:

gulo, ocnebas malav, cao, lurjdeba zoli. vaJi _ daica qalav! qali _ dagibrma Toli!

(`qalav~, g. tabiZe)

sintaqsuri ganusazRvrelobis sapirispiro movlenaa gameoreba.

gameoreba

gameorebis sintaqsur figuras poetur TxrobaSi damate-biTi emociuri muxtis Setanis funqcia akisria. gameoreba SeiZleba sxvadasxva mizeziT iyos gamoyenebuli: sixarulis, sevdis an sxva tipis sulieri gancdebis xazgasasmelad. ro-desac avtors surs yuradRebis gamaxvileba ama Tu im movle-naze, igi leqsidan SearCevs mTavari azris matarebel sity-vas, sityvaTa jgufs an sulac mTel winadadebas da mas xaz-gasmiT imeorebs. gameoreba SeiZleba mijriT iyos warmodge-nili an strofebis dasawyisSi an kidev yoveli strofis bo-los. gameorebis xerxi farTod aris gavrcelebuli qarTul poeziaSi da gansakuTrebiT did adgils iWers galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi:

Seunde, Seunde, Seunde bnel codvils, lucifers, Cems gulSi avobiT mZvinvares!

(tabiZe, `saswauls~)

es me var qari, es me var qari, davqrivar barad, vocnebob mzeze...

(tabiZe, `rogor ebrZodnen zarebs zarebi~)

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qari qris, qari qris, qari qris, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sada xar, sada xar, sada xar?

(tabiZe, `qari qris~)

gameoreba xSirad datvirTulia gradaciis funqciiT. gra-dacia uzrunvelyofs emociebis gaZlierebas, aRmasvlas, gamZafrebas:

jvars ecvi, Tu ginda! saSveli ar aris, ar aris, ar aris!

(tabiZe, `Semodgoma ùmanko Casaxebis~ mamaTa savaneSi~)

ama Tu im gamonaTqvamze yuradRebis gamaxvilebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba agreTve inversias.

inversia

inversia aris sintaqsuri figura, romelic gulisxmobs sityvisa an gamonaTqvamisaTvis konteqsturi adgilmdebare-obis Secvlas. qarTuli enis bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semasmenlis moqceva winadadebis bolos an uSualod _ qvem-debaris Semdeg. amasTan, Tanamedrove qarTulSi msazRvreli yovelTvis sazRvrulis win dgas (Zvel qarTulSi sxva situ-aciasTana gvaqvs saqme). nebismieri gadaxveva am dadgenili sintaqsuri wesidan inversiis sferos ganekuTvneba.

qarTul enaSi gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilia inversiis sami saxeoba. esenia: Semasmenlis moZraoba, msazRvrel-sazRvru-lis Sebrunebuli wyoba da msazRvrel-sazRvruls Soris sxva sityvis CarTva.

Semasmenlis moZraobis mgaliTebia:

aRar etyoba Tvalebs Tvaloba, roca Rrea da miuvaloba.

(tabiZe, `qarebs qaroba~)

da Tu leqsSi Cqefs marad mSvenebiT sicocxlis ZalTa tkbili JRerani....

(tabiZe, `solomon lioniZes~)

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msazRvrel-sazRvrulis Sebrunebuli wyobis magaliTebia:

mwuxarebis dros Jamni mswraflni vlian neliad. (orbeliani, `Cems das efemias~)

cxovreba gawyra da gaalqajda, mindvrebSi gatyda ocneba mwyemsis

(tabiZe, `portreti~)

msazRvrel-sazRvruls Soris sxva sityvis CarTvis magaliTebia:

amaRldes qedi iveriisa Sav_bediT damiwebuli. (orbeliani, `gulni iverTa aqvT~...)

dRe Semodgomis civi versad poulobs alags.

(tabiZe, `mRvrie, daRlili rasa~)

paralelizmi

paralelizmis sintaqsuri figura or an ramdenime damo-ukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone winadadebebs aerTianebs, mag-ram erT maTganSi asaxuli movlena moxmobilia meoris ufro naTlad warmodgenisaTvis.

magaliTad: ar gaTeTrdebis yorani, rac unda xexo qviSiTa, mtrebi ar Segibraleben vaebiTa da viSiTa.

(qarTuli andazebi... 1962: 8)

aq ori sruliad damoukidebeli movlenis amsaxveli wina-dadeba gvaqvs, magram, azrobrivad, pirveli asrulebs gaSli-li gansazRvrebis funqcias meorisaTvis.

SeiZleba paralelizmis es principi dairRves da igi Sec-valos bunebis, calkeuli movlenebis an cxovrebiseuli de-talebis urTierTSefardebam, rogoradac es mocemulia, ma-galiTad, guramiSvilis leqsSi „swavla moswavleTa“:

viT usaWurvlod mamaci omSigan gulad lomobdes, gacofebuli gul-brazad vefxvi uklanWod omobdes,

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ver aRasrulos sawadi, rac nebavs, misTvis Ronobdes, _ egreT Wkviani uwvrTneli ver mixvdes, rasac ndomobdes.

am SemTxvevaSi paraleli gavlebulia (viT, egreT) sxvada-sxva movlenebs Soris (usaWurvlo mamaci, uklanWo vefxvi da uwvrTneli Wkviani), romelTac aerTianebT erTi azri, _ fuWad moRvaweoba.

arsebobs uaryofiTi paralelizmic, rodesac movlenebi, mosalodneli msgavsebis nacvlad, erTmaneTs upirispirdebian:

Semodgomisa velur hangSi Wkneba foToli, ymawvili gulic unugeSo fiqrebiT dneba, magram sxva foTols aamwvanebs kvlav gazafxuli _ da siymawvile ki arasdros ar dabrundeba.

(tabiZe, `yviTeli foToli~)

am SemTxvevaSi pirvel or striqonSi gvaqvs klasikuri pa-ralelizmi, magram mesame da meoTxe striqonSi viRebT uar-yofiT paralelizms: mesame striqonSi mocemuli „foTlis amwvaneba“ qmnis imis molodins, rom „ymawvil gulSic“ raRac sasikeTosken Seicvleba, amis nacvlad ki, moulodnelad, gamoikveTeba sul sxva gancda.

movlenaTa mkveTri dapirispirebis maCvenebelia kontras-tic, romelic antiTezisis kategoriaSi eqceva:

Tqven genatrebaT loJa, parteri, Tqven gindaT gaxdeT miliarderi. me ki varCevdi gzas unapiros, cota siyvaruls da Rer papiross.

(tabiZe, `Tqven genatrebaT~...)

poeturi komunikaciis xasiaTi winaswar gansazRvravs po-eturi teqstis sintaqsuri struqturis gansxvavebas sxva sa-xis teqstebisagan da poeturi enis semantikisa da enobrivi saSualebebis funqciebs zogadenobrivi sistemis fonze.

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buberi 1936: Buber M. Ich und Du. Berlin: Schocken, 1936. baxtini 1979: Бахтин М. М. Эстетика словесного творчества. М.:

"Искусство", 1979. vigotski 1934: Выготский Л. С. Мышление и речь. М.-Л.: "Соцэкгиз", 1934. iakobsoni 1975: Якобсон Р. О. Лингвистика и поэтика. М.: "Прогресс", 1975. koftunova 1986: Кофтунова И. И. Роэтический синтаксис. М.: "Наука", 1986. koftunova 1993: Кофтунова И. Т. Принцип неполной определенности и

формы его грамматического выражения в поетическом языке 20-го века. Грамматические категории Синтаксис текста. М.: "Наука", 1993.

koftunova 1995: Кофтунова И. И. О роэтических образах Бориса Пастер-нака, очерк истории языка русской поезии ХХ века. М.: "Наука", 1995.

silmani 1977: Сильман Т. И. Заметки о лирике. Л.: Сов. писатель (ленин-градское отделение), 1977.

qarTuli andazebi... 1962: qarTuli andazebi rusuli da germanuli SesatyvisebiT. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1962.

xinTibiZe 1986: xinTibiZe a. mxatvruli enis komponentebi. sintaq-suri Taviseburebani. // „literaturis Teoriis safuZvlebi“. Tb.: `ganaTleba~, 1986.

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Teimuraz doiaSvili

leqsis fonika literaturaTmcodneobis im sferos, romelic Seiswav-

lis mxatvruli teqstis bgeriT mxares mis esTetikur gamov-linebaSi, fonika ewodeba. leqsmcodneobiTi kuTxiT igi, Se-sabamisad, gulisxmobs leqsis bgeriTi Taviseburebebis Ses-wavlas. frangul leqsmcodneobaSi am terminis analogad dam-

kvidrebulia omofonia (berZ. homos –msgavsi, phone – bgera). fonikis mniSvnelobiT samecniero literaturaSi xSirad

gvxvdeba evfonia (berZ. keTilxmovaneba), Tumca sakuTrivi, viwro gagebiT igi mxolod bgeriT harmonias aRniSnavs. bge-riTi mowesrigeba leqsSi marto keTilxmovanebas ar emsaxu-reba _ mas sxva, ufro mniSvnelovani funqciebi aqvs. amitom termin èvfoniis~ xmareba ufro mizanSewonilia iseT SemTx-vevebSi, roca xorcieldeba principi `warmosaTqmelad advi-li, smenisTvis sasiamovno~, e.i. roca metyvelebaSi Tavidan acilebulia erTmarcvliani sityvebisa da rTuli artikula-ciis mqone bgerebis Tavmoyra, hiatusis movlenebi, kakafo-niuri xmianoba da sxv. amis miuxedavad, winamdebare narkvev-Si, damkvidrebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, fonika da evfonia gamoiyeneba rogorc sinonimuri cnebebi.

leqsis fonika moicavs aliteracias (identur an msgavs

TanxovanTa gameoreba), asonanss (xmovanTa gameoreba), onoმa-topeas (xmaTmibaZva), bgeraTkompleqsebis gameorebas, li-pogramas (berZ. leipo _ ararseboba, gramma _ aso), anafora—epiforasa da riTmas, rogorc bgeriT gameorebas. riTmis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis SerCevas didi mniSvneloba aqvs leq-sis fonikisaTvis. es gansakuTrebiT maxvilian xmovanze iT-qmis, radgan asonansi taepis SigniT, romelsac riTmis maxvi-liani xmovani ganamtkicebs, uCveulo gamomsaxvelobas iZens. garkveuli efeqtis Seqmna SeuZlia riTmis konsonanturi bge-rebis SeTanxmebas striqonis bgeriT qsovilTan: sariTmo

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sityvis axmianebasTan erTad taepSi ganmeorebadi bgerebic cocxldebian.

leqsis evfoniuri organizacia didad aris damokidebuli mSobliuri enis gamZafrebul grZnobaze, sityvis bgeriTi formis wvdomis Tandayolil, wminda poetur instinqtze.

yoveli enisa da misi poeziis fonika TviTmyofi, TiTqmis damoukidebeli movlenaa. mdidari da mravalsaukunovani qarTuli poezia am mxriv sagangebo Seswavlas moiTxovs.

bgeriTi mowesrigeba, aliteracia—asonansebi ucxo ar aris xalxuri leqsisaTvis. evfoniis saintereso nimuSebia gamovlenili qarTul sagaloblebSic. gansakuTrebiT mdida-ria am mxriv `vefxistyaosani~, romlis gavlena erovnul po-eziaze saukuneTa manZilze vrceldeboda. e. w. aRorZinebis xanis qarTuli poeturi memkvidreoba evfoniurad dRemde TiTqmis Seuswavlelia. arsebobs sagangebo dakvirvebani baraTaSvilis, ilias, akakis, vaJas, galaktionis da zogierTi sxva qarTveli poetis fonikaze.

* * *

XX saukunis 10—20-ian wlebSi leqsis fonikis kvlevam in-tensiuri xasiaTi miiRo. dagrovda mniSvnelovani gamocdi-leba, magram Zieba erTiani meTodologiis SeqmniT ar dagvir-gvinebula. miuxedavad amisa, am periodSi gamoikveTa tenden-ciebi, romlebic modificirebuli saxiT dResac ganagrZobs arsebobas.

`bgeriTi simbolizmis~ principma yvelaze mkveTri gamoxa-tuleba simbolistur kritikaSi pova. rom araferi vTqvaT bodlerisa da rembos cnobil sonetebze `Sesabamisobani~ da `xmovnebi~, malarmesa da rene hilis traqtatebze, rusi sim-bolistebis k. balmontis, a. belis, viaC. ivanovis werilebsa Tu eseebSi mocemulia bgeraTa simboluri ganmartebis mTe-li programa. dasavleli simbolistebis kvaldakval maT aRadgines Zveli moZRvreba bgeraTa emociuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, romlis Canasaxi ukve platonis `kratilSi~ fiqsir-deba da razec ase bevrs werdnen germaneli romantikosebi.

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a. beli bgeras dakarguli Sinaarsis gamomxatvel Jestad Tvlida. misi saxeobrivi improvizaciebi bgeraTa Temebze am Sinaarsis mogonebis cda iyo. k. balmonti werda, rom yoveli bgera cocxali arsebaa, yoveli bgera macnea.

simbolistebisaTvis bgera iyo niSani Sefaruli, siRrmise-uli azrisa, `bgera—macne~ anu `bgera—simbolo~. es niSnavda, rom recefcirebisas unda gaSifruliyo yoveli aliteraci-is, yoveli bgeriTi gameorebis azri.

`bgeriTi simbolizmi~ bgerebs garkveul mniSvnelobebTan akavSirebs. marTalia, obieqturad aseTi kavSiri ar arse-bobs, magram am principis momxreTa mtkicebiT, igi mocemu-lia subieqtSi: bgeris akustika da artikulacia asociaci-urad iwvevs gansazRvrul emociebs. bgeris semantikis saki-Txi poeziidan fsiqologiis sferoSi gadadis. igi mniSvnelo-bas iZens ara poetur konteqstSi, aramed imanenturad axasi-aTebs mas, rogorc fsiqologiuri mocemuloba.

fsiqolingvistikis monacemebi ewinaaRmdegeba `bgeriTi simbolizmis~ momxreTa mtkicebebs bgeris simboluri mniS-vnelobis Taobaze. kvlevis mTeli istoriis manZilze eqspe-rimentebidan ar dasturdeba, rom calkeuli fonemebi maT-Tvis specifikuri simbolizmiT xasiaTdebian, rom garkveuli bgerebi garkveul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTeben.

rusulma formalizmma, romelic meqanikuri materializ-misa da kantianobis ideebiT sazrdoobda da mkacrad akriti-kebda „bgeriT simbolizms“, win wamoswia meore ukiduresoba _ `bgeriTi avtonomiis” principi.

`bgeriTi avtonomia~ gulisxmobda evfoniis Seswavlas leqsis sxva komponentebisagan izolirebulad. `poeturi ena miiswrafis fonetikuri, ufro zustad, evfoniuri sityvisa-ken, zaumuri enisaken~, – werda r. iakobsoni (ix. misi wigni ùaxlesi rusuli poezia~, praRa, 1921), b. eixenbaumi ki aRniS-navda, rom bgerebi leqsSi TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli mniS-vnelobisaa. formalistTa mTeli yuradReba evfoniuri kon-struqciebis aRweras eTmoboda. magaliTad, o. brikma bgeri-Ti gameorebani mxolod garegnuli niSnebis mixedviT Seis-

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wavla, mogvca maTi klasifikacia, magram am movlenis mniSvne-lobis dadgena ar ucdia. b. kuSneri amtkicebda, rom leqsSi bgeriT mowesrigebas zusti simetriis, maTematikuri kanon-zomierebis saxe hqonda. man gamoyo kidec bgeraTa simetri-uli rigebi, magram xelT usicocxlo, SiSveli sqemebi SerCa.

eduard ziversis mixedviT, romelmac smeniT filologias daudo saTave, SemoqmedebiTi procesi melodikis dominan-tobiT mimdinareobs, melodika leqsis maorganizebeli sa-wyisia. sityvaTa SerCeva melodiur monacemebs emorCileba da ara semantikur mniSvnelobas. `smeniTi filologiis~ Zi-riTadma naklma aq iCina Tavi: sityva, rogorc metyvelebis azrobrivi erTeuli, daviwyebulia da igi mxolod akustiku-ri TvalsazrisiT ganixileba.

rusma formalistebma ziversis moZRvrebis es mxare saku-Tari miznebisTvis gamoiyenes. v. Sklovskim ziversis debu-lebis transformaciis gziT `zaumis~ arsebobis damtkiceba scada. melodikis adgilas man `bgeriTi laqa~ Casva, xolo si-tyvaTa SerCeva melodikis sanacvlod evfoniur princips da-umorCila. v. Sklovskis azriT, poets leqsi xSirad sityvi-eri formis gareSe, bgeriTi laqis saxiT evlineba. es laqa xan axlovdeba, xan ukan ixevs, dasasrul, daemTxveva ra TanaJRe-rad sityvas, sacnauri xdeba. poeti ver bedavs zaumuri sity-vis Tqmas. zaumuroba, Cveulebriv, raime Sinaarsis niRabs efareba, es Sinaarsi ki imdenad macduria da moCvenebiTi, rom poetebs aiZulebs aRiaron, Cvenive leqsebis Sinaarsi ar gvesmiso. sakiTxis amgvari absolutizeba swori ar aris, mag-ram melodikisa Tu fonikis mniSvnelobis aRiareba saleqso struqturisaTvis uTuod aRvivebda interess am elemente-bis mimarT.

* * *

fonikasa da konvenciuri leqsis metrul-ritmul struq-turas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs. leqsSi bgera met-rul—ritmuli organizaciis safuZvelze iZens Tvisebriv si-axles. metruli kanoni bgeriTi masalis mowesrigebas es-

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wrafvis, qmnis maxviliani da umaxvilo marcvlebis kanonzo-mier monacvleobas, taepis `fonetikur kompozicias~. met-ruli impulsi TandaTanobiT ipyrobs mxatvruli metyvele-bis yvela mxares, ritmul ganawilebas ki, pirvel rigSi, xmo-vanTa da TanxmovanTa Tvisebrivi momenti anu fonika eqvem-debareba. magram ritmisa da fonikis damokidebuleba ar aris calmxrivi. Tu leqsis komponentebs Soris urTierTgavlena arsebobs, maSin marto ritmi ki ar aris mniSvnelobis mqone faqtori fonikisaTvis, aramed es ukanasknelic zemoqmedebs ritmze, am struqturaTa Soris arsebobs korelacia garkve-uli subordinaciis farglebSi.

fonika metruli organizaciis xazgasmis efeqturi saSu-alebaa. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania asonansis ro-li. maxvilTa sistema, Cveulebriv, gansxvavebul xmovnebs aZ-lierebs, asonansis SemTxvevaSi ki igiveobrivi xmovnebi gamo-ikveTeba. aqcentirebul xmovanTa erTgvarovnebis gamo met-ri mdgrad, reliefur saxes iZens. magaliTad:

gaxede: kaxeTi! damskdara atami, ra male movida agvistos pirveli. gareul WalebSi trialebs qaTami, WaobSi ixvia mowyeniT mzirveli.

(tabiZe, `gaxede: kaxeTi!~)

damowmebuli strofi uCveulo metruli organizebiT gamoirCeva. TiToeuli taepi metris idealuri xorcSesxmaa. magram am wesrigis fonzec ki gamoikveTeba à~ xmovnis aso-nansiT xazgasmuli pirveli striqoni: `gaxede: kaxeTi! dam-skdara atami~. wminda versifikaciuli TvalsazrisiT es ta-epi identuria danarCeni taepebisa, magram metrul organi-zacias igi meorad, evfoniur wesrigsac uTavsebs, ris gamoc leqsis realuri aJRerebisas ufro Sekrul da erTian xa-siaTs iZens, fonika metruli normis samsaxurSi dgeba.

Tu asonirebul xmovnebs sityvis sawyisi Tanxmovnebis aliteraciac axlavs, es metris maorganizebel funqcias ufro gamokveTs:

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Wkneba vardebi rguli, qari qanaobs qnarad, ar gamTeldeba guli? wynarad, warsulo, wynarad.

(tabiZe, `qari qanaobs qnarad~)

ritmisa da fonikis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT sainte-resoa anJanbemanisa (gadatana) da evfoniuri gadasvlis TanadamTxveva, e. i. iseTi SemTxveva, roca sityvisa Tu sity-vaTa jgufis gadatanas taepidan taepSi Tan sdevs evfoniuri gadasvlac. am dros, anJanbemanis sapirispirod, evfoniuri gadasvla SemakavSirebel Zalas iCens. saintereso sailus-tracio masalas iZleva am mxriv giorgi leoniZis leqsi `mTawmindidan qars mohqonda~, romelSic erTi monakveTi ori aseTi variaciiT gvxvdeba:

mTawmindidan qars mohqonda nuSis naferTali.

da qarma qalaqs dauSina

nuSis naferTali.

pirvelisagan gansxvavebiT, meore SemTxvevaSi evfoniuri gadasvla moqmedebs (`dauSina nuSis~), rac am monakveTs, an-Janbemanis miuxedavad, dinamikur, erTian formas unarCu-nebs. bgeriTi gadatana iseTsave SemakavSirebel Zalas av-lens, rogorc kiburi riTma. es ukanaskneli striqonTa gaer-Tianebis funqciiTaa aRWurvili. magaliTad:

isev axali JrJola dasZari, daswani zvirTi cecxliT nazavi.

(leoniZe, `Tamar WavWavaZes – iubileze~)

iwoda taZris gumbaTi, kalTa, vardTa dioda neli surneli.

(tabiZe, `meri~)

fonikis SemakavSirebeli Zala mxolod bgeriTi gadataniT rodi amoiwureba. poetikaSi kargad aris cnobili bgeriTi

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anaforac, romelic taepTa erTgvarovan an msgavs dawyebas gulisxmobs. magaliTad:

alaznis velo, vrceli gnaxe da avlande Seni tye da Cirgvebi.

(Ciqovani, àlaznis velze~)

taepTa msgavsi dasawyisi àla~ _ àvla~ maTi dakavSirebis saSualebaa. cxadia, SemakavSirebeli efeqti aq iseTi Zalisa ar aris, rogoric evfoniuri gadasvlis dros, radgan man-Zili evfoniur elementebs Soris anaforis SemTxvevaSi uf-ro didia, vidre bgeriTi gadatanisas, roca xmovanebis bu-nebrivi gagrZeleba gvaqvs. miuxedavad amisa, simetriulad ganlagebul bgerebs smena aRiqvams, rac gavlenas axdens ta-epTa urTierTobaze, maT erTianobaze.

anaforas SeiZleba davukavSiroT TavriTmac, romelic Tavisi funqciiT axlos dgas anaforasTan. TavriTmac stri-qonTa dakavSirebas emsaxureba. magaliTad:

Tvalebi, es locviT damwvari qal-vaJi, wvalebiT mokvdeba (oxvra, pastorali).

(tabiZe, `yorani~)

Sejaxebia bulbuli bulbuls, Sexarbebia Seni wkriali.

(Ciqovani, `ganjis dRiuri~)

fonika ar aris neitraluri leqsis tempis mimarT. saleq-so sistemis sxva komponentebTan erTad isic gansazRvravs tempis mdinarebas, iwvevs mis Senelebas, specifikur SemTxve-vebSi ki tempis daCqarebis iluziasac qmnis.

tempze gavlenas axdens ganmeorebad bgeraTa fonetikuri monacemebi. magaliTad, obieqturad, mkveTri Tanxmovnis `k~—s artikulacias ufro naklebi dro sWirdeba, vidre spirant `s~-s warmoTqmas. amis gamo `k~—s aliteraciiT gawyobili striqoni ufro swraf tempSi warmoiTqmis, vidre `s~ bgeris ganmeorebaze agebuli taepi.

SevadaroT:

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kerenski... kapasi kiviliT kioda. (iaSvili, `Tivis urmeuli~)

sarkeTa saxeebs sanTlebi moedo. (tabiZe, `dro~)

orive taepis metruli wyoba identuria (33/33), Tumca pirveli striqonis tempi ufro Cqaria, vidre meorisa. tempi, rasakvirvelia, upirvelesad, Sinaarszea damokidebuli, mag-ram paolo iaSvilis taepi, miuxedavad Sidapauzisa („keren-ski...“), galaktionis striqonTan SedarebiT ufro swraf temps rom aviTarebs, mniSvnelovanwilad, aliterirebul Tanxmovan-Ta gansxvavebuli fonetikuri monacemebiT aris Sepirobebuli.

fonikas garkveuli roli SeuZlia Seasrulos verlibrSi anu Tavisufal leqsSic. poetur teqstSi, romelsac metri ar aregulirebs, bgeras TiTqos unda daekarga Tavisi Zala. magram ase ar xdeba. teqstis grafika gvikarnaxebs, nawarmo-ebi aRviqvaT, rogorc leqsi. saleqso struqturaze warmod-genis SeqmnisTanave ki bgeriT wesrigsac vamCnevT, Tu igi re-alurad arsebobs.

ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes fonikas Tavisufali leqsisaTvis? SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom SemTxveviT riTmas-Tan erTad is ritmul rigs konkretul bgeriT profils aZ-levs, leqsis Tavisufal dinebaSi wesrigis Setanas cdilobs. davukvirdeT galaktionis verlibrs ò, dRes Semodgomaa~:

o, dRes Semodgomaa... Semodgoma... suls aRar surs aravin... nazi ferebis kvdomad, nazo meri, dahqri landi cisferi... Semodgoma Sens bageebs magonebs... vwuxvar... mSvidobiT... meri...

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Cven winaSe Tavisufali leqsia, magram teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg gveqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos faruli metruli wesrigi moqmedebs. am STabeWdilebas marto SemTxveviT riT-maTa (suls _ surs, meri _ cisferi) gaelveba ki ar asazrdo-ebs, aramed ufro is, rom leqsi TiTqos erT sazomzea age-buli, kerZod, Svidmarcvledis erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebel ritmul variantebze 4/3 da 5/2. am variantTa metruli pro-filis gamokveTaSi ki bgeraTa gameorebac monawileobs.

***

yovel enaSi arsebobs e.w. xmabaZviTi anu onomatopeuri sityvebi. isini gansakuTrebuli eqspresiulobiT xasiaTde-bian. rodesac poeti bunebis xmier movlenebs baZavs, mibaZ-visaTvis swored im bgerebs iyenebs, romlebic xmianobs Sesa-bamis onomatopeur sityvaSi. ganmeorebadi bgerebi asocir-deba onomatopeur sityvasTan, ganicdis semantizacias. davi-mowmoT ramdenime nimuSi:

qrolva: qari hqris, qari hqris, qari hqris, foTlebi mihqrian qardaqar...

(tabiZe, `qari hqris~)

wkriali: maJaurebis wkriali wynari

mwuxrze daawva mRviZare miwas. ( Ciqovani, `simRera daviT guramiSvilze~)

CurCuli: Cargalis yvela CanCqridan vaJas xma meCurCuleba.

(leoniZe, `toponimika~)

Rriali: RobeSi Rori uRliani Rrialebs mwared. (iaSvili, òforti~)

damowmebul striqonebSi onomatopeuri sityvebi ganme-orebad bgeraTa romelobasac gansazRvravs da maT semanti-kur mniSvnelobasac.

galaktion tabiZis leqsi `foTlebis Sriali~ mTlianad bgeraTmibaZvazea agebuli:

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nel SrialiT Slis niavi CaSavebul Sqerebs, aSrialebs alvis wverebs SiSiT SenaCvenebs; Sori Suqi Sor CasvlaSi ucdis alTa ferebs, mSvenieri horizonti talRebs aCanCqerebs. nel SrialiT Slis niavi Sambs Sebindul tbaSi da CurCuli gamoismis yvavilT mimoxvraSi. mSvenieri silamaziT iSmuSneba caSi, Soreuli SeRamebis elva da jaxaSi...

leqsSi dominirebs bgera `S~, romelic, upiratesad, si-tyvaTa dasawyisSi gvxvdeba da mijril aliteracias qmnis. bgeris daJinebuli gameoreba gvibiZgebs, veZioT misi mniS-vneloba. radgan bgeraTmibaZva bunebisa Tu kulturuli sivrcis xmaTa imitacias gulisxmobs, Zneli misaxvedri araa, rom `S~ bgera foTlebisa da Calis Srials unda gadmoscem-des. Tu gamoTqmuli azris mkacr formulirebas movaxdenT, aRmoCndeba, rom bgera garkveul mniSvnelobas iZens, seman-tizacias ganicdis.

evfoniuri struqtura Sinaarsobriv datvirTvas konteq-stis meSveobiT iZens. erTsa da imave bgeras sxvadasxva kon-teqstSi sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs.

simon Ciqovanisa da giorgi leoniZis qvemoT moyvanil striqonebSi gamokveTilad xmianobs bgera `S~, magram igi `Srialis~ SegrZnebas aRar iwvevs, konteqsti amis SesaZleb-lobas ar iZleva:

rogorc Sandali, dadga ezoSi Sindi da Suqi avarda Sindis.

(`gazafxuli~)

Cven Sindisferi droSa gvqonia, Savi arSiiT Semovlebuli.

(`droSa~)

bgeraTmibaZva mxolod erTi, SedarebiT martivi saxea ev-foniuri mowesrigebisa. poetur masalaze dakvirveba gvar-wmunebs, rom xSirad leqsSi ganmeorebadi bgerebi da bgeraTa

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kompleqsebi xmianoben, magram fonikis mimarTebis dadgena nawarmoebis SinaarsTan Zalian Wirs.

***

onomastikisa da fonikis urTierTobaze dakvirvebani cxadyofs, rom poetebi Tu prozaikosebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben personaJis saxelis bgeriT SerCevas, ramdenadac saxelis JReradobasa da personaJis pirovnul Tvisebebs Soris erTgvar kavSirs xedaven.

qarTul poetikaSi pirvelad konstantine WiWinaZem mi-uTiTa `vefxistyaosnis~ sakuTar saxelTa evfoniur motivi-rebaze. es xerxi SeiniSneba vaJas `baxtrionsa~ da sxva poemeb-Sic. igi ucxo ar aris XX saukunis qarTuli poeziisaTvisac. magaliTad, tician tabiZe wers:

aq rom ibrZoda saakaZe, vin daakava? (tabiZe t., `cxeni angelosiT~)

bgeriTi msgavseba erTmaneTTan akavSirebs sityvebs `sa-akaZe~ da `daakava~. evfoniuri asociaciiT Seqmnili saxe _ `dakavebuli saakaZe~ erT martiv sintagmSi mTel epoqas, gmi-ris cxovrebis tragedias itevs.

onomastikur saxes zogjer mTeli leqsis fonika exmiane-ba. saxelis Semadgeneli bgerebi danawilebulia taepebsa da strofebSi da leqsis aJRerebisas gvaxsenebs mTavar saxe—si-tyvas. am mxriv sainteresoa ioseb griSaSvilis leqsi `mefe vaxtangi~:

me Semiyvarda Zvel wignebis nesti da Jangi. vetrfi yovelgvar Zvel danaSToms, Zvel natamalsa. ax, neta im dros, roca werda `dasturlamalsa~ mefe vaxtangi! xelSi kalami, welze – xmali. mklavze – dastangi. is arc stambaSi Takilobda lurj feStamalsa. TviT yabaxzedac mters asmevda TasiT wamalsa – mis Cogan—Cangi!

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onomastikuri sityvis – `vaxtangis~ specifikuri bgerebi x, t, g, zogjer ki v, n bgerebis gameorebac, mTavar saxe—sityvas win wamoswevs. aRsaniSnavia, rom meore strofSi sa-xeli `vaxtangi~ aRar aris naxsenebi, magram sariTmo wyvili `dastangi – `Cangi~, ganmeorebadi x, t bgerebi vaxtangis sa-xels gamudmebiT aaqtiurebs mexsierebaSi.

vnaxoT paolo iaSvilis leqsic – àso lasi~.

leilas Tvalebi elaven bnelidan, dedofals axlavan mxevalni mcvelebad, yvavilic mwvelia leilas xelidan, dalalni daSlilan elvare gvelebad.

asuli mwvelia Zveli surnelebiT, dedoflis alersi grZelia, Znelia; leila loculobs daRlili xelebiT, qalebi galobiT alions elian.

es leqsi `leilas~ bgeraTa lbili musikiT sunTqavs. ar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos aq `l~ bgeriT TviTmiznuri, forma-listuri TamaSia. avtors gansakuTrebuli mxatvruli mizani aqvs: leqsis yoveli sityva kliSea, saerTo poeturi enidanaa aRebuli, bgeraTa daJinebul gameorebas ki uCveulobis gan-cda axlavs, fonikas ganmaaxlebeli funqcia ekisreba. poeti cdilobs, banalobis miRma Sefarul mSvenierebaze mianiSnos mkiTxvels, Zveli saxeebi sxva sxivmosilebiT daanaxos.

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fonosemantika Seiswavlis poeturi teqstis saerTo bge-riTi kompoziciis, aseve calkeul bgeraTganmeorebaTa se-mantizaciis movlenebsa da xerxebs.

mravalricxovani dakvirvebani did poetTa xelnawerebze cxadyofs, rom maTTvis fonika saleqso konstruqciis srul-uflebiani, mniSvnelobis mqone komponentia. leqsis varian-tebSi asaxuli cvlilebani umTavresad evfoniur da ritmul struqturebze modis. bgeriTi Casworeba cvlis Sinaarssac, koreqtivi Seaqvs semantikur struqturaSi. fonika Tavisebu-

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rad aorganizebs Sinaarss, garkveuli kavSiri aqvs masTan. ganmeorebad bgeraTa semantikuri funqciis gaxsna mxolod im SemTxvevaSi moxerxdeba, Tu Rrmad CavwvdebiT nawarmoebis konteqsts, sityvebSi fiqsirebul poetur situacias.

poeturi teqsti enobriv masalaSi realizebuli situ-aciaa, romelsac avtori ise aregulirebs, rom mkiTxvelamde rac SeiZleba srulad miitanos Tavisi Canafiqri. Tu igi war-matebiT arTmevs Tavs Canafiqris xorcSesxmis rTul amo-canas, maSin vRebulobT mxatvrulad srulfasovan nawarmo-ebs: poetis mier Seqmnili struqtura aris erTaderTi SesaZ-lebeli struqtura gadmosacemi ideisaTvis. magram nawarmo-ebis interpretacia mkiTxvelis aRqmazea damokidebuli. imisTvis, rom mkiTxveli srulad Caswvdes poetur teqstSi fiqsirebul situacias, analizis procesi, romelsac is axor-cielebs, avtorismier sinTezs unda Seesabamebodes. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca idea srulyofilad realizdeba struq-turaSi, xolo mkiTxveli zustad Sifravs mas, myardeba namdvili kontaqti or mxares Soris: poetur teqstSi gamosa-xuli situacia avtorsa da mkiTxvels erTnairad esmiT.

fonikis semantikurobis sakiTxi, rogorc vxedavT, pirda-pir kavSirSia teqstis gagebasTan. `teqsti faqti ki ara, problemaa~, – werda b. eixenbaumi. ramdenadac ukeT daZlevs fonikis mkvlevari teqstis analizis problemas, miT ufro meti warmateba eqneba mas ganmeorebad bgeraTa semantikuri funqciis gamovlenaSi.

sityva saleqso konstruqciaSi Tvisebrivad sxva movle-naa, vidre sityva enaSi. ritmul—sintaqsur rigSi moxvedri-li leqsikuri erTeuli kavSirurTierTobaTa did unars am-JRavnebs. amis gamo leqsSi ùSinaarso~ sityvam SeiZleba se-mantizacia ganicados, gaxdes mniSvnelobis matarebeli. da-vakvirdeT am movlenas konkretul magaliTze. galaktioni wers:

Tanac gaixedav: Senac daRamdebi – irgvliv damWknaria feri da fervali;

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aseT sanaxavad, rogorc Tanamdebi, baRSi SeSliliviT kvdeba Tebervali!

(`saubari edgarze~)

`fervali~ enobrivi TvalsazrisiT uSinaarso bgeraTa kompleqsia, magram leqsSi is sityvad aRiqmeba. poetur si-tuaciasa da bgeriT kompleqss Soris ormxrivi kavSiri myar-deba: leqsis semantikuri veli `fervals~ Tavis gavlenas umorCilebs, konteqstiT gansazRvrul leqsikur Seferilo-bas aZlevs. Tavis mxriv, `fervali~, rogorc okazionuri si-tyva, xazs usvams poeturi aRqmis unikalobas, pirvelqmnil konkretulobas, romlis gadmocemac Cveulebrivi sityviT SeuZlebelia. bgeriTi siaxlove `feri da fervali~ sityvaSi gamJRavnebuli Sinaarsisa da aRqmis unikalobis Sinagan kav-Sirze miuTiTebs: situacia aazrianebs bgeriT kompleqss (`fervali~), es ukanaskneli ki xazs usvams aRqmis gansakuT-rebulobas.

rogorc vxedavT, saleqso konstruqciis zegavleniT `fer-vali~ fonetikuri movlenidan semantikur movlenad iqceva, poeturi struqturis mniSvnelobis mqone elementi xdeba.

bgeraTa kompleqsis saleqso frazad gamoyenebis iSviaTi SemTxvevaa galaktion tabiZis `dovin, doven, dovli~:

mihqris dalalgadayrili: dovin, doven, dovli... Tovli, fifqi da aprili, vardisferi Tovli.

(`mova... magram rodis?~)

Tavis droze qarTul kritikaSi daiwera: `galaktion tabiZis erT leqsSi naxmaria gaugebari da yovelgvar Sina-arss moklebuli bgeraTa rigi: `dovin—doven-dovli~.

es `bgeraTa rigi~ konteqstis gareSe, marTlac, uazrobas warmoadgens, xolo konteqstSi moqceuli, _ rogorc Sina-arsobrivad, ise formiT, _ poeturi struqturis Seucvle-li elementia.

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leqsis bolo or strofSi qrolvis Tema intonaciis do-minantobiT viTardeba. Temis sityvieri gadmocemis SesaZ-lebloba amowurulia, azrobrivi ganviTareba SeCerebulia (`mihqris saSiS-Cqari~, `mohqris dalalgadayrili~), grZno-bad-emociuri zeaRsvla ki dasrulebas moiTxovs. am situ-aciaSi `dovin, doven, dovli~ intonaciis Semavsebeli masa-lis funqcias kisrulobs, ris Sedegadac xorcieldeba uni-kaluri aqti _ poeziis gasvla musikis stiqiaSi.

intonaciuri zeaRsvla poets brwyinvaled mihyavs kadan-sisaken. davukvirdeT striqonidan striqonze gadasvlas:

dovin, doven, dovli... Tovli...

musikaluri stiqiidan sityvisaken Semobruneba idealurad aris ganxorcielebuli: `Tovli~ TiTqos gamoZaxilia winma-vali musikaluri frazisa da, amave dros, logosisaken dabrunebac.

`dovin, doven, dovli~ Cven moviyvaneT, rogorc uazro bgeraTa kompleqsis semantizaciis nimuSi. axla vnaxoT, ram-denad mosaxerxebelia urTierTobis dadgena ganmeorebad bgerebsa da Sinaarsobriv struqturas Soris, fonikis daniS-nulebis Cveneba mTlian saleqso sistemaSi.

galaktionis leqsi `Warxali~ uaRresad mowesrigebuli bgeriTi formiT gamoirCeva:

ezoSi yefda bambura mura, ezoSi mwvane yvaoda bao. vazis bardebSi scuravda sura, Sen bancalebdi, burulo cao.

bobri belavda kaxambals, Jolas, birkvils batebi qarma moreka, ca wamoiwyebs msxvil wvimis srolas da ablabudas krebs boborika.

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Jveri, Jaltami! moWrili samxars. naxiri modis saRamo drois, uceb mohyveba Warxali xarxars da qali hkivis im `doi—doi~—s.

ekveTa qari burdebsa da rtos, uceb aSfoTda isli, Celtebi. o, siymawvile! awi arasdros imgvarad aRar ametyveldebi.

ramdenadac ufro gamokveTilia smenisaTvis bgeraTa har-moniuli Tanxmiereba, imdenad ufro rTulia da mravalfe-rovani sityvaTa evfoniuri kavSirebi strofebSi da TviT strofebs Sorisac. magaliTad, kompleqsi `ba~ ara marto pirvel strofs gasdevs (bambura—bao—bardebSi—bancaleb-di), aramed xmovnis SecvliT meore strofis fonikasac gan-sazRvravs (bobri—belavda—kaxambals—birkvils—batebi—ab-labudas—boborika), aRsaniSnavia pirvel strofSi `va~ kom-pleqsis gameorebac: mwvane—yvaoda—vazis—scuravda, agreT-ve, gamoZaxilis principze agebuli mimarTebani: bambura mu-ra, yvaoda bao, scuravda sura, bancalebdi cao. aqvs Tu ara am gamokveTil evfoniur organizacias raime Rirebuleba leqsis saerTo CanafiqrisaTvis?

galaktioni am leqsSi Warbad iyenebs dialeqtizmebs, ker-Zod, imerizmebs: bambura, bao, bobri, belavda, kaxambali, Jo-la, birkvili, boborika, Jveri, Jaltami, bancali, burdebi, Celti, awi. iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos poeti dialeqtiz-mebis meSveobiT Sinaarsis `Cabnelebas~ cdilobs. samagi-erod, igive dialeqtizmebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben evfoniuri kavSirebis organizebaSi. ukve es faqti miuTi-Tebs, rom bgeriT struqturas garkveuli daniSnuleba aqvs. leqsis daskvniT striqonebSi vkiTxulobT:

o, siymawvile! awi arasdros imgvarad aRar ametyveldebi.

poeti ixsenebs siymawvilis dReebs. vizualuri STabeWdi-lebani, imeruli peizaJi, misi koloriti SesaniSnavad aris

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gadmocemuli, magram galaktionisaTvis aq umTavresi mainc bavSvobis xmebis gaxseneba, STabeWdilebis bgeriTi reprodu-cirebaa. es aris cda bavSvobis ganumeorebeli samyaros xmieri gadmocemisa, bgerebSi àmetyvelebuli~ siymawvile.

ar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos yoveli bgeriTi gameorebis, aliteraciisa Tu asonansis Sinaarsobrivi gaSifrva moxer-xdeba. saqme isaa, rom poeturi aRqma, romelic win uswrebs nawarmoebis Seqmnas, srulad ver aisaxeba nawarmoebis sity-vier qsovilSi, grZnobis yoveli niuansis enobrivi gaforme-ba SeuZlebelia. romantikosTa popularuli debuleba, rom `mokvdavsa enas ar Zal—ucs ukvdavTa grZnobaT gamoTqma~, anareklia realuri winaaRmdegobisa grZnobis gansakuTre-bulobasa da sityvis zogadobas Soris. SemoqmedebiT pro-cesSi poeti mxatvruli aRqmis zogierT moments, romelic teqstSi sityvierad ar fiqsirdeba, bgerebs ukavSirebs. bge-rebi iZenen mniSvnelobas, isini poeturi aRqmis romelsame moments gamosaxaven. miuxedavad amisa, bgeraTa mniSvnelobis migneba da gamovlena, faqtobrivad, miuRweveli xdeba, imde-nad subieqturia da intraindividualuri bgerisa da azris dakavSireba leqsSi.

fonikis semantikuri mniSvnelobis dadgena mxolod im SemTxvevaSi moxerxdeba, rodesac mas teqstisTvis struqtu-ruli Rirebuleba aqvs. sxva viTarebaSi mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom fonika poeturi aRqmis romelsame subieqtur, Sinagan momentTan aris dakavSirebuli.

* * *

nawarmoebis ideuri Sinaarsi mTeli sisruliT mxolod leqsis yvela komponentis urTierTmimarTebaSi vlindeba. fonika kavSirs amyarebs calkeul elementebs Soris da sacnaurs xdis iseT Sinaarsobriv niuansebs, romlebic evfo-niuri mowesrigebis gareSe ver iarsebebda.

fonikis mniSvneloba poeturi saxisaTvis zogjer imdenad didia, rom poeturi suraTi bgeriTi Tanxmierebis gamo mxat-

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vrulad ufro damajerebelia, vidre realuri, empiriuli faqti. simon Ciqovani wers:

arxis wyali arxevs niavs. (`Tbilisis zRvasTan~)

Tu saleqso frazas logikis TvaliT SevxedavT, marTebu-lia, rom iyos: àrxis wyals arxevs niavi~. empiriuli faqti am variantSi ufro zustad aris asaxuli, magram poeti ase rodi azrovnebs. mis warmosaxvaSi realuri subieqti (`niavi~) kar-gavs aqtivobas, xolo obieqti (àrxis wyali~) subieqtis ad-gils ikavebs. arsebiTi aq isaa, rom amgvari, gaucnaurebuli warmosaxva evfoniurad, bgeriTi msgavsebiT aris gamagrebuli.

saxis evfoniuri motivirebis saintereso SemTxvevaa `su-lis~ metamorfoza galaktionis striqonSi:

unda, rom suli ar miisilos... („sasaflaoni“)

`sulis misilva~, poeturi warmosaxvis es iSviaTi nimuSi, iseT bgeriT formaSia mocemuli, rom gardaqmnis aseTi SesaZlebloba mxatvrulad utyuar faqtad aRiqmeba.

davakvirdeT galaktion tabiZis erT poetur saxesac:

is midis, TiTqos sicives varcxnis (ìTvlis TviTeul misxliT~)

gamoTqma `sicives varcxnis~ alogikuria, radgan `sicive~ da `varcxna~ gansxvavebul sibrtyeebze dganan. rogorc me-taforuli saxe, igi mxatvruli warmosaxvis nayofia, romel-sac ar gaaCnia realuri safuZveli. samagierod, realurad ararsebuli msgavseba sityvaTa fonetikaSi iCens Tavs: `scv~ – `vcs~. es bgeriTi siaxlove poetisaTvis yovelgvar re-alobaze maRla dgas, radgan sityvaTa evfoniur Tanxmiere-baSi, simbolizmis esTetikis Tanaxmad, igi ezoTerul Tanxmi-erebas xedavs. is, rac erTi SexedviT garegnul movlenad Cans, gansakuTrebul Rirebulebas iZens: bgeraTa msgavseba

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ontologiuri Rirebulebis faqti xdeba. aq ukve umniSvne-lovanes problemas mivadeqiT.

* * *

fonika, ise rogorc poeturi sistemis yoveli elementi, istoriuli movlenaa da misi funqciebis gansazRvra SesaZ-lebelia mxolod istoriuli analizis aspeqtSi. evfoniis funqciuri daniSnulebis kvleva moiTxovs im istoriul-kulturuli fonis gaTvaliswinebas, romelzec proecirde-ba esa Tu is teqsti.

avtoris SemoqmedebiTi pozicia, sinamdvilesTan damoki-debulebis xasiaTi gavlenas axdens leqsis fonikaze. igi eq-vemdebareba im filosofiur—esTetikur kredos, romelsac emsaxureba poeti. Sesabamisad, axali meTodisa Tu litera-turuli mimdinareobis dabadeba, wamyvani Janris Secvla, rac istoriuli ganviTarebiT aris Sepirobebuli, iwvevs fo-nikisadmi damokidebulebis cvlilebasac.

evfoniuri organizaciis klasicisturi principi, rome-lic antikurobis gamoZaxili iyo, Tavsdeba formulaSi: `sas-menad sasiamovno, warmosaTqmelad advili~. romantikosebma klasicistur gonebis kults da saxeTa logikur Tanamimdev-robas mgrZnobeloba da musikaluri denadoba daupirispi-res. amis Sedegia maT mier musikis gafetiSeba, evfoniuri or-ganizaciisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, bgeraTa simbo-lizacia, ferebisa da bgerebis sinesTeziuri dakavSireba. musikaSi adamiani miwierSi zeciurs SeigrZnobso, _ ambobda e. T. a. hofmani, novalisis ganmartebiT ki, musika – saxe-obrivi mdinarebaa. musikis aseTi Sefasebis gamo romantiko-sebi cdilobdnen poeziis daaxloebas musikasTan, romlis mravalsaxovneba, ganusazRvreloba, grZnobaTa idumali bun-dovaneba atyvevebda maT guls. romantikosebi sityvaSi eZeb-dnen raRac iseTs, rac mas gadaaqcevda miniSnebad, niuansad. a. blokis SefasebiT, romantikosebma icodnen leqsis fasi: sityvis JReradi mdinareba iqceva zemoqmedebis mZlavr saSu-

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alebad, rac xSirad sruliad sxva Sinaarss aZlevs im azrebs, romlebic leqsebSia gamoTqmulio.

simbolistebma romantikuli poeziis es tendenciebi uki-duresobamde miiyvanes. maT wamoayenes debuleba xelovnebis yoveli dargis musikasTan daaxloebisa. p. verlenis cnobil devizs – `musika upirveles yovlisa!~ s. malarmem, Sopenha-ueris moZRvrebis gacnobis Semdeg, dasabuTebuli saxe misca, aRiara ra xelovnebis es dargi simbolizmis safuZvlad.

a. beli Tavis `simbolizmSi~ werda, rom musikasTan daax-loebiT mxatvruli nawarmoebi xdeba ufro Rrma da farTo, rom xelovnebis yovel dargs amosaval punqtad aqvs sinam-dvile, xolo sabolood – musika. k. balmonti ambobda, po-ezia Sinagani musikaao, xolo blokis mixedviT, musika qmnis

samyaros. is samyaros sulieri sxeulia (духовное тело), azria (denadi) samyarosi.

simbolistebisaTvis musika iqca mTavar tonad xelovne-baSi, romelTan SedarebiTac xelovnebis sxva dargebi mxo-lod obertonebia.

poeziis musikasTan daaxloebis amocanam simbolistebi leqsis fonikisadmi yuradRebiani gaxada. maTTvis leqsis ev-foniuri organizacia iyo erT-erTi gza poeziis musikasTan daaxloebisa, magram ara _ erTaderTi. leqsis musikaloba ar gulisxmobda mxolod evfonias. marTalia, simbolistebi qmnidnen rTul polifonias, mdidars Sinagani riTmebiT, aliteraciebiTa Tu asonansebiT, magram fonika, organulad dakavSirebuli `saxeTa denadobasTan~, ganuzomlad did su-gestiur zemoqmedebas axdenda mkiTxvelze, `saxeTa denado-bas~ am procesSi principuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda. leqsSi „poeziis xelovneba“ verleni werda:

ritorikas mougrixe kiseri!.. moiSore riTmis yalbi JRaruni...

poetis aseTi `sasxvaTaSoriso~ damokidebuleba riTmi-sadmi, am mZlavri evfoniuri saSualebisadmi, ritorikasTan brZolis aqcentireba miuTiTebs, rom simbolistebisTvis

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fonika ar iyo wamyvani faqtori musikalobis misaRwevad. ar-sebiTi iyo antiracionalisturi aqcia saxeTa musikaluri denadobis Seqmnis gziT.

am TvalsazrisiT sayuradRebo faqtia, rom qarTvel sim-bolistTa, `cisferyanwelTa~, poeziaSi ar SeimCneva raime aS-karad gamovlenili swrafva evfoniuri mowesrigebisaken. cxadia, isini kargad icnobdnen rogorc frangi, ise rusi simbolistebis Sexedulebebs musikaze, magram maT evfoni-uri organizaciis sanacvlod airCies poeziis musikasTan da-axloebis umTavresi, `saxeobrivi denadobis~ gza. striqonTa bgeriTi mowesrigeba qarTvel simbolistTa leqsebSi spora-duli movlenaa (paolo iaSvilis gamoklebiT).

fonikis funqciuri daniSnuleba simbolistur poeziaSi uSualod gamomdinareobda misi filosofiur—esTetikuri sistemidan, zogadi mxatvruli koncefciidan. evfoniis kul-tivireba simbolistebisaTvis ar iyo TviTmizani. bgeraTa Tanxmiereba aaxloebs poezias musikasTan da, amdenad, maTi azriT, transcendenturis wvdomis saSualebas iZleva. bgera, iseve rogorc yovelive arsebuli, niSania sxva, ùfro namdvili~ realobisa. yoveli bgera simboloa, macnea. `bge-raTa magias~, bgeraTa harmonias SeuZlia `STaagonos~ msme-nels STabeWdileba, romelic sityviT ar gadmoicema. dasas-rul, kauzalur kavSirs cvlis evfoniuri kavSiri, romelic saganTa ezoTerul naTesaobaze mianiSnebs.

fonikisadmi sruliad sxvagvari damokidebulebis dekla-rireba mogvca futurizmma.

rusi romantikosi poeti k. batiuSkovi erT pirad werilSi

Cioda: `ra aris es `ы~? raa `ш~, `щ~, `ший~, `щий~, `при~, `тры~? o, barbarosebi!~

k. batiuSkovTan Soreuli polemikis eqod gamoismis vl.ma-iakovskis striqonebi:

arsebobs kidev kargi bgerebi: er, Sa, SCa.

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erTi da imave bgerebisadmi sxvadasxva damokidebuleba konkretuli gamoxatulebaa poeziis arsisa da daniSnulebis gansxvavebuli gagebisa.

futurizmis mTavari `miRweva~ e.w. zaumis (`WkuismiRmuri~ enis) Seqmna iyo. futuristebs Tavisi argumentebi mohyavdaT `zaumis~ dasafuZneblad. a. kruConixi Tavis cnobil dekla-raciaSi zaumuri enis Sesaxeb asabuTebda ra `zaumis~ arse-bobis aucileblobas, werda, rom azri da gamoTqma ver eweva STagonebulis gancdas, amitom mxatvars ufleba aqvs, imety-velos ara marto saerTo eniT (cnebebiT), aramed piradi eni-Tac (Semoqmedi individualuria) da, agreTve, eniT, romel-sac ara aqvs garkveuli mniSvneloba (ar aris gayinuli), za-umiT. saerTo ena SemzRudvelia, Tavisufali ena sruli gamoTqmis saSualebas iZleva. sityvebi kvdebian, samyaro ma-rad norCia. mxatvarma ixila samyaro axali saxiT da, rogorc adami, yvelafers Tavis saxels aZlevs. zambaxi mSvenieria,

magram umsgavsia sityva `zambaxi~ (лиля) – damonebuli da `ga-

upatiurebuli~. amitom me vuwodeb zambaxs `еуы~-s da pir-velyofili siwminde aRdgenilia.

zaumuri `saxis~ qmnadobis sqema aseTia: ganusazRvreli bgeriTi emociebidan saxisaken. komunikaciis aseTi gza ti-pobrivia musikisaTvis, anu aSkaraa musikis konstruqciuli principis gadatana poeziaSi. aq igulisxmeba ara leqsis ga-regnuli Tanxmiereba, ara melodiuroba, aramed saxis agebis tipologiuri msgavseba.

a. kruConixis qvemoT damowmebul `leqss~ araferi aqvs saerTo musikasTan harmoniis, mReradobis aspeqtSi, magram principi, romlis analogiiTac igi aris agebuli, musika-luri principia: emociidan saxisaken.

Дыр-бул-шыл убешур скум! вы-со-бу р-л-эз.

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futuristebi e. w. `звукорядь~-ebis zemoqmedebis efeqts ey-rdnobodnen, ris meSveobiTac, maTi azriT, mkiTxvelze ise-Tive zemoqmedeba SeiZleboda, rogorc musikis saSualebiT.

simbolistebi mixvdnen, rom veraviTari evfoniuri orga-nizacia ver qmnida musikas, am cnebis pirdapiri gagebiT. ami-tom iyo, rom simZimis centri maT saxeTa denadobaze gada-itanes, xolo fonika mxolod damxmare saSualebas warmoad-genda `musikalobis~ Sesaqmnelad. futuristebma es ver ga-iTvaliswines. maT pirdapiri azriT gaiges simbolisturi mi-Ti poeziis musikad gardaqmnis SesaZleblobaze.

futuristebma uaryves poeziis specifika, uari Tqves si-tyvaze da mTeli yuradReba gadaitanes bgerebze, romelTa organizebiTac musikaluri efeqti surdaT SeeqmnaT. magram es ganuxorcielebeli ocneba iyo, radgan sametyvelo da mu-sikalur bgerebs Soris mkveTri sxvaobaa. musikalur bgerebs aqvs mudmivi tonis simaRle, rac saSualebas iZleva aigos melodia. sametyvelo bgerebis simaRle ki aramdgradia, rac melodiuri frazis Seqmnas gamoricxavs. amitomaa, rom fu-turist poetebs xelT mxolod bgeraTa azrsmoklebuli grovebi SerCaT.

qarTvel futuristTa miznebi da amocanebi formulire-

buli iyo სimon Ciqovanis werilSi `saswrafo ganmarteba Jur-

nal H2SO4 gamosvlis gamo~ (`mnaTobi~, 1924, № 4), sadac igi werda: `forma, romelic emsaxureboda gardasul epoqas, ar aris misaRebi TanamedroveobisaTvis... xelovnebas, ise ro-gorc socialur moZraobas, aqvs ori polusi, pirveli – re-voluciisa da meore – aRmSeneblobis. pirveli gulisxmobs moZraobas gardasuli formebisa da fabulis gasanadgureb-lad, meore – axali sistemisa da formebis agebas~.

davakvirdeT s. Ciqovanis 20-iani wlebis òrkestrul leq-

sebs~,∗ romlebic, misi TqmiT, iyo `rekonstruqciuli cda qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciebTan SefardebiT~. poeti qmnis Sinaarsisagan gaTavisuflebul bgeraTa rigebs, evfoniur

∗ Sesulia mis krebulSi `mxolod leqsebi~, Tb., 1930.

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qsovils da mTel imedebs bgeraTa eqspresiulobasa da Sem-TxveviT sityvier asociaciebze amyarebs:

orgi—do xergi do muxebis rko! xorbali, kombali, kombali ombalo, kombali baligi brbo da lomebi. brbo da spiloebs...

leqsSi zaumuri elementebi Warbobs, xolo sityvaTa gamo-Cena upiratesad evfoniuri asociaciebis Sedegia. magali-Tad: `xorbali, kombali, ombalo~.

1924 wels s. Ciqovani erT Tavis futuristul leqss sa-gulisxmo ganmartebas aZlevda: `simon Ciqovanma – wers igi sakuTar Tavze – gaxsna... xalxuri tonis sawyisi leqsi (xa-bo), sadac sityva mospobilia, rogorc wodeba nivTisa da mo-

cemulia, rogorc usagno materiali~ (`mnaTobi~, 1924, № 4). ai, es leqsic:

mekobreebis xifaTs abruebs xabo xarbi abreSumis xoragi xabo rogu xreSi xardingi xabo boboli bego ofofi xabo...

sityvis Sinaarsi, marTlac, `mospobilia~. aq mxolod ùsagno materialia~. samagierod, iqmneba Selocvis fsevdo-magiuri `toni~.

simon Ciqovani Tavis werilSi xelovnebis erT `polusad~ Tvlida `gardasuli formebisa da fabulis ganadgurebas~. rac Seexeba meore `poluss~ – àxali sistemebisa da forme-bis agebas~, aq futurizmi im gziT wavida, romelic uSualod ukavSirdeba leqsis fonikas da romelmac igi `zaumamde~ miiyvana. futuristebma enis ZiriTadi, sakomunikacio fun-qcia bgeriT mxares dauqvemdebares da am principis ukidures gamovlinebamde, e. w. zaumur enamde mividnen. futurizms ro-gorc saerTod, ise saqarTveloSi ar hqonia raime mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli filosofiur—esTetikuri kredo. misi Ziri-

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Tadi mizani iyo Zveli mxatvruli formebis ngreva da axali poeturi enis damkvidrebis survili, rac ganuxorcielebeli darCa.

erTaderTi siaxle, romelic futuristebma moitanes, iyo leqsis bgeriTi bazisis gafarToeba.

* * *

literaturul mimdinareobaTa Sedareba naTelyofs, rom mxatvrul koncefciaTa msgavseba ganapirobebs evfoniuri organizaciis msgavsebas (romantizmi da simbolizmi), xolo koncefciaTa gansxvaveba – fonikisadmi damokidebulebis gansxvavebas (romantizmi da klasicizmi).

realisturi poezia Tavisi mxatvruli koncefciiT, sinam-dvilisadmi damokidebulebis xasiaTiT principulad gan-sxvavdeba zemoT ganxiluli literaturuli mimdinareobe-bisagan. amitom, savsebiT kanonzomieria, rom evfoniuri or-ganizaciis realisturi principi sakuTar, specifikur Tvi-sebebs avlens.

realisti poetisaTvis moxsnilia bgeriTi magiis, tran-scendenturis musikaluri gamosaxvis, bgeraTa ontologi-uri Zalmosilebis sakiTxi. fonika aq, upiratesad, azris lo-gikas misdevs _ es wamyvani, ZiriTadi tendenciaa. magram ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos realisti poeti mxolod azrs mih-yveba da bgeriTi Tanxmiereba misTvis meorexarisxovania. àzrisa da xmis Sexamebis~ rTul procesSi poetebi ar eride-bian azrobriv variirebas evfoniuri efeqtis misaRwevad.

postmodernistuli midgomis wyalobiT, Tanamedrove po-eziaSi fonikis semantizacia gacilebiT Sors midis _ sity-vaTa Sinaarsobriv-bgerobrivi dekonstruqciisa da kontami-naciis gziT sistematurad xdeba sityvaSi `mimaluli~ mniS-vnelobebiT TamaSi.

sabolood ki poeturi idealis xorcSesxma, àzrisa da xmis Sexameba~ mxolod udides poetTa xvedria.

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gamoyenebuli da sarekomendacio literatura:

bloki 1956: Блок А. Записные книжки, 1901-1920. М.: 1965. doiaSvili 1981: doiaSvili T. leqsis evfonia. Tb.: `sabWoTa

saqarTvelo~, 1981.

kruConixi 1923: Кручёных А. Апоркалипсис в русской литературе. М.: 1923.

lotmani 1972: Лотман Ю. М. Анализ поэтического текста. Л.: 1972. rene 1977: Rene W. Austin Warren, Euphony, Rhythm and Metre - Theory of

literature. ,,A harvest book”. The third edition. 1977. tomasi 1997: Thomas R. Arp, Perrine’s Sound and sense, The 9-th edition.

1997. Sklovski 1923: Шкловский В. О поэзии и заумном языке. П.: "Поэтика",

1923. WiWinaZe 1925: WiWinaZe k. aliteracia qarTul SairSi da `vefxis

tyaosnis~ problema. Tb.: 1925. xinTibiZe 2003: xinTibiZe a. qarTuli leqsi Tb.: `logos presi~,

2003.

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gaga lomiZe

kompozicia

kompozicia∗ (laT.-componeo-Sedgena) mxatvruli teqstis gamomsaxvelobiT da mxatvrul-sametyvelo saSualebaTa mi-zanmimarTul, motivirebul da urTierTSefardebul ganla-gebas gulisxmobs. mxatvruli teqstis kompozicia teqstis maorganizebeli struquturaa. misi daniSnulebaa teqstis yvela komponentis _ Temis, ideis, fabulis, siuJetis, riT-mis, ritmis, strofis, CanarTi epizodebis, sityvieri gamo-saxvis saSulebebisa da sxv. _ mTlianobis SenarCuneba, mag-ram ara meqanikuri daqvemdebarebis, aramed _ mizanmimar-Tuli gamTlianebis gziT. kompozicia organizebuli formaa, romelSic vlindeba mxatvruli nawarmoebis calkeul ele-mentTa, movlenaTa da urTierTobaTa erTianobis kanonzomi-ereba. kompozicia sakuTar TavSi moicavs personaJebis, mov-lenebis da qmedebebis, CarTuli ambebis da lirikuli gadax-vevebis (siuJetsmiRmuri elementebis), Txrobis saSualebe-bis da rakursebis, wvrilmanebis, garemos, personaJTa qme-debebis da gancdebis (detalebis) ganawilebas da urTierT-mimarTebas.

kompoziciis cneba literaturismcodneobaSi ferweris da arqiteqturis gziT Tu analogiiT gavrcelda, rac am sferoebSi nawarmoebis calkeuli nawilebis erT mxatvrul mTlianobad SeerTebas gulisxmobda. aqedan gamomdinare, kompozicia literaturismcodneobaSic literaturuli teq-stis, rogorc mTlianobis agebulebis Taviseburebebs asa-xavs, Tumca, aramarto formalurs, aramed _ Sinaarsobriv-sac: miuxedavad imisa, rom kompozicia literaturuli na-warmoebis formaluri mxarea, xSir SemTxvevaSi swored for-

∗ Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi termin `kompoziciis~ paralelurad iyeneben sityva `struqturas~.

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mis Tavisebureba gansazRvravs mis Sinaarss. nawarmoebis kom-pozicia avtoriseuli Canafiqris ganxorcielebis mniSvne-lovani saSualebaa.

teqstis kompozicia ramdenime, dadgenili sayrdeni mode-lisagan Sedgeba:

1. Txrobis (narativis) xerxebis Tanafardoba da mTli-anoba, rac gulisxmobs sxvadasxva tipis Txrobis formebis monacvleobasa da mTlianobas;

2. siuJetis elementebis Tanafardoba da mTlianoba, rac gulisxmobs siuJetis sxvadasxva elementebis ganlagebis principebis mizanmimarTul SeTanxmebas;

3. mxatvruli saxis elementebis Tanafardoba da mTli-anoba, rac gulisxmobs calkeuli mxatvruli saxeebis logi-kur wyobas;

4. garegani elementebis mTlianoba (arqiteqtonika), rac gulisxmobs strquturuli mTelisa da misi calkeuli ele-mentebis Sefardeba-mTlianobas (Tavi/qveTavi, strofi/at-riqoni da sxva).

am modelebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kom-pozicia erTdroulad aris gansazRvruli asaxvis obieqtiTa da amsaxveli subieqtiT.

Txrobis (narativis) xerxebis Tanafardoba da mTlianoba

TxrobiTi mxatvruli teqstis Seswavlis erT-erTi mniS-vnelovani mimarTuleba — naratologia ukavSirdeba Tval-sazrisis cnebis sakiTxs.

mxatvruli teqstis Txrobis struqturis aRwera SesaZ-lebelia masSi sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisebis gamoyofis gziT. Tvalsazrisi gulisxmobs avtoriseul pozicias, romlis mi-xedviTac igi gviambobs ambavs. aqedan gamomdinare, mxat-vrul teqstSi SegviZlia gamovyoT ramdenime Tvalsazrisi: ideologiuri, frazeologiuri, fsiqologiuri, droiT-sivrcobrivi.

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boris uspenski Tavis fundamentur naSromSi `kompozici-is poetika~ ramdenime Tvalsazriss gamoyofs.

1. `Tvalsazrisi~ ideologiis WrilSi — gulisxmobs Tval-sazriss, romlis mixedviTac avtori sakuTar teqstSi afa-sebs mis mier Seqmnil samyaros da ideologiurad aRiqvams mas. es SeiZleba iyos: avtoriseuli Tvalsazrisi, romelic Riad an farulad vlindeba nawarmoebSi; mTxroblis Tval-sazrisi, romelic ar Seesabameba avtorisas; romelime moq-medi piris Tvalsazrisi da a.S.

yvelaze gavrcelebul SemTxvevebSi teqstSi ideologi-uri Tvalsazrisi warmodgenilia romelime erTi dominan-turi poziciiT. teqstSi amgvar uryev pozicias eqvemdeba-reba yvela danarCeni; Tuki nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba am dominan-turi poziciisgan gansxvavebuli pozicia, vTqvaT, romelime personaJ(eb)is Tvalsazrisi, maSin amgvari Sexedulebebi do-minanturi poziciis WrilSi ganixileba.

rodesac mxatvrul teqstSi gansxvavebuli poziciebi er-TmaneTs ar eqvemdebareba da Tanabaruflebiani ganacxadebis saxiTaa warmodgenili, am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs imasTan, rasac mixail baxtini polifoniur, mravalxmian nawarmoebs uwodebda. boris uspenskis TqmiT ki, `sxvadasxva ideologi-ur TvalsazrisTa Sejaxeba gvxvdeba mxatvruli Semoqmede-bis iseT specifikur JanrSi, rogoricaa anekdoti~ (uspenski 2000: 24).

SeiZleba, rom mxatvrul teqstSi Tvalsazrisi romelime konkretuli personaJis Tvalsazrisis saxiT iyos warmodge-nili, nawarmoebis mTavari gmiriT (mag., konstantine gamsa-xurdias `dionisos RimilSi~ centraluri figuraa mTxrobe-li _ konstantine savarsamiZe) an meorexarisxovani Tu epi-zoduri personaJiT (iseve rogorc ilias `mgzavris weri-lebSi~ lelT Runia. ferweraSi amis magaliTia velaskesis `meninebi~, sadac periferiaze warmodgenilia TviT velaske-sis avtoportreti, romelic tilos miRma, siRrmeSi, sarki-dan areklil filipe V-s da mis meuRles, dedofal marianas xatavs).

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ideologiuri pozicia mxatvrul teqstSi SeiZleba e.w. `mudmivi epiTetebis~ saSualebiTac gamoixatos, rasac xSi-rad vxvdebiT folklorul teqstebSi (mag., zRaparSi `siz-mara~ dedinacvali moxseniebulia, rogorc `RvTisgaregani~: `biWs erTi RvTisgaregani dedinacvali hyavda da yoveldRe scemda da awamebda~).

2. `Tvalsazrisi~ frazeologiis WrilSi _ gulisxmobs iseT SemTxvevas, rodesac avtori sxvadasxva gmirs gansxva-vebuli eniT ametyvelebs. amis naTeli magaliTia gansxvaveba mTxroblis, rusi oficris da lelT Runias metyvelebas So-ris ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebSi~.

3. `Tvalsazrisi~ droiT-sivrcobrivi Taviseburebebis WrilSi _ gulisxmobs iseT SemTxvevas, rodesac met-naklebi garkveulobiT vlindeba, Tu sad da rodis mimdinareobs Txroba.

a) zogierT SemTxvevaSi mTxrobelis pozicia SeiZleba emTxveodes romelime personaJis adgilsamyofels. aseT Sem-TxvevaSi mTxrobeli zogjer imdenad Seisisxlxorcebs xol-me garemos, rom TiTqos romelime konkretul personaJad gardaiqmneba: am dros mTxrobeli/avtori detalurad aR-wers garemos, sadac mimdinareobs moqmedeba da personaJis gancdebs. magaliTis saxiT, SegviZlia gavixsenoT epizodi mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebidan~, sadac Teimuraz xe-visTavis gancdebi da moqmedebebia aRwerili:

`ZaRlis mZoris Camosaglejad da misi myrali sunis gasa-qarwylad Teimurazma Wraqi aanTo, wigni aiRo, gadahfur-cla... Teimurazi rom marto yofiliyo, ZaRlis mZorsac da imis simyralesac moiTmenda, magram is marto ar aris. mas Tvisi erTaderTi megobari, erTguli da ganuyreli meuRle hyavs, romelic dRes gahyares da CamoaSores; Teimurazi am Smorian daxls magrad miabes da Zvels nasaxlarSi, talaxian orRobis boloSi, myral samikitnoSi Cahketes, romelsac soflis xmaurobac ki Zlivs miswvdeba.

ZaRlis mZori TandaTan mZimdeba da misi suni Teimurazs hgudavs~.

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b) aris iseTi SemTxvevac, rodesac avtori gmirs dayveba, magram masTan ar ìgivdeba~. am dros avtoris pozicia siv-rcobrivi TvalsazrisiT emTxveva Tavisi personaJisas, mag-ram ideologiuri an frazeologiuri TvalsazrisiT misgan gansxvavdeba, vinaidan avtori/mTxrobeli Tavs ki ar aigivebs personaJTan, aramed misi Tanamgzavria da aRwers kidec am personaJis moqmedebebs Tu grZnobebs. magaliTad, vaJa-fSa-velas `gvelis-mWamelis~ bolo epizodi:

gaigo, rac momxdariyo, aRar undoda misani. gaSra, gafiTrda, cremli ki ar mosdgomoda TvalebSi; sul gulSi Cagubebula da gabneula mklavebSi... quds ixdis... sityva veRar sTqva, xmlis tars Saexo ceriTa, amoiwvada qarqaSiT, guls miibjina wveriTa. mkerdidan sisxli, viT wyaro, gadmouvida CqeriTa.

sagulisxmoa, rom am da winamorbed epizodebs, sadac mindias tragediisTvis emociuri foni mzaddeba, mosdevs ne-itraluri striqonebi, romlebiTac avtori TiTqos sagange-bod emijneba Tavis personaJs:

mTvaremac gadmoaSuqa sajixveebis seriTa da daaSterda Tavis-mkvlels mozare qalis feriTa...

g) zogierT SemTxvevaSi mTxrobelis Tvalsazrisi erTi personaJidan meoreze da ase Semdeg gadadis. aseT dros mTxrobeli aRwers romelime scenas, sadac ramdenime perso-naJi monawileobs. magaliTad, mixeil javaxiSvilis àrsena marabdelis~ dasawyisi, sadac arsenas da giorgi kuWatnelis Widaobaa aRwerili:

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ùceb meore mxridan bumberazi kuWatneli mosxlta da gamexebuli wamovida. kupriviT Savi leki gamzaT edinic gamohyva da Soriaxlo Sedga. wamovida gaveSebuli kuWat-neli. imodena devis simkvircxlem yvela gaaoca. arsenaze odnav dabalia, samagivrod ufro sruli, Catyviebuli da ukisroa. misi qoruli wamosvla, rixiani Semoteva, faxi da buqi mopirdapires afrTxobda, sulierad adunebda da sjab-nida. SurduliviT modis kuWatneli, odnav welSi waRunula, amRvreuli Tvalebi gagiJebul buRas Tvalebs miugavs da zurgis ukan gaSlil mklavebs arwivis frTebsaviT moaqa-nebs... da arsena ise dinjad midis momqrolis dasaxvedrad, TiTqo im manZils arxeinad hzomavdes. RimiliT midis, amayad miaqvs qoCora Tavi da orbiviT Camuqebul Tvalebs isariviT uyris kuWatnels mRvrie TvalebSi~.

`munji scenis~ SemTxvevaSi xazgasmulia mTxroblis daSo-reba moqmedebis adgilidan, saidanac xma ar aRwevs da es erT-gvar panoramul pozicias mogvagonebs. magaliTad, aleqsan-dre yazbegis èlgujadan~ epizodi:

èrTs dRes abdias kalozed Seyriliyo ramdenime mTiuli da raRacas laparakobdnen. yvelas pirisaxezed etyoboda Cafiqreba, Wmunvareba; yvelas etyoboda, rom imaT yrilobis sagani metad aRelvebda: arc Cveulebrivi sicili da xum-roba, arc simRera, arc oxunjoba! arayic ki, is ueWveli saWi-roeba yovelgvari yrilobisa, arsad sCanda. ymawvil mTi-ulebs aerCiaT ufrosebis moSorebiT alagi da iq Segrove-buliyvnen; yvela amaTgans xelSi eWira romelime iaraRi, romelsac ise uvlidnen, swmendavdnen da marTavdnen, ro-gorc gulis sayorels~.

d) ambis gadmocemisas mTxroblis pozicia SeiZleba ic-vlebodes da sxvadasxva personaJis Tvalsazrisebs gadmo-cemdes. magram SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom avtorma/mTxro-belma Tavisi pozicia gamoxatos. avtoris/mTxrobeliseuli droiTi pozicia ar emTxveva romelime moqmedi gmiris dro-iT pozicias. amis magaliTad SegviZlia davasaxeloT kon-stantine gamsaxurdias `mTvaris motaceba~, sadac moqmedi

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pirebis droiTi poziciis paralelurad, mTxrobelis dro-iTi poziciacaa gamoxatuli da isini ar emTxveva erTmaneTs.

SesaZlebelia iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac Txroba mimdina-reobs romelime personaJis droiTi perspeqtivis mixedviT da imavdroulad, mas avtoris poziciac erwymis. maTi pozi-ciebi droiTi TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebulia, vina-idan av-torma icis is, rac ar SeiZleba icodes personaJma. avtor-ma/mTxrobelma icis, riT damTavrdeba konkretuli ambavi. es aris mTxrobelis erTgvari ormagi perspeqtiva. erT SemTxve-vaSi avtoris Tvalsazrisi personaJis Tvalsazrisis sinqro-nulia, radgan avtori Tavisi gmiris pozicias ikavebs. meore SemTxvevaSi ki avtoris pozicia retrospeqtulia, vinaidan avtori mogviTxrobs momavlidan, rodesac ambavi ukve dam-Tavrebulia. aseTi SemTxvevis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia

Icherzählung-is, anu pirveli piriT Txroba, rodesac avtori-mTxrobeli da personaJi erTi da igivea.

Txrobisas axlandeli drois zmnebis gamoyeneba avtoris sinqronul poziciaze miuTiTebs _ TiTqos avtori im mov-lenebis TviTmxilveli da momswrea, romlebsac aRwers. maga-liTad, mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebidan~:

`Teimurazi cunculiT mimaval brinkas misdevs. gulSi ki Tan-da-Tan umizezo SiSs, ucnaur moridebas da mokrZalebas hgrZnobs. ise eCoTireba jayos saxlSi Sesvla, TiTqo mrisxa-ne batonTan midis saxvewnelad da Tavis Sesabraleblad. xu-Ti wuTis Semdeg Teimurazi jayos da margos naxavs. merme? ras etyvis Teimurazi? iSovna samsaxuri?~.

4. `Tvalsazrisi~ fsiqologiis WrilSi — gulisxmobs iseT SemTxvevas, rodesac Txrobisas avtori romelime personaJis fsiqologiur aRqmebs gadmogvcems an, piriqiT, movlenebs personaJebisagan gamijnulad aRwers. pirveli aris subieq-turi pozicia, meore _ obieqturi. magaliTisTvis gavixse-noT fragmenti aleqsandre yazbegis `xevisberi goCadan~:

`ZiZias moagonda Tavisi movaleoba, romelic xalxis rwmunebiT xelismomkides anaTesavebda, da am fiqrma gasWva-la. warbebi Seekra, saxe daepranWa da metismetma tkivilma,

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romelic gulsa da RviZlSi uvlida, gaafiTra. qalma xelis-kvriT moiSora onise da fexzed wamoiWra, gabrunda da ukan mouxedavad gaemarTa amxanagebisken. onise ki imav adgils darCa gawamebuli da daRonebuli, radganac jer kidev ver gaego, ra mizezi iyo ZiZias ise wasvla. ZiZia SeuerTda qa-lebs, romelTac Camoiares RorRiani adgili da onise ki gulis ZgeriT ucqeroda Tavis sanatrels, romelsac qorwi-nebis Semdeg tuCebzed pirvelad gadahSloda vardi, Tvaleb-Si gahbrwyinveboda siamovnebis naperwkali da jeiransaviT yelmoRerebuli koxtad migogavda~.

am fragmentSi warmodgenilia subieqturi da obieqturi poziciebi erTdroulad. dasawyisi, sadac avtori garegani damkvirveblis TvaliT aRwers movlenebs, obieqturi pozi-ciis nimuSia. is adgili ki, sadac mTxrobeli onises pozici-idan gviambobs, subieqturi poziciis magaliTia. pirveli SemTxveva aris retrospeqtuli, vinaidan aseT dros avtorma icis, ra moxdeba momavalSi da mkiTxvels momavlidan esaub-reba, rodesac ambavi ukve dasrulebulia. meore SemTxveva ki aris sinqronuli, vinaidan avtori/mTxrobeli da personaJi TiTqos igivdeba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es aris, Sesabami-sad, Tvalsazrisis garegani da Sinagani poziciebi (uspenski 2000: 117).∗

garegani poziciisTvis damaxasiaTebelia: a) subieqtisgan damoukideblad mimdinare movlenebis

aRwera iseTi frazebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa: `man Tqva~, `Caicina~ da a.S.

b) romelime damkvirvebeli-personaJis Tvalsazrisis mi-TiTeba, vTqvaT: èCveneboda, TiTqos Cailaparaka~, `rogorc Cans, yvelaferi icoda~ da a.S.

∗ sagulisxmoa, rom sakuTari personaJis fsiqikis siRrmeebSi SeaRwevis av-toriseuli mcdeloba (rac gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia dostoevskis prozisTvis) Sinagani monologis gamomvleni sityvis formalur gamarTle-bas gulisxmobs. amitomac Cndeba xolme nawarmoebSi vrceli dialogebi, zepiri monologebi, fsevdo-dokumentebi: memuarebi, dRiurebi, aRsarebebi, werilebi.

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sagulisxmoa, rom garegani pozicia, rogorc kompozici-uri xerxi, safuZvlad udevs e.w. `gaucnaurebis~, `gamijvnis~ xerxs, ris damkvidrebac ukavSirdeba rusi formalistebis da, kerZod, viqtor Sklovskis saxels da rac garegani dam-kvirveblis pozicias gulisxmobs.

aq Zalian mniSvnelovania mxatvruli teqstis CarCos cne-ba, romelsac Tavisi dro-sivrculi samyaro da faseulobaTa sistema gaaCnia. mis mimarT mkiTxvels aucileblad garegani damkvirveblis pozicia uWiravs. TandaTanobiT mkiTxveli iTavisebs mxatvrul teqstSi warmosaxul samyaros da SeiZ-leba am nawarmoebis Sinagani poziciac gaiziaros, magram Sem-deg mkiTxveli yovelTvis ubrundeba realur samyaros, ro-melsac mxatvruli teqstis aRqmisas Tu masSi droebiTi SeW-risas gaemijna.

rogorc boris uspenski wers, `cxovrebaSi xelovnebis SeWris SemTxvevebma SeiZleba mxolod da mxolod Secvalos mxatvruli sivrcis sazRvrebi, magram maTi darRveva ar Se-uZliaT. mxatvruli sivrcis sazRvrebi principulad sapi-rispiro SemTxvevaSi irRveva _ ara cxovrebaSi xelovnebis SeWris, aramed xelovnebaSi cxovrebis eqspansiis dros, anu im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mayurebeli (da ara msaxiobi!) cdi-lobs daarRvios mxatvruli sivrce, mxatvrul teqstSi `Se-vides~ da ZaliT Secvalos is~ (uspenski 2000:224). amis maga-liTad SegviZlia gavixsenoT TeatrSi, òtelos~ warmodge-nisas, gubernatoris loJasTan mdgari amerikeli guSagis ambavi. jariskacma otelos esrola da Tan daayola: àxla xom veRaravin ityvis, rom Cvens droSi zangma TeTrkaniani qali mokla!~

Tumca, araerTxel yofila xelovnebis da realuri samya-ros daaxloebis mcdeloba. am mxriv SegviZlia gavixsenoT mxatvrul teqstSi cxovrebiseuli realebis Setanis prece-dentebi. magaliTisTvis ferweridan SegviZlia gavixsenoT `pop artis~ nimuSebi, sadac ferweruli tilo gazeTis nag-lejebiTaa gawyobili. literaturaSi amis magaliTs vxvde-biT nestan-nene kvinikaZis romanSi ìaguarebis teqno~, sadac

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ZiriTad TxrobaSi CarTulia sagazeTo gancxadebebi, sarek-lamo teqstebi da a.S.

Sinagani poziciisTvis damaxasiaTebelia: movlenebis gadmocema uSualod aRweris obieqtis Tval-

sazrisiT, anu _ avtori yovlismxilvel da yovlismcodne damkvirveblad warmogvidgeba. aseT dros xSirad gamoiyeneba frazebi: `man gaifiqra~, `man igrZno~, `mas gaaxsenda~... zog-jer ama Tu im personaJis Sinagani mdgomareobis aRwerisas mTxrobeli mimarTavs iseT CarTul sityvebs, rogoricaa `TiTqos~ _ `mas TiTqos moeCvena, rom...~. aseTi sityvebiT mTxrobeli migviTiTebs, rom TviTon garegani damkvirvebe-lia. amgvar sityvebs `gammijnav sityvebs~ uwodeben (uspenski 2000: 231).

gamovyaviT ra Tvalsazrisis ZiriTadi, orgvari pozicia, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia maTi gavrcelebuli invariantebis ganxilvac:

• SemTxveva, rodesac avtori/mTxrobeli ar icvlis po-zicias. es aris òbieqturi~ aRwera. aseT dros personaJebis Sinagani samyaro ucnobia mTxroblisTvis da mxolod movle-nebis aRweraa warmodgenili. amgvari SemTxveva damaxasiaTe-belia epikuri nawarmoebebisTvis.

• SemTxveva, rodesac avtori/mTxrobeli ar icvlis po-zicias, oRond mTeli nawarmoebis manZilze, warmodgenilia personaJis Sinagani gancdebi da mis irgvliv mimdinare pro-cesebi. es aris `subieqturi~ aRwera. amgvari pozicia yvela-ze xSiria maSin, rodesac Txroba pirveli piriT mimdinare-obs, e.w. Icherzählung-Si.

• SemTxveva, rodesac mxatvrul teqstSi warmodgeni-lia ramdenime Tvalsazrisi, anu avtori/mTxrobeli pozici-ebs icvlis. amis mixedviT, SegviZlia gamovyoT personaJebis ramdenime tipi:

a) personaJebi, romelTa Sinagani samyaros aRwera, maTi fsiqologiuri Tvalsazrisis warmodgena konkretul nawar-moebSi SeuZlebelia. isini mxolod garegani damkvirveblis TvalsazrisiT warmogvidgebian.

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b) personaJebi, romlebis garegani damkvirveblis TvaliT aRwerac konkretul nawarmoebSi SeuZlebelia.

g) personaJebi, romlebic daxasiaTebuli arian garegani damkvirveblis TvaliT, da, aseve, warmodgenilia maTi Sina-gani gancdebi.

d) personaJebi, romelTa mxolod Sinagani samyaroa war-modgenili. isini ar SeiZleba gaxdnen garegani dakvirvebis obieqtebi.

• SemTxveva, rodesac Txrobisas erTdroulad ramdeni-me Tvalsazrisia warmodgenili. aseTi SeiZleba iyos e.w. po-lifoniuri romani, romelTa nimuSebad mixail baxtini dos-toevskis romanebs miiCnevda.

5. Tvalsazrisebis urTierTdaumTxvevloba ideologiisa da frazeologiis WrilSi _ gulisxmobs Tvalsazrisebis rTul urTierTmimarTebsa mxatvruli teqstis sxvadasxva doneze. aseTi SemTxveva maSin gvxvdeba, rodesac nawarmoebSi Txroba romelime personaJis frazeologiuri Tvalsazri-siT mimdinareobs, magram es personaJi sxva TvalsazrisiT fasdeba. frazeologiis TvalsazrisiT, aseTi personaJis da avtoris poziciebi emTxveva, magram, ideologiuri Tvalsaz-risiT, es personaJi avtoris Sefasebis obieqtad iqceva. msgavsi ram xSiria ironiis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTisTvis gavix-senoT fragmenti `jayos xiznebidan~:

`ras ityvian Teimurazis naTesavebi da mimdevari, megobrebi?

_ romeli megobrebi? vin naTesavebi? aRara hyavs Teimurazs arc megobrebi, aRarc naTesavebi.

Tanaziarnic ise dailivnen da gaifantnen, rom maTi kvalic ki aRarsad mosCans. mxolod zogi gaixseneben Teimurazis Rvawls, flidurad moigoneben imis daTesil madls da gak-vriT ityvian:

`sawyali Teimurazi! ra ubedurad datrialda misi cxov-reba! rogor daiRupa aseTi adamiani! RmerTma saiqios mainc misces Sveba da mosveneba~.

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6. Tvalsazrisebis urTierTdaumTxvevloba ideologiisa da fsiqologiis WrilSi _ gulisxmobs SemTxvevebs, rodesac SezRudulia iseTi personaJebis ricxvi, romelTa fsiqolo-giuri Tvalsazrisis mixedviTac agebulia Txroba. avtori zogierTi personaJis Sinagan samyaroSi aRwevs da maTi msof-lmxedveloba saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs, danarCeni personaJebi ki mTxrobelisTvis mxolod movlenebis garegan aRmqmelebs warmoadgenen. fsiqologiisa da ideologiis WrilSi pozici-aTa urTierTdaumTxvevlobis SemTxveva maSin gvaqvs, rode-sac avtori iTavisebs e.w. `dadebiTi~ da ùaryofiTi~ gmire-bis Sinagan samyaros fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, magram, ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT, ùaryofiTi~ personaJis pozi-cia mTxrobelis poziciisgan gansxvavdeba. amis naTeli maga-liTebia konstantine gamsaxurdias `didostatis marjvenaSi~ farsman sparsi da konstantine arsakiZe, romelTa Sinagan samyaros avtori/mTxrobeli mTeli teqstis manZilze warmogvidgens.

aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac avtoris sagangebo ganzraxvis Tanaxmad, avtoris/mTxrobelis da mkiTxvelis poziciebi droebiT erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. yvelaze xSirad es SeiZleba Segvxvdes ironiis SemTxvevaSi. aseT dros avtori droebiT icvlis Tvalsazriss. manamde mkiTxvelis da mTxrobelis po-zicia erTmaneTs emTxveoda. amitomac aris xolme moulod-neli avtoris poziciis amgvari cvlileba.

aris iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac mkiTxvelis pozicia ic-vleba mTxrobelis poziciis sawinaaRmdegod. amgvari pozi-ciis cvlilebac avtoris mier aris inspirirebuli da damaxa-siaTebelia groteskisTvis.

siuJetis elementebis Tanafardoba da mTlianoba

literaturis TeoriaSi SemuSavebulia mxatvruli teq-stis agebis xerxebi, romlebic erT mTlianobad kravs mas: na-warmoebs SeiZleba hqondes prologi, kvanZis gaxsnas auci-leblad win uswrebs eqspozicia, personaJis warsulis Sesa-

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xeb mokle Txrobas winareistorias (germ. Vorgeschichte) uwo-deben, misi cxovrebis momdevno ambebs — Semdgom istorias (germ. Nachgeschichte); mTavari ambis Semdeg gmirebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba moTxrobili iyos mxatvruli teqstis bo-los, epilogSi. es xerxebi qmnis mxatvruli teqstis CarCos, romlis farglebSic viTardeba mTavari movlen/a/ebi, ise, rom ar ziandeba nawarmoebis kompoziciuri mTlianoba.

aseve xSiria siuJeturi moCarCoebis xerxi, rodesac av-tors Semohyavs mTxrobeli. amgvari mTxrobeli iseT ambebs hyveba, romlebic nawarmoebSi warmodgenil faseulobaTa sistemas amyarebs da/an damatebiT informacias sTavazobs mkiTxvels. amgvari CarCo SeiZleba aerTianebdes ramdenime moTxrobas an ambavs da es xerxi saTaves iRebs aRmosavluri tradiciidan (àTas erTi Rame~). amis magaliTia sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa~, sadac leonis mier moTxro-bil igav-arakebs kravs mTavari ambavi, xolo igav-arakebi, Tavis mxriv, amyarebs mTavar ambavs da, zogadad, nawarmoebis faseulobaTa sistemas.

siuJeturi CarCos elementebs ganekuTvneba epigrafi, mi-ZRvna, prologi, epilogi, nawilebi, Tavebi, aqtebi, scenebi, winasityvaobebi da bolosityvaobebi, dialogebi, monologi, epizodebi, CarTuli moTxrobebi da werilebi, simRerebi. iuri lotmani `mxatvruli nawarmoebis kompoziciaSi~ kompo-ziciis erT-erT mniSvnelovan elementad asaxelebs CarCos _ nawarmoebis dasawyiss da dasasruls. misive TqmiT, `da-sawyiss ganmsazRvreli Camomyalibebeli funqcia aqvs — igi arsebobis ara marto dasturia, aramed ufro gviandeli mi-zezobriobis kategoriis Semcvlelicaa. nebismieri movle-nis axsna ki mis warmoSobaze miTiTebis tolfasia~. ufro qve-moT ki, sxvadasxva epoqaSi sazogadoebriv-esTetikuri Sexe-dulebebis cvlilebebTan erTad mxatvruli teqstis kompo-ziciaSi aqcentebis gadanacvlebis Sesaxeb saubrisas wers: `da mainc, Tanamedrove TxrobiT teqstSi kodirebis funqcia akisria dasawyiss, xolo siuJetur-`miTologiuri~ _ dasas-ruls~ (lotmani 1998:207; 211).

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nawarmoebis Seqmnisas avtori TviTon irCevs kompoziciis principebs, am elementebis Tavmoyris wesebs, urTierTmimar-Tebas, mimdevrobas da imavdroulad, ama Tu kompoziciur xerxs mimarTavs. magaliTisTvis, nawarmoebis moqmedeba SeiZ-leba iwyebodes movlenis dasasrulidan da momdevno epizo-debi SeiZleba moqmedebis drouli Tanmimdevrobis aRdgenas da momxdaris mizezebis ganmartebas iTvaliswinebdes. amgvar kompozicias Sebrunebuli (inversiuli) ewodeba (magaliTad, aka morCilaZis àgvistos pasiansi~, sadac ambavs gardac-vlili personaJi retrospeqciis gziT hyveba).

CarCo-kompoziciis anu rgolisebri kompoziciis SemTxve-vaSi, avtori iyenebs gameorebis xerxs. magaliTad: leqsSi ukanaskneli strofi imeorebs pirvels; meordeba mxatvruli aRwera (nawarmoebi iwyeba da mTavrdeba peizaJis an interi-eris aRweriT. magaliTad, terenti granelis `gazafxulis sa-Ramo~); moqmedeba teqstis dasawyisSi da dasasruls erTsa da imave adgilas xdeba da maTSi erTi da igive personaJebi mona-wileoben (magaliTad, Tengiz abulaZis filmi `monanieba~).

aqedan gamomdinare, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac Txroba yovelTvis qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT ar mimdinareobs. Txrobis ageba mTlianad avtoris/mTxrobelis kompetenciaa. gansakuTrebiT mxatvruli teqstis agebis Taviseburebebi, epizodebis mimdevrobis sakiTxi ramdenime siuJeturi xazis mqone teqstis SemTxvevaSi.

sagulisxmoa iseTi SemTxvevac, rodesac kvanZis gaxsnamde avtors/ mTxrobels uwevs warsuli movlenebis Semotana Zi-riTad TxrobaSi. SeiZleba avtorma mimarTos retrospeqciis xerxsac, romlis drosac moqmedeba mkiTxvels abrunebs war-sulSi, rodesac nawarmoebSi mimdinare movlenebis mizezebs Caeyara safuZveli; xSirad retrospeqciuli Txrobis dros, nawarmoebSi Cndeba gmiris CarTuli ambavi da amgvar kompo-zicias ewodeba `moTxroba moTxrobaSi~ (amis naTeli magali-Tia ilia WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobi~, sadac gabrielis is-toria retrospeqtuladaa moTxrobili).

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me-20 saukunis literaturaSi amas isic daemata, rom Semovida montaJis xerxi, romelic jer kinematografSi gaC-nda. aq SegviZlia gavixsenoT alfred hiCkokis filmi `fsi-qozi~, sadac erT-erTi gmiris mkvlelobis scenaSi, monta-Jis wyalobiT, erTmaneTTan dawyvilebulia sisxli, Tvali da abazanis trapi. literaturaSi montaJis nimuSad SegviZ-lia davasaxeloT galaktionis leqsi `Semodgoma ùmanko Casaxebis~ mamaTa savaneSi~:

am maiss, am ivniss, am ivliss gadireks noembris baRebi. mxurvale vnebebi gamivlis, sasaxlis Caqreba WaRebi. darCeba auzTan sandali da Zveli foTlebi, yviTeli... romanze isvenebs Sandali, romanSi _ SeSlili skviTeli.

mxatvruli saxis elementebis Tanafardoba da mTlianoba

teqstis kompoziciis maorganizebel funqcias xSirad mxatvruli saxe asrulebs. magaliTad, aseTi SeiZleba iyos gza, rogorc mxatvruli saxe. mis magaliTebia, g. robaqiZis `gvelis perangSi~ an W. amirejibis `daTa TuTaSxiaSi~, sadac moTxrobili ambebi mTavari personaJis Sinagan samyaroSi cvlilebebis warmoCenas iTvaliswinebs: pirvel SemTxvevaSi _ arCibald mekeSi sakuTar fesvebTan brundeba; meore Sem-TxvevaSi _ daTa TuTaSxia cdilobs gaarkvios, Tu rogoria eTikurad gamarTlebuli cxovreba. gza am romanebSi nawar-moebis mastruqturebel elementad iqceva. analogiur Sem-Txvevaze saubrobs i. ratiani ilia WavWavaZis prozasTan mi-marTebaSi: `gzis sivrcul models sruliad damoukidebeli kon-struqciis statusi eniWeba teqstSi — yoveli teqsti daqsaqsulia gzebiT, romlebic sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT miemarTebian da qmni-an teqstis fizikursa Tu sulier geografias... gza, rogorc siv-

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rculi modeli, masStaburia da aerTianebs teqstis danarCen sivrcul modelebs. igi movlenaTa Serwymisa da moqmedebaTa dasrulebis asparezs warmoadgens. gza SeiZleba miemarTebo-des mSobliur an ucxo teritoriaze, iyos grZeli an mokle, agreTve, atarebdes metaforul an nawilobriv metaforul xasiaTs. gzis sivrculi modeli motivirebulia SexvedriT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sainteresoa struqturuli, emociuri da kompoziciuri aspeqtebis TvalsazrisiT... kompoziciuri aspeqti avlens Sexvedris motivis kompoziciur funqcias: Sexvedra SeiZleba warmoadgendes nawarmoebis kulminaciur wertils, SeiZleba aRniSnavdes kvanZis Sekvras an gaxsnas. teqstSi Sexvedris motivi pirdapir damokidebulebaSia da-Sorebis, qorwinebis, gaqcevis, SeZenis, dakargvis, cnobis, vercnobis da sxva faseul motivebTan. gzisa sivrculi mode-lisa da Sexvedris motivis erTianoba, anu gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi, zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebis araerTgva-rovnebidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva teqstSi gansxvavebul struqturul-esTetikur funqcias asrulebs. gamonakliss am TvalsazrisiT arc ilia WavWavaZis proza warmoadgens: pricipulad mniSvnelovani funqcia akisria gzas ilia WavWa-vaZis TxzulebebSi `mgzavris werilebi~, `glaxis naambobi~, `kacia-adamiani?!~, `sarCobelazed~, òTaraanT qvrivi~, TiT-qmis yvela maTganSi igi personaJTa sabediswero Sexvedrebi-Taa aRsavse da gansazRvravs teqstis transformaciul Se-saZleblobebs~ (ratiani 2010: 296-297).

garegani elementebis mTlianoba (arqiteqtonika)

mxatvrul teqsts aqvs dasawyisi: xSir SemTxvevaSi _ sa-

Tauri, qvesaTauri; zogjer _ epigrafi, miZRvna, winasity-vaoba; yovelTvis _ pirveli striqoni da pirveli abzaci. Tavis mxriv, CarCo-komponentebi aqvs teqstis nawilebsac. magaliTad, epikuri nawarmoebebi SeiZleba iyofodes tome-bad, nawilebad, wignebad, Tavebad, qveTavebad da a.S.

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dramatuli nawarmoebi, rogorc wesi, iyofa aqtebad (moqmedebebad), scenebad, gamosvlebad (magram `gamosvla~ Tanamedrove piesebSi iSviaTia). dramatul teqstSi gvxvde-ba personaJis da avtoris teqstebi. maTgan mTavaria perso-naJis teqsti, avtoris teqsti ki scenisTvis gankuTvnil mi-TiTebebs _ adgilis aRweras, remarkebs da sxv. gulisxmobs.

lirikuli teqsti iyofa taepebad, strofebad, strofo-idebad. taepSi CarCos funqcias asrulebs anakruza (mudmivi, cvalebadi, nulovani) da klauzula (romelic xSir SemTxve-vaSi, gamdidrebulia riTmiT da gadatanis dros gansakuTre-biT mkveTrad aRiqmeba, rogorc leqsis sazRvari).

praqtikuli analizisTvis

esTetikuri azris istoriaSi xSiri iyo kamaTi imis Sesa-xeb, Tu risken unda iswrafvodes xelovani, rac mxatvruli teqstis kompoziciis sakiTxs gulisxmobs.

swored amgvar esTetikur SexedulebaTa sxvaobis nimuSia tolstois gaxmaurebuli kritikuli werili `Seqspirisa da misi dramis gamo~. tolstoi cdilobs daamtkicos, rom Seq-spiri garyvnili da susti mweralia, mas ar aqvs sakuTari fi-losofia da pozicia, ar ainteresebs religiuri da sazoga-doebrivi problemebi, ver xatavs saxasiaTo personaJebs, mi-si msoflxedva cinikuri da araeTikuria. mis piesebs damaje-reblobis ararsebobas da uazro fantaziebiTa da daujere-beli ambebiT gajerebas uwunebs. tolstois TqmiT, misi gmi-rebi arabunebrivi eniT metyveleben. aseve, bralad debs, rom misi piesebi miTvisebuli, aRebulia sxva piesebisgan, romle-bic Seqspirisas gacilebiT jobia. òmisa da samyaros~ avto-ris kritikas imsaxurebs agreTve is, rom Seqspiri socialur uTanasworobas samarTlianad miiCnevs. magaliTisTvis tol-stoi ganixilavs Seqspiris `mefe lirs~ da zemoT CamoTvli-li SeniSvnebis mixedviT ganixilavs mas. `zomierebis grZno-bis gareSe arasdros ar arsebobda xelovani da verc iarse-bebs~-o (tolstoi 1955: 546-547), _ wers is da Seqspirs enas

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xelovnurobaSi, arabunebriobaSi adanaSaulebs. arada, tol-stois am werilSi sruliad aSkarad vlindeba esTetikuri idealebis sxvaoba, rac barokos xanis xelovnebisa da kri-tikuli realizmis xanis xelovnebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebe-li. bunebrivia, maTi idealebi sruliad SeuTavsebeli iqne-boda. albaT swored am sxvaobas gulisxmobda viqtor Sklov-ski, rodesac werda: `Seqspiris poetikis Sefaseba ar SeiZle-ba tolstois poetikis TvalsazrisiT. odesRac tolstoim TviTonve Tqva, rom `gamoTqma patiosani mrwamsi sruliad moklebuli unda iyos azrs: arsebobs patiosani Tvisebebi da ara patiosani mrwamsi~. arsebobs esTetikuri Tvisebebic. tolstois esTetikuri Tvisebebi Seqspirisgan gansxvavdeba. Tuki am azrs ganvavrcobT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom `zogadisa~ da `detalebis~ maradiul WidilSi Seqspiris dros `detale-bi~ imarjvebdnen, tolstois dros ki _ `zogadi~ (Sklovski 1990: 321).

sxvadasxva epoqaSi esTetikuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi prioritetebisa Tu kulturis paradigmaTa cvlileba kom-poziciis agebis Taviseburebebsac ganapirobebda. magali-Tad, iuri lotmani wers: `yvela mxatvruli amboxi amosav-lis, winamavali periodebis Semaviwroebeli da `xelovnuri~ SezRudvebis winaaRmdeg `bunebriobisa~ da `simartivis~ sa-xeliT mimdinareobda~ (i. lotmani 1998:107). am Tvalsazri-siT, vTqvaT, me-19 saukunis xazovan Txrobas (mag., ilia Wav-WavaZis `sarCobelazed~) me-20-21-e saukuneebSi araxazovani, aralinearuli Txroba cvlis (magaliTad, aka morCilaZis `mister diqslis mdumare yuTi~). aq sagulisxmoa, rom me-19 saukuneSi avtoris, rogorc utyuari WeSmaritebis mcodnis adgils me-20 saukunidan, anu avtoris sikvdilis koncepti-dan dawyebuli, mkiTxvelis rolis gaaqtiureba enacvleba, rac sakmarisad naTelia ilia WavWavaZis da aka morCilaZis prozis Sedarebisas.

praqtikuli analizisTvis ganvixiloT ilia WavWavaZis mo-Txroba `sarCobelazed~ da aka morCilaZis romani àgvistos pasiansi~ triadis _ avtori-teqsti-mkiTxveli _ Tvalsaz-

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risiT. am gziT SevecdebiT gamovavlinoT rogorc kompozi-ciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis cvlilebebi me-19 da 21-e saukunis teqstebSi, ise _ mkiTxvelis recefci-asTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.

ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia xazova-ni Txroba, rodesac ambis Txroba qronologiuri Tanmimdev-robiT mimdinareobs. mTxrobeli am SemTxvevaSi e.w. `yovlis-mcodne~ avtoria, romelic sakuTari personaJebis Sinagan samyarosac wvdeba da imTaviTve icis, rogor dasruldeba am-bavi. avtori garedan akvirdeba movlenebs. misi pozicia ret-rospeqtulia, vinaidan avtorma icis, rogorc damTavrdeba ambavi da amitomac `momavlis perspeqtividan~, nawarmoebis, ambis dasasrulidan gvesaubreba. amgvarad, moTxrobaSi `sar-Cobelazed~ subieqturi da obieqturi poziciebi erTmaneTs erwymis _ avtori garegani damkvirvebelia da, imavdro-ulad, petres Sinagan gancdebsac gadmogvcems. aq avtori/ mTxrobelis da personaJis Tvalsazrisi droiT-sivrcobriv WrilSi erTmaneTs emTxveva, vinaidan avtori gamudmebiT adevnebs Tvals mTavar personaJs — petres da mis gverdiTaa. mTxrobeli wvdeba petres Sinagan samyaros da misi naazrevi saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs. aq sagulisxmoa kompoziciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementis _ ritmis funqciac, romelic av-torisTvis sasurvel emociur garemos qmnis. droiT-sivrcobrivi poziciidan, àvtoriseuli gaoreba sivrceSi srul izomorful damokidebulebaSia avtoriseul dros-Tan: avtoriseuli dro, erTi mxriv, warmodgenili realuri awmyos formiT, meoTxe TavSi koncentrirdeba, imuxteba da ritmis meSveobiT SegrZnebadi da mxatvrulad aRqmadi xdeba~ (ratiani 2006:40). maSasadame, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamo-mdinare, mTxrobelis da personaJis Tvalsazrisebi emTxveva fsiqologiur WrilSi, magram ara ideologiur WrilSi. es cxaddeba moTxrobis Sua nawilidan _ ilias mier e.w. `gauc-naurebis~ xerxis gamoyenebisas (xarbedia 2007:57-72), rode-sac avtori aRwers petres irgvliv mimdinare movlenebs (ro-desac petre qalaqis SuagulSi adamianis CamoxrCobis mowme

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xdeba da mTeli es scena mis gasaoceblad dadgmuli warmod-gena hgonia), gadmogvcems mis azrebs da imavdroulad, emij-neba mis pozicias. magaliTad, iq, sadac petres azrebia gad-mocemuli, misi Sinagani monologia warmodgenili, rac mis irgvliv mimdinare movlenebs TvalTmaqcobad warmoaCens. magram rodesac avtoris xma Semodis, mis mier gamoyenebuli predikatebi naTels hfens, rom CamoxrCobis scena namdvilad xdeba: ùbeduri sarCobelazed Camoekida, qanaoba daiwyo da farTxali. didxans iqnia sawyalma fexebi~. amgvari daniSnu-lebiT gamoyenebuli predikatebi mijnavs avtoris pozicias personaJis Tvalsazrisisgan. zogadad, e.w. kritikuli re-alizmis esTetikuri normebis Sesabamisad, ilias moTxrobaSi `sarCobelazed~ predikatebi xazs usvams avtoris damokide-bulebas personaJis mimarT da, imavdroulad, mis mimarT mkiTxvelis ganwyobasac misTvis sasurveli mimarTulebiT warmarTavs: ìkra petrem jibes xeli da orive moWrili hqon-da. keTilma berikacma gulnaklulad Caicina~. amgvarad, Tundac predikatebis gamoyenebis magaliTze Cans, rom kri-tikuli realizmis xanaSi avtori gvevlineba erTgvar recef-ciis warmmarTvelad, mentorad, romelic Tavadve gvTava-zobs kidec teqstis marTebulad gagebis gasaRebs. rogorc irma ratiani SeniSnavs Tavis naSromSi `qronotopi ilia Wav-WavaZis prozaSi: `realisturi literaturis wiaRSi avtori-seuli qronotopi gvevlineba Txrobis dro-sivrculi orien-taciis berketad da im uaRresad mniSvnelovan struqturul elementad, romelic gansazRvravs dro-sivrcis masStaburi, globaluri, e.w. `msoflio standartebiT~ aRqmas. am fonze mkiTxveliseuli qronotopis funqcia _ individualuri re-cefcia _ rasakvirvelia, aqtualuria, magram is aris maqsi-malurad marTuli `yovlisSemZle avtoris~ mier~ (ratiani 2006:148).

axla vnaxoT, rogori mdgomareobaa am mxriv aka morCila-Zis romanSi àgvistos pasiansi~. postmodernistuli esTeti-kis principebis Sesabamisad, àgvistos pasiansi~ erTgvari pastiSia, romelic sxvadasxva Janris _ Trileris, deteqti-

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vis, realisturi romanis, magiuri realizmis Tu franguli romantikuli kinos elementebs moicavs. romani gajerebu-lia ironiiT Seferili interteqstebiT _ iqneba es `kalma-soba~, konan-doilis deteqtivebi Tu àTas erTi Rame~. agebu-lebis TvalsazrisiT, romans win uswrebs _ avtoris TqmiT _ ori `gamosatovebeli Sesavali~ da sruldeba ori `gamo-satovebeli epilogiT~. Txroba araxazovania. rogorc Tan-daTan irkveva, romanSi moTxrobil ambebs, ZiriTadad, per-sonaJi-mTxrobeli _ gardacvlili biWis _ kokas da meore gardacvlilis _ tatos sulebi gviamboben da amdenad Txro-ba aq retrospeqcia, anu warsulSi momxdari movlenebis aR-dgenaa. aris epizodi, rodesac TviT am retrospeqtul Txro-baSic aRreulia mimdevroba _ epizodi, rodesac irkveva, rom zuram moWrili Tavi merabis manqanis sabargulidan amo-iRo da sazamTroTi Seanacvla. am epizods ki win uswrebs sce-na, rodesac manqanis sabargulidan amoRebul parks xsnian da merabis molodinis nacvlad, iq sazamTro aRmoCndeba.

postmodernistuli Txzulebis kvalad, aqac mkiTxveli TiTqos mTxroblis Tanamonawile, TviTmxilveli xdeba da deteqtiviviT cdilobs gamoarkvios daxlarTuli mkvlelo-bis ambavi. da Tan, am gzaze, mkiTxveli molodinis hori-zontis mudmiv gacruebas ganicdis.

sagulisxmoa, rom romanSi mTxroblis ormagi perspeqti-vaa. TiTqmis mTeli romanis manZilze, Txroba e.w. Icherzählung-is, anu pirveli piriT Txrobis xerxis gamoyenebiT mimdina-reobs. drodadro amas enacvleba avtoris naambobi _ mTavar ambavTan iribad dakavSirebuli ambebis Txrobisas. fsiqolo-giur WrilSi, personaJis Txrobisas, avtoris da mTxroblis Tvalsazrisi erTmaneTs emTxveva. amave dros, avtori erT-gvarad axdens kritikuli realizmis principebis parodire-bas da drodadro `yovlismcodne~ avtoris, xan ki gareSe damkvirveblis rolSi warmogvidgeba: `(aq ekam TiTqos enaze ikbina, magram dasiebul tuCebs ukve Tavisi moexerxebinaT). da dakida. da, albaT, gaTiSa~. sityva àlbaT~ avtoris/ mTxroblis varaudze miuTiTebs. aka morCilaZis romanis

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SemTxvevaSi, mTxroblis monologi realisturi nawarmoebis iluzias qmnis, rom monaTxrobma ufro damajerebeli elfe-ri SeiZinos da gamoZiebaSi mkiTxvelis Tanamonawileobac uzrunvelyos. am SemTxvevaSi, monologi, erTi mxriv, warmo-gvidgeba, rogorc realisturi prozis parodia, xolo meore mxriv, rogorc mkiTxvelis maqsimaluri CarTulobisTvis gansazRvruli postmodernistuli xerxi. amis sapirispirod, realistur romanSi monologi avtoriseuli poziciis gamo-xatvis saSualebad iqceva (mag., ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris we-rilebi~), rac cxadyofs, rom sxvadasxva esTetikuri mimar-Tuleba erTsa da imave xerxs gansxvavebuli daniSnulebiT iyenebs. amave rigis movlenaa avtoris mimarTva mkiTxveli-sadmi, rac garkveulwilad, lui alTiuseriseul ìnterpe-laciis~∗ koncepts mogvagonebs. aqac, realizmis esTetikuri principebis mixedviT, mkiTxvelisadmi mimarTvis xerxi avto-ris mier darwmunebis saSualebad gamoiyeneba, xolo post-moderis xanis literaturaSi amgvari ram oden ironiul el-fers atarebs. erTi sityviT, is, rac, realizmis esTetikuri principebis mixedviT, dramaa, postmodernizmSi _ ironiad iqceva.

rogorc e.w. polifoniuri romanis SemTxvevaSi, aka morCi-laZis àgvistos pasiansSi~ personaJebs TavianTi pozicia aqvT. frazeologiur WrilSi avtorisa da personaJebis Tvalsazrisebi erTmaneTs emTxveva, oRond ara ideologiur WrilSi. magaliTad, wyneTeli zaxodas metyveleba: `gamove-di, mere wavedi Robe-Robe, Zmakaci gamovida, boiSvili viyo, Svidi weli ijda da davlieT. me cota davlie, mara xo unda daloco. gamovediT erTaT da amanac axla, xo ici, amden xans ijda da abSiaki ebara da xo unda, ro aqac pativiscema da-inaxos da iq ijden patarebi da, gamarjobas raT ar ambobT, vera mcnobTo? gamarjoba, cugoo. amas ukve ar moewona da we-ekida sityvaze da, iasnia, ro wamoikida. cugos laparakSi ver

∗ alTiuseri am cnebas ideologiisa da subieqtis mimarTebis Tvalsazri-siT iyenebda, Tumca, avtorisa da mkiTxvelis mimarTeba qarTul realis-tur literaturaSi, garkveulwilad, ideologiur xasiaTs atarebs.

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mougef~. analogiurad SegviZlia gavixsenoT, aseve, tatos biZis, valodias mogoneba: `vTamaSobT erTxel bovSebi da wamevida wvima. erTi iqiT geiqca, meore aqeT gameiqca, es mu-Sebic wabunZulden qveiTken...~, sadac frazeologiur Wril-Si mTxroblisa da avtoris Tvalsazrisebi Tanxvdeba, magram droiT-sivrcobrivi TvalsazrisiT gansxvavdeba, vinaidan es mogonebaa da drosa da sivrceSi acdenilia.

postmodernistuli esTetikis kvalad, àgvistos pasian-sSic~ vxvdebiT drois aRrevas, sadac Serlok holmsi da doqtori uotsoni kokas mkvlelobis ambavs iZieben. bolos ki, holmsis da uotsonis dialogi, rodesac isini svamen ki-Txvas _ ra aris Txroba, am romanis metafiqciurobas usvams xazs. am dros holmsi romanSi ganviTarebuli ambebis Sesaxeb ambobs:

`_yuradReba miaqcieT, uotson, rom mTels am ambavSi SemTxveviTobas arcTu ukanaskneli adgili upyria~. maSasa-dame, mxatvrul teqstSi ambavi, iseve rogorc cxovreba, Sem-TxveviTobebis erTiani jaWvia. analogiur SemTxveviTobas iuri lotmani `winaswarganuWvretelobas~ uwodebda, rode-sac, erTi mxriv, mxatvrul gamonagonSi oneginis da lenskis duelze da, meore mxriv, dantesis da puSkinis duelze saub-robda: ìm dros, roca onegini da lenski erTmaneTs pisto-letebSemarTulebi uaxlovdebian, puSkini lenskis momavlis SesaZlo variantebs, movlenaTa Semdgomi ganviTarebis po-tenciur traeqtoriaTa mTels nakrebs gvTavazobs... puSkini cdilobs duelis tragikuli Sedegi dagvanaxos iseTi SesaZ-leblobebis fonze, romlebic ar ganxorcielebula, magram SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo... romanSi lenskis sikvdili poetis Canafiqrma gansazRvra; cxovrebiseul sinamdvileSi ki, srolis momentSi arsebobs ara winaswar gansazRvruli momavali, aramed Tanabrad mosalodnel `momavalTa~ erTob-lioba. winaswar SeuZlebelia imis ganWvreta, Tu romeli maTgani ganxorcieldeba. SemTxveviToba aris movlenis SeWra romelime sxva sistemidan~ (lotmani 2004: 162). marTalia, iuri lotmani am SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisgan mijnavs ganu-

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xorcielebel SesaZleblobaTa erTobliobas cxovrebasa da mxatvrul teqstSi, magram Tu literaturas realobis meta-forad, an sxva realobad davsaxavT, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxatvrul gamonagonze muSaobisas mweralic amgvari winaswarganuWvreteli SesaZleblobebis, an SemTxveviTobe-bis winaSe dgeba. da maSin sruliad logikuri mogveCveneba àgvistos pasiansis~ personaJis, germaniidan axaldabrune-buli, aw ukve moCvenebadqceuli kakis sityvebi post factum, anu gardacvalebis Semdeg: ìqneb jobda ar davbrunebuliyavi~.


blumi 1998: Блум Х. Шекспир как центр канона. // «Западный канон». «Иностранная литература», 1998, №12.

lotmani 2005: iuri lotmani. kultura da afeTqeba. èna da kultura~, Tb.: 2005.

lotmani 1998: Лотман Ю.М. Об искусстве. СПб, 1998. orueli 1968: Tolstoy and Shakespeare. in: ‘The Collected Essays,

Journalism and Letters of George Orwell’. 1968. ratiani 2006: ratiani i. qronotopi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi. Tb.:

ùniversali~, 2006. ratiani 2010: ratiani i. teqsti da qronotopi. Tb.: Tbilisis

universitetis gamomcmeloba. tolstoi 1955: Толстой Л.Н. О литературе. М.: Художественная

Литература, 1955. tomaSevski 1999: Томашевский Б. Теория литературы (Поэтика). М.:

Аспект-Пресс, 1925. uspenski 2000: Успенский Б.А. «Поэтика композиции». М.: Азбука, 2000. Sklovski 1982: Шкловский В. Теория прозы. М.: Советский писатель,

1982. Sklovski... 1990: Шкловский В., Галушкин А., Чудаков А. Гамбургский

счет: статьи, воспоминания, эссе. Советский писатель, 1990. xarbedia 2007: xarbedia m. kenWgadaylapuli. // ilia WavWavaZe —

170 (saiubileo krebuli). Tb.: 2007.

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maia naWyebia

stili stili, rogorc cneba, sxva mravali literaturaTmcod-

neobiTi terminisgan gansxvavebiT, mecnierebis mxolod am dargs ar ekuTvnis. mas iyeneben: lingvistika, xelovnebaT-

mcodneoba, musikaTmcodneoba, esTetika.∗ miRebuli azriT, Znelia ufro mravalmniSvnelovani terminis moZebna, vidre stilia: ormagi datvirTva anu dualizmi, rasac efuZneba stilis tradiciuli gageba, misi zusti gansazRvris erT-er-Ti damabrkolebeli pirobaa. literaturaTmcodneTa azriT, stilis kvlevas isic arTulebs, rom igi uSualod ukavSir-deba mxatvruli mimdinareobebisa da SemoqmedebiTi meTodis cnebebs. mosazreba, rom stili `TiTqmis yovlismomcveli gaxda, Zneli Seiqna misi farglebis gansazRvra, misi sakuT-rivi Sinaarsis Semofargvla, e. i. Zneli aRmoCnda stilis ayvana mecnieruli cnebis doneze~ (gr. kiknaZe), isev ZalaSi rCeba. amave dros mecnieruli interesi stilis problemis mimarT kvlav aqtualuria, rac, upirveles yovlisa, stilis _ rogorc cnebis da terminis _ dazustebas isaxavs miznad.

cnebis dazustebisaTvis

sityva stili (berZn. stylos, laT. stylus) aRniSnavs sawer kalams, romelic warmoadgens joxs, romlis erTi bolo wawvetebulia, meore ki blagvi: wawvetebuliT werdnen gasan-Tlul dafaze, blagviT ki Slidnen nawers. stilis, anu kal-mis am Taviseburebas ukavSirdeba horaciusis (Zv.w. 65-8 ww.) frTiani fraza: `gadaabruneT stili!~ (kalami), e.i. `waSaleT blagvi boloTi dawerili misi Semdgomi srulyofis mizniT!~

∗ sityva stili sxva sferoebSic damkvidrda; magaliTad, welTaRricxvis sistemaSi _ `Zveli~ (iuliusis) da àxali~ (grigorianuli) stili; sportSi _ `brasis stiliT~ curva, Wadrakis, tenisis, fexburTis TamaSis stili; yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi: qcevis, Cacmis stili da a. S.

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(horaciusi, poeturi xelovnebisTvis, 445). ukve antikur epoqaSive stilma gadataniTi mniSvneloba SeiZina: igi aRniS-navda individualur xelweras, xelweris Taviseburebebs.

stilis rogorc Teoriuli problemis Sesaxeb msjeloba antikur saberZneTSi daiwyo; es praqtikuli interesebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, radgan sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ritori-kas, rogorc darwmunebis saSualebas, gansakuTrebuli mniS-vneloba eniWeboda, xolo mWevrmetyvelebisa da stilis mWidro urTierTkavSiri sakamaTo sakiTxs ar warmoadgenda.

Teoriul planSi stilis raobis Seswavla, am problemis specialur Teoriad Camoyalibeba da damuSaveba aristote-les saxels ukavSirdeba: stilis sakiTxs igi sagangebod exeba `ritorikis~ III wignis pirvel nawilSi da `poetikis~ calkeul adgilebSi.

aristoteles `ritorikaSi~ sakiTxi Semdegnairadaa Camo-yalibebuli: oratoris sajaro gamosvlisas komunikaciis aq-tSi monawileoben oratori (e. i. molaparake) da msmeneli. imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobda Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli faqtorebi gansazRvraven warmoTqmuli sityvis da-majereblobas, msmenelis darwmunebis unars, oratori unda daufleboda sityvis agebis praqtikas da eswavla pasuxi ga-eca sam kiTxvaze: ra vTqva? sad vTqva? rogor vTqva? swored amitom `ritorikaSi~ gaSlilia msjeloba iseT sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa oratoris mizani anu intencia, msmenelTa re-aqcia anu paTosi da metyvelebis aqtis funqciuri tipebi. me-tyvelebam rom saWiro STabeWdileba moaxdinos, sakmarisi ar aris mxolod imis codna, Tu sad da ra unda Tqva, aramed aucilebelia imis codnac, Tu rogor unda Tqva: àrasakma-risia icode, ra Tqva, aucilebelia Tqva es, rogorc saWiroa. es Zalian uwyobs xels, rom sityvam saWiro STabeWdileba moaxdinos~ (ritorika 1403b15). sityvam saWiro STabeWdileba rom moaxdinos, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa stilis sakiTxis ga-daWra, rasac aristotele Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `poete-bi, romlebic Cveulebriv saganze laparakoben, rogorc Cans, saxels Tavisi stilis meSveobiT ixveWen~ (ritorika 1403b13).

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stili yoveldRiuri, Cveulebrivi sityvaTxmarebidan gadax-vevas, gadaxras (rogorc kompasis isari gadaixreba fiqsire-buli wertilidan) warmoadgens, romlis wyalobiTac sityva gansakuTrebul, erTgvarad sazeimo xasiaTs iZens. Sesabami-sad, erTi mxriv, arsebobs naTeli, magram dabali metyveleba, meore mxriv ki _ xatovani, magram natifi metyveleba, rome-lic iyenebs gadaxvevas, sityvaTa Senacvlebas, rac metyve-lebas sZens ùcxo xasiaTs, radgan adamianebs axasiaTebs ga-ocdnen imiT, rac Soridanaa mosuli, xolo is, rac gaocebas iwvevs, sasiamovnoa~ (ritorika, 1404 b12).

amrigad, ukve aristoteles droidan stils ganixilav-dnen, rogorc formalur samkauls, sityvis mokazmvas (Sdr. sityvakazmuli mwerloba), rac salaparako enis normaluri anu Cveulebrivi gamoyenebidan gadaxvevas warmoadgenda. stili, tradiciuli klasikuri azriT, gulisxmobs metyve-lebis mokazmvas (laT. elocutio), metyvelebis gaformebas leq-sikuri da sintaqsuri formebis meSveobiT, sadac mniSvne-lovan funqcias asrulebs tropi (gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT naxmari sityva an gamoTqma) da figura (stilistikuri xerxi, romelic naTqvams aniWebs gansakuTrebul gamomsaxvelobas). amgvari sinonimuroba da enis normebidan gadaxveva erTma-neTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli, stilis aqsioma ki Semdegnairad yalibdeba: èrTi da igive SeiZleba gamoiTqvas sxvadasxva wesiT, da es wesebi gansxvavdeba Tavisi stiliT~.

sami stilis Teoria

sami stilis doqtrina pirvelad gamoCnda anonimi roma-eli avtoris traqtatSi `ritorika gereniusisTvis~, Semdeg ki _ ciceronis traqtatSi òratori~. ritorikisadmi miZR-vnil traqtatebSi tradiciulad ganasxvavebdnen stilis sam

saxeobas: maRal stils (stilus gravis), saSualo stils (stilus medi-ocris) da dabal stils (stilus humilis). ciceronma Tavis traq-tatSi es sami stili mWevrmetyvelebis sam mTavar skolas Se-ufarda: antikuri skolisaTvis (Zveli saberZneTis centra-

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luri nawilisTvis, upiratesad aTenelTaTvis, romelTac gamoarCevs daxvewili metyveleba) damaxasiaTebelia sizuste da gemovneba, aziurisTvis _ maRalfardovneba da sityva-mravloba, xolo rodosul stils maT Soris saSualo adgili ukavia. ciceronis Tanaxmad, stili emsaxureba sam mizans,

romelsac oratori isaxavs. esenia: dasabuTeba (probare), mo-

xibvla (delectare) da aRelveba (flectare). ritorikaSi damkvidrebuli sami stilis koncefciis mi-

xedviT mxatvruli literaturis analizis mcdeloba jer ki-dev II saukuneSia SeniSnuli: romaeli avtori avlus geliosi imowmebs varons da wers, rom sami stili _ martivi, zomieri da zviadi _ yvelaze adre homerosis ìliadaSia~ warmod-genili: ès sami stili ukve Zvel dros warmoadgina homeros-ma sami gmiris metyvelebis saxiT: brwyinvale da mdidari _ odisevsis sityvaSi, natifi da TavSekavebuli _ menelaosis sityvaSi da zomieri _ nestoris sityvaSi~ (kuznecova 1976: 264). analizis am xerxis Tanaxmad, stili, rogorc ama Tu im gamomsaxvelobiT xerxTa SerCeva, Sesabamisobis cnebas ukav-Sirdeba; stili aRniSnavda sityvis marTebulobas im azriT, rom mizani da misi gamoxatva urTierTSesabamisia.

Sua saukuneebSi, mxatvrul literaturasTan mimarTebaSi, sami stilis gagebis mniSvnelovani gadaazreba moxda. diome-dem sami stili sam mTavar JanrTan gaaigiva, IV saukuneSi ki vergiliusis komentatorma donatusma sami stili misi sami Txzulebis Tematikas Seufarda: `bukolikebs~ anu pasto-rals, `georgikebs~ anu didaqtikur poemas da èneidas~ anu

eposs. ase Seiqmna cnobili `vergiliusis borbali~ _ `rota Vir-gilii~, romelSic TvalsaCinod aisaxa sami stilis tipologia, ramac didi gavlena moaxdina evropuli literaturis ganviTarebaze.

amrigad, sami stilis Teoria Janris gagebis sawyisebTanac dgas, rasac normatiuli xasiaTi aqvs: dadgenili iyo saval-debulo, winaswar gansazRvruli kavSiri nawarmoebis sagnisa mis enasa da JanrTan, rac ganapirobebda mkacr urTierT-

mimarTebas stilis elementebs Soris. sami stilis zogadi ierarqia moicavda Temasac, gamosaxvasac da kompoziciasac.

`rogorc TvalsaCinodaa naCvenebi sqemaSi, stili xasiaT-

deboda: 1) personaJis gansazRvruli tipiT (maRali stili _ meomrebi; saSualo _ miwaTmoqmedebi; dabali _ mwyemsebi); 2) gansazRvruli saxelebiT (mag.: maRali stili _ heqtori); 3) gansazRvruli cxovelebiT (mag.: maRali stili _ raSi, sa-Sualo _ xari, dabali _ cxvari); 4) gansazRvruli mcenare-ebiT (mag.: maRali stili _ kedari); 5) moqmedebis gansaz-Rvruli adgiliT (mag.: maRali stili _ qalaqi, samxedro

banaki)~ (μ jgufi 1986: 381-382). garda amisa, stilis yovel saxeobas aqvs Tavisi modeli _ prototipi vergiliusis kon-kretuli Txzulebis saxiT: maRal stils èneida~ Seesaba-meba, saSualos _ `georgikebi~, dabals _ `bukolikebi~.

sami stilis Teoriis TvalsaCino analogs qarTul sinam-dvileSi warmoadgens sami stilis Teoria, romelic kaToli-kosma anton pirvelma (1720-1788) lomonosovisgan gadmoiRo da klasicizmis kanonebis gavlenis Sedegs warmoadgens. igi

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Zalian cdilobda saqarTveloSi sami stilis Teoriis daner-gvas, romlis mixedviTac amaRlebul Temebze _ magaliTad, religiaze _ maRali stiliT unda eweraT, istoriuli Txro-ba saSualo stils moiTxovda, xolo yofiT movlenaTa aRwe-ra _ dabal stils (kekeliZe 1951: 255).

stilis cneba Janris cnebis sawyisebTanac dgas, rac niS-navs, rom Janrul gansxvavebebs uZvelesi droidan ganmartav-dnen stilis cnebiT da sami stilis Teoriis meSveobiT. mis Tanaxmad, xdeboda Txrobis tipebisa da teqstebis klasifi-kacia. sami stilis Teoria ufro detalur stilur analiz-sac ar gamoricxavda, rac sxvadasxva avtorTa stilis damaxa-siaTebel niSnebsac daazustebda, magram amgvari stiluri gansxvavebebi mainc ar miiCneoda subieqturi individualo-bis gamoxatulebad. igi mxolod imdenad iyo individualize-buli, ramdenadac metad Tu naklebad, ukeTesad Tu uaresad Seefereboda saTqmelis arss (kompanioni 2001).

stilis Teoriis mniSvnelovan etaps warmoadgenda rene-sansis epoqa, romelmac aaRorZina antikuri ritorikisa da poetikis tradiciebi da miipyro iseTi poetebis yuradReba, rogorebic iyvnen franguli `pleadis~ poetebi diu bele, ronsari da sxvebi. magram, stilis gagebam, kerZod, sami sti-lis Teoriam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina klasiciz-mis epoqaSi, rodesac sami stilis moZRvreba, prioritetu-lad, literaturul JanrebTan mimarTebaSi dainerga. i. ra-tianis marTebuli SeniSvniT, klasicizmis Teoretikosi, nikola bualo `daubrunda JanrTa determinaciis (dayofis) klasikur koncefcias da principulad dasva JanrTa klasi-kuri ierarqiis aRorZinebis sakiTxi... klasicizmis epoqaSi maqsimalurad SeizRuda literaturuli asaxvis arealic: mibaZeT sasaxles da SeiswavleT qalaqi, acxadebda n. bualo. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, literaturuli interesis umTavres obieqtebad iqcnen, erTi mxriv, mefe Tavisi sasaxliTa da aristokratiiT, xolo, meore mxriv, qalaqi da burJuazia; poetikuri SezRudulobis kvaldakval, ganxorcielda sali-teraturo enis diferenciaciac: ena daiyo `maRali~ da

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`dabali~ stilis enebad, sadac TiToeuls Tavisi Janruli Sesabamisoba (`maRali~ da `dabali~ Janrebi) hqonda da Tavisi mkiTxveli (sazogadoebis `maRali~ da `dabali~ fenebi) gaaC-nda; dabolos, `samTa erTianobis~ principma qronotopul (dro-sivrcul) CarCoSi moaqcia literatura: adgilis, dro-isa da moqmedebis erTianoba ukiduresad amcirebda poeturi fantaziis ganvrcobis masStabs~ (ratiani 2009 : 16).

sami stilis Teoriam, romelic uSualod iyo nasesxebi an-tikuri ritorikidan, mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi iarseba da normatiuli poetikis farglebSi XIX saukunemde _ ro-mantizmis epoqamde gaZlo.

stilis gageba romantizmisa da realizmis epoqebSi

stili, rogorc davrwmundiT, gulisxmobs garkveuli enobrivi normebis, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis SerCe-vas, romlebic nawarmoebSi realobis avtoriseul xedvasa da aRqmas gamoxataven. msgavsi formaluri da Sinaarsobrivi Ta-viseburebebis ganzogadeba, romlebic garkveuli periodisa Tu epoqis nawarmoebebSi iCens Tavs, saSualebas gvaZlevs èpo-qis stilze~ vilaparakoT, magaliTad antikurobis, renesan-sis, barokos, klasicizmis, romantizmis, modernizmis stilze.

tradiciul ritorikaSi stilisadmi ganasxvavebdnen or midgomas: singularistuls da pluralisturs, rac gulis-xmobda, rom arsebobs an mxolod erTi gansxvavebuli stili `Cveulebrivi~ enis fonze, anac _ sxvadasxva stilTa didi simravle. rogorc Cans, ufro adreuli unda yofiliyo plu-ralistuli koncefcia, romelic `vergiliusis borbalSia~ asaxuli sami stilis Teoriis modelSi.

klasicizmis epoqis dasasruls gaCnda stilis axali kon-cefcia, romelic upirispirdeboda am midgomas. XVIII sauku-nis bolos stilis koncefcia SeimuSava frangma bunebismety-velma, maTematikosma da mweralma J.-l. biufonma (1707 — 1788). xSirad imowmeben mis sityvebs: `stili _ es Tavad adamiania~. misTvis stili Semecnebis idealur instruments

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warmoadgenda, igi ara mxolod metyvelebis samkauli, aramed saTqmelis ukeT gagebis saSualebac iyo. biufonis azriT, brwyinvale stili azriT datvirTuli, mkafio, gaazrebuli stilis tolfasia, xolo stilis raimegvari darRveva amxels ama Tu im logikur xarvezs. biufoni did yuradRebas ani-Webda azris gamoxatvis formas. misi TqmiT, mwerals yovel-Tvis aqvs saqme adrindel masalasTan, eyrdnoba tradicias, magram am tradiciul masalas igi Taviseburad aformebs. swored aq, formis sferoSi avlens is Tavis Tavs, Tavis ga-numeorebel individualobas, Tavis Sinagan `me~-s. biufoni ase ganmartavs stilis raobas: `codna, faqtebi, aRmoCenebi, advilad gasxvisdeba da gardaiqmneba _ isini amis gamo sa-sargebloc kia, radgan ufro saimedo xelSi xvdeba: es sag-nebi adamians miRmaa. stili _ ai, ras iZleva Tavad pirovneba. stilis gasxviseba (sxvisTvis gadacema), an Secvla SeuZle-belia~. biufonis lakonuri gansazRvreba `stili _ es Tavad adamiania~ maqsimad iqca da stilis gagebis frangul tra-dicias daedo safuZvlad. biufonis am maqsimaSi garkveuli pluralizmi gamosWvivis: `ramdeni adamianicaa, imdeni sti-lia~, Tumca, biufoni sxva rames gulisxmobda: mas stili sin-gularistuli mniSvnelobiT esmoda. adamians SeuZlia ezi-aros stils _ es misi damsaxureba iqneba da ara originalu-roba: stili erTia, mxolod misadmi midgomebi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvari. romantikosebma, individualobis mimarT ma-Ti sagangebo interesis gamo, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWes biufunis azrs.

XVIII-XIX ss. mijnaze esTetikam stilis cnebas farTo xe-lovnebaTmcodneobiTi mniSvneloba SesZina: stils ganixi-lavdnen ara mxolod sityvieri, aramed nebismieri xelovne-bis _ ferweris, qandakebis, musikis _ kuTvnilebadac. sti-lisadmi axleburi midgoma Cans i. vinkelmanis, goeTes da hegelis naSromebSi, romelTa TvalsazrisiTac stilSi um-Tavresia individualuri Tavisebureba da esTetikuri srul-yofileba. stili gaazrebul iqna, rogorc mxatvruli indi-vidualoba, romelic azrobriv originalobazea dafuZnebu-

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li. amrigad, romantizmis epoqaSi stili esmodaT, rogorc nawarmoebis mxatvruli _ amasTanave, Sinaarsobrivi _ for-mis Tviseba. XIX-XX ss. mijnaze xelovnebaTmcodne g. vel-flinma ganagrZo stilis esTetikuri gagebis tradicia da garkveulwilad gaafarTova kidec: amjerad stili aRniSnav-da ara mxolod calkeuli mxatvris individualur Tavisebu-rebas, aramed xelovnebaSi garkveul mimarTulebaTa da epo-qaTa esTetikur azrovnebas.

XIX saukunis manZilze stils, rogorc termins, Tanazomi-erad mimarTavdnen literaturaTmcodneebi da xelovnebaT-mcodneebi. literaturaTmcodneebi stils ukavSirebdnen literaturuli weris individualur maneras. wina planze gamodis mwerlis sityvaze muSaobis meTodi. stili axal droSi aris mxatvruli nawarmoebis konkretuli Tviseba, ro-melic SeigrZnoba da TavalsaCinoa rogorc mTlianobaSi, ise calkeul nawilebSi. stilis amgvari gageba mkvidrdeba XIX saukuneSi _ romantizmis, realizmisa da, mogvianebiT, mo-dernizmis epoqebSi.

literaturul-mxatvruli stilis axali gagebisTvis ar-sebiTia Semdegi _ stili: a) originalobis gamoxatulebaa; b) mimarTulia esTetikuri srulyofilebisken; g) Sinaarsis ma-tarebeli formaa; d) nawarmoebis mTeli mxatvruli formis Taviseburebaa da ara mxolod metyvelebisa, rasac litera-turuli stilisTvis umTavresi mniSvneloba aqvs.

Tanamedrove meTodologiebi

XX saukuneSi stilis sakiTxze sxvadasxva dros muSaob-

dnen: r. barti, J. Jeneti, μ jgufi, a. kompanioni, a. sokolovi, a. potebnia, p. palievski, i. elsbergi, a. CiCerini, i. borevi, a.esini, saqarTveloSi _ gr. kiknaZe.

saukunis dasawyisSi, stilis kvlevis saqmeSi gansakuTre-buli wvlili Seitanes rusuli formalisturi skolis war-momadgenlebma. maT SromebSi arsebobas ganagrZobda stilis singularistuli koncefcia. misi xelaxali aRmavloba da-

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kavSirebulia a. potebnias saxelTan. man Seqmna poeturi enis, rogorc xatovani enis koncefcia, romelic aaqtiurebda si-tyvebis Sinagan formas, mis etimologiur potencials. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, Cveulebriv enas, sadac sityva waSli-lia da ar amJRavnebs Tavis poetur potencials, upirispir-deba xatovani ena, sadac yvela sityva `TamaSobs~. potebnias poeturi koncefcia kamaTis sagani gaxda, magram misi mosaz-rebebi ganaviTares rusuli formalisturi skolis sxva war-momadgenlebma (zenkini 2000).

mogvianebiT, rusi literaturaTmcodnis, a. sokolovis 1968 wels gamoqveynebul gamokvlevaSi `stilis Teoria~, sa-dac safuZvlianadaa mimoxiluli stilis sakiTxi momijnave disciplinebSi _ xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi, esTetikaSi, lin-gvistikaSi _ gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom stilis cneba gu-lisxmobs mxatvruli kanonzomierebis anu mxatvruli kano-nis arsebobas. stilur elmentTa SerCevasa da SeTanxmebaSi, sadac dakargulia mxatvruli kanonzomiereba, arc stili gvaqvs am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT; da _ piriqiT, ro-desac mxatvruli mTlianobis elementebis Tanafardoba mTlianobis, Sesabamisobis, Sinagani aucileblobis iseT xa-risxs aRwevs, rom SeiZleba laparaki am Tanafardobis mxat-vruli kanonis Sesaxeb, Cvens winaSea stili. swored es gamo-arCevs stils rogorc Tavisebur sistemas; swored am mxat-vrul kanonzomierebas vuwodebT stils. stili, rogorc es-Tetikuri movlena, upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs misi yve-la elementis daqvemdebarebas mxatvruli kanonisTvis, ro-melic amTlianebs am elementebs.

stilis gaazrebis procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba individualur literaturul stils. am mxriv, ro-gorc i. elsbergi aRniSnavs, individualur literaturul stilTa ganviTarebis istoriuli procesi ganuyofelia ama Tu im individualuri mwerlis individualuri Semoqmedebi-Ti procesis istoriisgan.

rasakvirvelia, stilis cneba ufro farTo mniSvnelobi-Tac gamoiyeneba, Tundac mxedvelobaSi mxolod literatu-

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ruli stili gvqondes _ vTqvaT, romelime literaturuli mimarTulebis/mimdinareobis stili. magram rodesac ama Tu im mimarTulebis/mimdinareobis stilis Sesaxebaa msjeloba, maSinac, arsebiTad misi fuZemdeblis an yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis Sesaxeb Seqmnili STabeWdilebiT msjeloben. rac ufro met Zalas, gavlenas, TviTmyofadobas flobs esa Tu is stili, miT ufro nakleb aRiqmeba iseT stilad, ro-melic mTlianadaa moqceuli mimarTulebis/mimdinareobis stilis cnebaSi.

magram, rodesac msjeloba exeba Tanamedrove literatu-rul stils, rogorc terminis yvelze farTo mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebas, maSinac ki misi safuZveli individualuri sti-lis cnebaa. individualuri stilis problemis analizis dros SedarebiT farTo da naklebad individualuri xasi-aTis movlenebs aRniSnaven rogorc stilur tendenciebs. cxadia, individualur stilTa da farTo stiluri tenden-ciebis Tanafardoba sruliad sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos. aq ganmsazRvrelia individualur stilTa intensiuroba.

a. esinis azriT, stilis yvelaze zogadi gansazRvreba Semdegia: stili aris mxatvruli formis yvela mxarisa da elementis esTetikuri mTlianoba, romelsac aqvs garkveuli originaloba da raime Sinaarss gamoxatavs. am gagebiT, stili upirispirdeba, erTi mxriv, stilis arqonas, ustilobas, anu mxatvruli gamomxatvelobis uqonlobas, meore mxriv _ epigonur stilizacias an ekleqtikas _ e.i. rodesac avtori ver poulobs Tavis stils da daesesxeba sxvebs.

esinma, sxva mkvlevarTa naSromebebze dayrdnobiT, lite-raturuli stilis maxasiaTeblebi da maTi urTierTmimar-Tebebi gamokveTa. igi miuTiTebs, rom stilis kategoria Si-naarsobrivad ganpirobebuli mTlianobaa: formis elemente-bi erTian mxatvrul kanonzomierebas emorCileba da mas ma-organizebeli principi warmarTavs. igi msWvalavs formis struqturas da gansazRvravs nebismieri elementis xasiaTs da funqcias.

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amrigad, stili Txzulebis formis Tvisebaa, Txzulebis nebismier fragmentSi vlindeba, risi wyalobiTac stilis aRqma SesaZlebelia calkeuli nawyvetiTac ki _ gamocdili mkiTxvelisTvis sakmarisia mcire nawyvetis wakiTxva, rom sruliad darwmunebulma daasaxelos avtori.

Txzulebis mxatvruli samyaro sxvadasxvagvarad iqmneba: pirvel yovlisa, es Seexeba gamosaxvis dinamikas da statikas: Tu avtori met yuradRebas yofierebis statikur momentebs uTmobs, maSin stilis am Taviseburebas SeiZleba aRwerilo-biTi ewodos. igi statikis moments Seicavs; misTvis damaxa-siaTebelia garesamyaros dawvrilebiTi asaxva _ personaJis garegnobis, peizaJis, qalaqis xedebis, interieris, sagnebis da a. S. aRweris SemTxvevaSi xdeba dawvrilebiTi detaliza-cia; Tu avtori koncentrirebulia gareSe dinamikis aRwera-ze, maSin igi siuJeturobis saxeliT moixsenieba. siuJeturo-ba Cveulebriv mJRavndeba peripetiaTa did raodenobaSi, moqmedebis daZabulobaSi, statikur momentebTan SedarebiT dinamikuri momentebis upiratesobaSi, da, rac mTavaria, per-sonaJTa xasiaTi da avtoris pozicia, pirvel yovlisa, si-uJetis meSveobiT aris gadmocemuli.

Tu avtoris yuradReba personaJis Sinagan samyarozea koncentrirebuli, maSin stilisTvis damaxasiaTebelia fsi-qologizmi. nebismieri konkretuli TxzulebisTvis siuJe-turoba, aRwera da fsiqologizmi misi arsebiTi stiluri niSnebia. amasTan, es kategoriebi SeiZleba Seexamebodnen er-TmaneTs, magaliTad ase: fsiqologizmi da siuJeturoba an _ aRweriloba da fsiqologizmi.

mxatvruli pirobiTobis mixedviT ori sapirispiro sti-luri dominanta gamoyofa: cxovrebiseuli da fantastikuri. cxovrebasTan msgavseba gulisxmobs CvenTvis cnobil fizi-kur, fsiqologiur, mizez-Sedegobriv da sxva kanonzomiere-bebaTa gamokveTas;. fantastika, piriqiT, arRvevs am kanonzo-mierebebs, masSi asaxuli samyaro Segnebulad aris pirobiTi. fantastikuri saxeobrioba araerTgvarovania: igi SeiZleba

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ganxorcildes tropebisa da figurebis _ hiperbolis, li-totesis, groteskis, alogizmis formebiT.

mxatvruli metyvelebis sferoSi stilur dominantTa sa-mi wyvili gamoiyofa: leqsi da proza; agreTve, nominatiuro-ba da ritorikuloba; monologizmi da nairsityvaoba (nair-gvari metyveleba).

leqsi da proza, rogorc stiluri dominantebi, avlens mxatvruli enis ritmuli mowesrigebis xarisxs da tempis or-ganizacias. isini mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben stilis emo-ciuri Sris formirebaSi, ramdenadac esa Tu is tempo-ritmi ZvelTaganve ganwyobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. leqssa da prozas Soris aseve SesaZlebelia saSualedo formebi (rit-muli proza, verlibri), rac, mainc, am stilur dominantebs ar ukargavs xarisxobriv Taviseburebas.

stilis tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebis meore wyvili _ nominatiuroba da ritorikuloba _ dakavSirebulia enob-rivi gamomsaxvelobis da gamomxatvelobis saSualebaTa, tropebis da figurebis gamoyenebasTan. aqve Semodis pasiuri da SezRuduli sferos leqsikis gamoyenebac (arqaizmi, ne-ologizmi, barbarizmi da sxv.). im viTarebas, rodesac sityva pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli da asaxuli samya-ros detalebs zustad gamoxatavs, nominatiuroba ewodeba da gulisxmobs sakmaod martiv da bunebriv sintaqss; sawi-naaRmdego tendencias, romelic sagnebis arapirdapir an aR-werilobiT aRniSvnasTan aris dakavSirebuli _ ritoriku-loba ewodeba. ritorikuloba romantikosTa lirikisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. SesaZlebelia, nominatiurobasa da rito-rikulobas Soris garkveuli wonasworoba arsebobdes.

sametyvelo enis TvalsazrisiT TxzulebaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos iseTi dominantebi, rogorebicaa monologizmi da nairsityvaoba. monologizmi gulisxmobs yvela personaJis sametyvelo maneris mTlianobas, romelic, rogorc wesi, mTxrobelis sametyvelo enas emTxveva (epikur nawarmoebebSi; lirika, Cveulebriv, mTlianad monologuria). maSin, rode-sac nairsityvaobis SemTxvevaSi: a) sxvadasxva personaJebis

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metyvelebis manerebi urTierTizolirebulia; b) personaJTa da mTxrobelis metyvelebis manerebi urTierTqmedeben, erTmaneTSi `gadadian~; am meore tips m. baxtini polifoni-urs uwodebs.

stilur dominantad SeiZleba iqces mxatvruli kompozi-ciis xasiaTic. aq, zogadad, SeiZleba gamoiyos ori tipi: martivi da rTuli kompozicia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi kompozi-ciis funqciaa Txzulebis nawilTa da elementTa gaerTianeba erT mTlianobad, rac yovelTvis yvelaze martivi da bu-nebrivi saSualebiT xdeba: siuJetis sferoSi esaa pirdapiri qronologiuri Tanamimdevroba, Txrobis sferoSi _ erTi TxrobiTi tipi mTeli Txzulebis manZilze, qronotopis mxriv _ adgilisa da drois erTianoba da sxv. rTuli kompo-ziciis SemTxvevaSi Tavad Txzulebis agebaSi, mis nawilTa da elementTa ganlagebis wesSi Cadebulia gansakuTrebuli mxatvruli azri da am gziT xdeba esTetikuri efeqtis miR-weva. aseTia, magaliTad, mTxrobelTa monacvleoba da qro-nologiuri Tanamimdevrobis darRveva.

dabolos, stilis arsebiT Taviseburebas Txzulebis mo-culoba, misi zoma warmoadgens, rasac kargad grZnobs mwe-ralic da mkiTxvelic da rac xSirad savsebiT uSualod aisaxeba Txzulebis mTel stilze. rogorc iuri tinianovi aRniSnavs, Txzulebis didi Tu mcire forma winaswar gansaz-Rvravs Txzulebis yovel detals, yovel stilistur xerxs da konstruqciis sidide-simciris TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva datvirTvas iZens. amgvarad, Txzulebis zoma stilis mniSvne-lovani maxasiaTebelia.

magram, stilis mTlianobas mxolod dominantTa arseboba ar qmnis. marTalia, isini warmarTaven formis agebulebas, magram saboloo jamSi es mTlianoba, iseve, rogorc esa Tu is stiluri dominanti, nakarnaxevia stilis funqcionalobis principiT, rac niSnavs, rom man adekvaturad unda gamoxatos esa Tu is Sinaarsi. amrigad, stili _ Sinaarsobrivi formaa. aRniSnuli da ara sxva stiluri dominantebi da stiluri tendenciebi TxzulebaSi Tavs, upirveles yovlisa, imitom

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iCenen, rom maT gamoyenebas konkretuli Sinaarsobrivi amo-canebi moiTxovs.

Tanamedrove literaturismcodneobaSi stilis katego-riaze saubroben ara mxolod ama Tu im mweralTan an nawar-moebTan dakavSirebiT, aramed ufro farTo konteqstiT. ma-galiTad, laparakoben literaturul mimarTulebaTa da mimdinareobaTa stilze, erovnul da regionalur stilze, èpoqis stilze~ (baroko, klasicizmi, romantizmi da a.S). terminis aseTi gamoyeneba araa usafuZvlo, magram aq ori garemoebaa gasaTvaliswinebeli: pirveli _ drois ganmavlo-baSi izrdeba stilis mniSvneloba; meore _ rac ufro vrce-lia stilis moculoba, miT ufro abstraqtulia misi damaxa-siaTebeli niSnebi.

XX saukuneSi stilisa da ritorikis sakiTxebisadmi inte-resis gaRviZeba frangi struqturalistebis _ r. bartis, c.todorovis, J. Jenetis, a-i. greimasis, k. bremonisa da rig sxva mecnierTa kvlevebs ukavSirdeba: franguli struqtu-ralizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia myari interesi poeturi enis Seswavlisa da literaturuli nawarmoebebis lingvis-tur-stilisturi analizisadmi.

safrangeTSi 1870 wlidan ritorika aRar warmoadgenda saskolo ganaTlebis savaldebulo disciplinas. stilis ad-gili daikava stilistikam, rogorc misma memkvidrem: igi frangul enaSi germanulis gavleniT gaCnda. stilistikas, rogorc termins, aklda simyare, mdgradoba, Tavad stilis, rogorc polisemiuri terminis, specifiuri xasiaTis gamo: mas hqonda ori aspeqti _ koleqtiuri da individualuri, an, Tavisi erTi aspeqtiT igi dakavSirebuli iyo socioleqtTan (socialuri jgufis enis TaviseburebaTa erToblioba), xo-lo meore aspeqtiT _ idioleqtTan (enis TaviseburebaTa erToblioba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia konkretuli indi-vidisTvis drois garkveul periodSi). Zveli ritorika orive aspeqts aerTianebda. ritorikis ugulebelyofis Semdeg da-iwyo koleqtiuri stilis ignorireba da yuradReba mTli-anad individualur stilze iqna gadatanili. stilis, ro-

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gorc koleqtiuri fenomenis ugulebelyofam sapasuxo reaq-cia gamoiwvia. _ igi yuradRebis centrSi ukve sxva saxeliT moeqca. rolan barti, 1953 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi `we-

rilobis nulovani xarisxi~∗, Seecada, rom enasa (sayovelTa-od savaldebulo norma) da stils (mwerlis individualuri Tavisebureba) Soris gamoevlina da aRewera mxatvruli for-mis mesame `ganzomileba~ _ weriloba. r. bartis wyalobiT XX saukunis frangul literaturismcodneobaSi weriloba iqca terminad, sityvam terminis statusi SeiZina.

naSromi Seiqmna imdroindel literaturul procesze da Jurnalistikaze avtoris dafiqrebisa da gansjis Sedegad da literaturis semiotikis sferoSi klasikur narkvevad iqna aRiarebuli. masSi pirveladaa aRwerili is, rasac avtori

`mesame ganzomilebas~, werilobas (écriture) uwodebs da rac enasa da stilTan erTad arsebobs. aRsaniSnavis, rom r. barts stili, franguli tradiciis Tanaxmad, esmis rogorc adami-anis individualuri Tavisebureba (Sdr. bufoni: `stili Ta-vad adamiania~).

maSasadame, r. bartma enasa da stils Soris CarTo weri-loba, radgan misi koncefciiT, ena da stili _ brma Zalebia; weriloba _ istoriuli solidarobis aqtia. r. barti aRniS-navs, rom werilobis ramdenime saxeoba arsebobs: daxvewili, `populisturi~, neitraluri da sasaubro, magram radganac

∗ termini `nulovani xarisxi~ mkvlevarma isesxa danieli glossemantikosis (glossemantika _ lingvisturi Teoria, romelic swavlobs enaSi Sinaarsisa da gamoxatvis formebs) vigo briondalisgan, romelic amiT aRniSnavda neitralur wevrs raime opoziciaSi. r. barti `werilobis nulovan xarisxs~ gramatikuli kategoriebis magaliTze ganmartavs: lingvisturi Sepirispi-reba, albaT, SesaZleblobas mogvcems ganvmartoT am axali movlenis arsi: rogorc cnobilia, zogi lingvisti miuTiTebs, rom or polarul enobriv kategorias Soris (mxolobiTi ricxvi _ mravlobiTi ricxvi, namyo _ awmyo) arsebobs kidev erTi _ neitraluri anu nulovani. magaliTad: TxrobiT ki-los _ kavSirebiTTan da brZanebiTTan SedarebiT _ umodalo formad miiC-neven. am azriT _ ra Tqma unda, sxva masStabiT _ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wera, miyvanili nulovan xarisxamde, arsebiTad, sxva araferia, Tu ara wera indi-kativSi, anu umodalo (aramodaluri wera)... axali neitraluri weriloba mdgomareobs emociur wamoZaxilTa da msjelobaTa Soris, magram maTgan srul damoukideblobas inarCunebs; misi arsi swored maTi ararsebobaa (barti 1987: 343).

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`populisturi~ wera daxvewili weris variants warmoadgens, werilobis saxeoba sul samia.

amrigad, r. bartis naSromSi weris sami saxeoba gamoiyofa, romelnic klasikuri ritorikis sami stilis Teoriis ana-logs qmnis: daxvewili wera _ maRali stili, neitraluri _ saSualo stili, salaparako _ dabali stili.

`werilobis nulovani xarisxis~ saerTo mizandasaxulebis miuxedavad r. bartma gaacocxla stilis ritorikuli gageba.

Jerar Jenets miaCnia, rom stili garkveulwilad gansaz-Rvravs literaturulobis minimalur dones im Tvalsazri-siT, rom igi naklebadaa gamyarebuli sxva kriteriumebiT (fiqciuroba, poeturoba) da mTlianad aris damokidebuli mkiTxvelis Sefasebaze. stili udavod detalebSia, _ Tvlis Jeneti, _ amasTan, yvela detalis erTobliobasa da urTier-TkavSirSi. maSasadame, `stilis faqti~ sxva araferia, Tu ara diskursi (Jeneti 1998).

antuan kompanionma wignSi `Teoriis demoni~, romelic 1998 wels gamoqveynda, stilis sakiTxs sagangebo Tavi miuZR-vna. misi debulebebi stilis Sesaxeb metad mniSvnelovania sakiTxis istoriisaTvis, rogorc stilTan dakavSirebuli vrceli masalis kritikuli gadaazreba da Sefaseba. kompani-onis Tanaxmad yovelTvis, rodesac stils literaturuli peizaJidan gaqroba emuqreboda, igi gardauvlad isev aRor-Zindeboda xolme. amis dasturad mecniers mohyavs sami Za-lian mniSvnelovani magaliTi: r. bartis `werilobis nulova-ni xarisxi~ (1953), romelzedac zemoT iyo saubari, m. rifate-ris `stilis analizis kriteriumebi~ (1960) da n. gudmenis `stilis statusi~ (1975).

kompanioni miuTiTebs, rom stili araerTmniSvnelovani cnebaa; imis nacvlad, rom gzadagza Tavisi Zveli mniSvnelo-bebi CamoeSorebina da axali SeeZina, es cneba maT krebda da dRes misTvis yvela erTnairad aris misaRebi: rodesac stil-ze vsaubrobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs misi yvela mniSvneloba erTad an cal-calke: norma, mokazmva, gadaxra, saxeoba/tipi, simptomi da kultura.

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stilis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mecnierTa mosazrebebis gan-xilvis Sedegad, kompanioni askvnis, rom pirvel planze gamo-dis stilis sami aspeqti, romlebmac warmatebiT gauZles maTze ganxorcielebul Teoriul `Setevebs~. es aspeqtebia:

_ stili warmoadgens met-naklebad myari Sinaarsis for-malur variacias;

_ stili warmoadgens nawarmoebis damaxasiaTebel Tvise-bebTa erTobliobas, romelic saSualebas iZleva davadgi-noT da amovicnoT (ufro intuiciiT, vidre analitikurad) misi avtori;

_ stili, aris arCevani `weris~ ramdenime saxeobas Soris. amrigad, literaturuli stili, rogorc Sinaarsisa da

formis mTlianoba, formis Sinaarsobrioba, uaRresad indi-vidualuri, magram, amave dros, istoriuli cnebaa.

stili literaturuli nawarmoebis specifikuri arsis _ Taviseburebis _ gamovlenis istoriuli formaa; stili aris mxatvruli formis yvela elementis esTetikuri mTlianoba, romelsac aqvs garkveuli originaloba da garkveul Sina-arssac gamoxatavs.


arive 1969: Arrivé M. Postulats pour la description linguistique des texts littéraires. Langue française, № 3. 1969.

bali 1905: Bally Ch. Précis de stilistique, Genéve, Eggimann: 1905. bali 1951: Bally Ch.Traité de stilistique française. Paris: 1951. barti 1987: Барт Р. Нулевая степень письма. // “Семиотика“, М.: 1987. benvenisti 1958: Benveniste E. Catégories de pensée et categories de langue. 1966. benvenisti 1966: Benveniste E. Problèms de lingusitique générale. Paris.

Gallimard: 1966. borevi 1982: Борев Ю. Б. Художественный стиль, метод, направление. //

Теория литературных стилей: Современные аспекты изучения. М.: 1982. gudmeni 1990: Goodman N. Le statut du style. Esthétique et Connaissance. Ed de

l’ Eclat: 1990. rusuli Targmani: Гудмен Н. Статус стиля //Способы создания миров. М.: "Идея-пресс" - "Праксис": 2001.

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elsbergi 1982: Я. Е. Эльсберг. Индивидуальные стили и вопросы их историко-теоретического изучения. // Теория литературных стилнй. Совре-менные аспекты изучения. «Наука», М.: 1982.

esini 1999: Есин А. Б. Стиль // Введение в литературоведение. Литера-турное произведение: основные понятия и термины. “Высшая школа”. М.: 1999.

zenkini 2000: Зенкин, С. Н. Введение в литературоведение, теория лите-ратуры, М.: 2000.

iakobsoni 1962: Jakobson R. et Lévi-Strauss C. “Les Chats” de Charles Baudelaire. 1962

kekeliZe 1951: kekeliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. I, Tb.: stalinis sax. Tsu gamomcemloba, 1951.

kiknaZe 1957: kiknaZe gr. metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi. Tb.: sta-linis sax. Tsu gamomcemloba. 1957.

kompanioni 2001: Компаньон, А., Демон теории. Литература и здравый смысл. М., 2001.

kuznecova 1976: Кузнецова, Т. И., Стрельникова, И. П., Ораторское искусство в Древнем Риме. М.: “Наука”, 1976. μ jgufi: Дюбуа и др. [Группа "мю"]. Общая риторика. пер. с француз-

ского. М.: Прогресс, 1986. palievski: Палиевский П. В. Постановка проблемы стиля. // Теория

литературных стилнй. Современные аспекты изучения. М.: «Наука», 1982. Jeneti 1991: Genette G. Fiction et diction. Paris. Seuil: 1991. rusuli Tar-

gmani: Женетт Ж., "Вымысел и слог"// "Фигуры: Работы по поэтике". 1998. Jeneti 1998: Женетт Ж, Стиль и значение: Stilus et Significatio. _ Фигуры. В

2-х томах. М.: Изд.-во им. Собашниковых, 1998. rifateri 1959: Riffatere M. Critères pour l’analyse du style. 1960. Criteria for

Style Analysis // Word, 15, 1959. rifateri 1971: Riffatere M. Essais de stylistique structural. Paris: Flammarion:

1971. sokolovi 1970: Соколов А. Н. Теория стиля. М.: 1970. starobinski 1964: Staroinski J. Psychoanalyze et connaissence littéraire. 1964. starobinski 1970: Staroinski J. La relation critique. Paris: Gallimard: 1970. Spiceri 1940: Spitzer L. Art du langage et stilistique. 1948. Spiceri 1970: Spitzer L. Etudes de style. Paris: Gallimard: 1970. CiCerini 1977: Чичерин А. Очерки по истории русского литературного

стиля. «Художественная литература». М.: 1977.

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Tamar barbaqaZe

leqswyobis sistemebi leqsis Teoriis umTavresi sakiTxia ama Tu im eris leqsis

bunebis Taviseburebis garkveva, rac aucileblad iTxovs mis mikuTvnebas leqswyobis romelime, tradiciulad cnobili, sistemisadmi.

leqswyobis yoveli sistema eyrdnoba enis fonologiur saSualebebs, romelTa safuZvelzec, leqsis warmoTqmisas, gaTvaliswinebulia enis realuri xmovani saSualebebi: mar-cvlebi da maxvilebi _ axal enebSi, xolo xmovanTa sigrZe-simokle _ Zvel enebSi. leqsSi sityva ritms emorCileba, romlis ganxorcielebas enis fonetikuri Tvisebebi gansazRvravs.

tradiciulad, saskolo metrikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi miTiTebulia, rom leqswyobis sistemebi iyofa: kvantitatur (berZnul-laTinur-romaul) da kvalitatur (axali enebis) saxeobebad.

kvantitaturi leqswyobis safuZvelia grZeli (_) da

mokle (∪) marcvlebis monacvleobis kanonzomierebaze age-buli sistema, ris gamoc mas metruli (`metron~ = zomas, sazoms) ewodeba. `kvantitaturi (raodenobrivi), anu metru-li leqswyobis sistemebSi Semavali leqsis ritms gansaz-Rvravs xmovanTa sigrZe-simokle, maTi raodenoba saleqso taepSi~ (Jirmunski 1925: 22). berZnulsa da laTinur enebSi ritmi musikaluri bunebisa iyo, amitom antikuri leqswyobis buneba ganpirobebuli iyo grZeli da mokle marcvlebis kan-onzomieri TanmimdevrobiT, maTi odenobiT (kvantitatiT).

kvalitaturi (Tvisebrivi) leqswyobis sistemebis (sila-buri, silabur-tonuri da tonuri) ritmi eyrdnoba xmovanTa, anu marcvalTa Tvisebriobas (silaburi), an _ maT maxvili-anobasa da umaxvilobas (silabur-tonuri, tonuri). kvalita-turi leqswyobis sistemebis ritmi, kvantitaturisagan gan-sxvavebiT, musikaluri ki ara, metyvelebiTi xasiaTisaa.

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silaburi leqswyoba moiTxovs yvela marcvlis Tanabari simkveTriT warmoTqmas, xolo tonuri _ yvela marcvlis erTnairi ZaliT gaJRerebas; silabur-tonur sistemaSi ki kanonzomierad meordeba marcvlebi da maxvilebi. erovnuli leqswyobis sistema SeiZleba icvlebodes. ase, magaliTad: rusuli xalxuri leqsi tonuri iyo, adreuli rusuli lite-raturuli leqsi _ silaburi, Semdeg _ silabur-tonuri, Zvel germanulSi _ gavrcelebuli iyo tonuri, xolo axali drois germanul leqsSi _ silabur-tonuri.

sityva `riTma~ enaTesaveba `ritms~ (rhyme, rime, Reim, rym): Sua saukuneebis axali saxis leqsebis ZiriTadi niSnebi iyo, rogorc marcvalTa odenoba, ise _ daboloebis keTilxmo-vaneba, amitomac marcvalTa (xmovanTa) raodenobis dasaxe-leba _ ritmi, advilad gadadioda boloebis Sewyobaze _ riTmaze.

rogorc aRvniSneT, cnobilia leqswyobis oTxi sistema:

metruli, silaburi, silabur-tonuri da tonuri.∗

metruli leqswyoba

metruli leqswyoba, anu berZnuli da laTinuri kvantita-turi metrika Camoyalibda mcire aziaSi, egeosis sanapiroze, samxreT ioniaSi, Cv. w.aR-mde 1000-dan 750 wlebamde; laTinur enaSi ki Cv.w.aR-mde 240-dan 180 w.w. gadavida. es aris romauli kulturis sruli elinizaciis periodi. laTinur enaSi ber-Znuli metrika Seejaxa da sruliad gaaZeva adreuli xalxuri saleqso forma _ e.w. saturnuli leqsi (uZvelesi òqros

saukunis~ RmerTis saxelis mixedviT uwodebdnen amgvarad)∗∗.

∗ mecnierebi ar gamoricxaven Teoriul SesaZleblobas, rom `romelime konkretuli sistema ar Tavsdeba arcerT tipologiur jgufSi, an Tavsdeba imdenad pirobiTad, rom am jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi aprioru-lad mas ar SeiZleba mieyenos~ (silagaZe 2008: 90). ∗∗ mxolod 120 striqonia dRemde SemorCenili am uZvelesi saleqso formisa, romelic Zalian axlos dgas keltur, Zvelirlandiur leqsTan. rogorc fiqroben, Zveli saturnuli leqsi, SesaZloa, 2 naxevartaepisagan Sedgebo-da: 7-marcvliani da 6-marcvliani (4+3; 3+3: (4+3); (3+3)).

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adreul romSi, saturnuli leqsis garda, gamoiyeneboda kidev ori saxis leqsi: arvaliuri da saliuri himnebis Se-darebiT mokle arqauli leqsi. cnobilia, agreTve, sakmaod grZeli `kvadratuli leqsi~ (8+7), romelic, savaraudod, sa-erToindoevropuli 8-marcvledis gaormagebiT aris miRebu-li. JReradobiT igi emTxveoda berZnul troqeul tetrametrs.

termini `kvantitaturi~ laTinuria _ quantitas (`raode-noba~); igulisxmeba im drois raodenoba, xangrZlivoba, rac sWirdeboda grZeli an mokle marcvlis warmoTqmas (aqve SemoiRes principi: `grZeli udris or mokles~. frangebi mas

uwodeben: `mannaie de longue~). metrul leqsSi ritmis erTeuli, romelic uSualod,

smeniT iyo aRsaqmeli, iyo mTeli striqoni, taepi, an, ukidu-res SemTxvevaSi, naxevartaepi. metrul leqswyobaSi pirve-lad Cndeba terfi _ Zlieri da susti adgilebis SeTanxmeba, romelic mTel leqsSi regularulad meordeba. terfad miiCneoda grZeli da mokle marcvlebis yvela saxis SeTan-xmeba. terfis moculoba izomeboda xangrZlivobis erTe-ulebiT: rogorc indur leqsSi erTi mokle marcvlis JRe-radobas ewodeba `matra~ (zoma), aseve, antikurSi man miiRo saxelwodeba `mora~ (laTinurad: `Seyovneba~), an `qronos protosi~ (berZnulad: `pirveladi dro~). grZeli xmovani, an marcvali udrida or mokle xmovans, e. i. Sedgeboda ori qronos protosis, anu ori morasagan. sazomebis grafikul sqemebSi grZeli xmovani gamoixateboda xaziT `_~, mokle

xmovani ki _ naxevarrkaliT `∪~. metrul leqsSi SesaZlebe-li iyo grZeli xmovnis Secvla ori mokle xmovniT da _

piriqiT: ∪∪ (ori mokle xmovani, anu ori mora) udris _ (erT

grZel xmovans), anu _ = ∪∪. berZnuli leqsis zogierT sa-zomSi grZeli xmovnebi iSviaTad samsa da oTx morasac Se-icavdnen, maSasadame, maTi warmoTqmisaTvis unda daxarju-liyo sami an oTxi xmovnisaTvis saWiro Zala.

grZeli da mokle marcvlebis monacvleoba leqss musika-lobas aniWebs: simRerisas, Cveulebriv, zog xmovans vrclad

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warmovTqvamT, zogs _ mokled. antikuri leqsi adre imRere-boda, mere ki reCitativiT warmoiTqmoda. misi mTavari erTe-uli iyo taepi, xolo metruli leqswyobis safuZveli _ izo-qronizmi, grZeli da mokle xmovnebis drois Tanabar monak-veTebSi gamoTqma.

metrul leqswyobaSi, rogorc vTqviT, ramdenime mora qmnida terfs (berZnulad `pus~, laTinurad `pes~), romelic musikaluri taqtis analogiuri erTeuli iyo. grZeli da mokle xmovnebis Sexameba, anu terfi kanonzomierad meor-deboda saleqso striqonSi, taepSi (`stixos~), romelic ram-denime terfs Seicavda. terfi iyo idealuri elementi met-risa, sazomisa (gawerelia 1981: 12).

metrul leqswyobaSi terfebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvav-deba grZeli da mokle xmovnebis raodenobisa da taepSi maTi adgilmdebareobis mixedviT. fiqsirdeba kvantitaturi anu metruli (berZnuli da laTinuri) leqswyobis, daaxloebiT, ocdaaTamde terfi:

ormarcvliani terfebi: 1. piriqi: ∪∪; 2. qore anu troqe:

_ ∪; 3. iambi: ∪ _; 4. sponde: _ _.

sammarcvliani terfebi: 5. daqtili: _ ∪∪; 6. amfibraqi:

∪_∪; 7. anapesti ∪∪ _; 8. tribraqi ∪∪∪; 9. amfimakri (kre-

tiki) _∪_; 10. baqxi ∪ _ _; 11. antibaqxi nu palimbaqxi _ _

∪; 12. molosi (trimakri) _ _ ;

oTxmarcvliani terfebi: 13. qoriambi _ ∪∪ _; 14. antis-

pasti ∪ _ _ ∪; 15. mcire anu aRmavali ioniki ∪∪_ _; 16. di-

di anu daRmavali ioniki _ _ ∪∪; 17. pirveli peoni _ ∪∪∪;

18. meore peoni ∪ _ ∪∪; 19. mesame peoni ∪∪ _ ∪; 20. meoTxe

peoni ∪∪∪ _; 21. epitriti pirveli ∪ _ _ ∪; 22. epitriti

meore _ ∪ _ _; 23. epitriti mesame _ _ ∪ _; 24. epitriti

meoTxe _ _ _ ∪; 25. dipiriqi (prokeleksmatki) ∪∪∪∪; 26.di-

qore anu ditroqe _ ∪ _ ∪; 27. disponde _ _ _ _ ; 28.di-

iambi ∪ _ ∪ _.

xuTmarcvliani terfi: doxmi ∪ _ _ ∪ _.

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rogorc aRniSnaven, terfebis amgvari klasifikacia met-ruli leqswyobis bunebas zustad ver gamoxatavs. igi ufro Tanamedrove leqswyobas Seefereba. saqme is aris, rom met-rul leqswyobaSi erTmaneTis Tanatolia ara marcvalTa, aramed moraTa Tanabari raodenobis Semcveli terfebi, àmi-tom ufro bunebrivia terfebis morebad dayofa. magaliTad, piriqi, romelic or mokle marcvals Seicavs, zomiT orjer pataraa spondeze, romelic or grZel marcvals Seicavs da, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba Seicvalos sammarcvliani terfiT _ daqtiliT, anda antibaqxiT~ (xinTibiZe 1995: 275).

aRsaniSnavia, rom sityva iambis etimologia sadavoa: iam-bikuri poezia Tavidan leqsis formiT dacinvas, gakilvas, uwmawurobas, uzrdelobas gamoxatavda. TandaTanobiT iam-buri trimetris gamoyenebiT Seqmnili nawarmoebebis wre farTovdeba da igi dramis sadialogo partiebis kanonikur saleqso sazomadac ki iqceva. r. gordeziani aRniSnavs, rom Zv. w. a. II saukuneSi specialuri Txzulebac ki Seqmnila: ìam-bikos poetTa Sesaxeb~. axal evropul literaturaSi XIX s. dasawyisSi frangi ogiust barabie wers satirul wigns: ìam-bebi~. cnobilia a. blokis ìambebi~ _ filosofiur-politi-kuri lirikis cikli. iamburi sazomis imitaciis tendencia yvelaze metad Tavs iCens antikuri poeziis Targmnis pro-cesSi (gordeziani 2002: 174); `qore~ niSnavs `sacekvaos~, `troqeuli~ _ sarbens, `daqtili~ _ `TiTs~, albaT, imis gamo, rom xelisgulidan TiTis pirveli saxsari grZelia, Semdegi ori ki _ mokle; ànapesti~ _ `sawinaaRmdegod arek-lils~ niSnavs, anu daqtilis Sebrunebaa, `sponde~ _ `zeda-

Ses Sewirvisas gamosayenebeli~∗. antikuri leqsis TeoretikosTa Soris bevri saubrobda

nebismieri xangrZlivobis terfebis nebismieri saxiT SesaZ-

∗ mokle terfebi, Cveulebisamebr, iTvleboda ara terfebad, aramed orter-fad _ `dipodiiT~; amitomac, magaliTad, `daqtiluri heqsametri~ (6) _ es aris eqvsi daqtiluri terfisagan Semdgari leqsi, magram `troqeuli tet-rametri~ (4) aris oTxi troqeuli dipodisagan, anu 8 terfisagan Sedgenili leqsi. ìamburi trimetric~ (3) _ Sedgeba sami dipodisagan, anu 6 terfisa-gan, ìamburi dimetri~ (2) _ 2 dipodia, ese igi _ 4 terfi.

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lo Secvlis Taobaze. am mosazrebis mxardamWerebs uwodeb-dnen ritmistebs anu `muzistebs~, radgan isini leqss warmo-adgendnen musikalur nimuSad, rogorc notebis mwkrivs. maTi oponentebi metristebi iyvnen, romlebic leqss ufro empiriulad aRiqvamdnen _ maTi azriT, esa Tu is leqsi aucileblad Sedgeba ama Tu im terfebisagan, ama Tu im Tan-mimdevrobiT; Tu ratom maincdamainc ase, _ es ucnobia da umniSvnelo. mixeil gasparovis azriT, amgvari uTanxmoebisa da dapirispirebis mizezi is gaxldaT, rom antikur poeziaSi arsebobda leqswyobis ori sistema, ori principi: silabur-metruli da wminda-metruli. `muzistebis~ (`ritmistebis~) Teoria ukeT xsnida wminda-metruls, xolo `metristebi~ asabuTebdnen _ silabur-metruls, anu eoliurs. muzistebi, TanabarxangrZlivobis Teoriis meSveobiT, kargad xsnidnen, rom daqtilur heqsametrSi 4-moriani daqtili, SesaZlo iyo, Secvliliyo 4-moriani spondeTi, magram CixSi eqceodnen, rodesac iambur trimetrSi 3-moriani iambi icvleboda 4-mo-riani spondeTi (gasparovi 2003: 59).

antikuri leqsis Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi agrZeleben metristebis gakvalul gzas, Tumca ar azviadeben musikalu-ri momentebis TanabarxangrZlivobis rols saleqso taepSi. XIX s. mkvlevarebi ki, romlebic romantikuli warmosaxvis upiratesobis SegrZnebiT, xelovnebis dargTa Soris musikas umaRles safexurze ayenebdnen, upirveles adgils aniWeb-dnen xalxuri poeziis musikalurobas da antikur leqss `mu-zistebis~ msgavsad ganixilavdnen: antikur leqss notebiT _ meoTxedebiTa da mervedebiT _ gamosaxavdnen, imeorebdnen zerTul Teoriebs iracionaluri spondeebisa da sxva ter-febis Taobaze. sxvaTa Soris, es Teoriebi dResac popularu-lia specialur literaturaSi. m. gasparovis azriT, ar unda daviviwyoT kritikuli midgoma _ aSkarad ufro nayofieria leqsis ara musikaluri, aramed lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT kvleva.

metrul leqswyobaSi arsebobda maxvili, Tumca igi mTl-ianad eqvemdebareboda taepis saerTo ritmul-melodiur

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wyobas; maxvili ecemoda terfis pirvel grZel marcvals (/∪,

/∪∪ da a.S.), xolo sadac grZeli marcvali ar iyo, iq _ mok-lesac; maxvili metrul leqswyobaSi taepis maorganizebel funqcias ver asrulebda, radgan iq ZiriTadi musikaluri aqcenti marcvalTa sigrZe-simokleze iyo gadatanili.

unda aRiniSnos, rom grZeli da mokle xmovnebis kanon-zomier Tanmimdevrobas emyareba, agreTve, arabuli da spar-suli leqswyoba da, nawilobriv, rusuli xalxuri leqsi.

metrul leqswyobaSi taepi dayofili iyo cezurebiT. cezura modioda taepSi erTxel, an orjer terfTa garkve-uli raodenobis Semdeg. taepis SigniT zogjer terfisa da sityvis sazRvrebi ar eTanxmeboda erTmaneTs da terfi xleC-da sityvas. taepis bolos aseTi SeuTanxmebloba dauSvebeli iyo: winacezuruli naxevartaepis boloSi Zlieri adgili ukanasknel marcvals moudis, amitomac arasdros daemTxveva bolo winacezuruli sityvis maxvils. romaeli poetebi am kanonzomierebas grZnobdnen da gangeb arCevdnen leqsisaT-vis sityvaTgamyofebis iseT ganlagebas, raTa xazi gaesvaT enobrivi da leqsis bolos metruli maxvilebis Tanxvedri-saTvis, xolo winacezuruli naxevartaepis boloSi _ acde-nisaTvis. metrul leqswyobaSi cezuris gamoyeneba sifrTxi-les moiTxovda, raTa igi smenas SecdomiT ar mieRo stri-qonis dasasrulad. TviTon sityva `cezura~ (laT. `gaWra~) miuTiTebda, rom is sityvagamyofia, terfis gamanawilebeli. amaSia swored sxvaoba antikuri, kvantitaturi leqsis cezu-rasa da im cezuras Soris, rasac dRes uwodeben mas.

antikur xanSi mkiTxvelebi leqsebs ise kiTxulobdnen, rom maxvili, enobrivi ritmis mixedviT, bunebrivad unda dasmuliyo, magram smeniT mas ki ar misdevdnen, aramed am dros ritmiT warmoSobil sigrZe-simokles; roca laTinur enaSi sigrZe-simokle smeniT aRar aRiqmeboda, maSin maxvilis ritmma gadainacvla pirvel adgilze. Suasaukuneebis, aRor-Zinebis, klasicizmis periodis mkiTxvelebi agrZelebdnen ki-Txvas enaSi arsebuli maxvilebis mixedviT, xolo sigrZe-si-moklis ritms, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, warmosaxvis moSveli-

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ebiT avsebdnen. laTinur leqsebs dResac amgvarad kiTxulo-ben romanul qveynebSi. XVIII s. germaniaSi filologebma Se-imuSaves laTinuri leqsis deklamaciis sxva meTodika — met-rulad Zlieri sigrZis adgilas svamdnen xelovnur maxvils, xolo bunebrivi enobrivi maxvili iCrdileboda. germaniaSi xelovnuri kiTxvis aseTi praqtika gimnaziebSi damkvidrda disciplinad, antikuri metrikis ukeT aTvisebisaTvis.

klasikur antikur kvantitatur metrikaSi xuTi ZiriTadi saleqso sazomi iyo: sami mTavari da ori meorexarisxovani. mTavar sazomebad moiazreboda: daqtiluri heqsametri (6-marcvliani), troqeuli tetrametri (4-marcvliani) da iambu-ri trimetric (3-sazomiani); meorexarisxovnad, damxmareebad _ daqtiluri pentametri (5-marcvliani), heqsametris gamo-yenebisas, da iamburi dimetri (2-marcvledi) trimetris gamoyenebisas. daqtiluri heqsametri. ioniuri kvantitaturi sazomebidan, savaraudod, is uZvelesi iyo. am sazomiTaa dawerili ìlida~ da òdisea~. es poemebi, rogorc cnobilia, Seiqmna Cv. w.aR.-mde IX-VIII s.s. da maTSi heqsametri srulyofilad aris Camo-yalibebuli. amis Semdeg heqsametri antikur leqswyobaSi mkvidrdeba, rogorc eposis sazomi, xolo Semdeg gadadis Sualedur JanrSi _ bukolikurSi. daqtiluri heqsametriT aris dawerili vergiliusis èneida~, ovidiusis `metafor-fozebi~ da sxv. heqsametrma gavlena moaxdina evropuli leq-swyobis Camoyalibebazec (martin opicis reforma, goeTes `herman da doroTea~ da sxv.).

heqsametri eqvsi terfisagan Sedgenili taepia (`heqsa~ eqvss niSnavs), romlis pirveli _ xuTi terfi warmoadgens daqtils, xolo ukanaskneli _ qores, amitom uwodeben mas

daqtilur heqsametrs, romlis sqema aseTia: _ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _

∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪. heqsametrSi daqtilebi SeiZleba Seicva-los spondeebiT. daqtilebis spondeebiT Secvla SesaZlebe-lia yvela terfSi (mexuTe terfSi ufro iSviaTad) da yvela maTganSi _ erTdroulad. am dros heqsametris taepSi 17

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marcvali SeiZleba Semcirdes 13 marcvlamde; meeqvse terfi _ qore _ SeiZleba sponded gadakeTdes, radgan antikur leqsSi taepis ukanaskneli marcvali SeiZleba grZelic iyos da moklec.

cezuras heqsametrSi ar aqvs miCenili erTi mudmivi adgi-li. igi, Cveulebrivad, aris mesame terfis grZeli marcvlis Semdeg. zogjer cezura SeiZleba iyos mesame terfis pirveli mokle marcvlis Semdeg. heqsametrSi cezura ar kveTs sity-vas. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca terfisa da sityvis saz-Rvrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, xdeba terfis gakveTa sityvis dauzianeblad.

cezuris saxeobebi:

panTemimerisi _ igi striqons yofda ori daqtilisa da mesame terfis grZeli marcvlis Semdeg:

_ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ / ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪ hefTemimerisi _ sami daqtilisa da meoTxe terfis

grZeli marcvlis Semdeg:

_ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ / ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪ troqeuli cezura _ mesame terfis mokle marcvlis

Semdeg:

_ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪ / ∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪ dieresisi _ meoTxe terfis Semdeg:

_ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ / _ ∪∪ _ ∪

rogorc vxedavT, mxolod dieresisi aclis terfs dasru-lebas, cezuraTa danarCeni saxeebi terfs xleCen.

aSkaraa, rom cezuris adgili taepis SuaSia, magram ara zustad SuagulSi, mesame terfis Semdeg: am SemTxvevaSi taepi or samterfian daqtilad gaiyofoda. cezura mesame terfs Wris _ grZeli, anac pirveli mokle marcvlis Semdeg. pir-vels vaJur cezuras uwodeben, xolo meores _ qalur cezu-ras. vaJuri cezura ori naxevartaepis SedarebiT Zlier kon-trasts iZleva, qaluri cezura ki _ SedarebiT susts. berZe-ni poetebi upiratesobas rbil, qalur cezuras aniWebdnen,

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laTinur poeziaSi ki ufro mkveTri, mamakacuri cezura fasobda.

daqtiluri pentametri. es sazomi daqtiluri heqsametris-gan sawyisi naxevartaepis gaormagebis gziT miiReboda. na-xevartaepis moculoba, romelic pentametrSi meordeba, or-naxevari 4-moriani terfia; Sesabamisad, ori naxevartaepis moculoba iqneba xuTi terfi: saxelic aqedan gamomdinare-obs `pentametri~ _ `xuTzomiani~, Tumca aq `zomis~ qveS mxo-lod terfis kvantitaturi xangrZlivoba igulisxmeba. daq-tiluri terfis ori mokle marcvlis erTi grZeli marcvliT Senacvleba pentametris striqonis mxolod pirvel nawilSia dasaSvebi.

heqsametrisa da pentametrisagan Sedgenili orstriqoni-ani `strofis~ sqema amgvaria:

_ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ / ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪

_ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ / _ ∪∪ _ ∪∪ _ ∪ am sazoms èlegiur distiqs~ uwodebdnen da antikur po-

eziaSi iseve popularuli iyo, rogorc heqsametri. rogorc vxedavT, elegiuri distiqi miRebulia ori sazo-

mis meqanikuri SeerTebiT, is warmoadgens strofs da ara ta-

eps∗. elegiuri distiqiT werdnen mokle leqsebs _ epigra-mebs, saSualo sigrZis leqsebs _ elegiebs, da did poemebsac, magram pentametri heqsametrisagan damoukideblad praqti-kulad ar ixmareboda. elegiuri distiqiT werdnen tirteosi da antikuri xanis sxva elegikosi poetebi. am sazoms mimar-Tavs evripide Tavisi tragediis àndromaqes~ erT-erT sim-ReraSi. sagulisxmoa, rom `ruseTSi mTeli epoqa Seqmna gne-diCis mier ìliadas~ Targmanze ocwliani muSaobis (1809-1829 w.w.) dasrulebam. puSkini am movlenas elegiuri disti-qiT gamoexmaura 1830 wels~ (gordeziani 2002: 131).

∗ sxvadasxvagvari terfebisagan Sedgenil taepTa aseTi kombinaciebi saer-Tod iyo damaxasiaTebeli antikuri leqsisaTvis. es ortaepedebi `strofe-bad~ arc iwodeboda, aramed _ èpodad~, `misamRerad~: grZeli taepi simRe-ris wamowyebasaviT JRerda, xolo mokle, TiTqos bans aZlevda, misamReriviT.

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èlegiuri distiqis~ garda, yvelaze xSirad mimarTavdnen iamburi trimetrisa da iamburi dimetris SeerTebas. IV s. ambrosi milanelma saeklesio himnebi dawera dimetriT. kla-sikur xanaSi ki iamburi dimetri meorexarisxovani sazomi iyo. elegiuri distiqiT werdnen mokle leqsebs _ epigra-mebs, saSualo sigrZis leqsebs _ elegiebs da did poemebsac, magram antikur poeziaSi pentametri, heqsametris gareSe, TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba.

sagulisxmoa, rom daqtiluri heqsametri erT-erTi uZve-lesi sazomia qarTuli leqsisaTvisac. qarTvelma mecnierma panteleimon beraZem gamoTqva mosazreba daqtiluri heqsa-metrisa da qarTuli Teqvsmetmarcvliani Sairis naTesaobis

Taobaze∗. miuTiTeben xevsuruli da svanuri xalxuri simRe-rebis erT nawilze, romelic eqvsi daqtiluri terfisagan aris Sedgenili. nimuSad moixmoben qarTuli leqsis iseT gavrcelebul sazoms, rogoricaa Teqvsmetmarcvliani daba-li Sairi (53/53). Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi homerosis poemebs swored am sazomiT Targmnidnen.

Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi (àxali aRTqmis wig-nebSi~, `prokopis martvilobaSi~, areopagitikuli traqta-tis sqolionis Targmansa da èlinTa zRaprebSi~) dRemde mignebulia antikuri epoqis Txzulebebidan momdinare xuTi heqsametruli karedis Targmani, romlebic aRmoaCines: p. in-goroyvam, s. yauxCiSvilma da a. uruSaZem. miuTiTeben, rom qarTul Targmnil literaturaSi uZvelesi nimuSi homero-sis ìliadadan~ daculia VII s. ZeglSi: evsevi kesarielis `wamebaÁ wmidisa prokopisa~:

∗ p. beraZem mTibluris (9 marcvliani (5/4) qarTuli leqsis sazomi) ritmi erT-erT safuZvlad daudo Tavis Teorias berZnuli daqtiluri heqsamet-ris qarTuli sawyisis Sesaxeb (beraZe 1969: 51-68). es azri, mogvianebiT, saeW-vod miiCnia a. xinTibiZem (xinTibiZe 2000: 38). p. beraZis naSromSi `Zveli ber-Znuli da qarTuli leqswyobis sakiTxebi~ Seswavlilia uZvelesi qarTuli leqsis, qarTuli xalxuri musikisa da cekvis ritmis sakiTxebi da naCvenebia, rom qarTuli simReris, cekvisa da leqsis ZiriTadi ritmi daqtiluria. av-toris mtkicebiT, uZveles qarTul leqss axasiaTebda eqvsterfianoba, rac gamoixata CvenSi Sairis saxiT. daskvna p. beraZis Teoriisa aseTia: heqsamet-ri Seesatyviseba qarTul Sairs.

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ara keTil ars mraval-uflebaÁ, erT ufal iyavn da erT meufÀ (ingoroyva 1938: 52).

Targmani Sesrulebulia fistikauriT (55/55). meore nimuSic, citata homerosis ìliadadan~, aseve, fistikauriT aris gamarTuli:

amis visime dgomaÁ cxenisaÁ sasmenel iqmna bagaTa zeda (ingoroyva 1938: 52).

es citata daculia efrem mciris TxzulebaSi `Txrobani didisa basilisa epitafiasa Sina SemoRebulni~ (ingoroyva

1938: 52).∗ naTargmn karedebze dakvirveba gvarwmunebs, rom Zvel

qarTvel mTargmnelebs kargad hqondaT Segnebuli erTi enis leqswyobis pirdapiri gadmoRebis SeuZlebloba sxva siste-mis enis versifikaciuli sistemiT. isini grZnobdnen, rom berZnuli sazomebiT gamarTuli leqsi antikuri metriT ver gadmoicemoda, amitom Sesabamisi qarTuli sazomebis SerCeva iyo saWiro. àxali aRTqmisa~ da `prokopis martvilobis~ mTargmnelebma yvelaze adre da uTuod marjved SearCies daqtiluri heqsametris gadmosacemad ocmarcvliani qarTu-li sazomi _ fistikauri.

XIX s. miwuruls ìliadas~ qarTuli poeturi Targmanis Sesruleba scada mamia gurielma (m. fazelma). daqtiluri heqsametris gadmosacemad man aiRo Teqvsmetmarcvliani dabali Sairi (53/53) da 1890 wels gamoaqveyna poemis I simRera:

∗ sagulisxmoa, rom èfrem mcire aris leqswyobis pirveli Teoretikosi saqarTveloSi... sakiTxis SesaniSnavi codniT ganixilavs berZnuli da qar-Tuli leqsisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs, msjelobs klasikuri saleqswyo-bo formebis gamoyenebis sakiTxze versifikaciis klasikuri Teoriebis mi-xedviT, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo bizantiaSi... efrems Semoaqvs ritmuli punqtuacia, cezura da marcvalTraodenobisaTvis mokvecili terfi~. efrem mcires ekuTvnis gramatikisa da prosodiis sakiTxebis Teoriuli gaazrebis dawyebac da termin `leqsis~ ganmartebac, rogorc `Rrma wignuri sityvis~, `sityuaÁ marculedi~ _ saleqso striqonis mniSvnelobiT, `taepi~ anu `muÃledi~ _ poeturi striqonis aRsaniSnavad~ (bezaraSvili 2004: 154-155).

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mgosanTa RmerTo, Seamke, aqiles peleiani, mwyrali, vinc aqaelebsa aTasi misca ziani...

cxadia, aseTi sazomiTa da intonaciiT Sesrulebuli Tar-gmani sruliad Seuferebeli iyo ìliadasaTvis~.

berZnuli heqsametrisa da qarTuli Sairis, kerZod, `ve-fxistyaosnis~ taepis msgavsebis Teoria qarTul versifika-ciaSi àraxalia~: igi jer kidev 1884 wels wamoWra n. gulakma (`TviTeuli taepi eqvsterfiania eqvsi maxviliTurT~), xolo Semdeg, XX s. 10-ian wlebSi, es Teoria daicva qarTuli leqsis

TiTqmis ucnobma mkvlevarma Sio daviTaSvilma gaz. `Закав-казье~-Si gamoqveynebul vrcel werilSi `Грузинское стихосло-жение~ (daviTaSvili 1912: 2-3). Sio daviTaSvilis azriT, poema dawerilia `sufTa heqsametriT~. avtori miuTiTebs, agreT-ve, qarTulSi òrkeci~, anu grZeli xmovnebis arsebobis Taobaze (barbaqaZe 2011: 42).

yuradRebas ipyrobs gobron agarelis (gobron cicqiSvi-lis) mier heqsametris gadmocema Tvrametmarcvliani sazo-miT (33/36/31):

3 3 3 6 3 viT kvamli / daburavs / jer qalaqs / da miimarTeba / zecisken...

pirveli, vinc daqtiluri heqsametris gadmosacemad 14-marcvliani leqsi (5/4/5) gamoiyena, panteleimon beraZe iyo. am sazomiT p. beraZem mTeli òdisea~ Targmna.

daqtiluri heqsametris ritmis Sesatyvisi qarTuli sazo-mi, pirobiTad, SeiZleba 17-marcvliani striqoni aRmoCndes, efrem mcires terminiT rom vTqvaT: Cvidmetmarcvliani ìroikoÁ~. qarTul leqswyobaSi iSviaTia:

Sehyara / mxedrobas / seni Sem / musvreli, / wydeboda / xalxi... 3 3 3 3 3 2

s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, efrem mcire òrmuÃli iroikoÁs~ moimarjvebs berZnuli elegiuri distiqis aRsaniSnavad; ìroikoÁ~ berZnul metrikaSi garkveuli poetikuri termi-

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nia da aRniSnavs `sagmiro eposis sazoms~, e. i. daqtilur heqsametrs.

s. yauxCiSvilis daskvniT, efremis gamoTqma òrmuÃli iroikoÁ~ niSnavs sagmiro sazomiT gamarTul or strofs, e. i. oTx taeps (or heqsametrsa da or pentametrs~) (yauxCiSvili 1946: 75).

pirveli da sayuradRebo cda Cvidmetmarcvlovani kare-diT daqtiluri heqsametris gadmocemisa simon yauxCiSvils ekuTvnis. aseTi pirobiTi sazomi gamoiyena man Tavis `ber-Znuli literaturis istoriaSi~ ìliadasa~ da òdiseas~ Se-sabamisi adgilebis dasamowmeblad:

mimRere, RmerTqalo, risxva aqilevsis, pelevsis Zisa. 3 3 2 4 3 2

daqtiluri heqsametrisa da, saerTod, antikuri saleqso sazomebis gadmocemis srulyofisa da qarTul enasTan maTi Sexamebis saSualebaTa Zieba dResac grZeldeba: ètyoba, qar-Tulma leqsma, romlis safuZvelic regulirebuli silabiz-mia, vera da ver Seigua misTvis ucxo klasikuri metruli sazomebi~ (uruSaZe 1980: 54). a. uruSaZis azriT, mxatvruli proziT Targmnis gza yvelaze marTebuli unda iyos am mxriv.

garda daqtiluri heqsametrisa, Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi arsebobs tradicia iamburi trimetris gadmocemisa. rogorc akaki uruSaZe aRniSnavs, qarTuli leqsis silaburi bunebis gamo, kvantitaturi iamburi trimetrisa, qoliambisa da TviT bizantiuri xanis aqcentiani iambebis gadmocema originalis ritmis dacviT SeuZlebelia.

àxali aRTqmis~ berZnul redaqciebSi, heqsametruli da pentametruli karedebis garda, iamburi trimetriT gamar-Tuli sami karedic gvxvdeba:

I trimetri ioanes saxarebaSia, romlis qarTuli Targmani prozauli Cans: àra Tquen ityÂTa viTarmed: oTRa TTue ari-an da movals mkaÁ?~

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II trimetri aris `wminda mociqulis pavles pirvel epis-toleSi korinTelTa mimarT~: àra uwyiTa, rameTu mcireman comman yovelive Sesuaruli aRafuvnis?~

a. uruSaZe am Targmans, mciredi poeturi licenciis moSveliebiT, Teqvsmetmarcvlian maRal Sairad (44/44) warmogvidgens:

mcire comman / yovelive / Sesuaruli / aRafuvnis 4 4 4 4

III trimetric pavles pirvel epistoleSia: `gaxrwnian go-nebani tkbilni zraxvaTa borotTa~. iamburi trimetri qar-Tul TargmanSi ToTxmetmarcvlovani sazomiT aris gadmo-cemuli muxlTa ganawilebiT (3+2+3+3+3):

gaxrwnian / wesTa / keTilTa / zraxvani / borotni 3 2 3 3 3

sakiTxi, rasakvirvelia, Zalian mniSvnelovani da sayuradReboa.

silaburi leqswyoba

Cveni welTaRricxvis, daaxloebiT, III s. berZnulma da la-Tinurma enebma umniSvnelovanesi fonologiuri cvlilebani ganicades. daikarga grZeli da mokle marcvlebis gansxvaveba da dapirispireba, yvela marcvali smeniT erTnairad, kvan-titaturad, aRiqmeboda. antikuri sazomebis rTuli sistema, romelic swored am sxvaobas eyrdnoboda, smenisaTvis erT-gvarovani marcvlebis qaosad gadaiqca. saWiro Seiqna am qa-osis reorganizeba raime axali safuZvlis mixedviT; yvelaze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda xmovanTa Tvisebrioba anu kvalita-ti. kvalitatur leqswyobaSi ritmis safuZvels Seadgens xmovanTa SedarebiTi siZliere (ritms qmnis susti da Zlieri marcvlebis kanonzomieri Tanmimdevroba). silabur leqswyo-baSi TiToeuli marcvali calke terfis rols asrulebs, xolo leqsis mTavar ritmul erTeuls warmoadgens taepi,

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leqsi sasaubro metyvelebas uaxlovdeba da, reCitaciis nac-vlad, Tqmis princips emyareba. silaburi leqswyoba enis re-aluri erTeulebis _ xmovnebis _ bunebriv warmoTqmas emyareba.

Sinagani struqturis mxriv, silaburi leqsis taepSi auci-lebelia erTi savaldebulo cezura (taepis pauziT gayofa or nawilad, roca taepi, Cveulebriv, rva marcvals aRema-teba) da ori maxvili: erTi maxvili cezuris win, meore ki _ taepis bolos. es movlenebi, nawilobriv, axasiaTebs ukve III-IV s.s. bizantiur leqss (mag.: taepis daboloeba bolodan meore marcvalze maxvilis mqone sityviT, anu paroqsitona-cia), xolo VII-X s.s. bizantiur poeziaSi sabolood mkvid-rdeba silaburi leqsi ori aqcentiT _ cezuris win da taepis bolos. cezuris win pirvel an mesame marcvalze max-vils oqsitononi ewodeboda. Tormetmarcvlian leqsSi ce-zura mexuTe an meSvide marcvlis Semdeg aris da taepi paroq-sitoniani sityviT bolovdeba (yauxCiSvili 1949: 300-301).

ase rom, berZnul-laTinuri, antikuri kvantitaturi met-rikis nangrevebze aRmocenda Sua saukuneebis berZnul-la-Tinuri silaburoba: `rogorc odesRac antikuri metrika kristaldeboda indoevropuli silaburobidan, afiqsirebda gansazRvruli marcvlebis sigrZe-simoklis pozicias, ax-lac, dakarga ra marcvalma xangrZlivoba, metrika isev sila-burobas daubrunda. daiwyo samxreTevropuli leqsis gran-

diozuli resilabizacia~ (gasparovi 2003: 77).∗ marcvalTa grZliobis gauqmebis Sedegad, klasikuri met-

rika umalve ar gamqrala: igi ganagrZobda arsebobas, Tumc leqsi ukve ara smeniT, aramed zepirad, warmoTqmiT imarTe-boda. Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis periodSi antikuri metrikis zusti dacviT daiwera araerTi mSvenieri leqsi. es leqsebi, raodenobrivad, ufro meticaa, vidre Cvenamde Se-morCenili namdvili antikuri leqsebi. kvantitaturi leqs-

∗ mixeil gasparovis wignis `Очерк истории Европеиского стиха~ (M.: 2003) nawili qarTulad Targmna qeTevan enuqiZem.

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wyoba arsebobas inerciiT ganagrZobda, rac imas niSnavs, rom kulturuli tradiciebi da gavlena zogjer ufro Zlieria, vidre enis monacemebi. ukve IX saukuneSi gamoCnda pirveli laTinuri `metruli leqsikoni~ (milon sent-amandis), rome-lic skolis moswavleebs exmareboda kvantitaturi leqsebis wakiTxvasa da originaluris SeTxzvaSi. XIX saukuneSic ki aseTi saswavlo saxelmZRvaneloebi standartuli saTauriT

`Gradus ad Parnassum~ didi tiraJiT gamodioda; XIX saukunis dasawyisSi laTinuri leqsebis SeTxzva jer kidev Sedioda evropuli liceumebisa da kolejebis aucilebel programaSi.

saqme is aris, rom amgvari poezia mxolod mecnierTa um-ciresobis, an dainteresebuli pirebisaTvis unda yofiliyo saintereso, sazogadoebas ki misi smeniT aRqma aRar SeeZlo; xalxs namdvili poezia sWirdeboda, ris Sesaqmneladac gan-sakuTrebiT zrunavda axaldamkvidrebuli qristianuli ek-lesia, amitomac swored gviani antikurobisa da axali Sua saukuneebis qristianul poeziaSi, sadac iqmneboda himnebi morwmuneTaTvis, daibada silaburi leqswyoba. amis Taobaze cnobebs gvawvdis pirveli laTinuri silaburi himnis avtori avgustine. igi romaul afrikaSi eres donatistebs ebrZoda, romlebic TavianT Sexedulebebs leqsebiTa da simRerebiT icavdnen; swored maT winaaRmdeg SeTxza avgustinem `fsal-muni donatistebis winaaRmdeg~ (Cv. w.aR-iT 393 w.); am `fsal-munSi~ avtorma gangeb àr daicva leqswyobis aranairi for-ma, raTa ar dasWirveboda metris gamo xalxisaTvis ucxo si-tyvebis gamoyeneba~. avtorma aRniSna: àr vicav aranair sa-leqso formas~ da igulisxma: `metrul formas~ (gasparovi 2003: 83). Tumca mis `fsalmunSi~ saleqso forma aris da igi silaburia.

avgustines drosve gaCnda am axali saleqso formis aR-mniSvneli sityva: ritmuli. Zvel, antikur, kvantitatur leqsebs metrulebs uwodebdnen, axlebs ki _ ritmulebs. maria viqtorinas (daaxl. 353 w.), romelsac avgustine icnob-da, saxelmZRvaneloSi asea gansazRvruli: `metri _ es aris `leqsis mecniereba, romelic terfebSi marcvalTa cnobil

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urTierTobasa da xangrZlivobas icavs~, xolo ritmi _ `leqsis harmoniulad gamarTva metruli urTierTobis gare-Se, mxolod smeniT aRsaqmeli skandirebiT, iseve, rogorc ubralo xalxis SeTxzul simRerebSi~.

isini, visac Zalian eZneleboda Zvel, mkacr metrikasTan gamomSvidobeba, arafers iSurebdnen, raTa rogorme Seene-lebinaT grZeli da mokle marcvlebis danakargi; SemoiRes

saintereso Sualeduri sazomi, e. w. Scheineprosodie (`xangrZli-voba TvalisaTvis~). laTinuri leqsis mTxzvelebi leqsis weras xangrZlivobis wesebiT cdilobdnen, terfuli metri-kiT; Tumca grZel marcvlebad mxolod daxuruli marcvlebi iTvleboda, Ria marcvlebi ki Tavisufali iyo: sadac saWiro iyo, grZel marcvals mimarTavdnen, sadac ara _ mokles. aseTi `moCvenebiTi~ heqsametris magaliTad SeiZleba movix-moT komodianas poema `dadgenileba~ (Cv. w. aR.-iT V s.), Tumca laTinur poeziaSi am naxevarzomam fexi ver moikida, sakmaod bevri Tavisufali marcvali aRmoCnda; Sua saukuneebis ber-

Znul leqss ki kargad moergo∗. amrigad, bizantiaSi, IV da V saukuneTa mijnaze, poeziasa

da prozaSi erTmaneTs ebrZoda Zveli da axali, antikur-war-marTuli da qristianuli. VI saukunis II naxevarSi upirateso-ba moipova qristianulma mimarTulebam da am gziT daiwyo ganviTareba leqsmac.

poeziaSi gabatonda qristianul siuJetze agebuli, aqcen-tiani leqsi, Tavisi strofuli wyobiT, refreniTa (misamRe-ri) da akrostiqiT (kidurwerilobiT). igi Zireulad gan-sxvavdeboda antikuri poeziisagan da, rogorc ukve vTqviT, ewodeboda `ritmuli poezia~ (Tanamedrove terminiT: ànti-

∗ aq, furcelze, grafikulad SeiZleboda Ria marcvalSi nawilobriv gager-Cia grZeli da mokle, radgan grZeli O da mokle O, grZeli E da mokle E berZnul anbanSi sxvadasxva asoebi iyo, ase rom, Tavisufal asoebad rCebod-nen mxolod A, I da Y. amgvarad, bizantiur leqswyobaSi kvantitatur `met-rulsa~ (leqsebi mecnierTaTvis) da silabur `ritmuls~ (leqsebi aramec-nierTaTvis) Soris Cndeba kidev erTi, `moCvenebiTi metrika~, e. w. Scheinep-rosodie (leqsebi naxevrad swavlulTaTvis).

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kuri silabizmi~): SinaarsiT igi warmoadgenda xotba-Sesxmas, xolo formiT _ stroful sistemaze agebul aqcentian da silabur leqss, romelsac yoveli strofis Semdeg darTuli hqonda refreni da romlis striqonebis (strofebis) dasa-wyisi asoebi qmnidnen akrostiqs.

IV-V saukuneebi bizantiuri poeziis istoriisaTvis garda-maval xanad iTvleba. swored am periodSi leqsi formalu-rad misdevs antikur metrikas (daqtiluri heqsametri, iam-buri trimetri, tetrametri, ionikuri dimetri da sxv.), mag-ram arsebuli ritmulobisaTvis is SeimuSavebs enis bunebriv ganviTarebaze damyarebul kriteriumebs. leqsis ganviTare-bis es procesi damTavrebuli Cans VI s. I naxevrisaTvis. ker-Zod, igi gamoiyena romanoz tkbilmgalobelma (melodosma) Tavis himnebSi, sadac aRar Cans antikuri metrikis wesebi da ritmuloba emyareba bizantiur-berZnuli enis Tvisebebs (yauxCiSvili 1956: 149).

kvantitaturi leqswyobidan kvalitaturze gadasvlisas daqtilurma heqsametrma ver SeZlo silaburobaze gadawyo-ba, danarCeni sami sazomi (tetrametri, trimetri, dimetri) ki Seegua silaburobas: troqeuli tetrametri, Tavisi Cve-ulebrivi cezurebiT, gaxda silaburi 15-marcvledi (8+7); iamburi trimetri _ 12-marcvledi (5+7), iamburi dimetri _ 8-marcvledi (4+4). berZnul poeziaSi iamburi dimetrs ar iyenebdnen, amitomac igi bizantiur poeziaSic ar asrulebda mniSvnelovan rols; mis magivrad mimarTavdnen anakreontul leqss (8-marcvledi (6+2), qaluri daboloebiT, qoreuli ritmiT). ioane damaskelma anakreontuli leqsiT didi loc-va dawera. manve iamburi trimetriT gamarTa Tavisi `kanone-bi~ da taepi Tormetmarcvliani gaxda. ioane damaskelis iam-burma trimetrma Seqmna bizantiuri silaburi 12-marcvliani leqsi, kanonzomieri cezuriT me-5, an me-7 marcvalze. ioane damaskeli mxolod garegnulad icavda iambis Sesaferis we-sebs, Sinagani ritmuloba ki marcvalTa Tanazomierebas emya-reboda. amrigad, antikuri iamburi trimetridan (12 marcva-li). aRmocenda iambiko _ Tormetmarcvliani uriTmo leqsi,

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romelic aris, erTgvarad, gardamavali etapi metrulidan silabur leqswyobaze.

Sua saukuneebSive silaburad gardaqmnilma antikurma troqeulma tetrametrma mogvca 15-marcvliani leqsi (8+7). am sazomma bizantiaSi miiRo politikuri leqsis saxelwo-deba (anu `samoqalaqo~, `xelmisawvdomi~). daaxloebiT 1000 wlisaTvis es sazomi farTod gamoiyeneboda, popularuli gaxda masobrivad, misi meSveobiT Seiqmna digenisuri eposica da bizantiuri rainduli romanebic, mogvianebiT ki is darCa

axalberZnuli xalxuri simRerebis ZiriTad sazomad∗. metrul-kvantitaturi da ritmul-izosilaburi (Tana-

barmarcvliani) leqswyobis garda, Sua saukuneebSi aRmocen-da kidev erTi, leqswyobis mesame tipi, romelsac germaniaSi sekvencias (`Tanmimdevrobas~), safrangeTSi ki _ prozas uwodeben. esec silaburi leqswyoba iyo, magram ara izosila-buri, ara Tanabarmarcvliani: aq teqsti strofuli iyo, xo-lo strofebi Sedgeboda sxvadasxva sigrZis silaburi stri-qonebisagan, magram erTi da imave TanmimdevrobiT. vTqvaT: 8, 9, 9, 11, 13, 7 da isev: 8, 9, 9, 11, 13, 7 marcvlebisagan. amas-Tanave, yoveli strofis analogiur striqonebSi maxvili da sityvaTgamyofi cdiloben msgavsi saxiT ganTavsebas. es mog-vagonebda antikur qoreul strofebsa da antistrofebs, mxolod ara kvantitatur, aramed silabur (silaburtonu-robis elementiT) safuZvelze. am rTuli Tanmimdevrobis Tval-yuris devnebas xels uwyobda hangi, iseve, rogorc an-tikurobaSi: izosilaburi silabika, rogorc reCitatiuli leqsi, aseve, sasimReroc iyo; strofuli silabika _ mxolod

∗ riTma adreul politikur leqsSi ar iyo, mogvianebiT (XIII-XIV s.s.), rogorc Cans, dasavluri poeziis gavleniT, riTmac gamoCnda. laTinuri 15-marcvle-diT (8:7), ritmuli leqsis nimuSad xSirad asaxeleben venancia fortunatas (VI s. bolo) himns, romelic uriTmoa: `Pange, lingua, gloriosi~; xolo iakopone da todis (XIII s.) cnobili himni ormarcvliani riTmiT aris dawerili: dolorosa - lacrimosa, filius – gladius. himnis strofebs Soris xSirad imRereboda prozauli refrenebi, erT-erTi yvelaze ubralo da xSiri iyo ìserere, Domine, Miserere, Christe~ (ùfalo, Segviwyale, qriste, Segviwyale!~).

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sasimRero. igi saeklesio, liturgikul lirikaSi damuSavda (gasparovi 2003: 94).

silaburi leqsis ritmSi garkveul rols asrulebs maxvi-lic. taepSi, Cveulebrivad, ori maxvilia: erTi SuaSi, cezu-ris win, xolo meore _ taepis bolos. Tormetmarcvliani taepis orsave naxevarSi pirveli xuTi marcvali umaxviloa, xolo meeqvse _ maxviliani. maxviliani marcvlis Semdeg Se-iZleba kidev iyos erTi an ori umaxvilo xmovani, magram isini marcvlebs ver qmnian da leqsis zomaze gavlenas ver axdenen. silaburi leqswyoba gavrcelebulia iseT enebSi, romelTac maxvilis uZraoba axasiaTebT: frangulSi, espanurSi, polo-nurSi. magram TiToeul enaSi igi, mocemuli enis Tavisebu-rebis Sesabamisad, garkveuli saxesxvaobiT vlindeba. magali-Tad, frangul leqsSi maxvilebi, uSualod, cezuris winaa mo-

Tavsebuli (∪∪∪∪∪//∪∪∪∪∪∪∪). rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Sua saukuneebis laTinur poeziaSi

leqsis 3 tipi gamoiyeneboda: tradiciuli kvantitaturi `metrika~, axalganviTarebuli, Tanabarmarcvliani silabika _ `ritmika~ da salocavi wyvilstriqoniani silabika _ `sek-vencia~. aqedan, axali romanuli enebisaTvis yvelaze mniSvne-lovani iyo `ritmikis~ zegavlena.

silaburi leqswyobis yvelaze cnobili nimuSia aleqsan-driuli leqsi, romelic XII s. warmoiSva da sabolood ga-formda klasicizmis epoqaSi. aleqsandriuli leqsi Tormet-marcvliani taepebisagan Sedgeba, romelTac cezura SuaSi aqvT, xolo maxvilebi _ me-6 da me-12 marcvlebze. aleqsan-driuli leqsis sqema aseTia: 3+3/3+3; safrangeTidan aleq-sandriuli leqsi, zogierTi cvlilebiT, italiursa da po-lonur leqswyobaSi gavrcelda: polonurSi metruli maxvi-lebi gvxvdeba me-5 da me-11 marcvlebze, radgan am enaSi max-vili sityvas boloswina marcvalze moudis. frangulma aleqsandriulma leqsma romantikosebis poeziaSi saxe Seic-vala da igi sammuxlian leqsad iqca (4+4+4).

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silaburi leqswyobis sxva sazomebidan aRsaniSnavia aT-marcvliani leqsi cezuriT oTxi marcvlis Semdeg, agreTve, rvamarcvliani leqsi.

polonuri literaturidan silaburma leqswyobam SeaRwia rusul leqsSi da karga xans mniSvnelovan rolsac asruleb-da. am sistemiT werdnen trediakovski da kantemiri, romle-bic, ZiriTadad, 12-marcvliani taepiT sargeblodnen (cezu-ra da maxvili, ZiriTadad, me-7 marcvals moudioda). magram, silaburi leqswyoba, rusuli maxvilis Tavisufali, moZravi bunebis gamo, Seuferebeli iyo rusuli poeziisaTvis da, ra Tqma unda, uaryves.

rogorc miuTiTeben, qarTuli ena, maxvilis uZraobis gamo, xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis silaburi leqswyobisaTvis. ZvelqarTuli leqsi silaburi iyo (xinTibiZe 2000: 30).

qarTuli sasuliero poezia bizantiuri mwerlobis gavle-niT warmoiSva da ganviTarda. igi emyareba marcvalTa mxo-lod raodenobis princips da maxvilTa kanonzomier ganla-gebas saleqso taepSi angariSs ar uwevs. qarTul sagalobel-Ta formis kvleva, bizantiuri sasuliero himnebis Seswavlis SedegTa gauTvaliswineblad, SeuZlebelia. bizantiuri saga-loblebis kvlevis istoria CvenSi pirvelad simon yauxCiS-vilma mimoixila: ìyo dro, rodesac bizantiur himnebs pro-zaul nawarmoebebad Tvlidnen da maTSi SeniSnuli ar iyo saleqswyobo kanonebi~ (yauxCiSvili 1949: 384).

`saleqswyobo kanonebi~ sagaloblebSi, kerZod ki, maTi strofuli agebuleba, aqcentianoba da silaburoba, pirve-lad peterburgel mkvlevars konstantine ikonomoss SeuniS-navs. miuxedavad amisa, sagaloblebSi strofuli wyobis aR-moCena, maTSi irmosisa da troparis gamoyofa, oTxi aTeuli wlis Semdeg, 1867 wels, romSi dastambuli wignis avtoris Jan-baptist fransua pitras saxels daukavSirda. axaldaR-moCenili leqswyoba pitram ritmul poeziad monaTla da am saxeliT damkvidra silaburi leqswyobis es saxeoba samec-niero literaturaSi.

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qarTul sagaloblebSi `ritmuli poeziis~ kanonebi pavle ingoroyvam gamoavlina da mas `silaburi ukveTeli leqsi~ uwoda (ingoroyva 1954: 557). mkvlevars sagalobelTa saleq-so formis amocnobaSi xelnawerTa punqtuacia daexmara: `metruli punqtuaciiT _ wertilebiT _ gamoyofili aR-moCnda yoveli taepi (da agreTve naxevartaepebi), rodesac taepi mudmivi cezuriT orad ganikveTeba~ (ingoroyva 1954: 558). metruli punqtuaciis aRmoCenam iambikur sagalobleb-Si mklevars gasaRebi misca danarCeni saleqso formebis amosacnobad. himnebSi Cven gvaqvs ritmuli monacvleoba strofuli erTeulebisa, strofebisa da antistrofebis sa-xiT. yovel calkeul sagalobelSi ZiriTad stroful erTe-uls, anu strofs, mosdevs antistrofebi, romlebic daweri-lia imave wyobis taepebiT, rac gvaqvs ZiriTad strofSi.

vnaxoT magaliTi miqael modrekilis krebulidan: ioane minCxis sagalobeli p. ingoroyvam, metruli punqtuaciis mi-xedviT, saleqso taepebad daalaga:

raJams moxuedi 5 zeciT queyanad mÃsnelo Cveno 10

da inebe Sen 5

SobaÁ dedisagan ubiwoÁsa 11

cxovrebisaTvis 5

adamis naTesavisa _ 8

SecTomilisa, mraval-mowyale! 10

jvars ecu ÃorcTa 5

bunebiT uvnebeli RmrTeebaÁ 10

STaÃed quesknelad 5

da ganqarve mTavrobaÁ bnelisaÁ 11

da aRadgine 5

bunebaÁ kacTaÁ danTqmuli 8

bunebaÁ kacTaÁ da gadidebda 10

sagaloblis danarCeni 7 strofic taepTa amgvari Tanmim-devrobiT aris dawerili. aseve xedavda problemas kardina-

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li pitrac: masac xelnawerTa punqtuacia daexmara sagalo-belTa saidumlos amoxsnaSi. vfiqrobT, mixeil gasparovis mier aRniSnuli leqswyobis mesame tipi `sekvencia~, romelic stroful silabikas, mxolod sasimReros, saeklesio, li-turgikuli lirikis formas gulisxmobda, Seesabameba pavle ingoroyvas mier aRmoCenil qarTul `silabur ukveTel leqss~ (`sagalobeli marcvledi~).

pavle ingoroyvas Tvalsazrisi zogierTma qarTvelma mkvlevarma uyoymanod miiRo (s. yauxCiSvilma, m. TarxniSvil-ma, a. baramiZem), mecnierTa meore nawilma ki ar gaiziara p. in-goroyvas daskvnebi da saeWvod miiCnia sagaloblebSi mkac-rad Camoyalibebuli metruli struqturis arseboba (k. keke-

liZe, a. gawerelia, g. imedaSvili)∗. k. kekeliZe Secdomad Tvlida xelnawerebSi arsebuli

`gankveTis niSnebis~ (ori wertili) mixedviT sagaloblis teqstis taepad dalagebas. k. kekeliZis azriT, `gankveTis ni-SanTa~ Soris moqceuli teqsti ar warmoadgens saleqso ta-eps, amas xsnida iambikos magaliTze, sadac `gankveTis niSani~ ar aris taepis bolos da arc cezuris adgilas (7, 5); asevea berZnulSic, rac aCvena vaJa gvaxariam (gvaxaria 1987).

p. ingoroyvas aRniSvniT, berZnul-bizantiuri himnogra-fiis 12-marcvledi, iambikuri leqsi, gansxvavebulia antiku-ri xanis berZnuli iambikuri trimetrisagan. p. ingoroyva miiCnevs, rom qarTuli lqsis 3 saxeoba unda arsebobdes:

1. silabur-muxledovani leqsi, anu Zveli qarTuli leqsi (damowmebulia V-VIII saukuneebidan). Tavis struqturas igi ucvlelad inarCunebs XVIII saukunemde da gadmodis XIX s.;

2. silaburi ukveTeli leqsi (`sagalobeli marcvledi~);

∗ p. ingoroyvas Sexedulebis winaaRmdeg, iseve, rogorc Tavis droze pitras Teoriis sapirispirod, myari da safuZvliani opozicia Camoyalibda. miuxe-davad amisa, qarTvel mkvlevarTa nawils ar Seryevia rwmena, rom sagalob-lebi `ritmuli poeziis~, e. i. silabur odenobebze damyarebuli saleqso formebis nimuSebia, Tumca maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli marcvledovaneba gan-sxvavebulia klasikuri qarTuli lqsis marcvalTa raodenobisagan (kvirikaSvili 1982: 10).

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3. wyobili sityva ricxuedi (Tavisufali umarcvledo leqsi).

pavle ingoroyvadan dawyebuli, qarTul samecniero li-teraturaSi himnografiis metrul struqturasTan dakavSi-rebuli mravali problema aris dasmuli da ganxiluli. bo-lodroindeli gamokvlevebis ZiriTadi debulebebi mocemu-lia n. nakudaSvilis SromaSi (nakudaSvili 1996).

pavle ingoroyvas hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmad, qristianu-li mwerlobis ganviTarebamde didi xniT adre, qarTul enaze arsebobda Zlieri tradiciebis mqone warmarTuli saero li-teratura, dasabuTebulia a. silagaZis naSromSi: `Zveli qar-Tuli leqsi da qarTuli poeziis uZvelesi safexuris prob-lema~ (silagaZe 1997), romelic pavle ingoroyvas xsovnas eZRvneba.

a. silagaZe qarTuli leqsis bunebis dadgenisas gansakuT-rebul funqcias aniWebs sityvaTa gasayars, romelic maxvi-lis rols asrulebs silabur leqsSi. qarTuli leqsis gan-viTarebis wina safexurze amosavali silaburi stadia unda yofiliyo (silagaZe 2008: 98).

a. silagaZes qarTuli leqswyobis silaburobis Teoriis damcvelad miiCnevs akaki xinTibiZe: àvtori qarTuli leq-swyobis silaburobis poziciaze dgas, radgan saleqso mux-lebs cifrebiT gamoxatavs, arsad ar axsenebs terfebs da qarTuli maxvilis uZraobas uWers mxars~ (xinTibiZe 2009: 370).

TviTon a. xinTibiZis daskvna qarTuli leqsis bunebaze amgvaria. `marTebuli ar iqneba gancxadeba, rom yvela droisa da epoqis qarTul leqsSi, mis yvela monakveTSi, silaburoba sufTa saxiT iyo SenarCunebuli. danamdvilebiT mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom qarTuli leqswyoba silabur-tonu-ri ar aris da leqswyobis sistemebs Soris yvelaze met siax-loves silabur sistemasTan amJRavnebs~ (xinTibiZe 2009: 418).

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silabur-tonuri leqswyoba

silabur-tonur leqswyobaze saubars, Cveulebriv, germa-nuli leqsis formirebis istoriis gacnobiTa da XVII sauku-neSi iq momxdari saleqso reformis mniSvnelobis axsniT iwyeben. kerZod, 1624 wels martin opicis (1597-1639), cnobi-li germaneli poetis, mier gamoqveynebulma naSromma `wigni germanuli poeziis Taobaze~ Zireulad Secvala germanuli leqsis ganviTarebis gza.

germanuli leqsi SedarebiT-istoriuli leqsmcodneobi-saTvis dRemde problemad rCeba, radgan misi evoluciis procesi saTaves iRebs indoevropuli hipoTeturi silaburi leqsidan. rogorc Cans, misi evolucia TandaTanobiT mimdi-nareobda maxvilis gadaadgilebiTa da umaxvilo bgerebis reduqciiT. striqonTa Tanabarmarcvlianoba ikargeboda da leqsi silaburidan tonurobisaken ixreboda, magram rogor mimdinareobda es procesi detalurad, anu rogor xdeboda yoveli indoevropuli silaburi sazomis ieris Secvla, amisi srulyofili axsna mecnierebs jerjerobiT SeuZleblad miaCniaT.

IX saukuneSi germanuli leqsi ukve tonuria. misi forma daaxloebiT erTgvarovania germanuli sityvierebis samive arealze: skandinaviasa da islandiaSi _ Zvel skandinaviur da islandiur enebSi; britaneTSi _ Zvelinglisur (anglo-saqsur enaze); materikze _ qvemogermanulsa da zemogarma-nul enebSi. skandinaviaSi mis nimuSebs warmoadgens eduri poezia, britaneTSi _ `beovulfi~ da sxv. germaniaSi _ na-wyveti simReridan hildebrandtze, `musfili~ (zemogerma-nuli poema saSinel samsjavroze), `heliandi~ (qvemogermanu-li poema qristeze). ukve IX saukunidanve tonuri leqsi wyvets arsebobas jer germaniaSi, Semdeg britaneTSi _ XI s., dabolos, normanebis mier misi dapyrobis Semdeg ki skandina-viaSic _ XIV saukuneSi.

rogorc cnobilia, uZvelesi germanuli leqsi alitera-ciuli iyo. erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad aris gamijnuli alite-

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racia (zogierTi sityvis sawyisi bgerebis erTferovneba) Zvelgermanul leqsSi da riTma (bolokiduri bgerebis Tana-JReradoba) _ Tanamedrove leqsSi. germanul enebSi Zlieri iyo maxvili sawyis marcvalze, fuZeze.

aliteraciulma, tonurma Zvelgermanulma leqsma ubr-Zolvelad dauTmo adgili riTmian leqss, romelic aRmocen-da laTinuri da romanuli poeziis gavleniT.

unda iTqvas, rom inglissa da germaniaSi aliteraciul leqss hqonda eqsperimentuli aRorZinebis periodebi: in-glisSi _ XIV saukuneSi, xolo germaniaSi XIX saukuneSi. kom-pozitori rihard vagneri, romelic gatacebuli iyo germa-nuli sulis aRorZinebis romantikuli ideiT, libretos Ta-visi operebisaTvis Zvelgermanul siuJetebze werda _ ali-teraciuli tonuri leqsiTa da gamokveTili ormaxviliani ortaepedebiT, magram mas mimbaZveli ar gamosCenia.

XX saukuneSi ingliseli poeti u. h. odeni aliteraciul

leqss mimarTavs Tavis poemaSi msoflio omis Temaze _ `The age of anxiety~, magram es mxolod modernistuli eqsperimenti iyo.

romanulma silaburma leqsma didi gavlena moaxdina ger-manulsa da inglisur leqsze. germanul poeziaSi romanuli silabizmis gavlenis Sedegad Seiqmna Tanabarmarcvliani kni-

telversi (Knitelvers). `grimis leqsikonis~ mixedviT, es sityva

(Knitelvers) gamoiyeneboda leoninuri (SidariTmiani heqsamet-ri) heqsametrisaTvis~ (kavTiaSvili 2008: 151).

meore mxriv, XVII saukuneSi, germanuli leqsi iwyebs brZo-las romanuli leqswyobis gavlenis winaaRmdeg: poet verek-lins, `germanel kantemirs~, romelic germanul aleqsandri-ul leqsebs Txzavda franguli aleqsandriuli leqsis rit-mis yaidaze, daupirispirda poeti opici, `germaneli lomo-nosovi~. martin opicis momcro wignaki germanuli poeziis Taobaze (1624) ganmartavda: `yoveli leqsi unda iyos ise age-buli, rom maxvilis meSveobiT ganvsazRvroT, romeli mar-cvali iyos maRali~. mis mier SemoTavazebuli silabur-to-

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nuri sistema (toni=maxvili) gulisxmobda marcvalTa da maxvilTa kanonzomier gameorebas taepSi.

inglisurma poeziam gadalaxa swored is siZnele, rac ger-manulma leqsma, vidre igi Tavisi enis Sesaferis, bunebriv leqswyobis sistemas moirgebda, Tumca inglisur leqss ar dasWirda brZola wminda silabur leqswyobasTan.

XIV saukuneSi, Coseris dros, inglisSi gabatonda sila-bur-tonuri leqsi. Coseris reformiT, inglisur leqsSi damkvidra axali sazomi _ 5-terfiani iambi silabur-tonuri ritmiT. igi Camoyalibda franguli aTmarcvledis (4+6) da italiuri 11-marcvledis safuZvelze, Tumca Coserma uaryo cezura. Coseris `kenterberiuli moTxrobebi~ dawerilia 5-terfiani iambebiT (aTmarcvlediT). inglisurma poeziam miiRo axali sazomi, romelic ar iyo SezRuduli Janrobrivi da stilisturi tradiciebiT. inglisuri 5-terfiani iambi, silabur-tonuri aTmarcvledi, Sesaferisi sazomi aRmoCnda winarenesansuli poeziisaTvis, iseve, rogorc aleqsndri-uli, 12-marcvliani, silaburi leqsi iyo momgebiani frangu-li renesansisaTvis.

rogorc germanuli saraindo lirikis avtorebi, ise in-gliseli poetebi TavianT silabur-tonur leqsebs qmnidnen sakuTari enebis fonologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze da ara Teoriuli, normatiuli poetikis saxelmZRvaneloebze dayrdnobiT. mag.: poeti f. sidni Tavis cnobil wignSi `poezi-is apologia~ (1595) aRniSnavs, rom saWiroa, poetebma yurad-Reba miaqcion maxvils, magram Tu romeli terfis maxvili unda yofiliyo ritmis Camoyalibebisas ganmsazRvreli _ qore Tu iambi, es aRar iyo dazustebuli XVI s.-mde.

antikuri leqswyobisadmi mibaZvac evropul literatura-Si silabur-tonuri principiT xorcieldeboda, radgan axal enebSi xmovanTa kvalitaturobas Seenacvla kvantitaturo-ba: grZel xmovans maxviliani marcvali Seesabameboda, xolo mokles _ umaxvilo; amis safuZvelze, metruli leqswyobis sayrdeni _ grZeli da mokle xmovnebis urTierTmimarTeba

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_ Secvala maxviliani da umaxvilo xmovnebis (marcvlebis) kanonzomierma Tanmimdevrobam.

metruli, kvantitaturi leqswyobis msgavsad, silabur-tonuri leqswyobis sistemaSic taepi terfebad aris dayofi-li; terfi aucileblad unda aerTianebdes maxviliansa da umaxvilo marcvlebs (erT maxvilian da erT, an ramdenime umaxvilo marcvals).

antikuri leqswyobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, TiTqmis 30 terfidan silabur-tonur leqswyobaSi mxolod ramdenime terfi SemorCa. magaliTad, germanul leqsSi, martin opicis reformis Sedegad, ormarcvliani terfobrivi sistema ga-mefda (qore da iambi). òrmarcvliani sazomebi germanul leqsSi sammarcvlianze ufro gavrcelebulia. rusuli sila-bur-tonuri leqsis taepSic ormarcvliani da sammarcvliani terfebi gvxvdeba, magram im gansxvavebiT, rom daqtilis garda, sammarcvliani terfebidan xmarebaSia: amfibraqi da anapesti~ (xinTibiZe 1995: 279).

saerTodac, silabur-tonur leqswyobaSi taepebis terfe-bad dayofa pirobiTia. igi yovelTvis zustad ver gamoxatavs ritms. sityvisa da terfis farglebi xSirad ar emTxveva er-TmaneTs. zogi sityva moklea da ver swvdeba terfis sigrZes, saWiro xdeba misi Sevseba sxva sityviT, anda misi nawiliT; zogi ki, piriqiT, grZelia da ramdenime terfs moicavs, ami-tom taepis metruli sqemis dasacavad, zogjer mimarTaven sityvaTa meqanikur gayofa-SeerTebas, rac arRvevs realur ritms, Sedegad _ sqema realuri ritmis abstraqtuli gamo-xatulebaa; igi silabur-tonuri leqswyobis sistemaSi nor-mis grafikulad gamoxatvas gulisxmobs. silabur-tonuri sistemaSi leqsis ritmisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs taepis sigrZes, rac damokidebulia terfebis raodenobaze. magaliTad, rusuli oTxterfiani, xuTterfiani da eqvster-fiani iambi, maTi xasiaTis msgavseba-erTnairobis miuxedavad, terfTa raodenobis sxvadasxvaobis gamo, sxvadasxvagvar ritms qmnis; Sesabamisad, silabur-tonur leqswyobaSi mxo-

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lod terfebze dayrdnoba ar SeiZleba: terfi yovelTvis ver qmnis swor warmodgenas leqsis ritmze.

rogorc miuTiTeben, silabur-tonur leqswyobaSi ter-fis cneba pirobiTia da nasesxebia berZnuli metrikis termi-nologiidan. sazomis sqemaSi Zlieri da susti xmovnebis Tan-mimdevrobis aRsaniSnavad, silabur-tonur leqswyobaSi gav-

rcelebulia mxolod Semdegi terfebi: 1. iambi: ∪|; 2. qore: |∪;

3. daqtili: |∪∪; 4. amfibraqi: ∪|∪; ; 5. anapesti: ∪∪|; (vertika-luri xazi gamoxatavs maxvilian xmovans, naxevarkali ki _ umaxvilo xmovans) (gawerelia 1981: 16).

silabur-tonur leqsSi terfi realuri ritmis amsaxveli ki ar aris, aramed metruli sqemis elementia. terfis arse-boba miCneulia pirobiTad imisTvis, vinc taepis skandirebas (maxviliani da umaxvilo marcvlis ganzrax mkafiod gamoT-qma) mimarTavs da taeps ganixilavs leqsis metruli sqemis TvalsazrisiT.

`terfi da metruli sqema, romlis elements terfi Sead-gens, abstraqtuli saxeebia ritmis zogadi, ararealuri formisa da aucilebelia martooden sazomebis aRwerisa da klasifikaciisaTvis~, _ imowmebs f. zaranis ganmartebas a. gawerelia (gawerelia 1981: 16).

a. gawerelia CamoTvlis silabur-tonuri leqswyobisaT-vis ritmis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs: 1. sazoms anu metrs _ ZiriTadad anu idealur normas maxviliani da umaxvilo marcvlebis Tanmimdevrobas; 2. sazomis anu metris urTier-Tobas sityvasTan, realur metyvelebis formas; 3. anJambe-mans (gadatanas) _ ritmuli elementebisa da sintaqsis ur-TierTobas; 4. riTmas, rogorc taepis dasasrulis signals; 5. temps (taepsa da strofSi) da 6. intonacias, rogorc indi-vidualur saxes leqsis saerTo ritmuli denisa.

rusuli leqsis reforma XVIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi gan-xorcielda trediakovskisa da lomonosovis mier. simeon po-lockisa da kantemiris mier damkvidrebuli silaburi leqsi, romelic arabunebrivi iyo rusuli poeziisaTvis da polo-nuri mwignobruli poeziis silaburi bunebiT iyo nakarna-

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xevi, daviwyebas mieca. rusuli silabur-tonuri leqsi, ro-melic m. lomonosovma da v. trediakovskim daamkvidres, kla-sikuri gaxda rusuli poeziisaTvis. maT Semoitanes principi maxvilTa Soris marcvalTa ganawilebis aRricxvisa, erTi mxriv, germanuli leqsis magaliTze, sadac, rogorc viciT ukve XVII s. ukve momxdari iyo reforma m. opicis mier, meore mxriv ki, antikuri saskolo metrikis gaTvaliswinebiT. for-maluri metrikis sazRvrebis gadalaxviT, rusuli leqsis reformatorebma SeZles TavianTi enis fonologiuri saSu-alebebi maqsimalurad miesadagebinaT rusuli leqsisaTvis da igi bevrad ufro Tavisufali gaxades (Jirmunski 1996: 212).

rusuli silabur-tonuri leqsis gavlena qarTul leqsze, ra Tqma unda, sagrZnobi ar iyo XVII-XIX saukuneebSi, Tumca rus leqsmcodneTa naSromebSi gamoTqmuli Teoriuli Sexe-dulebani met-naklebad gavlenas axdenda qarTuli leqsis TeoretikosTa gamokvlevebze; amitomac XIX-XX saukuneebSi qarTuli leqsis silaburobisa da silaburtonurobis Te-oriebSi xSirad gaTvaliswinebulia rusuli leqsis Taobaze arsebuli Tvalsazrisi, an rusi avtorebis (magaliTad, e. bolxovitinovis) mier qarTuli leqsis bunebaze gamoTqmuli Sexedulebani. qarTuli leqsis silaburobisa da silabur-tonurobis Teoriebi dRemde Tanabari argumentebiT inar-Cuneben arsebobis uflebas, amitom sagangebod vimsjelebT am sakiTxze.

tonuri leqswyoba

kvalitaturi leqswyobis mesame saxe, mesame sistema aris sakuTriv tonuri, anu aqcenturi leqswyoba, romelic Camo-yalibda silabur-tonuri sistemis ganviTarebis gviandel xanaSi. magaliTad, rusul leqsSi tonuri sistema fexs iki-debs XIX s. damdegidan, germanuli da inglisuri leqsis Tar-gmanebis Sedegad. tonuri leqsiT Targmna v. Jukovskim i.v.goeTes `mwyemsis Civili~, romelic germanuli xalxuri leqsis kilos mihyveboda (Jirmunski 1996: 272).

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tonuri leqswyobis ritmi efuZneba taepebSi Tanabari raodenobis maxvilian xmovanTa kanonzomier ganmeorebas (zogjer es principi irRveva), umaxvilo marcvlebis raode-nobis Tanabrobas amgvari leqsis avtorebi ar iTvaliswine-ben. maxvilian marcvalTa Tanabrobis pirobebSi umaxvilo xmovanTa araTanabroba ritmul kanonzomierebas ar arRvevs.

tonuri leqswyobis sistema damaxasiaTebelia germanuli aqcenturi leqsis zogierTi formisaTvis. tonuri, aqcentu-ri leqswyoba SeiZleba moviZioT: T. tiutCevis, a. fetis, a.tolstois, v. briusovis, a. blokis poeziaSi. gadamwyveti reforma tonuri leqsis sistemisa ekuTvnis XX saukuneSi vladimer maiakovskis, romelmac Seqmna sakuTriv tonuri leqsi, sadac umaxvilo marcvalTa raodenoba maxvilian xmo-vanTa Soris Zlier gansxvavebulia. amgvari leqsi iTxovs xma-maRal deklamacias, maxvilebis mkveTrad warmoTqmis fonze. Zlieri maxvili gansazRvravs aqcenturi leqsis metrs. maga-liTad moviyvanT strofs v. maiakovskis poemidan `Sarvliani Rrubeli~:

Вы думаете, / это бредит / малярия? Это было, / было / в Одессе. "Приду в четыре" / - сказала / Мария. Восемь. / Девять. / Десять.

maiakovskis leqsebSi sammaxviliani taepebi xSirad enac-vleba oTxmaxvilians. zemoTmoyvanili strofis ukanasknel striqonSi sami sityva Seesabameba sam maxvils:

Восемь. Девять. Десять. v. maiakovskis sxva leqsebSi, SeiZleba, Segvxvdes, ufro

msxvili jgufebi, romlebic erTi maxviliT iqneba gaerTi-

anebuli; magaliTad, `это было~, an "приду в четыре" (Jirmunski 1975: 539). araTanabarmarcvliani taepebi, maxvilTa raodeno-bis mixedviT, Tanabaria, Tumca tonur leqsSi xSirad erTi an ori Zlieri maxvili awonasworebs mravalmaxvilian taepebs:

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Поэзия – та же добыча радия (12) В грамм добыча, в год труды, (7) Изводишь единного слова ради, (11) Тысячи тони словесной руды. (9)

moxmobili strofis TiToeul taepSi oTx-oTx maxviliani marcvalia, magram, zogjer, arc maxvilebis Tanabroba ar aris xolme daculi, _ strofis Semadgeneli taepebi SeiZ-leba sxvadasxvamaxviliani iyos. amgvari tonuri strofis sa-magaliTod specialur literaturaSi asaxeleben a. blokis

erT strofs lqsidan: `Белые встали сугробы~, romelic Sedgeba sam, or da erTmarcvliani taepebisagan. am dros maxvilTa araTanabrobas taepebSi aTanabrebs umaxvilo marcvlebis grZeli periodi, romelic maxviliani marcvlebis magivrobas swevs (tomaSevski 1930: 125).

rogorc vxedavT, erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia tonuri leq-sis ori saxeoba: Tanabarmarcvliani da araTanabarmarcvliani.

m. gasparovi, rodesac Zvelgermanuli tonuri leqsis Ta-viseburebebze saubrobs, sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom tonur leqsSi:

1) teqstis aTvla xdeba maxvilebis mixedviT, umaxvilo marcvlebi ar iTvleba. germanul enaSi, rogorc wesi, maxvili ecemoda Tavkidur grZel marcvals;

2) leqsis ZiriTad erTeulad gvevlineba orsityviani, ormaxviliani naxevartaepedi; germanuli tonuri leqsi am-kvidrebs damoklebul leqss, romelic Sedgeba ucezuro, sammarcvliani taepebisagan. germanuli terminologiiT, or-

maxvilian naxevartaepeds ewodeba Halbvers, oTxmaxvilians _

Langvers, sammaxvilians _ Volvers. 3. leqsebi dayofilia strofebad, romelTa umetesoba

oTxtaepiania. amasTan, tradiciebi gansxvavebulia xolme: skandinaviuri leqsi icavs stroful danawevrebas, xolo britanuli da germanuli _ xSirad astrofulia; rogori iyo leqsi zogadgermanul wyaroebSi, sadavoa. savaraudod, lirika strofulad mowesrigebuli iyo, eposi ki — astro-

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fuli. samxreTulma vrcelma poemebma pirveli tradicia aRiares, Crdilourma mokle simRerebma ki _ meore.

4. naxevartaepedebi yovel taepSi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba aliteraciiT _ zogierTi sityvis sawyisi bgerebis erTfe-rovnebiT. es imdenad aSkara niSania, rom mis gamo Zvelger-manul tonur leqss àliteraciul leqss~ uwodebdnen (ger-

manuli Stabreimvers, aliteracia _ Stabreim, `sayrdeni riTma~, `sabjenTanxmovniani riTma~, erTgvari safuZvelia, romel-zec agebulia leqsi).

ratom aris ase ganviTarebuli aliteracia swored tonur leqsSi? imitom, rom aliteracia xels uwyobs leqsis pro-zisagan gamoyofas da adasturebs, rom aliterirebuli si-tyvebi arian ara Cveulebrivi leqsikuri formebi, aramed warmoadgenen gaformebis gansakuTrebul xerxs, e. i. xazgas-mulia maTi mniSvneloba taepSi. tonur leqsSi msmeneli aRiq-vamda sityvaTa jgufs, sadac zogan erTiT meti, zogan _ erTiT naklebi marcvali iyo. sametyvelo teqstis saSualo moculoba, pauzidan pauzamde, moicavda 3-4 sityvas. ase rom, oTxsityvedebis Tanmimdevroba SeiZleba sruliad SemTxve-viTi iyo. SemTxveviTobis asociaciisagan rom daeRwiaT Tavi, oTxsityvedebis Sekvra daiwyes aliteraciiT. amis Semdeg aSkara xdeboda, rom es iyo leqsi.

erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos aliteracia Zvelgerma-nul leqsSi da riTma _ Tanamedrove leqsSi. orives dama-kavSirebeli TanaJReradobaa, magram riTma am funqcias as-rulebs strofSi, xolo aliteracia _ naxevartaepedSi. ra-tom ganviTarda germanul tonur leqsSi aliteracia _ si-tyvaTa sawyisi bgerebis TanaJReradoba da ara riTma _ bo-lokiduri bgerebis TanaJReradoba? albaT, imitom, rom ger-manul enaSi Zlieri iyo maxvili sawyis marcvalze, fuZeze. leqsis oTxsityvedSi azrobrivad yvelaze mniSvnelovani sityva (rogorc Cans, germanuli enis bunebrivi intonaciiT) iyo mesame (meore naxevartaepedis sawyisi sityva). is gansaz-Rvravda leqsis aliteracias da mas ergebodnen sxvebic.

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tonuri leqswyobis sistemasTan xSirad akavSireben Tavi-sufali leqsis _ verlibris metruli impulsis arsebobas: leqswyobis sxva sistemebs Soris tonuri leqsi yvelaze Ta-visufalia, amitom arc maxvilTa ganawilebiT mixedviT iz-Rudeba taepebSi. verlibris siaxlove sasaubro metyvele-basTan da maxvilTa Tavsufleba tonur leqsSi erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli.

verlibrSi tonuri leqswyobis sistema mkafiod aRiqmeba msmenelis mier, radgan mis taepebSi marcvalTa raodenoba ar aris gansazRvruli, cezurac moZravia da strofuli dana-wevreba _ arakanonzomieri, metyveleba prozauls uaxlov-deba. magaliTad, galaktion tabiZis verlibri `jon ridi~ qarTul tonuri leqsis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSad SeiZ-leba davasaxeloT:

`Tormeti~ _ aleqsandr blokis `ramdenime dRe petrogradSi~ _ Cemi. daiwyo ase. Rrubliseburi RmerTi ngrevaTa, sastiki RmerTi~ .

tonuri leqsis maxvilTa simkveTre poets saSualebs aZ-levs, calkeuli sityvebi calke taepebad gamohyos, xazi ga-usvas maT azrobriv-emociur mniSvnelobas. àmave mizniT, arcTu iSviaTad verlibrSi inversiul wyobasac mimarTaven da mas maxvilTa mowesrigebis funqcias akisreben taepSi; tonur leqsSi gansakuTrebiT mravlad aris gramatikuli da metruli pauzebi, logikur pauzebTan erTad, sityvaTa da gamoTqmaTa aqcentirebis mizniT~ (xinTibiZe 1995: 280).

tonuri leqsis meore saxelwodeba _ aqcenturi leqsi ganpirobebulia swored amgvari leqsis ritmisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli aqcentis (maxvilis) simkveTriT.

Tanamedrove qarTuli leqsi, Tavisi bunebis sawinaaR-mdegod, jer rusuli, mere ki inglisuri enis xelovnuri Za-

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ladobis gamo, verlibrTa umravlesobas tonuri leqswyobis sistemas umorCilebs.

qarTuli leqsis buneba

qarTuli leqsis samecniero kvlevis gzaze dRemde um-Tavres sakiTxad rCeba erovnuli versifikaciis (leqswyobis) bunebis dadgena. ar yofila CvenSi cotad Tu bevrad cnobi-li poetikis mkvlevari, Tu qarTuli leqsis problemebze mo-fiqrali poeti, rom Tavisi Sexeduleba ar gamoeTqvas am ku-TxiT _ leqwyobis romel sistemas eqvemdebareba erovnuli leqswyoba?

adrindeli mkvlevarebi am kiTxvas pirdapir ar svamdnen, magram maTi poziciebi naTeli xdeboda leqsis ritmze, met-rze, prosodiaze saubris dros, XIX s. bolo aTwleulidan ki daiwyes leqswyobis sistemaTa saxeldeba. imTaviTve ori az-ri daupirispirda erTmaneTs: qarTuli leqsis silaburobisa da silaburtonurobis Teoriebi.

qarTuli leqsis silaburobis Teoriis ganviTarebis qro-nologiuri qarga amgvarad SeiZleba warmovidginoT XVIII s. naxevridan: mamuka baraTaSvili, anonimi avtori, daviT req-tori, Teimuraz bagrationi, mari brose, platon ioseliani, daviT CubinaSvili, iona meunargia, luka isarliSvili, grigol yifSiZe, niko mari, mose janaSvili, hans fogti, andrei fedorovi, silovan xundaZe, grigol robaqiZe, pavle ingoroyva, givi gaCeCilaZe, giorgi wereTeli, akaki xinTibi-Ze, togo gudava, daviT werediani, mixeil gasparovi, apolon silagaZe, qeTrin viviani.

qarTuli leqsis silaburtonurobis Teoria ki saTaves

iRebs evgeni bolxovitinovis wignidan `Историческое изобро-жение Грузии в политическом, церковом и учебном ая состоянии~ (1802). XIX s. damdegidan dRemde: lavrenti ardaziani, niko-loz gulaki, kote dodaSvili, meliton kelenjeriZe, Sio daviTaSvili, ioseb yifSiZe, sergi gorgaZe, akaki gawerelia, panteleimon beraZe, roland beriZe.

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gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda dapirispieba qarTuli leqsis silaburobisa da silaburtonurobis damcvelTa Soris XX s. 70-iani wlebidan, rodesac giorgi wereTlis wigni `metri da riTma vefxistyaosanSi~ (1973) gamoqveynda. am naSromma kate-goriulad ukuagdo qarTuli leqsis terfovanebis Teoria da uaryo maxvilis roli Cveni leqsis segmentebis (muxlebis) da riTmis SeqmnaSi. giorgi wereTlis azriT, enaSi maxvili ara marto sustia da uZravi, aramed minimaluria misi fun-qcia saleqso ritmis da riTmis organizebisas: riTma ar iwye-ba maxviliani xmovniT; qarTuli leqsis taepi iyofa naxevar-taepebad (naxevarkaredebad), romlebic kidev iyofa segmen-tebad (muxlebad), amitom g. wereTeli `vefxistyaosnis~ leq-swyobas `silabur regulirebul leqss~ uwodebs.

g. wereTlis am Tvalsazrisis mZafri kritika aris Ziri-Tadi amocana akaki gawerelias wignisa: `vefxistyaosnis~ po-etikis zogierTi sakiTxi~ (1974). akaki gawerelia myarad icavs mosazrebas qarTuli leqsis silaburtonurobis Ta-obaze. misi mtkicebiT, qarTuli sasuliero poezia (iambiko-ebi) silaburi bunebisa iyo, magram Semdeg qarTuli leqsi (arsen iyalToeli, CaxruxaZe, rusTaveli da Semdegdroin-deli poezia) silabur-tonuri gaxda. qarTul leqss sila-bur-tonurad miiCnevs akaki gawerelia `literaturis Te-oriis safuZvlebSi~ Setanil naSromSic, sadac igi kategori-ulad acxadebs: `qarTuli leqswyoba anu versifikacia sila-bur-tonuria. misi ritmis safuZvelia taepebSi (striqoneb-Si) Zlieri da susti marcvlebis kanonzomieri Tanmimdevro-ba da marcvlebis raodenobrivi Tanabroba... qarTul leqs-wyobaSi sityvebi maxvils ki ar kargavs, aramed iZens met simkveTresa da siZlieres~ (gawerelia 1995: 282).

ama Tu im eris leqswyobis bunebis garkveva SeuZlebelia enis Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. leqsi da ena ganuyrelad aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da leqswyobis sistemaTa monacvleobac enis bunebis cvalebadobiT aris ganpirobebuli: metruli leqswyoba, rogorc viciT, swored imitom gauqmda, rom berZnulma enam marcvalTa sigrZe-

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simoklis Tviseba dakarga. silaburidan silabur-tonurze da Semdeg tonurze gadasvla im enebSi moxda, sadac maxvili Tavisufali da moZravi iyo (germanuli, inglisuri, rusuli), xolo uZravi, fiqsirebuli maxvilis mqone enebSi (franguli, polonuri) isev silaburi leqswyoba darCa. Tumca, arsebobs kulturologiaSi iseTi Teoriac, romlis mixedviTac leq-swyobis sistemaTa monacvleoba kacobriobis kulturis gan-viTarebis amsaxveli unda iyos: musikaluri (metruli) leq-swyoba silaburma Secvala, xolo mere silabur-tonuri gabatonda.

qarTuli leqsis silaburobis Teoriis damcveli akaki xinTibiZe iziarebs tradiciuli qarTuli enaTmecnierebis (giorgi axvlediani, arnold Ciqobava) azrs qarTuli enis sustdinamikuri sityvaTmaxvilis Taobaze da aRniSnavs: àm sustdinamikur maxvils, romelic sityvas mkveTrad ar ana-wevrebs maxvilian da umaxvilo marcvlebad, saleqso terfis Seqmna ar ZaluZs~ (xinTibiZe 2009: 407).

Tumca, Tanamedrove qarTveli enaTmecnierebi Tamamad acxadeben, rom `qarTuli leqsi gansxvavdeba rogorc sila-bur-tonuri (magaliTad, rusuli an inglisuri) leqsisgan, aseve silaburi (magaliTad, franguli) leqsisgan, sadac sa-riTmo monakveTi maxviliani xmovniT aris SemosazRvruli. am mxriv qarTuli leqswyobis msgavsi leqsi im enebSia saZebari, romlebSic sityvis maxvili sustad aris gamoxatuli. ingli-suri, rusuli da franguli leqsi ki erT jgufSi moeqceva swored im niSniT, rom am enebSi sityvaTmaxvils (an ritmi-kuli jgufis maxvils) unari aqvs, rom sariTmo monakveTi Seqmnas~ (kobaiZe 2010: 136).

apolon silagaZes miaCnia, rom qarTuli leqsis kvalifi-kaciis gansazRvrisas, unda gvaxsovdes, rom ar aris aucile-beli, qarTuli leqsi romelime cnobil sistemas ganekuT-vnebodes. apolon silagaZis azriT, qarTuli leqsi SeiZleba arc silaburi iyos, arc silabur-aqcenturi (agrTve. arc metrikuli, arc tonuri) _ igi SeiZleba originaluri bune-bisa iyos da emyarebodes enis fonologiuri sistemis iseT

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zesegmentur elements, romelsac ar emyareba oTxi siste-midan arcerTi (silagaZe 2008).

qarTuli leqsis silaburobas XX s. 70-iani wlebis meore naxevridan dabejiTebiT icavs akaki xinTibiZe, romelic ar-gumentirebulad, damajereblad asabuTebs, rom qarTuli leqsi ar aris silabur-tonuri. mecnieris azriT, ÌX-XIII sa-ukuneebis qarTul xelnawerebSi aSkarad ikvTeba franguli aleqsandriuli leqsis modeli, romelic warmodgenilia ara mxolod calkeuli striqonebis, aramed mTlianad leqsis saxiT~ (xinTibiZe 2009: 415). ak. xinTibiZe asaxelebs franguli romantikuli leqsis sqemiT 4+4+4 (XVII s.) daweril efrem mcires oTx iambikos, petre gelaTelis iambikos analizisas mkvlevari, umTavresad eyrdnoba im arguments, rom iambiko silaburi leqsia, franguli silaburi leqsi ki Tormetmar-cvliania, kerZod, XVII s.-dan zemoxsenebuli sqemiT damkvid-rebuli. qarTuli leqsis silaburobis Taobaze a. xinTibiZis Tvalsazrisi Zalian sayuradReboa: silaburoba qarTuli leqsis sayrdenia da tradiciuli, erovnuli versifikacia, Tanamedrove leqsTan erTad, am princips icavs. marcvalTa raodenobis Tanabroba an kanonzomieri monacvleoba, regu-lirebuli muxledovaneba da aSkarad gamokveTili cezura, romelic maxvilis funqcias asrulebs silabur leqsSi. ver-libri (Tavisufali leqsi) ki swored imitom aris Tavisu-fali, rom angariSs ar uwevs qarTuli leqsisaTvis aucile-bel silabur wesrigs. Tumca, a. xinTibiZe, ra Tqma unda, uyu-radRebod ar tovebs im faqtsac, rom aqcenturi enebis moZa-lebis gamo, qarTul leqss silabur-tonuri leqswyobis gav-lenac etyoba. XVIII saukuneSi es zemoqmedeba, upirvelesad, daviT guramiSvilis leqsis ritmsa da sazomebSi aisaxa, xo-lo XX s. qarTuli leqsi zogjer aSkarad amJRavnebs maxvil-Ta mowesrigebis tendencias.

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gamoyenebuli literatura: aristotele 1979: aristotele. poetika. Tb.: `ganaTleba~, 1979. barbaqaZe 2011: barbaqaZe T. qarTuli leqsmcodneobis istoria.

Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2011. bezaraSvili 2004: bezaraSvili q. ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria

da praqtika. grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTuli Tar-gmanebis mixedviT. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 2004.

beraZe 1969: beraZe p. ZvelberZnuli da qarTuli leqswyobis sakiTxebi. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1969.

gasparovi 2003: Гаспаров М. Л. Очерк историй Европейского стиха. М.: `Формуна Лимитед~, 2003.

gawerelia 1981: gawerelia a. rCeuli nawerebi. t. III(1). versifi-kacia. Tb.: `merani~, 1981.

gawerelia 1995: gawerelia a. qarTuli leqswyoba. // literaturis Teoriis safuZvlebi. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995.

gvaxaria 1987: gvaxaria v. miqael modrekilis himnebi, teqsti gadmowera v. gvaxariam. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1987.

gordeziani 2002: gordeziani r. berZnuli literatura. elinuri epoqis eposi, lirika, drama. Tb.: `logosi~, 2002.

daviTaSvili 1912: Давидов Шио. Грузинское стихосложение. газ.: "Закавказье", № 140-143, 1912.

ingoroyva 1938: ingoroyva p. rusTavelis epoqis saliteraturo memkvidreoba. rusTavelis krebuli. 1938.

ingoroyva 1954: ingoroyva p. giorgi merCule. Tb.: 1954. kavTiaSvili 2008: kavTiaSvili v. germanuli knitelversi da heg-

zametri. // ltqsmcodneoba, I. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamom-cemloba, 2008.

kvirikaSvili 1982: kvirikaSvili l. hinmografiuli kanonis kompozicia. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1982.

kobaiZe 2010: kobaiZe m. riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi (SeniSvnebi qarTuli leqswyobis bunebis Sesaxeb). waxnagi: filolo-giur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli, 2. Tb.: `memkvidreoba~, 2010.

maiakovski 1955: Маяковский В.В. Полн. собр. соч. в 13 т. Т.1, М.: 1955. nakudaSvili 1996: nakudaSvili n. himnografiuli teqstis struq-

tura. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1996.

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Jirmunski 1925: Жирмунский В. Введение в метрику. Л.: "АСАDЕМIA", 1925.

Jirmunski 1975: Жирмунский В. М. Стихосложение Маяковского // Жирмунскии В. М. Теория стиха. Л.: 1975.

silagaZe 2008: silagaZe a. qarTuli leqsis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi. // leqsmcodneoba, I. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba. 2008.

silagaZe 2008: silagaZe a. qarTuli leqsis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi. // `leqsmcodneoba~, I, Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.

tabiZe 1970: tabiZe g. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t. VIII. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1970.

tomaSevski 1930: Томашевски Б. Теория литературы. 1930. uruSaZe 1980: uruSaZe a. berZnul-romauli da qarTuli metrikis

sakiTxebi. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1980. xinTibiZe 2009: xinTibiZe a. qarTuli leqsis istoria da Teoria.

Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2009.

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irma ratiani

literaturuli gvarebi da Janrebi

literaturuli gvarebi da Janrebi mxatvruli litera-turis saklasifikacio kategoriebia.

literaturuli gvari aris literaturis umsxvilesi sak-lasifikacio kategoria, romelic efuZneba teqstis forma-lur, Sinaarsobriv da stilistur maxasiaTeblebs. gamoyo-fen sam ZiriTad literaturul gvars: eposi, lirika, drama.

amasTan, daSvebulia e.w. Sereuli literaturuli gvare-bis arseboba. Sereuli literaturuli gvari aerTianebs ro-melime ori ZiriTadi literaturuli gvaris niSan-Tvise-bebs. Sereuli gvarebia: liro-epika (lirika da eposi), liro-dramaturgia (lirika da drama) da epikuri drama (eposi da drama.).

literaturuli sistemis klasificireba gvarebad saTaves iRebs aristoteles `poetikaSi~ da myardeba me-17, me-18 sa-ukuneebSi, Tumca, Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi wamyvani Te-oretikosi, Jerar Jeneti mas `retrospeqtiul iluzias~ uwodebs da aristoteles avtoritetis gaumarTlebel gamo-

yenebad miiCnevs∗. miuxedavad amisa, klasifikaciis tradici-uli sistema dResac inarCunebs Tavis zegavlenas.

miRebuli azris Tanaxmad, ZiriTadi literaturuli gva-

rebi diferencirdeba calkeul Janrebad∗∗. literaturuli Janri aris literaturuli gvaris saklasifikacio katego-ria, romelic efuZneba konkretuli literaturuli gvaris wiaRSi arsebul formalur, Sinaarsobriv da stilistur gansxvavebebs. Sesabamisad, yovel ZiriTad literaturul gvars misTvis niSandoblivi Janrebi moeZebneba.

∗ ix. J. Jenetis naSromi `Sesavali arqeteqstSi~. ∗∗ Tu ar CavTvliT benedeto kroCes mosazrebas, romelmac undobloba gamo-ucxada Janrebs da seriozul eWvqveS daayena JanrTa aucileblobis sakiTxi.

sqematurad es ase gamoiyureba∗: sqema _ 1 saliteraturo gvarebi

∗ ZiriTadad vsargeblobT o. i. fedotovis sqemiT.

385

sqema _ 2 epikuri Janrebi

386

sqema _ 3 dramis Janrebi

387

sqema _ 4 lirikis Janrebi

388

389

literaturuli gvarebis Tanamedrove ganmartebani:

eposi _ literaturuli gvari, romelic efuZneba ada-mianisa da samyaros urTierTobis obieqtur asaxvas garexed-vis poziciidan da mimarTulia istoriul da sazogadoebriv-yofiT sferoze. eposi sargeblobs formatuli da qronoto-puli (dro-sivrculi) TavisuflebiT, siuJeturi da Tematu-ri mravalferovnebiT, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebisa da Txrobis formebis farTo arCevniT.

lirika∗ _ literaturuli gvari, romelic efuZneba ada-mianisa da samyaros urTierTobis subieqtur asaxvas Siga-xedvis poziciidan da mimarTulia sulier-cnobierebiT da mgrZnobelobiT sferoze. lirika gamoirCeva grZnobebisa da emociebis gamoxatvis mravalferovnebiT, intonaciuri kom-poziciiTa da asociaciuri saxeebiT. is SeiZleba iyos aRwe-riTi da meditaciuri. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi lirikuli teq-sti fokusirebulia lirikuli gmiris garemosTan mimarTe-baze, meore SemTxvevaSi _ sufTa lirizmis gamoxatulebaa.

drama _ literaturuli gvari, romelsac scenaze (ek-ranze), moqmedebaSi mohyavs adamiani da samyaro da aerTi-anebs sityvis xelovnebas xelovnebis vizualur formebTan (Teatri, kino). drama axdens Semoqmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebis sinTezirebas da efuZneba Txrobis dialoguroba-monologurobis princips. dramaSi, sityvis paralelurad, didi datvirTva eniWeba moqmedi pirebis TamaSs _ mimikas, Jestebs, artikulacias; SemoqmedebiTi jgufis _ reJisoris, mxatvrebis, scenografebisa da sxvaTa muSaobas. drama Sinagani da garegani komponentebis mTli-anobaa, mimarTuli realobis maqsimalurad zusti imitaciisaken.

∗ saxelwodeba momdinareobs musikaluri instrumentis dasaxelebidan _ `lira~ .

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magram, ZiriTadi literaturuli gvarebisa da Janrebis Tanamedrove ganmartebebs win uZRvis cnebaTa formirebis xangrZlivi istoria, romelic dasabams antikur epoqaSi,

kerZod, aristoteles `poetikaSi~ iRebs∗. aristoteles mimarTeba literaturuli gvarebisa da

Janrebisadmi, terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, iseTive meta-foruli da enigmaturia, rogorc nebismieri sxva proble-misadmi, Tumca, meTodologiuri pozicia mkveTradaa gamoxa-tuli da Seesabameba aristoteles poetikis sayrden koncef-cias: xelovneba aris realobis baZva, anu mimesisi. miuxeda-vad imisa, rom aristotele ar axdens calkeuli literatu-ruli gvarebisa da Janrebis saxeldebas, is mZlavr safuZ-vels qmnis am procesisaTvis. baZvis meTodologiaze day-rdnobiT, aristotele axdens xelovnebis dargebis, agreTve, literaturuli gvarebisa da Janrebis klasifikacias. igi gamoyofs klasifikaciisaTvis aucilebel sam arsebiT pozi-cias: a) baZvis saSualebas; b) baZvis obieqts; g) baZvis stils.

aristoteles azriT, baZva xorcieldeba ritmis, sityvis da harmoniis saSualebiT, `gancalkevebiT an erTad~, Sesa-bamisad, gansxvavebulia baZvis Sedegebi (epikuri, lirikuli, dramatuli); rakiRa poezia mudmivad baZavs `moqmed adami-ans~, baZvis obieqti SeiZleba iyos `kargi an cudi~, ufro zustad, `Zalian kargi~, `normaluri~ da ùvargisi~, rogorc es Sehferis adamianis xasiaTs. poeziis yoveli Janri mibaZvis sakuTar obieqts arCevs da, Sesabamisad, gansxvavebul Sede-gebs aRwevs Seqmnili xasiaTebis mimarTulebiT (am niSniT epopea gansxvavdeba tragediisgan, tragedia _ komediisgan da a.S.). aseve seriozul gansxvavebebs, aristoteles azriT, adgens baZvis stili. igi SeiZleba iyos samgvari: pirvel SemTxvevaSi, avtori saubrobs movlenebze rogorc sruliad ganyenebul qmedebebze (epikuri stili), meore SemTxvevaSi avtori Tavad aris aRwerili qmedebebis monawile (lirikis stili) da mesame SemTxvevaSi igi koncentrirebulia ara

∗ dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxe ix. i. ratiani, Janris Teoria. Tb. 2009.

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mxolod `realur~, aramed `moqmed~ adamianebze (dramis sti-li). baZvis samive poziciis detaluri analizis safuZvelze aristotele adgens gvareobrivi triadis: eposis, lirikisa da dramisaTvis damaxasiaTebel myar da mowesrigebul ka-nonzomierebebs, romlebic arsobrivad Sidaliteraturu-lia. ganmsazRvrel kriteriumebad aristotele, erTi mxriv, JanrTa struqturul agebulebas miiCnevs, meore mxriv ki _ mkiTxvelze/mayurebelze maTi zemoqmedebis unars.

miuxedavad imisa, rom literaturul gvarebsa da Janreb-ze fiqri grZeldeba Sua sukuneebisa da renesansis epoqebSi, agreTve neoklasicizmis epoqaSi, rodesac aramarto aRor-Zinda antikuri normatiuli poetikis principebi, aramed, poetikuri SezRudulobis kvaldakval, ganxorcielda Jan-rebis dayofa `maRal~ da `dabal~ Janrebad, meTodologiuri siaxle mxolod me-18 saukunis miwuruls dainerga, germa-neli filosofosis, hegelis mier. hegelma, romlis Txzule-bebmac udidesi zegavlena iqonia msoflio filosofiur da esTetikur azrovnebaze, specialuri gamokvleva miuZRvna triadis _ eposis, lirikisa da dramis problemas. hegelma: a) gansazRvra am ZiriTadi literaturuli formebis mimarTeba yofisa da azrovnebis obieqtur da subieqtur modelebTan (sadac eposi mWidrod daukavSira obieqtur garepirobebs, lirika ki _ Sinagan, subieqtur ganwyobilebas); b) gaamyara Tavisi Teoria dialeqtikuri meTodiT. hegelis dialeqtiku-ri principis Tanaxmad, sami ZiriTadi literaturuli mode-lis urTierToba gardauvalad efuZneba ganviTarebis di-aleqtikur kanons, eposis, qronologiurad uZvelesi gvaris obieqturoba da lirikis, meore safexurze formierebuli gvaris subieqturoba logikurad sinTezirdeba yvelaze gvi-andel gvarSi _ dramaSi.

mogvianebiT, ganicdida ra hegelis dialeqtikuri Teori-is zegavlenas, belinski prioritets aniWebda gvarebisa da Janrebis ara subieqturi, aramed obieqturi warmoSobis ide-as: èpopea, _ werda b. belinski, _ win uswrebda maTTan (Zvel berZnebTan _ i.r.) liras, iseve rogoc lira uswrebda win

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dramas. xelovnebis amgvari ganviTareba Tavad cnobierebiT aris gamarTlebuli: Cvilis asakSi myofi xalxisaTvis obieq-turi Semecneba bunebisa da cxovrebisa, rogorc TavisTavad arsebuli sagnebisa, da azri, rogorc warsulis gadmonaSTi, win unda uswrebdnen TviT Semecnebasa da azrovnebas, ro-gorc damoukidebel cnobierebas~ (belinski 1948: 11).

romantikosebma (goeTe, Sileri, Seli) filosofiuri da sulier-fsiqologiuri siRrme SesZines literaturuli gva-rebisa da Janrebis gaazrebas. morigi meTodologiuri siax-lis WeSmarit trubadurad ki viqtor hiugo iqca. misi reaq-cia tradiciul literaturul principebze radikalurobi-Ta da ukompromisobiT gamoirCa. `literaturuli nawarmo-ebis mimarT, _ SeSfoTebiT wers igi, _ gamudmebiT gaismis frazebi: Janris `Rirseba~, JanrTan `Sesabamisoba~... trage-dia `krZalavs~ imas, ris ùflebasac iZleva~ romani ... am wig-nis avtors, samwuxarod, ar esmis msgavsi frazebis Sinaarsi~ (hiugo 1961: 7). Semoqmedis interesis erTaderT sagnad hiugo bunebas miiCnevs, xolo erTaderT megzurad _ simarTles. mweralma unda weros ara ìse, rogorc werdnen adre, aramed ise, rogorc suli da guli karnaxobs~ (hiugo 1961: 8). hiugo-seuli meTodis novatoruloba mdgomareobda literaturu-li formebis ontologiur (yofierebiT) SefardebaSi arse-bobis istoriul da individualur formebTan. Janris tra-diciuli, mowesrigebuli, Sidaliteraturuli principebiT ganpirobebuli wesrigis fonze hiugos meTodi gamoirCeoda gareprizmuli xedviT, anu Janruli modelebis kavSiris Zi-ebiT gare, e.w. eqstraliteraturul konteqstTan.

me-19 saukunis miwuruls, STambeWdavi zegavlena litera-turuli gvarebisa da Janrebis gaazrebaze moaxdina Carlz darvinis èvoluciurma Teoriam~, rac gamoixata darvinise-uli evoluciuri principebis gadatanaSi literaturul teqstebze. jon edington saimondis naSromi èvoluciuri principebis gamoyenebis sakiTxisaTvis xelovnebasa da lite-raturaSi~ amis naTeli dadasturebaa. misi azriT, gvarebisa da Janrebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis procesi arsob-

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rivad Seesabameba kacobriobis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis sam ZiriTad safexurs: siyrmes, simwifesa da siberes, anu da-badebas, zrdasa da dacemas. darvinizmis literaturul praqtikaSi danergvis sayuradRebo mcdelobas warmoadgens

ferdinand brunetieris naSromic `L’ evolution des geres dans I'historie de la Litterature~. brunetieri mWidrod akavSirebs cva-lebad literaturul procesebs socialuri cvalebadobis procesebTan da am TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs uZvelesi Jan-rebis genezisisa da evoluciis sakiTxs. `Janrebis diferen-ciacia, _ wers igi, _ iseTive progresulobiT mimdinareobs istoriis wiaRSi, rogorc bunebis wiaRSi gvarTa gadarCeva. aRiniSneba gadanacvleba erTidan mravlisken, martividan _ rTulisaken, homogenuridan _ heterogenulisken~ (diubrou 1982: 79).

me-20 saukunis literaturis Teoriam umniSvnelovanesi wvlili Seitana literaturuli gvarebisa da, gansakuTre-biT, Janrebis gansazRvrebis saqmeSi (rusuli formaliazmi, mixail baxtinis kritika, struqturalizmi, amerikuli àxa-li kritika~, miTlogiuri kritika, poststruqturalizmi, recefciuli esTetika da sxv.). TumcaRa, winamdebare wignSi Tavs SevikavebT literaturuli Janrebis am ganmartebebis detaluri interpretaciisgan. mizezi meTodologiuri xasiaTisaa:

literaturuli Janrebi, antikuri epoqidan vidre dRem-de, or gansxvavebul rakursSi moiazreba _ sinqronul da diaqronul rakursebSi. sinqronizmi Janruli formebis sim-yaresa da mudmivobas asaxavs, diaqronizmi ki _ maT peri-odul transformacias istoriuli da kulturuli cvaleba-dobebis konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, Janris gansazRvreba sin-qronul WrilSi efuZneba e.w. formulirebuli literaturu-li konvenciebis daSvebas, diaqronul WrilSi ki _ arafor-mulirebul literaturuli konvenciebisas. T. kenti miuTi-Tebs: `formulirebuli literaturuli konvencia Tavisi arsiT gansazRvruli da dakanonebulia... igi Seesabameba teq-stis statikur anu sinqronul elementebs, romlebic vlin-

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deba teqstis doneze. am TvalsazrisiT, sinqronuli, anu formulirebuli literaturuli konvenciebi asocirdeba im logikur molodinTan, romelic warmoiqmneba teqstTan uSu-alo kontaqtis Sedegad... gansxvavebiT formulirebuli li-teraturuli konvenciebisagan, araformulirebuli konven-ciebi Tavisi arsiT ganusazRvrelni arian da diaqronul xasiaTs atareben. isini asocirdeba cvalebadobasTan, rome-lic yovelTvis faseulia~ (kenti 1986: 37-38). amrigad, sin-qronul WrilSi Janri aRiqmeba, rogorc dadgenili, formu-lirebuli da gamyarebuli struqtura, ganpirobebuli Sida-literaturuli kanonebiT, diaqronul perspeqtivaSi ki _ rogorc mudmivad qmnadi sistema, damokidebuli konkre-tuli epoqisaTvis niSandobliv istoriul da kulturul Ri-rebulebebze. SeiZleba davaskvnaT: Janris sinqronuli gan-sazRvreba amkvidrebs Janris struqturul Taviseburebasa da miznebs, romlebTan mimarTebaSic gaiazreba nebismieri Janris wiaRSi mimdinare cvalebadoba, regresi Tu ganviTa-reba; gansxvavebiT sinqronulisagan, diaqronuli gansaz-Rvreba realuri, istoriul-kulturuli mocemulobebis fonze ganixilavs Janrs, is adgens nebismieri Janris wiaRSi mimdinare cvalebadobis, regresisa Tu ganviTarebis mize-zebs da, am TvalsazrisiT, dasabams aZlevs mraval saintere-so koncefcias. Janris Teoriis gaazrebis sinqronuli da di-aqronuli rakursebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan _ pirveli koncentrirebulia dadgenil standartze, meore ki _ mudmivad cvalebad sistemebze. me-20 saukunis litera-turaTmcodnobam naTlad gamoavlina am ori Tvalsazrisis

Widili∗, Tumca, yvelaze swor gadawyvetilebad migvaCnia Janris gaazrebis am ori poziciis Sejerebis mcdeloba, ra-sac Janris gaazrebis holistikuri meTodi ewoda. holisti-kuri meTodi moicavs da amTlianebs Janris gansazRvrebis orive models _ sinqronulsa da diaqronuls: Tu sinqronu-li modeli safuZvlad edeba Janris etimologiur, tipolo-

∗ ix. i. ratiani, Janris Teoria. Tb. 2009. gv. 33-60.

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giur da semiotikur klasifikacias, anu Janris gansazRvre-bas Sidaliteraturul kanonzomierebebze dayrdnobiT, di-aqronuli modeli axdens Janris sinTezirebas konkretul garemo pirobebTan, adgens Janris adaptaciis xarisxs gar-kveul istoriul-kulturul konteqstSi, anu axorcielebs Janris gansazRvrebas gare, e.w. eqstraliterturuli kanon-zomierebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom literatu-ruli Janrebis ganmartebisa da gaazrebis swori da met-nak-lebad srulyofili suraTi warmodgenili unda iqnas ufro farTo perspeqtivaSi, romelic literaturul Janrebs gani-xilavs esTetikur modelebTan, literaturul mimdinare-obebTan da Teoriul principebTan organul mTlianobaSi. am mizans moemsaxureba `literaturis Teoriis~ saxelmZRvane-lo, romelsac uaxloes xanebSi miiRebs mkiTxveli.

gamoyenebuli literatura: ratiani 2009: ratiani i. Janris Teoria. Tb.: 2009.

belinski 1948: Белинский Б. Собр. соч. в 3тт. т.2. -М.: Гослитиздат, 1948. hiugo 1961: Hugo, V. Odes and Ballads // V. Hugo, Studies in Poetics, London:

1961. diubrou 1982: Dubrow, H. Genre. -Methuen, London and New York: 1982. kenti 1986: Kent, T. Interpretation and Genre. –Lewisburg: 1986.

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