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Herbivore association of different poplar species, hybrids and clones Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos University of WestHungary, Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, 9400 Sopron, Hungary

Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

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Page 1: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Herbivore association of different poplar species, hybrids and clones

Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos

University of West‐Hungary, Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection,

9400 Sopron, Hungary

Page 2: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Goals

HypothesesI. The establishment and development of arthropod 

associations are influenced by the genotype of the host tree (here poplars), partly through phenotypic characters such as budburst and leaf size.

II. Changes within and between growing seasons have significant influence on herbivore communities of poplars. 

III. The provenance of the host influences the establishment and development of arthropod associations too.

To determine the factors influencing arthropod associations developing on young poplar trees.

Page 3: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Material and method

• Altogether 20 Populus taxa from 6 locations– Aigeiros

• P. deltoides: 1 (GB)• P. nigra: 11 (BE: 1, HU: 5, IT: 4, PL: 1)• P. deltoides x P. deltoides: 1 (BE)• P. deltoides x P. nigra: 3 (DE: 1, HU: 2)

– Aigeiros x Tacamachaca• P. maximowiczii x P. nigra: 1 (PL)

– Tacamachaca• P. trichocarpa: 3 (BE, GB, DE)

Page 4: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Relationship among the host plants based on 7 microsatellite locus

P. nigra hybrids

P. nigra

P. trichocarpa

P. deltoides

Page 5: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

6 different locations

Germany

Hungary

Belgium

Great Britain 

Italy

Poland

Page 6: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Material and method1. Number of trees: 20 trees/plot, 6 repetitions = 120 trees2. Experiment site: common-garden (nursery)3. Planting: 21. May 2009 4. Data collection:

– 2009: 4 times, July – October– 2010-2011: 5 times, May – October

5. Sampling: 15 leaves/tree, up to 3 m hight, randomly6. Damage caused by insects, ‘functional groups’:

A. chewers,B. skeletonisers,C. leaf miners,D. rollers,E. gall makers,F. sap suckers.

7. Measurements: leaf surface damage (A, B), density (C, D, E), scale of Banks (F).

8. Statistics: Correlation & cluster analysis, two way ANOVA

Page 7: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Material and method

Page 8: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Results

Page 9: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Results

• Damage caused by the chewers did not show any correlation with geographic origin.

• The level of chewing damage reflects the genetic relations. 

Chewers

Page 10: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Chewers & hosts: 5 clusters

1. cluster

2. cluster

3. cluster

4. cluster

5. cluster

6. cluster

P. trichocarpa

P. deltoides

Muhle

P. nigra ’Italica’

P. nigra 1

PG51 Clone 4

P. nigra 4

S 9‐2V 24

P. nigra 5

P. nigra ♀

P. nigra ’Poli’

GhoyPannónia

Koltay

P. nigra 8

PW5Robusta

Kórnik

PG52 Clone 6

Page 11: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Results

• Damage caused by the chewers did not show any correlation with geographic origin.

• The level of chewing damage reflects the genetic relations. 

• Chewing damage showed significant correlation with– budburst at spring time,

– leaf size from May ‐ September. 

Chewers

Page 12: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Chewers

Years May June August September October

(p=0.05)

2009 leaf size ‐ ‐ 0.7404 0.4982 0.1544

bud burst ‐0.4110 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐2010

leaf size 0.6316 0.7504 0.8451 0.6105 0.4902

bud burst ‐0.5756 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐2011

leaf size 0.4887 0.6481 0.5098 0.5549 0.2556

Correlation between leaf surface damage of chewers andA. leaf size, B. bud burst 

Page 13: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Skeletonisers

• There was no clear differentiation between Populus taxa based on skeletonising damage. 

• The extension of skeletonising damage did not show any correlation with geographic origin.

• No clear differentiation on bud burst and leaf size.

Page 14: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Skeletonisers & hosts: 5 clusters

Page 15: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Skeletonisers

May June August September OctoberYears

p=0.05

2009 leaf size ‐ ‐ ‐0.1887 ‐0.5035 ‐0.1439

bud burst 0.0287 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐2010

leaf size ‐0.1850 ‐0.5278 ‐0.6150 ‐0.0632 ‐0.1534

bud burst 0.5820

2011leaf size ‐0.3227 ‐0.4962 ‐0.4325 ‐0.4947 ‐0.1023

Correlation between leaf surface damage of skeletonisers andA.leaf size,B. bud burst 

Page 16: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Leaf miners• Different Populus species had different miner species composition 

with different species abundance. 

• Geographic differentiation among the Populus nigra clones was identified. The southern types were significantly different from the other Populus nigra clones.

Page 17: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Leaf miners & hosts: 5 cluster

Page 18: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Leaf miners

May June August September OctoberYears

p=0.05bud burst ‐0.0484 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

2010leaf size ‐0.3399 ‐0.4083 ‐0.4102 ‐0.1824 ‐0.1063

bud burst ‐0.2120

2011leaf size ‐0.2642 ‐0.1537 ‐0.2548 ‐0.1335 ‐0.0501

Correlation between number of mines andA. leaf size, B. bud burst

Page 19: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Leaf rollers

• The degree of roller damage was closely related to leaf size, especially for Byctiscus populi. 

• No correlation found for the bud burst.

Page 20: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Leaf rollers

Roll of B. populi  Roll of B. betulae TotalYears

P. nigra and P. deltoides, p=0.052010 0.5912 0.7851  0.75112011 0.6189 0.7130 0.7449

P. nigra clones, p=0.05

2010 0.6864 0.4779 0.72492011 0.6409 0.4633 0.6756

Hybrids, p=0.052010 ‐0.2721 ‐0.6146 ‐0.41412011 ‐0,4903 ‐0,4683 ‐0.4836

P. trichocarpa, p=0.052010 ‐0.9853 ‐0.6323 ‐0.96552011 ‐0.6323 ‐0.7985 ‐0.9928

Correlation between number of rolls & leaf size

Page 21: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Leaf rollers & hosts: 4 clusters

Page 22: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Gall makers• The genetic relationship among the hosts played an important role in the 

occurrence of gall makers. The most significant relations were indicated by the presence of Thecabius affinis. 

Galls are caused by Thecabius affinis fundatrice and fundatrigeniae 

Galls are caused by Parathecabius lysimachiae fundatrice and fundatrigeniae 

Page 23: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Gall maker species

Gall maker aphids’ occurences

Pemphigus spp. 

Thecabius affinis

Parathecabius lysimachiae 

Page 24: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Sap suckers• There were aphids only on P. nigra.

Tree Diagram for 20 VariablesUnweighted pair-group average

Euclidean distances

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Linkage Distance

P. deltoidesS 9-2

P. trichocarpaV 24

MuhleP. nigra 'Poli' (male)

GhoyP. nigra 'Italica'

P. nigra 8PG 52 clone 6

P. nigra 4P. nigra (female)

P. nigra 5P. nigra 1

PW 5PG 51 clone 4

KórnikPannónia

KoltayRobusta

Chaitophorus leucomelas’ occurence

Page 25: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Summary

Functional groups Genotype Leaf size Bud burst

Provenance

Chewers ++ ++++ ++++ ++Skeletoniser ++ + +Leaf miners +++ +++

B. populi +++ + +++RollersB. betulae +++ + ++

Gall makers ++++ ++Sap suckers (Aphids) ++++

++++ significant correlation, +++   strong correlation,  ++     moderate correlation, +       weak correlation.

Page 26: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

SummaryI. On the poplar trees the arthropod 

associations were influenced by the followingfactors (with decreasing significance):

1. genotype, 

2. leaf size,

3. budburst,

4. period of the year,

5. year,

6. provenence.

Page 27: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

SummaryI. k

II. The type and rate of damage was influenced by the genotype during the first three‐quarter of the growing season significantly, and it is less important beyond that.

III. The provenance of the hosts influences also the establishment and development of arthropod associations.

Page 28: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

• These results may help in the selection of Populus taxa for breeding, and determination of the breeding lines. 

• Poplars as founder species have an important role in restoration conservation. This work can provide useful information to elaborate the afforestation and restoration plans on sensitive habitats. 

• Our results are also important for poplar plantations and agroforestry. If they are used correctly the resistant and the resilient ability of the plantations can be strengthened. These outcomes support improvement of self‐regulation at reforestations, and the creating the basis of the self‐regulation at plantations.

• Considering the breeding and climate change it is also important to understand the mutual adaptation of the non‐native host plant and indigenous insect associations in detail. Different origins should be compared in common garden long‐term experiments.

Further thoughts

Page 29: Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar

Thanks for your attention!

Question?