MTPT Chuong 1

8/8/2019 MTPT Chuong 1

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Mi trng v pht trin

i hc Khoa hc T nhin - i hc Quc gia H Ni


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Khoa Mi trng - HKHTN2

Ni dung mn hcChng 1: TNG QUAN CC VN V MI TRNG (6)

1.1. Khi nim cc vn v mi trng v ti nguyn thin nhin1.2. nhim mi trng1.2.1. Khi nim, c im chung ca ngun gy nhim, tc nhn gy nhim.1.2.2. nhim mi trng khng kh, t, nc: c im, nguyn nhn v h qu.

1.3. Nhng vn mi trng ton cu1.3.1. Suy thoi ti nguyn (sinh vt, rng, t, nc) 1.3.2. Suy thoi tng zn1.3.3. Bin i kh hu ton cu 1.3.4. nhim mi trng (t,nc, khng kh)

1.3.5. Bng n dn s, ngho i, bnh dch.1.4. Suy thoi ti nguyn, ONMT Vit NamChng 2: PHT TRIN V MI TRNG (6+2)

2.1. Khi nim pht trin v cc m hnh pht trin.2.2. Cc lnh vc pht trin v vn mi trng.

2.2.1. Pht trin nng nghip v mi trng 2.2.2. Cng nghip ha v mi trng2.2.3. Khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng 2.2.4. Thng mi, dch v, du lch v mi trng

2.3. Ton cu ha vi mi trng v pht trin

2.4. Bi tp: Tm hiu v vn mi trng v pht trin theo hng dn ca gio vin.Chng 3: BO V MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG (8+2)

3.1. Khi nim v cc cng c bo v mi trng3.1.1. Khi nim 3.1.2. Cng c php l BVMT3.1.3. Cng c kinh t BVMT 3.1.4. Cng c KHCN trong BVMT3.1.5. S tham gia ca cng ng trong BVMT3.2. Pht trin bn vng3.2.1. Khi nim v ni dung pht trin bn vng 3.2.2. Mc tiu ca PTBV

3.2.3. Cc vn PTBV 3.2.4. Cc ch s ca PTBV


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Chng1. Tng quan cc vn mi trng

1.1. Khi nim cc vn mi trng, ti nguyn1.2. nhim mi trng1.2.1. Khi nim, c im chung ca ngun gy nhim,

tc nhn gy nhim.

1.2.2. nhim mi trng khng kh, t, nc: c im,nguyn nhn v h qu.1.3. Nhng vn mi trng ton cu1.3.1. Suy thoi ti nguyn (sinh vt, rng, t, nc)1.3.2. Suy thoi tng zn1.3.3. Bin i kh hu ton cu1.3.4. nhim mi trng (t, nc, khng kh)1.3.5. Bng n dn s, ngho i, bnh dch.1.4. Suy thoi ti nguyn, nhim MT Vit Nam


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Khoa Mitrn -

4

Chng 2. Pht trin v mi trng

2.1. Khi nim pht trin v m hnhpht trin.

2.2. Cc lnh vc pht trin v vn mitrng

2.2.1. Pht trin nng nghip v mi trng2.2.2. Cng nghip ha v mi trng2.2.3. Khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng

2.2.4. Thng mi, dch v, du lch v mitrng

2.2.6. Vn ha, tn gio, tn ngng v mitrng


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C3. BO V MI TRNG & PHT TRIN BN VNG

3.1. Khi nim v cc cng c bo v mi trng3.1.1. Khi nim3.1.2. Cng c php l BVMT3.1.3. Cng c kinh t BVMT3.1.4. Cng c KHCN trong BVMT3.1.5. S tham gia ca cng ng trong BVMT3.2. Pht trin bn vng

3.2.1. Khi nim v ni dung pht trin bn vng3.2.2. Mc tiu ca PTBV3.2.3. Cc vn PTBV3.2.4. Cc ch s ca PTBV


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Hc liu Hc liu bt buc:[1]. L Vn Khoa (ch bin). Khoa hc mi trng. Nxb. Gio dc. H Ni,

2004.

[2]. Lu c Hi. C s Khoa hc Mi trng. Nxb. HQG HN 2005[3]. Nguyn nh He. Mi trng v Pht trin bn vng. NXb. Gio dc, H

Ni.2006. Ti liu b tr

[3]. L Qu An (ch bin). Vit Nam - Mi trng v cuc sng. H Ni 2006.[4]. Lut bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam.[6]. Hnh trnh v s pht trin bn vng 1972-1992-2002. NXB Chnh tr quc

gia. H Ni 2002.[7]. Chng trnh ngh s 21[8]. Tuyn b thin nin k.[9]. GEO 2000 Global Environmental outlook.[10]. Human Development Report 2006 a ch mng tham kho1. Trang tin Chnh ph VN, mc H thng vn bn php quy http://www.vietnam.gov.vn2. Trang tin vn phng PTBV VN http://www.va21.org3. Trang tin Cc mi trng, mc Khung php l - cng c quc t

http://www.nea.gov.vn/html/khungphaply/all.htm4. Trang tin Hi bo v thin nhin v MT, sch Vit Nam - Mi trng & cuc sng

http://www.vacne.org.vn/CD_ROM/root/data/index.html5. Trang tin Trung tm Con ngi v thin nhin http://www.thiennhien.net


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Lch trnh chung

Title

Ni dung

Hnh thc t chc dy mn hc

TngLn lp T hc, tnghin cuL thuyt Bi tp Tho lun

Chng 1 6 6

Chng 2 6 2 8

Chng 3 8 2 10

T hc, tholun

2 2 4

Tng kt, ntp

1 1 2


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Lch trnh c thTun Ni dung chnh Yu cu SV chun b Hnh thc t chc ging dy Ghi ch

1 Chng 1 c 1,3, 4 Dy l thuyt 2

2 Chng 1 c ti liu 1,2, 4 Dy l thuyt 2

3 Chng 1 c 1, 6 Dy l thuyt 2

4 Chng 2 c ti liu 1,2,3. Dy l thuyt 2

5 Chng 2 c 1,2,3 Dy l thuyt 2

6 Chng 2 c 1,2,3,7 Dy l thuyt 2

7 Chng 2 Bi tp Chun b theo yu cu gio vin Tho lun v bi tp 2

8 Chng 3 c 2 Dy l thuyt 2

9 Chng 3 c ti liu 1, 4 Dy l thuyt 2

10 Chng 3 c ti liu 1, 3, 4. Chn ch bi tp chungcho 2 chng 3 v 4.

Dy l thuyt 2

11 Chng 3 c ti liu 1,3,4 Dy l thuyt 2

12 Chng 3 Chun b theo yu cu gio vin Tho lun v bi tp 2

13 T nghin cu Vit tiu lun v vn nghin cu: Bi vit y gm 5 trang ch, khng k biu bng, hnhminh ha. Bi tm tt trnh by dng Powerpoint

T hc 2

14 Tho lun Trnh by ni dung nghin cu, tho lun, gp .Nhm cc bi cng ch , nh gi cho

Tho lun trn lp, nh gicho

2

15 Tng kt, n tp Chun b n tp theo hng dn Tho lun trn lp 2

Sau tun 15 s thi cui k. Lch c th do nh trng b tr


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Yu cu ca ging vin i vi mn hc

Phng hc phi c my tnh, phng tin trnh chiu, bng ghim, bngvit, ch treo giy A0 (phng hc chun).

Sinh vin phi s dng thnh tho cc cng c my tnh, mng Phn t hc sinh vin phi tng kt ti liu do gio vin quy nh, chun b

bo co theo ng lch trnh, tham gia tho lun trn lp, trn mng vchm cho bi c ch nh.

Tch ly cc im kim tra nh gi theo quy nh mn hc.

Hnh thc kim tra nh gi mn hc

Cc loi im kim tra v trng s nh gi- Thi gia k 0,5: Lm bi tp c nhn, nhm v trnh by, tho lun v thi ga k- Thi cui k 0,5 : sau tun 15

- Thi li : sau k thi chnh t 3 - 5 tunTiu ch nh gi gia k:

- Np bo co c nhn ng thi gian quy nh, thng tin cp nht, c c s khoa hc,trnh by ngn gn, p.

- Sinh vin t nh gi v cho im cc bo co khc v hnh thc v ni dung bo cotrong qu trnh tho lun

- Gio vin nh gi bo co, bi tp, Chm theo thang im 10.

Thi cui k: Thi vit chung ton trng theo quy nh. Chm thang im 10.


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Mi trng l gVn mi trng xung quanh em quan

tm nht hin nay

Em lm g bo v mi trngEm mong mun iu g mn hc ny


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Tng quancc vn mi trng

Chng 1


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Chng 1. Tng quan cc vn mi trng

1.1. Khi nim cc vn mi trng, ti nguyn1.2. nhim mi trng1.2.1. Khi nim, c im chung ca ngun gy nhim,

tc nhn gy nhim.1.2.2. nhim mi trng khng kh, t, nc: c im,

nguyn nhn v h qu.1.3. Nhng vn mi trng ton cu1.3.1. Suy thoi ti nguyn (sinh vt, rng, t, nc)1.3.2. Suy thoi tng zn

1.3.3. Bin i kh hu ton cu1.3.4. nhim mi trng (t, nc, khng kh)1.3.5. Bng n dn s, ngho i, bnh dch.1.4. Suy thoi ti nguyn, nhim MT Vit Nam


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1.1.1. Khi nim mi trng

MT ca mt vt th, s kin, sinh vt ltng hp cc iu kin bn ngoi c nhhng ti vt th, s kin, sinh vt .

MT sng ca con ngi theo ngha rng l cv tr bao la (cc iu kin t nhin (TN vMT), nhn to (cng c, phng tin....), XH(t chc, th ch, lut l...) c quan h vinhau, bao quanh, c nh hng ti conngi v s pht trin ca XH loi ngi


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MT sng ca con ngi theo ngha hp (gi tt lmi trng) ch bao gm nhng nhn t c linquan trc tip ti s tn ti v pht trin ca xhi loi ngi : khng kh, nc, nh sng, bcx, m thanh, cnh quan, o c, t chc chnhtr, x hi... ti vng m con ngi ang sng

Lut Bo v Mi trng Vit Nam (2005): MTbao gm cc yu tt nhin v vt cht nhn

to bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng n isng, sn xut, s tn ti, pht trin ca conngi v sinh vt.


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Thnh phn MT l yu t vt cht tothnh MT nht, nc, khng kh, mthanh, nh sng, sinh vt, h sinh thi vcc hnh thi vt cht khc.

Mi trng t nhin l mt h thng thngnht, n nh, cn bng ng, tn ti, vnng tun theo nhng quy lut t nhinnht nh

Cc c trng c bn ca h thng chc duy tr v th hin khi h thng cbo ton nguyn trng v n nh


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1- Sn xut, cha ng, bo v v cungcp ti nguyn thin nhin

2- Tip nhn, cha v phn hu cht thi;

3- Cung cp khng gian sng, bao gmni , sinh hot, sn xut v cc cnhquan thin nhin, vn ho cn thit choi sng;

4- Bo v (cung cp vng m, tn hiubo ng, l chn zn...);

5- Cung cp, lu gi thng tin....

1.1.1. Chc nng ca mi trng t nhin


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c im ca cc chc nng

C gii hn v c iu kin, i hi vickhai thc chng phi thn trng v c cs khoa hc.

Mc d cc chc nng ca mi trng rt

a dng, nhng khng song hnh ngthi, khai thc mt chc nng s c thlm mt kh nng khai thc cc chcnng cn li.

Kh nng sinh li m cc chc nng trncung cp cng khng nh nhau v thayi theo thi gian, theo tin trnh phttrin ca x hi loi ngi.


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1.1.2. Khi nim cc vn mi trng

Hot ng BVMT l cc hot nggi cho MT trong lnh, sch pphng nga, hn ch tc ng xu i vi

MT, ng ph s c MTkhc phc nhim, suy thoi, phc hi v

ci thin MTkhai thc, s dng hp l v tit kim ti

nguyn thin nhinbo v a dng sinh hc


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Nguyn tc BVMT1. BVMT phi gn kt hi ha vi pht trin kinh t v bo

m tin b x hi pht trin bn vng t nc; BVMTquc gia phi gn vi BVMT khu vc v ton cu.

2.

BVMT l s nghip ca ton x hi, quyn v trch nhimca c quan NN, t chc, h gia nh, c nhn.3. Hot ng BVMT phi thng xuyn, ly phng nga l

chnh kt hp vi khc phc nhim, suy thoi v ci thincht lng MT.

4. BVMT phi ph hp vi quy lut, c im t nhin, vn

ha, lch s, trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi ca tnc trong tng giai on.5. T chc, h gia nh, c nhn gy nhim, suy thoi MT c

trch nhim khc phc, bi thng thit hi v chu cctrch nhim khc theo quy nh ca php lut.


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Gii thch t ng

Pht trin bn vng l pht trin p ng c nhu cu cath h hin ti m khng lm tn hi n kh nng png nhu cu ca cc th h tng lai trn c s kt hpcht ch, hi ho gia tng trng kinh t, bo m tin bx hi v BVMT.

Tiu chun MTl gii hn cho php ca cc thng s vcht lng MT xung quanh, v hm lng ca cht gy nhim trong cht thi c c quan NN c thm quyn quynh lm cn c QL v BVMT.

nhim MTl s bin i ca cc thnh phn MT khngph hp vi tiu chun MT, gy nh hng xu n con

ngi, sinh vt.

Suy thoi MTl s suy gim v cht lng v s lng cathnh phn MT, gy nh hng xu i vi con ngi vsinh vt.


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S c MTl tai bin hoc ri ro xy ra trong qu trnh hotng ca con ngi hoc bin i tht thng ca t nhin,gy nhim, suy thoi hoc bin i MT nghim trng.

Cht gy nhim l cht hoc yu t vt l khi xut hintrong MT th lm cho MT b nhim.

Cht thil vt cht th rn, lng, kh c thi ra t snxut, kinh doanh, dch v, sinh hot hoc hot ng khc.

Cht thi nguy hil cht thi cha yu t c hi, phngx, d chy, d n, d n mn, d ly nhim, gy ng choc c tnh nguy hi khc.

L cht thil hot ng phn loi, thu gom, vn chuyn,gim thiu, ti s dng, ti ch, x l, tiu hy, thi loi

cht thi. Ph liu l sn phm, vt liu b loi ra t qu trnh sn

xut hoc tiu dng c thu hi dng lm nguyn liusn xut.


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Sc chu ti ca MTl gii hn cho php m MT c th tipnhn v hp th cc cht gy nhim.

H sinh thil h qun th sinh vt trong mt khu vc al t nhin nht nh cng tn ti v pht trin, c tc ngqua li vi nhau.

a dng sinh hcl s phong ph v ngun gen, loi sinhvt v h sinh thi. Quan trc MTl qu trnh theo di c h thng v MT, cc

yu t tc ng ln MT nhm cung cp thng tin phc vnh gi hin trng, din bin cht lng MT v cc tcng xu i vi MT.

Thng tin v MTbao gm s liu, d liu v cc thnh phn

MT; v tr lng, gi tr sinh thi, gi tr kinh t ca ccngun ti nguyn thin nhin; v cc tc ng i vi MT;v cht thi; v mc MT b nhim, suy thoi v thngtin v cc vn MT khc.


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nh gi MT chin lcl vic phn tch, d bo cc tcng n MT ca d n chin lc, quy hoch, k hochpht trin trc khi ph duyt nhm bo m pht trinbn vng.

nh gi tc ng MTl vic phn tch, d bo cc tcng n MT ca d n u t c th a ra cc binphp BVMT khi trin khai d n .

Kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh l cc loi kh tc ng ns trao i nhit gia tri t v khng gian xung quanhlm nhit ca khng kh bao quanh b mt tri t nngln.

Hn ngch pht thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh l khilng kh gy hiu ng nh knh ca mi quc gia cphp thi vo bu kh quyn theo quy nh ca cc iuc quc t lin quan.


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Chnh sch ca nh nc v BVMT

1. Khuyn khch, to iu kin thun li mi t chc,cng ng dn c, h gia nh, c nhn tham gia hot ngBVMT.

2. y mnh tuyn truyn, gio dc, vn ng, kt hp pdng cc bin php hnh chnh, kinh t v cc bin phpkhc xy dng thc t gic, k cng trong hot ng

BVMT. 3.S dng hp l, tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin, pht

trin nng lng sch, nng lng ti to; y mnh tich, ti s dng v gim thiu cht thi.

4. u tin gii quyt cc vn MT bc xc; tp trung xl cc c s gy nhim MT nghim trng; phc hi MT

cc khu vc b nhim, suy thoi; ch trng BVMT th,khu dn c. 5. u t BVMT l u t pht trin; a dng ha cc

ngun vn u t cho BVMT v b tr khon chi ring chos nghip MT trong ngn sch NN hng nm.


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6. u i v t ai, thu, h tr ti chnh cho cc hotng BVMT v cc sn phm thn thin vi MT; kt hp hiho gia bo v, s dng c hiu qu cc thnh phn MTcho pht trin.

7. Tng cng o to ngun nhn lc, khuyn khch

nghin cu, p dng v chuyn giao cc thnh tu khoahc v cng ngh v BVMT; hnh thnh v pht trin ngnhcng nghip MT.

8. M rng v nng cao hiu qu hp tc quc t; thc hiny cc cam kt quc t v BVMT; khuyn khch tchc, c nhn tham gia thc hin hp tc quc t v BVMT.

9. Pht trin kt cu h tng BVMT; tng cng, nng caonng lc quc gia v BVMT theo hng chnh quy, hin i.

Chnh sch ca nh nc v BVMT


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Nhng hot ng BVMT c khuyn khch

1. Tuyn truyn, gio dc v vn ng mi ngitham gia BVMT, gi gn v sinh MT, bo v cnhquan thin nhin v a dng sinh hc.

2. Bo v v s dng hp l, tit kim ti nguynthin nhin.

3.

Gim thiu, thu gom, ti ch v ti s dngcht thi. 4. Pht trin, s dng nng lng sch, nng

lng ti to; gim thiu kh thi gy hiu ngnh knh, ph hy tng zn.

5. ng k c s t tiu chun MT, sn phmthn thin vi MT.

6. Nghin cu KH, chuyn giao, ng dng cngngh x l, ti ch cht thi, cng ngh thnthin vi MT.


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7. u t xy dng cc c s sn xut thit b,dng c BVMT; sn xut, kinh doanh cc snphm thn thin vi MT; cung cp dch v BVMT.

8. Bo tn v pht trin ngun gen bn a; laito, nhp ni cc ngun gen c gi tr kinh t, cli cho MT.

9. Xy dng thn, lng, p, bn, bun, phum,sc, c quan, c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch vthn thin vi MT.

10. Pht trin cc hnh thc t qun v t chchot ng dch v gi gn v sinh MT ca cng

ng dn c. 11. Hnh thnh np sng, thi quen gi gn v

sinh MT, xa b h tc gy hi n MT. 12. ng gp kin thc, cng sc, ti chnh cho

hot ng BVMT.

Nhng hot ng BVMT c khuyn khch


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Nhng hnh vi b nghim cm

1. Ph hoi, khai thc tri php rng, cc ngun ti nguynthin nhin khc.

2. Khai thc, nh bt cc ngun ti nguyn sinh vt bngphng tin, cng c, phng php hu dit, khng ngthi v v sn lng theo quy nh ca php lut.

3. Khai thc, kinh doanh, tiu th, s dng cc loi thcvt, ng vt hoang d qu him thuc danh mc cm doc quan Nh nc c thm quyn quy nh.

4. Chn lp cht c, cht phng x, cht thi v cht nguyhi khc khng ng ni quy nh v quy trnh k thut vBVMT.

5. Thi cht thi cha c x l t tiu chun MT; cccht c, cht phng x v cht nguy hi khc vo t,

ngun nc. 6. Thi khi, bi, kh c cht hoc mi c hi vo khngkh; pht tn bc x, phng x, cc cht ion ho vt qutiu chun MT cho php.

7. Gy ting n, rung vt qu tiu chun cho php. 8. Nhp khu my mc, thit b, phng tin khng t

tiu chun MT.


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9. Nhp khu, qu cnh cht thi di mi hnh thc. 10. Nhp khu, qu cnh ng vt, thc vt cha qua kimdch; vi sinh vt ngoi danh mc cho php.

11.Sn xut, kinh doanh sn phm gy nguy hi cho conngi, sinh vt v h sinh thi; sn xut, s dng nguynliu, vt liu xy dng cha yu t c hi vt qu tiuchun cho php.

12. Xm hi di sn thin nhin, khu bo tn thin nhin. 13. Xm hi cng trnh, thit b, phng tin phc v hot

ng BVMT. 14. Hot ng tri php, sinh sng khu vc c c quan

NN c thm quyn xc nh l khu vc cm do mc cbit nguy him v MT i vi sc khe v tnh mng con

ngi. 15. Che giu hnh vi hu hoi MT, cn tr hot ng BVMT,

lm sai lch thng tin dn n gy hu qu xu i vi MT. 16. Cc hnh vi b nghim cm khc v BVMT theo quy

nh ca php lut.

Nhng hnh vi b nghim cm


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1.1.3. Khi nim ti nguyn thin nhin

Ti nguyn thin nhin gm cc dngNng lngVt chtThng tin t nhin

Tn ti khch quan ngoi mun con ngiC gi tr t thn m con ngi bit hoc cha bitTun theo quy lut ca t nhinCon ngi c th s dng c trong hin ti v tng lai

phc v cho s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi.

Tng gi tr kinh t ca ti nguyn c tnh bng tng ccgi tr s dng trn th trng v cc gi tr phi th trng.


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Ti nguyn thin nhin c phn loitheo nhiu cch:

Theo dng tn ti ca vt cht

TN t TN nc TN sinh vtTN khong sn Nng lng

Theo kh nng phc hi ca ti nguyn

Ti nguyn v tn TN khng ti to vc gii hn

TN c kh nng tphc hi


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Gi tr s dng trc tip: biu th nhu cu sdng cc yu t vt cht ca ti nguyn Gi tr s dng gin tip: l nhng gi tr c c

t s ng gp ca ti nguyn vo nn kinh thin ti, nhng khng trc tip s dng cc yut vt cht ca chng

Gi tr nhim : th hin nhu cu s dng tinguyn mi trng trong tng lai

Gi tr tn ti: biu hin quyn c sng cn,tn ti ca cc thnh phn ti nguyn, cc sinhvt khng phi l con ngi

Gi tr k tha: xut pht t nhu cu bo tn tinguyn v li ch ca cc th h sau

Gi tr ca ti nguyn thin nhin


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Ti nguyn N

Rc WN

Sn xut P Tiu th C

Rc WP Rc WC

W = WNT + WPT + WCT

S dng ti nguyn trong h kinh t

Rc WNT Rc WPTRc WCT

W

Tng cht thi t h kinh t a vo mi trng


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Quan nim ng nhn truyn thng v TNTN: *1- TNTN l vt cht hu hnh, nh t, nc,ng thc vt... Gi tr ca chng l gi trao itrn th trng trong cch s dng c th, khngtnh n s khc bit gi do yu t v hnh, nhlinh kh, v th... Hoc gi c xc nh theocch thc s dng khc. Khng nh gi c ccti nguyn v hnh;

*2- Ch cc dng vt cht t nhin sinh linhun, c gi tr tin t, s dng trc tip cmi c xem l ti nguyn v c bo v.

Trong khi , mt gi tr t thn ca ti nguync c nh gi hay khng trn th trng thcn ph thuc rt nhiu vo kh nng pht trinca khoa hc cng ngh ca bn thn cc ch shu ti nguyn .


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35

nhim MT l s bin i ca cc thnhphn MT khng ph hp vi tiu chun MT,gy nh hng xu n con ngi, sinh vt

Cht gy nhim l cht hoc yu t vt lkhi xut hin trong MT th lm cho MT b nhim

Theo thnh phn MT b nhim, phn loi:

nhim khng kh nhim nc nhim t

1.2.2. nhim mi trng


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Ngun gy nhim c bn i vi MT khng kh

Ngun nhim thin nhin: chy rng,ct bi t sa mc, t trng, bi nhamthch v hi kh do ni la phun, bi muido sng bin lan truyn vo KK, qu trnh

thi ra xc ng thc vt,Ngun nhim nhn to: do cc hot

ng CN, qu trnh t cc nhin liu hathch, hot ng ca cc phng tin giaothng vn ti...


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38

nhim do cng nghip: c nng cht c hi cao v tp trung, chia thnh

nhiu loi lng ngun thi v mc c hi ph thuc vo

c trng mi ngnh cng nghip

Nhit in: CO2, NOx, CO, SO2 v bi troVt liu xy dng: CO, CO2, NOx, khi biThy tinh: HF, SO2,Ha cht, phn bn: Cht thi rn (CTR), kh,tp trung, kh pht tnLuyn kim, c kh: bi khi kim loi, CTR, khithi do t nhin liu ha thch (NLHT)Giy v dt: bi v kh c do t NLHT v hacht ty trngThc phm: mi hi t phn hy hu c v khthi t t NLHT


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nhim do giao thng: COX, NOX, CYHX, bi,khi, ting n Xy ra trn cc tuyn giao thng

Pht sinh trong qu trnh t nhin liu


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nhim do sinh hot: CO, CO2 Pht sinh t un nu, l si

Ngun thi nh nhng phn b dy, cc btrong khng gian nh, trc tip gy hi cho conngi


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Cc tc nhn chnh gy nhim v suythoi KK

Cc loi xyt NOx, CO, CO2, SO2, H2S,

Cc halogen vhp cht

Flo, Clo, Brom, Iot, CFCs, benzen

Cc phn t llng

Bi rn PM10

, lng, SV, nitrat,sunpht, mui than, khi, sngm,...

Cc ht bi nng Bi t , bi kim loi,

Khi quang ha Ozon, FAN, FB2N, NOx, aldehyt,etylen,Kh thi phng x

Nhit, Ting n


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Cacbon mnxyt (CO): Nhng qu trnh t chy khng hon ton

to ra CO.

CO c i lc vi hemoglobin trong mu mnhhn O2 , nn gy hi cho sc kho nng thp v gy t vong nng >250ppm

Nhng cht nhim nguy him nht


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43

Cc hp chtN

yOx:N

O,N

O2 vN

2O NO, NO2 nhn to ch yu l t cc cng ngh chy,

n v t cc qu trnh sn xut, s dng hp chtcha nit

S dng cc loi phn khong v cc qu trnh tnhin cung ng 70 - 80% lng pht thi N2O, NO gy tc ng xu n b my h hp, nng

cao c th gy t vong. NO2 l mt kh c mu nu, kt hp vi hi nc

trong khng kh hoc trong cc nim mc phi tothnh axit, gy tc ng xu cho b my h hp niring v gy ma axit.

N2O l mt kh tr, do n tch lu theo thi giantrong kh quyn. N2O l mt trong nhng th phmgy gia tng hiu ng nh knh.


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44

Sunfua ioxyt SO2: Do t nhin liu than, du m, kh t, sinh

khi thc vt, qung sunfua,

Rt c hi vi sc khe con ngi v sinhvt, gy cc bnh v phi v h hp

Khi gp hi nc v ma th to thnh maaxit


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zn: trong tng i lu O3 trong tngi lu l cht kh gy nhim. Nng O3 t 0,3- 8ppm gy bt li cho sc

kho con ngi

nng 0,2ppm O3 gy nguy hi cho cchua, thuc l, u H Lan v nhiu loi cytrng khc.

zn c tc ng bt li n cc vt liu si,c bit l si bng, nilon, si nhn to, muthuc nhum, lm cng cao su....


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46

Cc hydrocacbon: CH4 v C6H6 CH4 pht sinh t cc qu trnh sinh hc bin i cht

hu c l mt cht kh gy hiu ng nh knh mnh hn

cacbonic 30 ln C6H6 (benzen) t cc hot ng cng nghip, s dng xng. d n, gy c qua ng h hp, tiu ho, qua

da

nng C6H6 > 60mg/l gy ng c cht ngi. c th tch lu trong m, xng, nn tc ng gy

c ko di, du hiu ng c c khi xut hinmun...


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Khi quang ha:

Oxy t p

quang hatNO2 HC hotha

zn

formanehyt,anehyt,peroxyaxetylnitrat (PAN -C2H3O5N)

BXMT

Khi quang ha

~p

gy xm l, gin l, mt mu l, hnch qu trnh trao i cht ca thc vt,gy cay, au mt, au u, ho, mt mi,gy bnh phi... thm ch gy t vongi vi ngi.


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Nhng cht gy suy thoi mi trng khng kh

Cacbon ixyt (CO2): Nng CO2 cao trong khng kh lm gim

p sut ring phn ca O2, gy kh chu choh hp, CO2>350ppm gy t vong

Hng nm con ngi thi vo kh quynkhong 8 t tn CO2; s gia tng 10% lngCO2 kh quyn gy tng nhit tri tkhong 0,5oC


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Clorofluorocacbon CFC:CFC-11(trichlorofluoromethane - CFCl3), CFC-12 (dichloro-difluoromethane - CF2Cl2), CFC-113(trichloro-trifluoroethane -C2F3Cl3), CFC-114 (dichloro-tetrfluoroethane - C2F4Cl2), andCFC-115 (chloropentafluoroethane - C2F5Cl).

l nhng hp cht tng hp, dng nhiu trong cng nghip,k ngh lm lnh,

c th tn ti dng sol kh v khng sol kh, c tnh n nhcao, chm phn hy

Ln tng cao kh quyn, nhn bc x cc tm, CFC giiphng Clo t do hot dng, tc dng vi oxy ca zn lmlp zn ca Tri t (T) b mng dn i.


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Ting n

m thanh Cng nh hng m thanh Cng nh hngNi thm 30 khng gy h qu

xu t, xe la, 80 90 lm gim s

ch , tngcng ccqu trnh cch thn

kinh trungng, gychm mch,gim huytp tm thuv tnghuyt p

tm trng,khng cphp c nhng nithngxuyn cngi

Nichuyn no

60 c th gy ri lonmt s qu trnhthn kinh v no

My bay 120

ng ph 70 lm gim sc nghe My ca 85

Ni to 80 lm gim s ch, tng cng ccqu trnh c chthn kinh trungng, gy chm

mch, gim huytp tm thu vtng huyt p tmtrng, khngc php c nhng ni thngxuyn c ngi

Xng dt 110

Tr khc 80 Tn riv,xng rn

120

Tr ht bn

tai

110 Xe qun s 90 - 120


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Lan truyn nhim v kh nng t lm sch ca MTkhng kh

Lan truyn theo phng ngang: gy nn bi gi pht tn cht nhim theo hng gi, to kh nng gim nhim ti ngun (t lm sch) tng nguy c nhim theo hng gi thi, m rng

vng nhim Lan truyn theo phng thng ng

lng ng do tc ng ca trng lc: mc lng ngtu thuc trng thi ca khng kh v tng khi khng kh

tnh hn Bc ln trong dng i lu, to ra c ch pha long, lm

sch ti ch, nhng cng gia tng nguy c pht tn nhim i xa, v cc dng thng c th tham gia chuyndch ngang.


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Nng cc i ca cc tc nhn gy nhim t thun vi lu lng pht thi, tl nghch vi vn tc gi v bnh phngchiu cao hu hiu ca ngn khi phtthi.

Ngoi gi, nhit khng kh, a hnhmt t, dng b mt, loi thm thc vtcng nh hng n s pht tn ca chtthi

Lan truyn nhim trong khng kh l qutrnh t nhin vn chuyn cht nhimxuyn bin gii, gy nn cc vn mitrng a khu vc, a quc gia


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53

Tc hi ca NKK ti sc khe con ngi

Tc nhn N Ngun Tc ngCht dnght

Cng nghip(CN), giaothng

Gia tng bnh h hp, tip xc lu:vim phi mn tnh

Sunfua xyt NM nhit

in v mts ngnh CN

Kch thch ng h hp, cc tc ng

nh cht dng ht

Nit xyt Giao thng,CN

Kch thch h hp, bnh hen v vimphi mn tnh

Cacbonmnxyt

Giao thng,CN

Gim kh nng vn chuyn O2 camu, au u, mt mi, mc caoc th mc bn tm thn hoc cht

zn Hnh thnhtrong khquyn (gy

NKK th

Tc ng n mt, h thng hhp,ung th da, gy bnh hen vvim phi mn tnh


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54

Tc hi ca NKK ln thc b, HST v cng trnh XD

SO2 c bit c hi i vi la mch v cy bng,cy h thng Nhiu loi hoa, qu rt mn cm vi Cl2Ma axit, h qu ca s ha tan Nox, SO2 vo

nc ma, ri xung ao h, sng ngi gy tc hin thy sinh vt Cc cng trnh XD u b hy hoi: n mn, nt

n, mt mu,... bi MT khng kh b nhim. KK b N dn n gia tng kh nng hp th

BXMT ca kh quyn v HNK tr nn r rt,nhit tb T tng ln

Vic s dng CFC lm hy hoi tng zn, gynn tc hi xu cho SV v con ngi


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55

Mt s hin tng nhim v suy thoi mitrng khng kh

Ma axitGia tng hiu ng nh knh Bin i kh

hu ton cuSuy thoi tng znSng khi


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1.2.2. nhim mi trng nc

NMT nc l s bin i ca cc thnh phnMT nc khng ph hp vi tiu chun MT ivi nc, gy nh hng xu n con ngi,sinh vt.

N nc c th c ngun gc: T nhin: do ng t, ni la, phong ha, ma,

tuyt, gi bo, l lt cng cc chu trnh sinh a has ha tan, ra tri cc cht vo thy vc

Nhn to: x thi t cc vng dn c, khu cngnghip (KCN), giao thng vn ti, nng nghip vomi trng nc


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Phn loi N nc theo dng nhim

nhim vt l Mu sc

Mi v v

c

Nhit

Cht rn l lng

cng

dn in pH


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59

nhim ha l DO: nng xy t do tan trong nc

BOD - Nhu cu xy sinh ha: lng xy mVi sinh vt cn dng xy ha cc cht huc c trong nc

COD - Nhu cu xy ha hc: l lng xy cnthit cho qu trnh xy ha cc cht hu c

Phng x: t kh quyn hoc cht thi cacc c s s dng


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60

nhim ha hc Kim loi nng: Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn

Cc nhm anion NO3-, PO43-, SO42-:

N cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc (BOD)

N cht hu c kh phn hy (COD) - Thucbo v thc vt

nhim du

Cht ty ra tng hp

Phn loi N nc theo dng nhim


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61

nhim sinh hc Vi khun, siu vi khun, k sinh trng gy

bnh t, l, thng hn, st rt, vim gan B,giun ,...

Ch yu l t phn, rc, nc thi sinh hot,xc cht sinh vt, nc v rc thi bnhvin,...

nh gi mc N sinh hc dng ch scoliform, phn nh s lng vi khun E.colitrong nc


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62

Phn loi N nc theo thy vc b N

NMT nc mt (sng, h) Ngun gy nhim nc mt l cc khu dn

c tp trung, cc hot ng CN khai thc m,sn xut nhit in, c kh luyn kim, giao

thng thy v sn xut nng nghip Sng c lu lng v tc dng chy cng

ln, cc qu trnh t lm sch nh pha long,chuyn dch v bin i ho hc din ra cngtt v cng l nguy c lm cho lan truyn nhim c nguy c cao theo dc sng


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63

NMT nc mt (sng, h) H l thu vc nc ng, tc i minc thng chm, cc c trng thu l,thu ho phn ho theo su r nt

Nhng qu trnh lm sch ch o trong h llng ng, bin i sinh hc, tch lu sinh hc Qu trnh lng ng a cht gy nhim

xung vng y kh t lm sch hn, bin

ni y thnh vng nhim nng Khi ngun cht thi hu c gia nhp nhiu,h rt d b ph dng v b suy gim chtlng ngun nc


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NMT nc mt (sng, h) Cc lu vc nc gn cc khu cng nghip (KCN),khai thc khong sn, c nguy c N kim loi nng(KLN) v cc cht nguy hi khc v ko theo Nt ,nc ngm, khng kh,

Cc lu vc nhn nc thi sinh hot, nc thibnh vin d b nhim vi sinh vt v t ngun ncb N li tip tc lan truyn bnh ti cc khu dn ctp trung.

cc khu thm canh nng nghip, mt lngThuc bo v thc vt v phn bn b y vo vcnc rung, ao, m, h, sng lan truyn v tchly gy N t, nc v thm nhp vo c th

ngi


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65


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nhim ngun nc ngm Cc tng nc ngm nm cch bit vi khquyn, l ngun cung cp nc sinh hot chyu ca nhiu vng dn c.

Cc tc nhn gy nhim c th nm sntrong tng t cha nc, bn trn tngnc ngm, hoc theo cc dng chy xmnhp vo nc ngm

Nc ngm kh b nhim hn nc mt,nhng n cng kh t lm sch hn N nc ngm nguy him khng km N

nc mt


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67

Cc tc nhn nhim ngun nc ngm T nhin: nhim mn, nhim phn, hm lng

cao ca Fe, Mn v mt s kim loi

Nhn to: kim loi nng, cc anion, vi sinh

vt,Suy thoi ngun li nc ngm: mt kh

nng khai thc, h thp mc nc

N nc ngm c nh hng ln n chtlng cuc sng ca con ngi


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nhim bin Bin l ni tip nhn phn ln cc cht thi t

lc a theo cc dng chy sng, sui.

Sng ti ra bin ph sa l lng, cc loi cht

thi khi gp nc bin xy ra cc qu trnhbin i ho hc, lng ng gy nhim trmtch ven bin.

Dng cht tan theo cc dng chy bin i nnhiu vng i dng v ven b tch lu theody chuyn sinh hc nh hng xu n sinhvt bin v cc h sinh thi bin


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nhim bin cc ngun thi ng k: cc hot ng kinh t trn bin v ven bin:

ngh c, nui trng thu sn, khai thckhong sn (du kh), giao thng vn ti bin

NKK c nh hng mnh n N bin Ngun t nhin: ni la phun, ng t, sng

thn, l lt, enin....

Cc hin tng bin i kh hu ton cu lmthay i mc nc bin v suy thoi h sinhthi bin bin


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Mt vi hin tng nhim v suy thoi bin in hnh

Thy triu :do s d tha

cht dinhdng trongbin v idng lmpht trin tloi to c cmu nu


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71

N du do s cgiao thng, ginkhoan, ng dn du,gy lng lndu ra bin:

Du nh ni trn mtnc lan nhanh,rng, hu hoi mnhh sinh thi bin vlm gim cht lng

nc bin. Du nng chmxung y gy nhim khi nc vvng y


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73

1.2.3 nhim mi trng t

Kh nng t lm sch ca t ph thuc theo s s lng & cht lng ht keo

trong t (mn).

theo s nng , lng v tnh bt li cht

N theo s kh nng xy ho, lu thng kh

Ph thuc vo kh nng thot nc v gi

m.Kh nng t lm sch ca t l c gii

hn.


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75

Phn loi nhim t

nhim vt l nhim nhit: do s thi b nc lm mt caNM nhit in, in nguyn t, c kh, chy rng,pht nng

nh hng n khu h vi sinh vt t, lm t chai

cng, mt dinh dng Gim xy, qu trnh phn hy k kh to sn phm

trung gian c v c mi kh chu

nhim phng x: c sn trong lng t hoc t

cc trung tm nghin cu nguyn t, phng x, ccbnh vin, nh my in nguyn t, v th VKHN,.. Xm nhp vo c th ngi, lm thay i cu trc

TB, gy cc bnh di truyn, mu, ung th


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nhim ha hc: cht thi CN, giao thng, sinhhot, phn bn ha hc, HCBVTV, cht kch thch

sinh trng Cht thi CN: 50% cht thi CN tn ti th rn,

trong 15% c kh nng gy c nguy him: phng

x, kim loi nng, axit Ha cht nng nghip: gy tc ng tc thi ln HST

t, gy cht mt s loi v c th tn ti lu di trongMT

Kim loi nng: Hg, Cd, Pb, Ni, As, Cr, Mn, Zn, Sn do cht thi CN, k ngh pin, hot ng khai khong,c kh, giao thng, sinh hot, phn bn, ha chtdng trong cng nng nghip


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nhim sinh hc Ngun nhim: cht thi mt v sinh, s

dng phn bc ti, bn ao ti, bn knhdn cht thi SH bn trc tip vo t

Truyn bnh ngi t ngi: trc khunv nguyn sinh ng vt ng rut nh trckhun t, l, thng hn, l amip...

Truyn bnh vt t ngi: Bnh xonkhun vng da (tru b, chut), dch hch(chut), than (gia sc)

Truyn bnh t ngi: un vn, nm


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1.3.1.S

uy thoi ti nguyn (sinh vt, rng,t, nc)

1.3.2. Suy thoi tng zn

1.3.3. Bin i kh hu ton cu

1.3.4. nhim mi trng (t, nc, khng

kh)

1.3.5. Bng n dn s, ngho i, bnh dch.

1.3. Nhng vn mi trng ton cu


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1.3.1. Suy thoi ti nguyn (sinhvt, rng, t, nc)


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Suy thoi ti nguyn sinh vt

Suy gim a dng sinh hc: a dng gen, loi, HSTSuy gim nng sut ca cc HST

Suy gim cht lng sinh vt

Suy gim s lng v din tch phn b


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83/154

83

S tuyt chng v nguy c tuyt chng cc loi

Tc tuyt chng cc nhm ng vt c xngsng, chim, th, ln hn tc tuyt chng tnhin khong 100 n 1.000 ln.

T1600 TCN n 1900: trung bnh 4 nm mt 1 loi;

1900 - 1980: mi nm mt 1 loi; 1980 - 2000: mi ngy mt 1 loi.

D bo t2001 n 2010: 1 gi mt 1 loi.

Lin Hp quc d bo n 2050 s c 1/2 ng vt trn tri t tuyt

chng

Sch VN c 365 loi ng vt 356 loi

thc vt qu him b e do v c nguy c

tuyt chng


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84

4/25 loi linh trng sp bin mt khi tri t

S i t HST


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85

Suy gim nng sut HST

Sinh khi v NS ca cc HST in hnhStt H sinh thi Sinh khi thc vt

(tn/ha)

Nng sut s cp

(g/m2/nm)

Nng sut th cp

(kg/ha/nm)

1 Rng m nhit i 450 2.200 152,9

2 Rng nhit i l rng 350 1.600 96

3 Rng thng n i 350 1.300 52

4 Rng n i l rng 300 1.200 60

5 Rng Taiga vng cc 200 800 31,76 m ly 150 2.000 1.600

7 Savan 40 900 200

8 ng c n i 16 600 88,9

9 Ca sng 10 1.500 324,9

10 HST nng nghip 10 650 6,111 Sa mc ct bi 7 90 3,9

12 i nguyn 6 140 3,8

13 H v sng 0,2 250 50

14 Sa mc vng cc 0,2 3 0,0008

15 i dng 0,03 125 73,3

N h S i d i h h


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86

1

- Khai thc qu mc, khai thc hu dit khin cch sinh thi, cc loi khng kp ti to, t phchi, hon nguyn;

2- NMT, tai bin s c mi trng t nhin hocnhn to, gy cht hoc khng hong h sinh

thi;3- Mt cn bng h sinh thi do nhp, xut nhnto, lai to bin i...

4- Mt khu c tr (do chuyn i sang nngnghip, xy dng c s h tng, chia nh khu

phn b hoc bin thnh vng tr tri, )5- Do chin tranh6- Chy rng7- S thiu quan tm trong cng tc qun l

Nguyn nhn Suy gim a dng sinh hc

S th i ti


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Mt rng l mt ton b cc chc nng tch ccm n c th em li cho con ngi: Khng kh nhim khng c ci thin,

cn bng CO2 kh quyn b ph v,

t khng c bo v v ti to,

l lt v hn hn tng cng...

Mt rng l mt ni , ngun thc n gy gimtrc tip a dng ng thc vt thm ch c

nguy c khng hong h sinh thi. Mt rng lm mt cc gi tr cnh quan, v gy

tn thng cc nn vn ho a phng lyrng lm c s tn ti.

Suy thoi ti nguyn rng

Nguyn nhn suy thoi v suy gim din tch rng


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88

Xy dng nhng con ng ln trong

khu vc c rng Tng cng khai thc g, sn bt tri

php

t ph rng lm nng ry Tc ng nhn sinh cho cc h ng

thc vt rng d tip xc vi dch bnh

v cc loi xm thc, gy nguy hi choh sinh thi rng



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89



90/154

Ti t S th i ti t


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91

t ai lnh th

t trng (t th nhng): l lp ti xp trncng ca thch quyn, c kh nng cho nngsut cy trng

Din tch t lin ton cu l 14.477 triu ha,

trong 11% l t ang canh tc (1.500 triu ha),

24% lm ng c nui gia sc,

32% l din tch rng v t rng,

32% cn li l t dng vo cc mc ch khc (dnc, m ly, t ngp mn...)

Ti nguyn t v Suy thoi ti nguyn t


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92

Khong 2/3 din tch t nng nghip trnth gii b suy thoi nghim trngtrong 50 nm qua:

B bc mu, chua phn

Mn ho th sinh

Nhim cht c hi

Khng hong h sinh thi t

Hoang mc ha, sa mc ho

Ti nguyn t v Suy thoi ti nguyn t


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94

Nguyn nhn Suy thoi ti nguyn t


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95

Nhu cu v t nng nghip khng ngng tng:

Trung bnh mi nm, 95 triu ngi mi sinh cn cthm 5 triu ha t nng nghip mi.

Canh tc nng nghip khng hp l (Bc v Trung M),s lm dng cc loi phn bn ha hc, chn nui

gm c qu mc (chu i Dng v chu Phi )Mt rng, khai thc rng qu mc (Chu u, , Nam

M )

Cng nghip ha gy nhim

Nguyn nhn Suy thoi ti nguyn t

Ti & S th i ti


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96

S suy gim v s lng, tr lng nc

S thay i ch thy vnS suy gim cht lng nc, nh hng

ti h sinh thi di nc

Ti nguyn nc & Suy thoi ti nguyn nc

Ti & S th i ti


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97

Vai tr to ln trong t nhin:

Trc tip duy tr s sng v sn xut ca conngi;

L mi trng sng ca cc loi thu sinh v tsinh thi ca nhiu loi khc;

L yu t thnh to kh hu, a hnh;

L ngun cung cp nng lng;

L ng giao thng;

Cha ng cht thi, x l lm sch mitrng;

To cnh quan, vn ho c th.


Ti nguyn bin v Suy thoi ti nguyn bin


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98

Vai tr ca bin trong t nhin, cung cp: DSH bin v mi trng sng cho cc loi thy sinh; Ho cht, khong sn, du kh;

Nng lng thu triu, gi, sng...;

iu kin pht trin giao thng thu;

Cnh quan, bi tm, iu kin pht trin du lch, nghdng...,

Ti nguyn nc tim nng;

L b hp th- CO2.

Trong tng lai, ngi ta hy vng s khai thc c tbin tt c nhng g m t lin khng th p ng ccho nhn loi, (khng gian sng, ngun nc, ni snxut v cung ng lng thc, thc phm)

Ti nguyn bin v Suy thoi ti nguyn bin



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x thi trc tip vo cc ngun nc,

nhim cc thnh t khc ca mi trng (nh t,khng kh...),

hot ng nhn to bin i cc iu kin hnh thnhdng chy v iu kin cn cho qu trnh t lm sch,

khng hong mi trng v bin i kh hu ton cuph v cc quy lut t nhin chi phi cc qu trnhnc ni chung v dng chy sng ngi ni ring;

S thiu st trong tnh ton gi tr kinh t ca nctrong hot ng sinh hot v sn xut (nc cho nng

nghip, ) dn n lng ph v cn kit ngun nc


H qu suy thoi ti nguyn nc


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100

1,1 t ngi trn th gii hin khng tip

cn c vi ngun nc ung an ton. Mi nm c khong 5 triu ngi cht v

bnh do nc nhim khun,

Trong nng nghip, vic dng nc l,

nc c khong ho cao ti s dnti gy mn ho th sinh t, suy thoi tinguyn t.

Thin tai lin quan ti nc, c bit l l

lt, hn hn gy h qu nghim trng chonhiu vng sinh thi, nhiu quc gia, cbit l cc cng ng ngho

H qu suy thoi ti nguyn nc


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Ozon Tng Ozon


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102

KhOzon gm 3 nguyn t oxy (03). Tng Ozon: cao khong 25 km trong tng

bnh lu tn ti mt lp khng kh giu khOzon (O3) thng c gi l tng Ozon.

Tng ozon c tc dng chn tia t ngoi chiuthng xung tri t

Nu b thng tng ozon, con ngi s mc bnhung th da, ng thc vt khng chu ni

nhiu tia t ngoi chiu vo s b mt dn khnng min dch, cc sinh vt di bin b tnthng v cht dn

Ozon, Tng Ozon


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TNH TRNG SUY THOI TNG OZONE VNG CC


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105

TNH TRNG SUY THOI TNG OZONE VNG CC

Nm 1979: NASA o l thng ozone ln u tinbng v tinh

Nm 1998: l thng che ph 10,5 tr km2 Nm 2000: l thng khng l t 11,4 tr km2

Nm 2002: l thng Nam cc thu hp nhng litch lm 2 l thng ring bit Nm 2003: t 11,1 trkm2 l l thng ln th2 Nm 2004: t 9,4 trkm2 Nm 2005: t 10trkm2

Theo NASA, kch thc l thng n nh songlng ozone trong l thng tip tc gim.


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106

Gi tr thp nht ca ozon c o c theo tng nm

Hu qu ca vic suy gim tng Ozon


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107

q y g g



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108

i vi con ngi: Tia UV nng thp s to

vitamin D nng cao, s gy bng, ung th da, phi,gy bnh bch tng, c thu tinh thLm gim kh nng mindch ca c th

Tng nng ozon dimt t (ground level) dotc dng ca tia UV vi cckh thi t cc ng c.



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109

tia t ngoi nhiu lm hi sinh vt phdu trong nc tn su 20m,

suy gim cc loi tm cua c v cc loic,

Lm gim nng sut v gy mt cn bngh sinh thi

Cc cng c ngh nh quc t v bo v tng ozn


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110

Cng c Vin

Cng c Vin (nm 1985 gm 21 iu khon):Xy dng s hp tc nhm nghin cu tng zn.

Bo v tng zn trc cc hot ng ca con ngiBo v sc kho ca con ngi trc s thay i ca

tng zn.

Cng c cng lit k cc cht c ngun gc t

nhin hay nhn to c kh nng lm thay i tnhcht ho, l ca tng zn nh: cc cht cacbon,nitrgen, clorin, brmin, hyrgen.

Cc cng c, ngh nh quc t v bo v tng ozn

Cc cng c, ngh nh quc t v bo v tng ozn


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111

Ngh nh th Montreal (1987) v cc cht lmsuy gim tng zn

Ngh nh th a ra

danh mc cc cht, l trnh kim sot gim,

cc bin php c th gii quyt vn suy gim tngzn,

c bit l bin php ngng sn xut v s dng cccht c cha Cl (CFC).

g , g q g


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112


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113

1.3.3. S gia tng hiu ng nh knh

v Bin i kh hu ton cu

Hiu ng nh knh


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114

Hiu ng nh knh

y l hiu ng do kh quyn tri tng vai tr nhmi nh knh gi nhitca mt tri.

Cc kh gy HNK c sp xp theo vai

tr gim dn: CO2 >CFC>CH4>O3>NO2S gia tng cc hot ng to ra cc KNK

cng cc hot ng khai thc qu mc ccb hp th v b cha KNK nh sinh khi,

rng, cc h sinh thi bin, ven b v tlin khc dn n s gia tng nhit trung bnh lm tri t m dn ln

H qu:


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115

H qu:

Gia tng nhit trung bnh tri t: Tan bng Dch chuyn ranh gii i (sinh vt sn xut,

sinh vt gy hi,)

Gia tng nhit khng ng u trn bmt tri t: Lm thay i dng hi lu

Gy bin i kh hu xut hin mi hoc giatng thi tit cc oan

Bin i kh hu l g?


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116

Bin i kh hu trit l sthay ica h thng khhu gm kh quyn,thu quyn, sinh

quyn, thch quynhin ti v trongtng lai bi ccnguyn nhn t

nhin v nhn to

g

Cc qu trnh bn ngoi v trn tri t c gi thit lnguyn nhn ca s BKH


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117

nguyn nhn ca s BKH

S chiu x ca mt triCc thng s v qu oS chuyn dch thch quyn

Hot ng ca ni laS bin i bn trong ca h thng khhu

Cc biu hin ca s bin i kh hu tri t


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118

Snng ln ca kh quyn v tri t

Sdng cao mc nc bin (tan bng) dnti s ngp ng ca cc vng t thp, cc onh.

Sdi chuyn ca cc i kh hu e do ssng ca cc loi sinh vt, cc h sinh thi

(HST) v hot ng ca con ngi. Sthay i cng hot ng ca qu

trnh hon lu kh quyn, chu trnh nc v ccchu trnh sinh a ho khc.

S

thay i nng sut sinh hc ca cc HS

T,cht lng v thnh phn ca thu quyn, sinhquyn, cc a quyn.

Sgia tng ca cc hin tng thi tit ccoan


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119

Cc cng c, ngh nh quc t v bin i KHTC


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120

Cng c Khung v Bin i kh hu ca LinHp Quc. (1992)

n nh cc nng kh quyn mc c th

Mc phi t nm trong mt khung thi gian

cc h sinh thi thch nghi mt cch t nhinvi s thay i kh hu,

bo m vic sn xut lng thc khng b edo v to kh nng cho s pht trin kinh t

tin trin mt cch bn vng.Ngh inh th Kyoto (1997) v bin i kh hu(t tm hiu -> bi tp)


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121

1.3.4. nhim mi trng(t, nc, khng kh)


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122

1.3.5. Bng n dn s,ngho i, bnh dch.


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123

Bn v mt dn s

Tng trng dn scc khu vc trn th gii


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124

Nm 8000 T CN 1650 1850 1930 1975 2010

Dn s (106ngi)

5 500 1.000 2.000 4.000 8.000

Ln nhn ith

1 n 6 7 8 9 10 11

Ch s giatng dn s

1.500 200 80 45 35

Dn s v ch s gia tng dn s th gii


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125

Phn trm dn s th gii c mcsng di 1$/ngy trong 20 nm

(1981-2001)

Lng thc/u ngi.

Tng sn lng lng thc nhanhhn gia tng dn s th gii


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126

Hin nay, dn s th gii gia tng hng nm

thm khong 90 triu ngi, vi t l gia tng l1,7%.

T l gia tng ny khc bit ln ty theo trnh pht trin ca cc nc.

Cc nc cng nghip pht trin (CNPT), (ccnc giu): 0,5%/nm;

a s cc nc ngho: 2,1%/nm.

Do a s ngi tng thm l cc quc gia angpht trin vn qu ng dn.

Theo ny th khang 40 nm na dn s th gii stng gp i tc l gn 12 t ngi


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127

p ng nhu cu ca con ngi v bng n dn s

Food (thc n) Fresh water (Nc sch)

Land (t)

Energy (Nng lng) Fertilizer (Phn bn)

Clean air (khng kh sch) M: 1970-2006: Dns tng 42%, tng lng t tng 200%, tng

lng ng i ca phng tin tng 178%.

Tnh trng ngho kh trong th gii ang PT


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128

Bng n dn

s vnghoi

UN: 880Triunginghoi

1.1. t ngi

khngcdngncsch

Khu vc

% Dn s dingnggho

S ngi ngho(x106)

1985

1990 2000 1985 1990 2000

Cc nc angpht trin

30,5 29,7 24,1 1051 1133 1107

Nam 51,8 49,0 36,9 532 562 511

Nam M 22,7 25,5 24,9 87 108 126

Chu Phi cnSahara

47,6 47,8 49,7 184 216 304

1985 - 2000


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129

1.4. Suy thoi ti nguyn v nhim mi trng Vit

Nam

(1) Ti t1.4.1. Cc vn TNTN


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130

(1). Ti nguyn t

Hoang mc ho din ra trn din rng, c bitl do ct di ng di cn ct ven bin MinTrung vi din tch 430.000ha.

Din tch t b thoi ho do ong ho ra

Ty Nam ng bng Bc B, min g i trungdu Trung B v vng i ng Nam B ngycng gia tng.

Din tch t ngp nc tip tc b ln chim

tri php, b thu hp nhiu, c bit di mph v vng ca sng cc tnh ven bin minTrung, cc h cha nc thy li, thu introng ni a, nui trng thu sn v cchot ng kinh t khc.


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131

S

chuyn i t nng nghip sang s dng chomc ch cng nghip v th ang din ra qunhanh, gy p lc ln n vn an ton lngthc v sinh k ca nng dn, lm ny sinhmt s vn x hi phc tp.

Din tch t dc, t rng cc tnh ven binTrung B v Ty Nguyn b chuyn i sang trngsn khng hp l, khng theo quy hoch, lm chothm rng b tn ph nhiu, t dc cng b ximn, ra tri mnh, t b suy thoi nng, nghodinh dng, kh c kh nng hi phc.

Xi mn t xy ra trn din rng.


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132

(2). Ti nguyn nc Nguy c thiu nc ngt do hn ko di mt s

vng nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn lm tng nhanhqu trnh hoang mc ho

Vic khai thc nc ngm khng theo quy hoch,qu mc lng nc ngm ti cc th ln, tonn xu th h thp mc nc ngm khng ongc c, gy ra nguy c st ln mt t;

Ngun nc trn cc dng sng lin tnh cha cqun l tt theo phng thc qun l lu vc.

(3) Ti kh


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133

(3). Ti nguyn khong snS dng khong sn - loi ti nguyn khng

ti to, cha tun th nh hng chnhl khai thc, s dng hp l v tit kim.

Nhiu loi khong sn a i xut khuch yu dng qung th, qungnguyn khai, hoc mi qua s tuyn


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134

Than Vit Nam phn b nhiu ni,nhng tng lng khng nhiu, khong3,5 t tn, song hng nm khai thc vikhi lng rt ln (nm 2006 khong 40

triu tn),Xut khu nhiu loi khong sn th qua

ng tiu ngch khng th kim sotc.


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135

Tn tht trong qu trnh khai thc cnqu ln, nht l trong khai thc hm l.do cng ngh khai thc cn lc hu

Mi trng sau khai thc m khong sncha c kp thi hon phc, tn pht rng v ti nguyn rng, gy nhim nc u ngun bng cc chtc hi: thu ngn, xianua v asen.


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136

Khong sn l loi ti nguyn khng tito, nhng li rt cn thit cho nhu cus dng trong nn kinh t quc dn trcmt v lu di.

Cho n nay cha lp c danh mc ccloi khong sn quan trng, qu him cnc u tin d tr v bo v, cc loikhong sn cm hoc c php xut

khu.

1.4.2. Cc vn mi trng Vit Nam


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137

(1). Mi trng t Ho cht nng nghip, thuc bo v thc vt

vn cn b lm dng qu mc Mt s khu vc ngoi th v ph cn cc

khu cng nghip, nht l H Ni, t b nhim kim loi nng, lm gia tng hm lngkim loi nng trong rau qu ln mc ng longi.

Nui tm nc l trn ct v cc thu vc dochuyn i t t canh tc nng nghip anggy nhim mn ti nhiu vng ven bin MinTrung v ng bng sng Hng.


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138

(2). Mi trng nc nhim mi trng nc ngy cng gia tng

v mc v din phn b. Bin mn trn cc dng sng ln Min Trung:

sng Hng, sng Hn, sng Thu Bn, sng CiNha Trang... c xu hng ln su vo pha lca trong ma kh.

Nguyn nhn ch yu l do tc ng ca mc

nc bin, do s bin i kh hu ton cu, cbit l do con ngi tn ph rng khc vcu ngun.


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139

(3) Qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam -vn cn nhiu bt cp

nm 2001 lng cht thi rn cng nghip

chim khong 18% tng l-ng cht thirn c nc, trong cht thi nguy hichim t trng 18 47% lng cht thicng nghip ty theo tng ngnh snxut.


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140

Tng lng cht thi rn th v khu cng nghip Vit Nam c tnh trn 7 triu tn (nm2002), trong s

- cht thi rn sinh hot chim khong 80,3%,

- cht thi rn cng nghip khng nguy hichim khong 12%.Cc thnh ph ln pht thi nhiu cht thi rn l:- Thnh ph H Ch Minh chim 37% rc sinh

hot v 30% rc cng nghip;- Thnh ph H Ni chim 11% tng lng chtthi rn sinh hot v cng nghip.


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141

Thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot rt a dng vphc tp.

ph thuc vo tc pht trin kinh t x hi,mc th ho, mc sng, thi quen tiu dng

ca ng-i dn. c im chung ca cht thi rn sinh hot l thnh phn rc ngun gc hu c chim t l cao (50-

65%), c m cao (35-45%)

cha nhiu vt liu xy dng: t, ct, si, vn,gch vn.

T l thu gom rc mt s th pha Bc (nm 2002)


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142

th Lng rc phtsinh

(tn/ngy)

Lng rc thugom

(tn/ngy)

T l thugom(%)

H Ni 1756 1405 80

HiPhng

636 500 78,6

HiD-ng

108 55 50,9


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143

Vic thu gom cht thi rn ti cc thnh phth-ng do Cng ty Mi trng th m nhn. mt s th nh Lng Sn, Thi Bnh, BunMa Thut c cc Cng ty t nhn tham gia thu

gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn. T l cht thi rn c thu gom ph thuc rt

nhiu vo kh nng t chc v qun l ca cca phng. T l ny dao ng trong mtkhong ln, t45% Long An n cao nht l90% Tha Thin Hu (nm 2003). Nhn chung,t l thu gom cht thi rn th trong c nctng dn, t65% nm 2000 ln 71% nm 2003.


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144

X l v chn lp: Hin ti trong c nc c mts nh my ch bin phn compost t rc thicng sut 30-250 tn/ngy: Cu Din, H Ni;Vit Tr, Ph Th; Phc Khanh, Thi Bnh; TnThnh, B Ra - Vng Tu

Ngoi ra, cn c mt s nh my ch bin cht thirn th thnh phn bn v sn phm nha nh- th x Ninh Thun, thnh ph Hu...Sn phmca cc nh my ny c th trng chp nhn,khi l-ng cht thi rn cn phi chn lp sauch bin chim t l khong 10%.

Gn y nht, ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, lng khpht ra t bi rc c G Ct c thu gom chy my pht in.


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145

Tt c cc th ca nc ta u c bi chn lprc vi quy m khc nhau, Phn ln, cc bi rc hin c l bi rc l thin,

hoc na chm na ni. Ngoi tr mt s bi chnlp rc c thit k xy dng hon chnh nh birc Thu Phng ca thnh ph Hu, bi rc NamSn ca thnh ph H Ni, cn li phn ln lnhng bi chn lp rc khng ng quy cch,

Trong qu trnh pht trin th, nhiu bi chnlp rc li nm ngay trong khu vc th, inhnh l thnh ph H Ch Minh v H Ni, hoc

rt gn cc khu dn c th nh Bnh Dng,Bnh nh, Bc Ninh

(4) Bc xc mi trng lng ngh


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146

Theo tiu ch lng ngh l cc lng nngthn Vit Nam tn ti hot ng ca ccngh tiu th cng, phi nng nghip, c tithiu 30% s lao ng ca lng tham gia vng gp t nht 50% tng gi tr sn xut vthu nhp chung ca lng, th c nc ckhong 1450 lng ngh, trong c trn 300lng ngh truyn thng, phn b trn 58/61tnh thnh thuc c ba min (Xem bng 2).


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Khu vc S tnh cngh

S lngngh(lng)

Phntrm %

Min Bc 25/25 972 67

Min Trung 13/16 290 20

Min Nam 18/20 188 13

Tng 56/61 1.450 100


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TT Phn loi S lng(lng)

Phn trm %

1 Ch bin lng thc, thc phm 98 6,75

2 Dt nhum, may mc v t tm, da

319 22

3 SX vt liu xy dng, gm, snh sthy tinh

741 51.1

4 Th cng m ngh 95 6.55

5 Ch bin lm th sn 55 3.79

6 C kh, ch to, c kim loi 51 3.51

7 Ti ch cht ph thi, ph liu 6 0.43

8 Cc ngnh khc 85 5.86

Tng cng 1.450 100


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149

Ti cc lng ngh trong c nc hin c khong 10triu lao ng thng xuyn v khong 4 triu laong thi v, chim khong 29% lc lng lao ngnng thn vi thu nhp bnh qun ca lao ngngh gp 3-4 ln thu nhp ca lao ng thunnng.

Nm 2000, hot ng ti cc lng ngh c nc t

gi tr sn lng khong 40.000 t ng, trong tng gi tr hng xut khu t cc lng ngh l 562triu USD


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150

Sn xut ti cc lng ngh ch yu l quy m nh,c s sn xut xen ln trong khu dn c tptrung.

Phn ln lng ngh khng c ranh gii r rt gia

khu sn xut v khu vc sinh hot dn c. Cngngh sn xut th cng, lc hu, cc thit b cchp v, thiu ng b, trnh tay ngh khngng u, truyn ngh ch yu qua kinh nghim

v t hc, thiu cc th lnh ngh c o toton din cc trng o to ngh c bn vchnh quy, do vy nng sut lao ng khng cao,

c im ca NMT lng ngh


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151

nhim mi trng ti lng ngh l hnhthi nhim tp trung trong phm vi mtkhu vc thn, lng, x nng thn. Khuvc ny l tp hp ca nhiu ngun

nhim dng im (c s sn xut nh)nh hng tc tip n khng gian lin kv cc khu dn c, gy tc ng trc tipn sc kho cng ng.

nhim mi trng ca lng ngh mangm nt c th ca hot ng sn xuttheo ngh v loi hnh sn phm, tc ngtrc tip ti tt c cc thnh phn mitrng nc, kh, t ca khu vc.


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152

nhim mi trng lng ngh th hin rt r mi trng lao ng khng t tiu chun nh n, snh sng, rung, m, nhit , bi.

nhim mi trng cc lng ngh nh hng

r rt ti sc kho ca ngi lao ng v dn ctrong lng. p lc ca pht trin kinh t x hi ti lng ngh

l nguyn nhn dn ti s nhim v suy gimcht lng mi trng sng ca khu vc c hot

ng lng ngh.


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153

Cng tc qun l bo v mi trng ti cc lng

ngh cn yu km, cha c quy hoch mi trng,cha c chng trnh gio dc mi trng, ngilao ng t hiu bit v tc ng ca nhim vcc bin php phng trnh.

Thiu cc chnh sch v gii php ca trung ng

v a phng v kinh t, mi trng, chnh schh tr nhm ci thin mi trng, c lin quan tipht trin bn vng lng ngh.

Cha c s gn kt gia cc tp tc, hng c vicng tc ci thin mi trng lng ngh.

Cha c cc gii php quy hoch, qun l cng nhgii php k thut nhm x l cht thi, ci thintng bc mi trng lng ngh.


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Lng ngh l nt c trng ca x hi kinh tnng nghip. nc ta lng ngh c truynthng lu i, ngy nay lng ngh l ni btngun, l ch da tin hnh cng nghip ho

nng thn. Bo v mi trng lng ngh, m bo pht trin

bn vng cc lng ngh l vic rt quan trng vcp thit, nhng cng vic ny khng n gin,i hi phi c nhng gii php ng b

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