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1
Management 1&2 (HRM 211/212 – Spring 2019)
管理学
Planning
计划 Organising
组织
Leading
领导 Controlling
控制
Please bring a notebook and pen to every meeting, and be ready to write down anything you really want to remember!
Busness Plan = 商业计划书
2
Course Instructor & Office Hours
Lecturer: Clemens Hofmeister
Transfer Abroad Undergraduate Programme
Henan University of Technology
Office: Room 6243
Office Hours: Monday - Friday 11.30am – 12.00pm
I am always available both before and after class. Additional
appointments can be arranged individually. Please Email me in
advance and join our Wechat-group!
3
Times and Rooms (25 February-22 March 2019)
HRM 211/212 Monday 8.30am – 11.30am (Location: 6146)
Tuesday 8.30am – 11.30am (Location: 6146)
Wednesday 8.30am – 11.30am (Location: 6146)
Thursday 8.30am – 11.30am (Location: 6146)
Friday 8.30am – 11.30am (Location: 6146)
Tutorials
HRM 211/212 Monday 2.30pm – 3.30pm (Location: 6139)
Tuesday 2.30pm – 3.30pm (Location: 6139)
Wednesday 2.30pm – 3.30pm (Location: 6139)
Thursday 2.30pm – 3.30pm (Location: 6139)
Friday 2.30pm – 3.30pm (Location: 6139)
4
Reading
Robbins, S., et al. (2017);
Management; 14th edition; Pearson
Education Limited (ISBN: 978-129-221-
583-9)
Please note: The textbook will form a
foundation of the course but there will
be some material covered in the course
that is not in the text.
5
Supplementary Reading
Kinicki, A. (2019), Management: A
Practical Introduction, 9th edition,
McGraw-Hill (ISBN: 9781260075113)
6
Please join this wechat-group by February 25, 2019
Online Course Materials (下载区)
Lecture notes and presentations as well as copies of the
course book and selected readings will be available in the
University Library and can be downloaded here:
http://www.uwcentre.ac.cn/haut/
7
Assessment
Attendance: Students must attend 75% of lectures given in English
for 211 and 212 to be eligible for assessment of Manage-
ment 1 & 2.
Management 1: 2,500-word written assignment [100% of 211; 50% when
scores are combined: 211 (50%) + 212 (50%)]
Management 2: 2 hour Final Exam [100% of 212; 50% when scores are
combined: 211 (50%) + 212 (50%) ]
• Regular attendance at course meetings, tutorials and related events is
expected of all students! No extra-credit projects will be given at any
time during the course!
Exam DateFinal Exam 22 March 2019 (8.30am)
Part A (20 Marks): Multiple Choice Questions; Part B (40 Marks): Application
Questions; Part C (40 Marks): Short Answer Questions.
To be submitted on 15 March 2019 (8.30am)
8
Grading Scale
Percentage Classification
70 – 100% Pass, 1st Class
60 – 69% Pass, 2nd Class Upper Division
50 – 59% Pass, 2nd Class Lower Division
40 – 49% Pass, 3rd Class
0 – 39% FAIL
9
Sections: 1.1 – 1.5 (pp. 38-62)
Management History Module (pp. 66-79)
Required Readings --- Coursebook
10
Chapter 1: ‘The Exceptional Manager 出色的经理’ What You Do & How You Do It
管理与组织导论
11
Qualities & Characteristics of a Good Manager?
马云
Elon Musk
Steve
Jobs
马化腾
Pep
Guardiola
彭蕾
Indra Nooyi田文化
素质能力 / 特点 / 个性特征
埃隆·马斯克
12
Key terms 关键术语 Chapter 1
计划 Planning 组织目标 Organisational
objectives / goals
组织 Organising 战略 Strategy
领导 Leading 高效 Efficiency
控制 Controlling 有效 Effectiveness
经理,管理人 Manager 企业家 Entrepreneur
组织 Organisation 内企业家 Intrapreneur
社交媒体 Social media 营销 Marketing
(技术)革新 (Technical)
Innovation
企业可持续性 (Corporate)
Sustainability
13
Review Profit 利润
利润=销售收入-变动成本-固定成本
Profits = sales revenue- variable costs -fixed costs
Revenue, turnover, sales = 销售收入
14
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, students will be able to:
• Tell who managers are 阐述谁是管理者 and where
they work 他们在哪里工作.
• Explain why managers are important to
organisations 解释管理者为什么对组织很重要.
• Describe 描述管理者的 the functions 功能, roles 角色,
and skills 技能 / 能力 of managers.
• Describe the factors that are reshaping and
redefining the manager’s job 描述重新塑造和重新定义管理者工作的那些因素.
15
Who is a Manager 谁是管理者?
• A manager is someone who coordinates and
oversees the work of other people 协调和监督其他人的 工 作 so that organisational goals can be
accomplished 使组织的目标可以完成!
16
Who is a Manager 谁是管理者?
Example:
• A university might employ a company to design a new
website.
• A manager at the university will be put in charge of the
project → this person will make sure that the agreed
contract will be delivered on time and within the budget.
• This will require meetings, briefings, and contacts to
make sure everything is running smoothly!
17
Who is a Manager 谁是管理者?
• At the end of the project, many of the ‘sign-offs’ will be
straightforward --- such as agreeing that yes, “the site
allows downloads and the hyperlinks work”.
• Others will require judgement, such as the design of the
homepage: Professional looking? Distinctive? Well
branded? …
→The professionals or technicians are doing the time-
consuming and tricky things! The manager is the
overseer.
18
Who is a Manager 谁是管理者?
• Someone who coordinates and oversees the work of
other people so that organisational goals can be
accomplished!
• Managers run large corporations,
medium-sized businesses, and
entrepreneurial start-ups 创业型新创企业.
• We can find them in government
departments, hospitals, small
businesses, not-for-profit agencies
非 营 利 性 组 织 , museums,
universities / schools, … etc.
19
“Can non-profit organisations 非营利性组织 also
make revenues, which is from renting out
properties, enterprises, and services?
… I thought the source of capital of nonprofit
organisations is from public donations 捐赠 ,
government support 政府补助 etc.”
20
For-Profit Organisations:
• Are formed to make money, or profits, by providing
products or services.
Nonprofit Organisations 非营利性组织:
• Their purpose is to offer services to some clients, not
to make a profit.
Examples: Hospitals, Colleges, and welfare agencies ...
For-Profit vs. Nonprofit Organisations
福利
21
• Not-for-profit organisations also generate general
operating costs 营业费用:
• Salaries
• Rents
• Stationery 文具 & furniture ……
(In some countries these organisations also have to pay
income taxes 公司所得征税)
Nonprofit Organisation
22
• In order to cover these expenditures 费用 they need to
generate some “revenues”:
• Fees for the goods and services they provide
• Donations 捐赠
• Government grants 政府补助
• Interest from investments 投资的利息
• Membership fees 会员费...
Nonprofit Organisation
23
• While not-for-profit organisations are permitted to
generate surplus revenues 盈余公积,
they must be retained by the organisation for its self-
preservation 自我保护, expansion 扩张, or plans!
Nonprofit Organisation
24
Biggest difference 关键区别:
• For for-profit organisations the measure of its success is
how much profit (or loss) it generates!
• For nonprofit organisations “income and expenditures”
are also very important concerns - the measure of
success is the effectiveness of the services delivered!
For-Profit vs. Nonprofit Organisations
效果
损失
25
Pyramid Power: Levels & Areas of Management
In traditionally structured
organisations, managers
can be classified as first-
line, middle, or top.
功能区
非管理雇员
基层管理者
中层管理者
高层管理者管理层次 / 层级 从纵向层级上看Vertical dimension!
从处于的不同领域看
人力资源部
26
First-line managers 基层管理者:
• Make short-term operating decisions, directing the daily
tasks of non-managerial personnel 非管理雇员.
Examples:• Department Head
• Foreman 工头
• Team Leader 队长
• Supervisor
Pyramid Power: Levels & Areas of Management
最底层的管理人员,他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作。
27
Middle managers 中层管理者:
• Implement the policies and plans of the top managers
above them and supervise and co-ordinate the activities
of the first-line managers below them.
Examples:• Plant Manager 工厂经理
• District Manager
• Regional Manager 区域经理
• Dean of Student Services
Pyramid Power: Levels & Areas of Management
对基层管理者进行管理的人员贯彻
28
Top managers高层管理者:
• Make long-term decisions about the overall direction of
the organisation and
• Establish the objectives, policies, and strategies for it.
Examples:• Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
• Chief Operating Officer (COO)
Pyramid Power: Levels & Areas of Management
• President
• Vice President 副总裁• Senior Vice President
CEO - Alibaba
战略目的 公司政策
首席执行官
首席运营官
负责为整个组织制定决策、计划和目标并进而影响整个组织的管理人员
长期的
29
Functional manager 职能经理:
• Responsible for just one organisational activity 组织活动
General manager 总经理 (总公司、事业部) :
• Responsible for several organisational activities
Pyramid Power: Levels & Areas of Management
e.g. Vice President of Marketing
市场营销副总裁
30
Multiple-Choice Question
Liu Yan supervises the food assembly line workers. What
type of manager is he?
a) Top manager
b) Middle manager
c) First-line manager
d) General manager
生产线
31
Where do managers work? 管理者在哪里工作?
Organisation 组织:
• A deliberate ( 故意的 ) arrangement of people to
accomplish some specific purpose 组织目标达成
组织:是对人员的一种故意安排,以实现某个特定目的。(individuals alone
could not achieve the same results 这个目的是个体无法单独实现的。)
32
The three common characteristics of organisations:
→Expressed through goals the organisation hopes to
accomplish!
Characteristics of Organisations
组织的共同特征
有一个明确的目的(目标)
33
The three common characteristics of organisations:
→ It takes people to perform the work that is necessary for
the organisation to achieve its goals.
Characteristics of Organisations
是由人员组成的
组织的共同特征
34
The three common characteristics of organisations:
→All organisations develop a deliberate structure within
which members do their work.
Characteristics of Organisations
有一种精心设计的结构
组织的共同特征
35
Why are managers important? 管理者为什么很重要?
• Organisations need their “managerial skills and abilities”
→ uncertain, complex, and chaotic times! 在这个复杂、混乱和不确定的时代,组织比以往更需要他们的管理技能和能力。
→ Managers play an important role in identifying critical
issues and developing responses.
36
Why are managers important? 管理者为什么很重要?
• Managers are important to “getting things done” → They
ensure that employees are getting their jobs done! 管理技能和能力对工作任务的顺利完成至关重要.
• The most important variable 质量 in employee productivity 员工生产率 and loyalty 忠诚度 is not pay, or benefits, or the
workplace environment! It is the quality of the relationship
between employees and their direct supervisors
(managers!).
员工一管理者关系的质量是员工生产率和忠诚度的最重要变量。
37
What do managers do?
Management 管 理 指 involves coordinating and
overseeing the work activities of others 协调和监督其他人的工作 so that their activities are completed efficiently
效率 and effectively 效果.
管理指的是协调和监管他人的工作活动,从而使其有效率、有效果地完成工作。
38
To be efficient 效率 means to use resources 资源•
•
•
wisely and cost-effectively (有成本效益的)!
Management: What It Is, What Its Benefits Are
Efficiency: doing things right; getting the most output from the least amount of input
效率: 正确地做事; 一以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出
39
To be effective效果 means to
• achieve results,
• to make the right decisions and
• to successfully carry them out
so that they achieve organisational goals 目标达成!
Management: What It Is, What Its Benefits Are
Effectiveness is often described as “doing the right things”, that is, doing those
work activities that will result in achieving goals! 效果: 做正确的事情; 实现组织的目标
41
• Many companies now use a recorded “telephone menu”
of options to answer customer calls
• This is efficient for the companies, but not effective
• Most consumers prefer
a live agent!
Example – Efficiency versus Effectiveness
效率 效果
42
Management Functions 管理职能
• Planning 计划: Defining goals, establishing strategies
to achieve goals, and developing plans to integrate and
coordinate activities
计划:设定目标,确定实现这些目标的战略 ,并且制定计划以整合和协调各种活动
• Organising 组织: Arranging and structuring work to
accomplish organisational goals
组织:安排各项工作,以实现组织目标
43
Management Functions 管理职能
• Leading 领导 : Working with and through people to
accomplish goals
领导:同他人合作并通过他人去实现目标
• Controlling 控 制 : Monitoring, comparing, and
correcting work控制:对员工的工作进行监控、比较和纠正
44
Four Functions of Management 管理职能
计划 组织 领导 控制
目标达成
45
Multiple-Choice Question
Clemens runs a “sales (销售) and expense (费用) report (
报告)” at the end of each work day? Which management
function 管理职能 is he performing?
a) Leading
b) Organising
c) Controlling
d) Planning
46
Roles Managers Must Play Successfully
In the 1970s Henry Mintzberg 亨利明茨伯格 attempted to
identify what, exactly, managers did with their time!
• Was it all spent planning and controlling?
His research showed that, on average, managers were
only able to carry out an activity for 9 minutes before being
interrupted!
Prof. Dr. Henry Mintzberg
Professor of Management Studies
McGill University / Canada
Studied actual managers at work!实际的经理
47
Roles Managers Must Play Successfully
To describe the work of managers Mintzberg identified six characteristics of the
role 管理角色:
1. Managers process large, open-ended workloads under tight time pressure
2. Managerial activities are short in duration (brevity) 暂性, varied 多样性and
fragmented 分裂 and often self-initiated
3. Managers prefer action driven activities and hate letters, (emails) and
paperwork
4. They prefer verbal communications 语言性沟通 through meetings and
phone calls
5. They maintain relationships mainly with subordinates and external
parties – least with their superiors
6. Their involvement in the execution of the work is limited though they
initiate many of the decisions.
Roles: specific actions or behaviours expected of and exhibited by a manager 管理角色指的是管理者按照人们的预期在实践中展示的具体行为或表现
Social media now makes it sometimes
easier to transmit information almost as
quickly as spoken word.
社交媒体
48
Roles Managers Must Play Successfully
In truth, Mintzberg’s list risks understating the relative
chaos he identified.
• He found that management was largely reactive, fighting
short-term fires and often failing to put them out!
49
1-Minute Paper
Why may managers prefer verbal to written
communication (according to Mintzberg)?
书面沟通
50
Interpersonal roles 人际关系角色:
• Managers interact with people
inside and outside their work
units
• Figurehead, leader, liaison
Informational roles 信息传递角色:
• Managers collect, receive and
communicate information
• Monitor监听者, disseminator 传播者,
spokesperson 发言人
Three Types 三大类 of Managerial Roles 管理角色
Mintzberg identified 10 roles grouped around interpersonal relationships, the transfer of
information, and decision-making
管理者扮演着十种角色
代表人 领导者 联络者挂名首脑
管理者做什么?承担的期望与责任?
51
Decisional roles 决策制定角色:
• Managers use information to
make decisions to solve
problems or take advantage of
opportunities 机会
• Entrepreneur 企业家, disturbance
handler 混 乱 应 对 者 , resource
allocator 资源分配者, negotiator 谈判者
Three Types 三大类 of Managerial Roles 管理角色
52
What “should” Managers do? --- Peter Drucker
To Drucker, the key was to keep the manager‘s eyes on
the prize – and that the prize was reaching the
objectives!
彼得德鲁克
• It is important to bear in mind that Drucker‘s
key research about business was between
1944 and 1950 – towards the end of WW2.
• Although Drucker wanted managers to
develop staff and use them humanely, he
as even more seized by the need to
achieve the mission (e.g. survive in tough
competitive environment)!
53
What “should” Managers do? --- Peter Drucker
1. Set clear objectives that all staff believe in
2. Find the right team for meeting the objectives (Drucker
believed strongly in teamwork, but knew that many individuals would need to be
taught/coached to devote their personal strengths to the group)
3. Help ensure that all staff are motivated (Drucker did not
regard ‘employee satisfaction 员工满意’ as a relevant measure of this; he thought
motivation came from within when people were given responsibility! Therefore
delegation was a central management task)
4. Managers need to prepare staff for change – and
specifically help staff to learn – thereby being able to
adapt to changing job prospects in the future! (Remember:
Factory automation had eliminated certain job roles – Drucker expected this
process to grow in the future!)
彼得德鲁克
54
Entrepreneurship 企业家才能:
• Process of taking risks to try to create a new empire
• Entrepreneur, intrapreneur
The Entrepreneurial Spirit 企业家精神
Ma Yun - Chinese internet
entrepreneur: Owns two of the
world’s most popular sites (Taobao
and Alibaba).
企业家 内企业家
55
Entrepreneur 企业家:
• Someone who sees a new opportunity for a product or
service and launches a business to try to realise it.
Intrapreneur 内企业家:
•
The Entrepreneurial Spirit 企业家精神
创办公司 / 开创事业
56
How do Entrepreneurs & Managers differ?
Being an entrepreneur is
what it takes to start a
business!
Being a manager is what it
takes to grow or maintain a
business!创办公司 / 开创事业
57
How do Entrepreneurs & Managers differ?
Necessity entrepreneurs:
• People who suddenly
must earn a living and
are simply trying to
replace lost income and
are hoping a job comes
along!
Opportunity entrepreneurs:
• Those who start their
business out of a burning
desire rather than because
they lost a job!
需要 机会
58
Multiple-Choice Question
Clemens thought there was an opportunity and opened a
new supermarket in Shangqiu. He is a(n)
a) Manager
b) Intrapreneur
c) Entrepreneur
59
Multiple-Choice Question
Satya Nadella sets the direction and strategy for Microsoft.
What type of managerial role is he performing?
a) Interpersonal
b) Informational
c) Decisional
d) Conclusive
CEO (Chief Executive Officer)
管理角色
60
What types of skills do managers need?
管理者需要的技能• Technical skills 技术/专业技能 - Knowledge and proficiency in a specific
field 某个特定领域的知识和专业技术
• Human skills 人际技能 - The ability to work well in co-operation with other
people to get things done! 与他人和睦相处、密切配合的能力
• Conceptual skills 概念技能 - The ability to think analytically, to visualise
an organisation as a whole and understand how the parts work together 对组织面临的抽象、复杂情况进行思考和概念化的能力
给你什么样的启发?
61
Important Managerial Skills
员工承诺 变更管理
商业网络
物流
创新
62
Important changes facing managers
In today’s world, managers are dealing with global economic and political uncertainties,
changing workplaces, ethical issues, security threats, and changing technology. Here
some of the most important changes facing managers!
数字化 虚拟办公室
员工授权工作生活平衡
组织道德 可持续性
全球化
社交媒体
安全威胁歧视
微观与宏观经济环境
Mic
ro-
and M
acro
-econom
ice
nvironm
ent
能源供给量不确定性
竞争性增强
Artificial Intelligence (AI) 人工智能
客户服务
63
Important changes facing managers
In today’s world, managers are dealing with global economic and political uncertainties,
changing workplaces, ethical issues, security threats, and changing technology. Here
some of the most important changes facing managers!
数字化 虚拟办公室
员工授权工作生活平衡
组织道德 可持续性
全球化
社交媒体
安全威胁歧视
微观与宏观经济环境
Mic
ro-
and M
acro
-econom
ice
nvironm
ent
能源供给量不确定性
竞争性增强
Artificial Intelligence (AI) 人工智能
客户服务
Environmental uncertainty 环境不确定性• Exchange rate 汇率• Inflation 通货膨胀• (Political) instability (政治)不穩定
64
Discussion question
What do you think are major business ethics 商业道德issues?
•
•
•
•
•
• Work in groups of
FIVE!
• Time: 10 mins!
• Discussion!
Business ethics 商业道德: The moral code by which decisions are made within an
organisation!
65
Truth in advertising?
66
Desire for high ethical standards vs. rewards
anticipated from a managerial decision?
• The most ethical decision is often most costly 成本最高!
Examples:
• Paying suppliers 供应商 fair wages (e.g. Fair trade)
• Disposing of waste 处理垃圾 in an environmentally friendly
manner
• Supporting the local community (e.g. donations to local
kindergarten/school)
→These things might be ethical but they bring up costs!
Business ethics 商业道德: The moral code by which decisions are made within an
organisation!
67
Desire for high ethical standards vs. rewards
anticipated from a managerial decision?
However, in the long term,
• ethical decisions should also increase consumer
loyalty 顾客忠诚 and awareness and
• therefore there should be an increase in revenue that
will compensate for the rising costs!
Business ethics 商业道德: The moral code by which decisions are made within an
organisation!
68
Focus on the customer 顾客的重要性
• Without customers, most organisations would cease to
exist 破产 (go bankrupt / go out of business)组织之所以存在的理由
• Managing customer relationships is the responsibility
of all managers and employees (NOT ONLY THE
MARKETING DEPARTMENT!) 管理客户关系是所有管理者和员工的职责。
• Consistent, high-quality customer service is essential 始终提供高质量客服对组织的生存 (survival)和成功(success)至关重要
69
Focus on technology
• Managers must get employees on board with new
technology — to get them comfortable with the
technology, to get them using it, and to help them
understand how it makes their lives better!
• Managers must oversee the social interactions and
challenges involved in using collaborative
technologies
70
Focus on social media 社交媒体的重要性
• Social media: forms of electronic communication
through which users create online communities to share
ideas, information, personal messages, and other
content
Many companies encourage employees to use social media to become employee
activists!
71
• Far-ranging e-management and e-communication
• Accelerated decision making, conflict, and stress
• Changes in organisational structure, jobs, goal setting,
and knowledge management
Implications of E-business 电子商务
组织结构
加速决策 冲突 压力
72
Focus on innovation 创新的重要性
• Innovation 创新: exploring new territory, taking risks,
and doing things differently 创新意味着以不同的方式做事情,探索新的疆域并承担风险。
• Managers should encourage employees to be aware of
and act on opportunities for innovation 管理者应当鼓励员工们敏锐察觉和善于抓住创新的机会。
73
Focus on sustainability 可持续性的重要性
• Sustainability 可持续性: a company’s ability to achieve
its business goals and increase long-term shareholder
value 股东价值 by integrating economic, environmental,
and social opportunities into its business strategies
公平贸易
公司通过将经济的、环境的和社会的机遇整合到公司战略以实现公司目标并为股东增加长期价值的能力。
unique selling point
独特卖点
differentiation strategy
差异化战略
74
Focus on the employee 员工的重要性
• Treating employees well is not only the right thing to do,
it is also “good business”
What advantage do you see in treating employees
well?
75
The “Universality of Management 管理的普遍性”
The reality that management is needed in all types and sizes of
organisations 在所有类型和规模的组织中 , at all organisational
levels 在所有的组织层级中, in all organisational areas 在所有的组织领域中, and in organisations no matter where located 在所有的组织中,无论该组织位于哪里.
76
• Review and discussion
question: p. 58; 1-7
Please submit your answer at
the beginning of the next
lecture! On the top of the
document, write your Pinyin-
Name and Student ID.
• Please read Chapter 1a!
Homework --- Chapter 1
77
Tell who managers are and where they work:
• Managers coordinate and oversee the work of other
people so that organisational goals can be
accomplished.
• Managers work in an organisation, which is a deliberate
arrangement of people to accomplish some specific
purpose.
Review Learning Objective 1.1
78
Explain why managers are important to organisations:
• Organisations need their managerial skills and abilities
in uncertain, complex, and chaotic times.
• Managers are critical to getting things done in
organisations.
• Managers contribute to employee productivity and
loyalty.
Review Learning Objective 1.2
79
Describe the functions, roles, and skills of managers:
• Management involves coordinating and overseeing the
efficient and effective completion of others’ work
activities.
• The four functions of management include planning,
organising, leading, and controlling.
Review Learning Objective 1.3 (1 of 3)
80
Mintzberg’s managerial roles include:
• Interpersonal, involve people and other ceremonial /
symbolic duties (figurehead, leader, and liaison)
• Informational, collecting, receiving, and disseminating
information (monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson)
• Decisional, making choices (entrepreneur, disturbance
handler, resource allocator, and negotiator)
Review Learning Objective 1.3 (2 of 3)
81
Katz’s managerial skills include:
• Technical (job-specific knowledge and techniques)
• Human (ability to work well with people)
• Conceptual (ability to think and express ideas)
Review Learning Objective 1.3 (3 of 3)
82
Describe the factors that are reshaping and redefining
the manager’s job:
• Managers must be concerned with:
• Customer service because employee attitudes and behaviours
play a big role in customer satisfaction
• Technology as it impacts how things get done in organisations
• Social media because these forms of communication are
becoming important and valuable tools in managing
• Innovation because it is important for organisations to be
competitive
• Sustainability as business goals are developed
• Employees in order for them to be more productive
Review Learning Objective 1.4
83
Explain the value of studying management:
• The universality of management — managers are
needed in all types and sizes of organisations
• The reality of work — you will manage or be managed
• Significant rewards and challenges
Review Learning Objective 1.5
84
Chapter 1a: ‘Management History’
85
1. Understanding of the present
• “Sound theories help us interpret the present, to
understand what is happening and why”
• Understanding history will help you understand why
some practices are still favoured, whether for right or
wrong reasons!
Practical reasons for studying this chapter
86
2. Guide to action
• Good theories help us make predictions and enable you
to develop a set of principles that will guide your
actions.
3. Source of new ideas
• It can also provide new ideas that may be useful to you
when you come up against new situations.
Practical reasons for studying this chapter
87
4. Clues to meaning of your managers’ decisions
• It can help you understand your firm’s focus, where the
top managers are “coming from”.
5. Clues to meaning of outside events
• Allow you to understand events outside the organisation
that could affect it or you.
Practical reasons for studying this chapter
88
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, students will be able to:
• Describe some early management examples.
• Explain the various theories in the classical
approach.
• Discuss the development and uses of the
behavioural approach.
• Describe the quantitative approach.
• Explain various theories in the contemporary
approach.
89
Early Management
The Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China are
proof that projects of tremendous scope, employing tens of
thousands of people, were completed in ancient times.
90
Job specialisation
In 1776 Adam Smith published
“The Wealth of Nations”
• He concluded that division of
labour (job specialisation – the
breakdown of jobs into narrow
and repetitive tasks) increased
productivity by increasing each
worker’s skill, saving time lost
in changing tasks and creating
labour-saving inventions and
machinery.
91
Industrial Revolution (1760 to 1840)
• Industrial revolution: a period during the late eighteenth century
when machine power was substituted for human power, making it
more economical to manufacture goods in factories than at home.
→ These large efficient factories needed someone to forecast
demand, ensure that enough material was on hand to make
products, assign tasks to people, direct daily activities, and so forth!
92
Major approaches to management
Great Wall of China
Division of Labour
Machine Power was
substituted for Human Power
93
Classical Approach
• Classical approach: first studies of management,
which emphasised rationality and making organisations
and workers as efficient as possible
• Two major theories comprise the classical approach:
scientific management and general administrative
theory.
94
Scientific Management (1911)
• Emphasised the scientific study of work methods to
improve the productivity of individual workers → find
the “one best way” for a job to be done!
• Pioneered by Frederick W. Taylor & Frank and Lillian
Gilbreth
95
Video Exercise
Analyse and discuss the main points of “scientific
management”!
•
•
•
•
•
• Watch the video
clip & take notes!
• Time: 10 mins!
• Discussion!
Ma Yun – Leadership skills
96
1. Evaluate a task by scientifically studying each part of
the task (not use old rule-of-thumb methods).
2. Carefully select workers with the right abilities for the
task.
3. Give workers the training and incentives to do the task
with the proper work methods.
4. Use scientific principles to plan the work methods and
ease the way for workers to do their jobs.
Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles
97
General Administrative Theory
• General administrative theory: an approach to
management that focuses on describing what managers
do and what constitutes good management practice
98
• Concerned with managing the total organisation!
• Pioneered by
Henri Fayol:
• French engineer and industrialist
• first to identify the major functions of management
Max Weber:
• Bureaucracy = A rational, efficient, ideal
organisation based on the principles of logic.
General Administrative Management
99
Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management (1 of 2)
100
Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management (2 of 2)
101
A better-performing organisation should have five positive
bureaucratic features:
1. A well-defined hierarchy of authority.
2. Formal rules and procedures.
3. A clear division of labour, with parts of a complex job
being handled by specialists.
4. Impersonality, without reference or connection to a
particular person.
5. Careers based on merit.
Max Weber --- Positive Bureaucratic Features
102
A better-performing organisation should have five positive
bureaucratic features:
Max Weber --- Positive Bureaucratic Features
Max Weber disliked the idea of managing an organisation informally! He suggested a
much more rigid and formalised structure known as a bureaucracy!
103
A better-performing organisation should have five positive
bureaucratic features:
Max Weber --- Positive Bureaucratic Features
Used to align
employees (and their
abilities) with
organisational tasks!
104
A better-performing organisation should have five positive
bureaucratic features:
Max Weber --- Positive Bureaucratic Features
Chain of command: Instructions are passed from one person to another!
Individuals who hold
higher positions will
supervise and direct
lower positions
within the hierarchy
→meet goals!
105
A better-performing organisation should have five positive
bureaucratic features:
Max Weber --- Positive Bureaucratic Features
Employee should be chosen, placed,
and promoted within the organisation
based on their level of experience
and competency to perform a job!
106
A better-performing organisation should have five positive
bureaucratic features:
Max Weber --- Positive Bureaucratic Features
Formal written records used to document all rules, regulations, procedures, decision, and actions
taken by the organisation and its member to preserve consistency and accountability!
107
A better-performing organisation should have five positive
bureaucratic features:
Max Weber --- Positive Bureaucratic Features
Managers should promote fair
and equal treatment of all
employees so that unbiased
decisions can be made!
108
• Mechanistic
• Tends to view humans as cogs within a machine, not
taking into account the importance of human needs!
The Problem with the Classical Viewpoint
109
• Work activity was amenable to a rational approach
• Through the application of scientific methods, time and
motion studies, and job specialisation it was possible to
boost productivity
Why the Classical Viewpoint is Important?
110
Behavioural Approach
Emphasised the importance of understanding human behaviour
and of motivating employees toward achievement.
• The field of study that researches the actions (behaviour) of
people at work is called organisational behaviour (OB)
• Much of what managers do today when managing people —
motivating, leading, building trust, working with a team,
managing conflict, and so forth — has come out of OB
research!
• Hugo Munsterberg and Mary Parker Follett recognised the
importance of people to an organisation’s success.
111
Hugo Munsterberg → father of industrial psychology
1. Study jobs and determine which people are best suited
to specific jobs
2. Identify the psychological conditions under which
employees do their best work (incl. psychological tests
for employee selection, study of human behaviour for
employee motivation and training)
3. Devise management strategies to influence employees
to follow management’s interests
Early Behaviorism
112
Mary Parker Follett → social worker and social
philosopher
1. Organisations should be operated as “communities”, with
managers and subordinates working together in harmony.
2. Conflicts should be resolved by having managers and
workers talk over differences and find solutions that would
satisfy both parties.
3. The work process should be under the control of workers
with the relevant knowledge, rather than of managers, who
should act as facilitators.
Early Behaviourism
Their ideas provided the foundation for such management practices as employee
selection procedures, motivation programmes, and work teams.
113
Hawthorne effect
• Employees worked harder
if they received added
attention,
thought that managers
cared about their welfare
and
that supervisors paid
special attention to them.
Early Behaviorism
Elton Mayo
114
Hawthorne Studies
• Hawthorne studies: a series of studies during the
1920s and 1930s that provided new insights into
individual and group behaviour
• The studies concluded that people’s behaviour and
attitudes are closely related, that group factors
significantly affect individual behaviour, that group
standards establish individual worker output, and
that money is less a factor in determining output
than group standards, group attitudes, and security.
• These conclusions led to a new emphasis on the human
behaviour factor in the management of organisations.
115
Quantitative Approach
• Quantitative approach (management science): the
use of quantitative techniques to improve decision-
making
• It involves applying statistics, optimisation models,
information models, computer simulations, linear
programming (work scheduling can be more efficient as
a result of critical-path scheduling analysis) …
116
Total Quality Management (1980s & 90s)
• Total quality management (TQM): a philosophy of
management that is driven by continuous improvement
and responsiveness to customer needs and
expectations
• The term customer includes anyone who interacts with
the organisation’s product or services, internally or
externally. It encompasses employees and suppliers as
well as the people who purchase the organisation’s
goods or services.
117
What is “Quality Management”?
118
As you can see, an organisation takes in inputs (resources) from the environment and
transforms or processes these resources into outputs that are distributed into the
environment. The organisation is “open” to and interacts with its environment.
Organisation as an “Open System”
(Contemporary Approach)
119
Contingency Approach
Different and changing situations require managers to use
different approaches and techniques.
• The contingency approach (situational approach) says
that organisations are different, face different situations
(contingencies), and require different ways of managing.
→The primary value of the contingency approach is that it
stresses there are no simplistic or universal rules for
managers to follow.
→ Let us look at some popular contingency variables:
120
Four Popular Contingency Variables
121
• Review and discussion
question: p. 78; MH-5
Please submit your answer at
the beginning of the next
lecture! On the top of the
document, write your Pinyin-
Name and Student ID.
• Please read Chapter 16!
Homework --- Chapter 1a
122
Describe some early management examples:
• Early examples of management practice include the
construction of the Egyptian pyramids and the Great
Wall of China.
• One important historical event was the publication of
Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations,” in which he argued
the benefits of division of labour (job specialisation).
• Another was the industrial revolution, where it became
more economical to manufacture in factories than at
home.
Review Learning Objective 1.1
123
Explain the various theories in the classical approach:
• Frederick W. Taylor
• The Gilbreths
• Henri Fayol
• Max Weber
Review Learning Objective 1.2
124
Discuss the development and uses of the behavioural
approach:
• Early advocates of OB
• The Hawthorne Studies
Review Learning Objective 1.3
125
Describe the quantitative approach:
• The quantitative approach
• Total quality management (TQM)
Review Learning Objective 1.4
126
Review Learning Objective 1.5
Explain various theories in the contemporary
approach:
• Systems approach
• Contingency approach