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Welcome to
Biol 178Principles of Biology
•Course goals•Course information•Text•Grading•Syllabus•Lab•Chapter Organization
•Concept Outline
•Text
•Concept Review
•Test Your Understanding
•Test Your Visual Understanding
Chapter Organization
Lecture Outline
Definition of Life Properties of Life Hierarchical Organization Unifying Themes of Science Scientific Method
What is Biology?
o Study of life
o Search for order in the natural world
o Discovery of new relationships
o Learn working rules that allow life to exist
Properties of Life
Cellular organizationOrderSensitivityGrowth, development, and reproductionGenetic system DNAEnergy utilizationEvolutionary adaptationHomeostasis
LifeLevels of OrganizationPopulations…Among
Organisms
1.Biosphere
2.Ecosystem
3.Community
4.Population
Consequences of Hierarchical organization
• Emergent properties
• New properties arise at each higher level
• Make life difficult to define
Unifying Themes of Science
1. Cell theoryAll living organisms are made of cells, and all living
cells come from other living cells.
2. Molecular basis of inheritanceDNA encodes genes
Genes make-up & control living organisms.
Unifying Themes of Science
3. Evolutionary changeLife-forms have evolved varying characteristics to adapt to
varied environments.
4. Evolutionary conservationSome characteristics of earlier organisms are preserved and
passed on to future generations.
Summary: Unifying Themes of Science
1. Cell theory
2. Molecular basis of inheritance
3. Evolutionary change
4. Evolutionary conservation
Scientific Inquiry – How is Science Done?
Discovery ScienceObserving
Measuring
Hypothesis-based ScienceScientific Method
Proposing & Testing hypotheses
Inductive & deductive logic
Reasoning
Deductive reasoningApply general principles to predict specific results
Inductive reasoningUse specific observations to construct general
principles
How Science Is Done
1. Observation: Begins science
2. Hypothesis: accounts for observationsEducated guess
Inductive Reasoning Generalization
3. Prediction: Allows test of hypothesis validityDeductive Reasoning specific outcome
4. Experiment: Tests hypothesis validity
5. Controlled experiment:One variableControl
Limitations of Science
Hypothesis can NOT be proven true
Truth Table
Hypothesis Prediction
True True
False False or True
Limitations of Science
Science does not prove hypotheses are true.
Science proves that some hypotheses are not true.
Hypotheses not proven false are conditionally accepted.
Hypotheses, Theories & Laws
Hypothesis a tentative explanation.
Scientific TheoryAccepted explanation.Supported by experimental evidence.Solid ground of science.A well-supported hypothesis.
Scientific LawScientific knowledge accepted as true.An extremely well-supported hypothesis.