- 1. ( ) ~. / * 5 6 - * / 8 / 6/ * 7 2015 - 2014 } 6 . * * 6.
*
2. - 2 - - 5 5 5 5 6 8 7 . : : 7 5 . 6 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 . 5 . - 3.
3 6 6 7 8 9 10 5 23 / 24 5 24 6 : 30 : 32 5 : 39 5 : 48 : 50 5 59 5
: 5 68 5 : 5 : 84 86 : 5 : 96 5 114 : 5 126 : 5 : 138 140 : 5 147 6
: 5 : 162 5 173 : 5 4. - 4 : 5. 5 / 7 : 5 . 7 . 5 . 5 7 : . . . . 5
5 . 7 . 5 5 5 5 8 5 8 . 5 8 8 5 5 . 7 5 5 5 . 5 5 5 5 5 . 6. - 6 :
) 5 5 1. . 5 5 5 2. 8 . . 8 3. . 6 4. . 5. : 6 6 8 1. 5 5 6 5 8 5 .
5 : 2. 5 8 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 7 . : 5 8 3. 5 8 . 8 5 5 7. 7 : 5 5 8 4. 5
5 7 7 8 . 6 : 5 5. 5 8 . 5 8 5 8 : 5 5 7 7 . 5 5 5 , 5 . 8 5 5 . 5
5 , 8 , 5 5 5 , 8 5 5 :. 5 5 8 5 : . 5 : . 6 5 8 5 : z , , . 5 5 7
, 8 , 8 5 , 8. - 8 , . . : 5 . 5 7 5 . : 5 5 : 7 5 : . 5 5 5 7 5 :
5 . 5 | : . 5 z 5 : 6 5 . | : z . 5 7 : 5 5 5 6 . 5 9. 7 5 : 5 9 .
8 8 . w : 5 5 5 8 . 6 5 )( 5 6 5 5 . 7 Gardner . / - - 8 - // - / -
. - 5 - : 8 5 7 , , , , , , . 6 10. - : { 7 5 . 5 . : 8 5 6 . 8 : w
3 z 5 : 5 10 . . . . . 5 6 : : : : : 5 : 5 5: 5 5 11. 11 8 5 : 5 5
: : 5 : 6 | : 5 5 8 7 . 7 8 5 5 5 : 5 1. 6 8 7. 7 7 7 2. . . 7 3.
4. . 5 7 7 5. . : 5 8 : . : : 5 . 8 12. - 12 . 5 5 . 6 8 6 . 5 8 8
7 8 7 7 : . . 7 7 5 5 : : 5 . 7 - - 5 7 : 5 5 : 1. 7 5 5 5 5 7 5 6
8 7 7 5 . 2. : 5 Gardner 5 7 7 5 13. 13 . : 3. 5 7 5 7 8 . 5 4. : 5
5 8 . : 5 5 6 5 5 . 1. : : 7 8 5 8 7 6 5 5 6 . 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 8 5 .
7 . 14. - 14 7 7 . 5 5 8 . 5 5 5 . : ) 2. 5 : . 5 . 6 . 8 5 5 8 8 5
6 . 6 7 7 5 . 8 7 . 7 5 5 : 5 8 7 . 5 5 8 5 5 7 15. 15 . 8 3. : 5 5
6 6 7 5 5 5 5 6 5 .: : 5 5 - - 5 8 8 8 . 5 5 5 . 5 5 6 5 5 . 6 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 . 5 7 5 5 7 5 . 5 7 7 . 16. - 7 . 5 5 . 5 5 : : 5 5 8 5 :
8 : 16 . . 5 5 . 5 5 : 7 5 1. . . 7 7 2. . . 5 8 5 3. 5 5 5 7 4. .
5 8 5 .5 5 5 5 . 5 : z - - 17. . : 5 . 17 : 5 1. : ) 8 8 ( 8 8 5 .
6 : 8 5 8 2. . : z 5 5 : 5 5 5 7 5 . 5 5 5 5 ) 2009 ( 5 7 6 5 . 5 5
- 7 -. 6 8 18. - : w 3 y : 18 . 8 . . . . . 8 5 : 8 5 1. 6 5 8 : 8
. 5 . 7 . 8 5 . 8 . : ) 5 2. , 7 5 5 7 . 7 . 5 . 7 , : 19. 5 5 19.
7 : 5 3. 7 5 5 . 5 8 : 5 5 . 7 . 5 5 5 7 , 8 . : . 5 . .. , : 5 4.
7 5 5 . 6 8 6 7 . : ) 5 5. 5 5 . 20. - : . 5 1. . 7 , 7 2. . 5 3. 7
7 .420 5 . 6 : 8 5 : 5 5 5 5 8 . 8 7 5 : 7 7 8 5 5 . 8 7 ... 8 } 5
: )Friedl : ) 1997 6 . : 5 8 : 1. 5 . 6 : 5 2. 5 . 7 : 3. 21. 7 5 8
5 7 21. { : 5 . . :. : . : . ( 8 8 ) . . : : . . z : 6 6 ( - 8 - )
5 . 8 : 8 . 22. - :- . 5 7 5 1. 2. . . 3. . 4. 5. 5 : 5 5- ...( - )
- - 5 5 7 7 5 5 5 5 . 5 8 5 8 6 5 . 8 : ) 5 7 7 5 5 5 5 8 . 5 5 : /
5 / . : 5 . 7 . 5 5 22 23. 23 . . . . : 8 5 : 5) . 5 5 1. . 5( ) 2.
- 8 3. . . ( 4. ) 8 / 5. . 5 5 6. 5 .: : . : . ! ! . ! !. ! ! : - -
7 ) ! !(. .... - . ! !(. - - - ... ) ! ! . ! ! : ! ! 24. - 24.
....... 6 - 5 ) - 5 ! !(. .... 7 /: 5) 8 5 5 : / - (. ) . 5 : 5 - -
) 5( ... ) 5 - . 5( ...: 5 5 - - - ) 5 - 5 - 5( 8 5 ( 7 ( . .... 5
5 5 . : : : 4 . 8 . . . . 8 . 25. 25 5 : : 4 . 6 . . . 5 . 5 . 5 .
7 : 8 5 8 : : 4 ) - (. ) (. . . ( ) - - 5 ( ) - 5 8 . ) (. 5 8 5 :
: 4 . 5 . 5 . 5 26. - 26( . 7 ) 5 : : : 4 . 6 ) - - .....(. . ) 6
......( 5 : : 4 . 8 . . 5 5 ...(. 5 ) 6 . . 6 - 5 ) ...( . 5 . : 8
: : 4 . . 27. 27. 5 . . . . : : 4 . . . . . 5 : : 4 . . . . . : 8 :
: 4 . 7 . 6 . 28. - 28 . 8 - )- 5 5 5 (. 8 : : 4 . . 5 6 5 5 . . 5
. 8 . . . 8 . . 5 / : : 5 . 5 : .. 5 5 8 5 : 8 : . 5 8 : w . 29. 29
: 30. - phneU p?U b_U B Un_U {U ^_Y R {nU phefU ei {bR Y }h]B phh=
nY hdL o>}>n=n`U nAnY db> hU fU}A p@ na> gU neU d>L
p>nfU }Y{eU ninhaU ngi nU nhY fY na>R neY {eU }hQ eU naidL
e_x x{= ef> efU L{U UpxneA pg@ Y pxefU {w hb>nfw Y .}B pg@ Y
ngY{H phU}aU {AjT phefU phR}`@ phew }gK.phefUn= g> U px}ZU
phR}`dU px{U30 31. 313 nTmT bw _ew z@T owmfh Q: cK mRogdeT X bT mg
m`w|^= ^w x.oXzdT ogdeT ogdeT ogQ|_? gT.ogdeT f`X xw x.ogdeT mX z^w
x.ogdeT mcX rew x.ogdeT mX f`X xw xogQ|_T mXc^dT ]h rew x.ogdeT mX
Q z^< X m^YGQ ogQ|_T mXc^dT ]h ogdv zaw x.ogdeT ogQ|_?
oG.ogKmeZT mdR |aw xogTzT mXc^dT obH zw xmXc^X cK ZT Q
(ph|h).ogQ|_? 32. - 32 : 3 8 5 5 8 . 3 5 : . x x . x x x x . . x x
x x. 6 x x . . x x - - - : 5 : : y 6 7 5 )( w 3 - x x BB BB BB x x
x x z x x BBB BB BB BB BB5 x x 33. 33 :( )( ( 8 y 5 5 5 . 5 y . 5 y
. 5 5 y 1. 5 2. 3. 4. . 5 " : . x . x . x x . . x x. x() . . x . .
x . x . x . x x. . x : / . :() () (um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9
s9 ` 4 y. y . 7 y. 5 5 5 5 8 y 34. - : 5 5 . 5 5 8 BB BB BB BBB BBB
BBB BBB BBB7 BBB . 5 5 . .... 7 . 8 . : 1. 2. 3. 4. sls umjk8 ume }
7 8 . 8 . 6 6 7 . 7 8 . 5 7 . 5 .345 : lqf 1yC_lf k Y6S hu: . . . .
:q phU }ekY p?? {bL h= nY }aU R {eU Y pxnL. nL A YnL:() |d=jdT x{bL
phU ni f_=.{xUn= UgTH R:() hmT |d=jdT xR {bL phefU phU f_=.x}Un=
}hin@ x:() qTmT |d=jdT x{bL pY{eU phefU f_=.nhbx}R f= }inw@ R] L
}ekeU neH }h` }_xn_hH Un_U R phefU hwnaYheU ni h= pS_Unex hR h_x |U
hU.padeU nhU p]ZioXzX ogde=ow|Y ogde=ogde=owmZRogdeT f`X = @|X
:px}ZU phefU }x}b dL [dUsYni}U {[x |U n_UUnited {eU YU neiNations
Development Programme:UnU SeU dL B
(UNDP)http://www.undp.org/content/rbas/ar/home/library/huma_development/
35. 8 . 35. 5 . 7 . 7 . . . : .: :lqf 1kk2: hkcf fyl?f : . : . :dL
pY{eU phefU }cR b{gx }ndU x i {Y.beU Y.(n_U |w R ed_Y Sni) UneU eY
:XaT AzTnghdL [ U }xnLn]bU B Y pU{U pL) padeU pxn[S}R R (.... pAnhH
pLnf.nYnL c nY nUnQ {Y phfYB{U peS sni :|`T AzT.ngincH {L dL pU{dU
YbU :pY phbhbU }U w }ZUnSnJ Y cde ne= Y {bdL nS p={Y pdwkY
px}Z={x{@ Y Yn_U hcU.phdLnR nac=(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9
` 6 7 : . 5 1. 2. . 3. . 5 8 4. 36. - 7 5 : 5 5 BB BB BBBB BB BBB
BBBB BB . 5 BB BB BBB B8 BB . 5 5 . 5 . 8 : 5 5 . 7 7 : 36sls umjk8
ume } 7 .: : ( / ) .:mfQ|^= TmT bYT @ ogGmgG mcX|aG Q d=bT oTzcT
GmgTrX| {g`e= Q xe=mfT dT ogdeTmf=mX mfTmbHio`cdTowmZR mcXmdT |gQ=
Q d=.ogdeT A {g`eT Togdc^T |T |gQ=ogdeT mX Q oge`TcK mdK o`cdTzG
dc^T qTmg?TebcT XogKmd? mcXX Q Q d=|gQ= oZT gc^ToTz^T ga=
XogKmd?ogg mcXfG zgH|= Q d=cK mJm`@ dToXmaT mg? mbXcT mZX mfeX
zTlqfx Z6W'f r ^R 2y^Sf t4u SJ Y6S hvZ : :eU dL p^RneU }nwnR ngR~fH
pUdhU.fJ o@ :fQ nedL nhR}`U qod`U U _x eY fLY bY H cZY dL.}Rpb=nU
n_U R ed_Y Sni.nhR}`U dL phew nY 37. 37 . . : . .:ogdeT ogQ|_?
f`X?cgf *lf 15ylf :52 mv 6?f Z6W'f Qx6Z rk Q6ZY2v vlqx 15ylf 51 h
rk vfW: ^ySkx pck rR.+f 1y `_+f :qk 6Zy .: :lqf Z6W 'k mu ~he Y
pAnY :gcR{Y px}Z= ph_hJ }wn^=.hUnS Y }hQ L ~he :h]U h= pSL {@nH U
h]UnR nhR}`UR ]eU rhA R}`@dL {Ln nYd_Y U p@nAw R}`U nceU p_hJ
gRnYd_eU |w n]L fcex |UnS_U dL nS ihdS ~@ h= pUneU penbU.}B hUnS h=
fh= :T h= pheA pxS pSL nfwpSL) h]U phefU YrhA (bhb dHj= {gUedL dH
h]U h]U nxY phefU hbUphefU nxY na= naehdS U deU eU Yh]U {x |gU YbU
U}eU inceU {eU {=.UB Y phefU hb6?f lqf 1C^ lqf f 15ylf lq : . (um
sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 8 1. . 5 5 5 5 2. . 5 5 3. . 4. 5
6 . 5 : 5 5 1. 2. 3. 5 4. . 5 . 8 5 5 . 5 . 7 . 5 38. - 7 . 7 5 7 .
. 8 ) (. . 6 8 5 . . . 7 5 5 nhde_U Y pLeY :neH U {g U phUneUhbU
px}ZU ph_h]U eU. ZfeU {w}hh`U edL dH :gTnghR Q}Y }hQ pfw nphfY }R R
nY pdcZY U Y eU neH {g= {Y.R bY @ 5 5 . : . 5 5 7 7 5 :. 5 : 5 5 38
sls umjk8 ume } 9 .... . : ( ) . . : . .:?^qlgf G^G^ Z ak7x dlgSk
@^p .hGZ h_;lf qg: lqf.52fx K?p Z ?^qlf (p h': m 952f:i1_f 95 2gf
2S:wS^y ~4f 5x2 f kZ6W'f q_f!2* Z #2+f.lqf 39. 39 : 3 5 5 5 . 3 5 :
5 . . 8 . . - BB BB BB BB BB BBBB BB BB5 : 5 : : y - 7 - - 5 6 w 3
- BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB 5 z BBBBB BBB BBB BBB BBB5 BB BBBB BB BB
BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BBBB 40. - : 5 6 8 BB . 5 5 5 BB B BB BB BB5 5
: x . x . x . x . . . x . x . x . x x. x . 5 : / : (Remote Sensing)
(Geographic Information System) . . 7 5 5 5 8 40(um sgm7b umjs sj)
umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 10 41. 41 : 7 5 . 11 7 5 8 11 7 8 5 B 8 . 6 5 BB
BB BB .umjk8 ume s u9: smkg8 s9 nhbU dL w :z^ X m^YGL nYd_eU dL [U
~g@ p]H= y]HY }_ZY }x[}x[U x y]H.naU }x[U Uk2/f+CflgSfx:GIS ogQ|_T
mXc^dT ]hnB e nYd_Y n^in@}H pUn_Y x~phR}`U ninhU hd{Lnx ne= ninh=
{LS {L.pHnfY }S n dL11 . . :#2+f q_f 5x1lqf Z6W 1C^ lqf f 15yk
lqlqfRqCf$+f_qfxo1Slf rR51Ckx^KflqfR58f$+f_qfx15ylf rRlf
ylqfp6lSflqf*;fY?bx5pBl*xf6?f [email protected] ogdeT Q ogQ|_T
mXc^dT ]h zG mX . 5 . 7 8 : 5 !! . 6 5 5 !! . 8 5 !! 42. - . BBB
BBBB BB BB BB BB BBB 5 : 5 1. BB BB BB 2. 8 5 . 5 5 BBB 5 BB B . 5
: 5 1. :Sni pd=nbeU p]x}U B Y:phUnU nbfU ed_Y Ye= phf`U KnfeU }T nY
xphRU nheUnheUn= JnfeU |w fQ oH nY xphRUY nRU phdbeU x nY xpdcZY U
}[Y R nheU |w dL i}e_U A~U.nU{U Un= phL~U2. . 5 3. : ( ...) .
:ogmdT dT K ngaeT qT mX . : 8 BB 4. . 5 7 42(um sgm7b umjs sj)
umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 12mgaw|Q Q ogQT m og?mh () bHogmX X K ngaeTGdT
|T|d@ |TgdTzefTgdTecIz? o^`=|Xo^`=|XoGXGdT o[`eXz? o[`eX 43. 5 BB
BB BB BB BB7 BB BBB 43 . B BB BB 7 5 BB BBB B BB BB BB BB BB BB BB
BB . 5 5 BB BB BB BB BB8 BB BB . : 7 m^dT K ngaeT qT mX :oRmT mZX
(Sensors) . .umjk8 ume s u9: smkg8 s9 .megG e ZT h Am ogm[`T og|dTm
T e= () bH:ogT owmd@ ohmg mX . . IYT Su= ogAmedT |gg_T x= .ogbw|X
G|?gh oewzd . 13 5 8 5 5 . 7 8 44. - 8 BB 7 : ! ! 44 . ! ! BB BB5
BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BBBB BB BB BB BB BB BBBB B BB . BB BB BB
! ! 7 7 BB BB .(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 14 ! ! . . ! !
. 5 7 . 5 8 5 8 5 7 : 5 : (Land use) . ..z^ X m^YG meX z@ g`T Q
mXzG () bH :qfH U {U Y }[Y {_Y phU dL nadU hibUng= pnB {@ w{UY phU
pxne= }[Y qew neTpheY UA nZi B.ph_hJU UnU SeU dL Bp]Zi Y {x~eU dL
}_dU phU:}[Y R phU pxneAwww.moe.gov.qawww.moe.gov.qa :pd=nbeU phnaU
[U B Y:dx nY {A ed_e= nfh_Y.nZi nY{H }T x.}e_U nZi JnfY xpL~U ~T}
JnfY x~heeU neU y]eU H xneZU [S R H dUn==}`U 45. 8 5 1. 45 .2 .3
BBB B BB . 5 B BB BB BB . 8 7 : 1. 2. umjk8 ume s u9: smkg8 s9 ogK
. : 5 !! 5 7 7 !! 5 !! 8 . 15ogK}T ogdeT oK}T mX ( ) : . . . . . (
) . . .ogKmeZT ogdeT mX . :phed_U nH{U {A R}[Y phnaU nh}eU {T{R U
UA nxfH {baphL~U i @ Y{T }B pH R p[U i {bR {S pU~feU }h= Y }aU R
ngAnY Y {R UA~dU phi U .phceU ~eU nZi i}e_U 46. - 8 BBB BB BB BB 7
: ! ! 46 BB BB BB BB . 5 ! ! . ! ! . 5 BB BB BB ! ! 5 . BB BB BB BB
BB BB BB BB ! ! BBB BBBB BB BB BB BB BB 5bT gH oewzdT h|d^T deT ()
bH : 5 ! ! m mYS og@mgT ogdeT mX . : . ( ) . :h|d^T deT mX . ( ) .
:Google Earth sYni}= {HphnR dL [dUnA ng= h_ U pb]fedU.ngdhd ng}S mK
g 5 ! ! ! ! . 5 . 6 7 . 5 : 5 1. 8 2. (um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume
s9 s9 ` 16 47. 5 5 47 . : 7 7 5 5 5 . : 5 5 . 5 5 . umjk8 ume s u9:
smkg8 s9 z@k ogZT mXzT ^.mg`YdT .17 .ogZT ogT mXzT mX : . .:?^qlgf
G^G^ Z ak7x dlgSk @^p yfyqcgf rk i2/:.52fx K?p Z ?^qlf (p h': m
952f:i1_f 95 2g f 2S:o;p^ R5y K 5yCSf 6k }gR f.h*6lf t4u Y 6ShvZ
48. - 48 }^fx phU phefU h= pbh? pSL {@hYY newnLn= phefU phU U|B
nwne? k U phefUnR phef {@ R pehdH phh= nHnh=n@nhA phdU phhU eU
neHn=}ZU nhA phLi }x] h px}ZUR efU {bU gfU Y nbxR }hh` Y phefU ?{
ne= eY neT ncdU pxn[S phLne@ phfUngU`H H ng[Snf eU {i `fx |U pxefU
phde_U dL ndH }?kxYn_U phefU dL henbU dL}e U phhU eU nL R hUphbhbA
phef {= pYnbU nh@U {phU {AU |w R nfi H U|U.phefU hbU ng phahT nwY
49. nTmT bw _ew z@T owmfh Q ogT :cw mdX bT mg m`w|^= ^w x.dT gT
m]eT gT Tmf^w= qg@ X dT h g }gdw x.ogmdT dT ngTmG rew x.geT |fh mgX
ngTmG gaw x|fh mK|YX K Q |ZX zaw xdT mdG ngTmG zw xmgQ|_T Q owzT
mgeaT ogdv zaw x.o`cdT dT mdG .|^T IT Q ogT X gaw x4919 : cK mR.gT
m]eT AzX z^w x.Q|_T.geT.oRmT mZX oghz^dT 50. - 50 : 3 5 . . 5 5 3 5
: : 7 - . . 5 BB BB B BB . BB BB BB BB BBB BBBBBB BBB BBB BB . 6 .
: 3 : 5 : y 7 5 . 6 w 3 - - 5 z BBBBB BBB BBB BBB BBB5 BB BBBB 5
51. 51 : 5 20 7 7 8 5 5 5 7 ... 7 : : x . . x . x . x x. x. x . x .
x x x . x . x . x(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 20 7 5 7 7 .
5 5 5 5 8 : / :m= X mfgcw mdgQ dc^X Rmh ogTmT ZT oKdX @ . : . . 52.
- : 5 5 : 8 7 5 BB : 8 ! ! ! ! 4 1994 5 BB BB BB BB B BB5 BB BB BB
BB5 BB 5 BBBB . s slsc u;m7 } 8 . 5 . 7 . 8 7 7 8 8 8 ( 8 - - ) - .
: 7 5221: . ( ) mfQ|^h m^X m^= : U :: T oc@|dT . . : oghmT oc@|dT
.: oTT oc@|dT ( :}[Y R phU pxneA inS }LdL phU pfU SeZx |U hU heU
ngiY Y xx nY phU nfncUp=} nY w Y ng= hx nY.vZfY Y ni ehbx nY :{_
{_= phUn= new ngR~fH nwY dL niL snfU dU {A nxnI ]bT }ZU nZfU~fH h]U
{h n=n`Uqew U|U ph_h]U L}eUn= nH{= {eU Y.ngcZY phUpcI }L ya[U fcexL
{x~edU phU{U nYd_eU{eU Y sYni}= phew .UNEP phdU(United Nations
Environment Program) 53. 53 . 5 5 B BB 5 . 5 5 7 7 . BBB BBB 5 . 8
: 7 ) . .: o^|T oc@|dT . . : U mfQ|^h me mgv ... ( ): . . zaecT
ow|]eT p|^= . . : U :Lna L nYd_eU Y {x~edUpin_H fcex phU ni:phUnU
SeUn=:phU ZU pU{U xhttp://www.eeaa.gov.eg:phU pLHY
xhttp://www.bee2ah.com/ :pheU px}^fU nedL {A Un=phU p]x}B f]L :nS
phhUng_SY L phR nYd_Y nYph_h]U nw}wn^Y ngnY ngBnfYR incYl= nwY }BeU
U {A U phU |w R ]bx eU Zh_eUphLne@ pxn[S p]Zi px}Y hU {x{U |w neU
}U nH nei pR{.ph_h]U phU ng}a p {Y R ed_Y Sni.}U |w j]B(um sgm7b
umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 22. 7 . 8 7 5 8 . 7 7 7 5 5 5 (. 5 ) :
54. - : BB 8 BB BBBB 5 BB . : 5 : 8 5 5 5 . : 8 . )( 5 s slsc u;m7
} 5 5 .... 7 .5423 . zaecT ow|]eT p|^= . : .v 6x vZ 6 4f vpycl f
o;p 6l#;x i2/;1yC_lf lZ ... f iOqf }gR g: x ' oyc 2^ 6f 4u.Y6Spx
6c[p q uwZ o;p 6 bx f iOqf : . :phincY px}^fU nedL {A Un=phLnf[U
phL~U phU :nSni _R Y w }e_U{x{L }R od]x |w T YeU nH ngeU YngdT H
neU .px}Z= nYbY p {Y R ed_Y Sni.}U |w j]B.gT m]eT mhbX 55. 5 23 7 7
55 : 5 7 1. 7 7 2. . 7 3. 7 . 7 5 8 5 . 24 7 : . 7 : : : : ~dYT .:
mgdT ( ) .: o|T .: meT .(gT m]eT X meT mf |w T ZT R=): gT .: mh . T
{v A mG mX gT Tm ZadT mdQ ...~dYTmgdTo|TmeTgTmh(um sgm7b umjs sj)
umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 24 6 7 ..... 7 ..... 7 : 5 7 7 . 5 7 7 7 7 : .
56. - 7 . 9 7 BB BB BB . . 5 5 7 BB BB BB BB BB . : s slsc u;m7 }
:}cU y]H dL hU UU Y ~@ w nY phinH dU _ |U icU}h?j R Un= ni cU Un_U
Bn= |i neY phU dL.ph_h]U phU nicY }nfL h= 7 5 7 5 : . 8 25 7 8 . :
5 - 5625 :nhU}H oi ~Q : mXng{L L {h_= }?ncl= qYnS rhA hh_h]U|`U {
{_ U A n=n`U{L ng_Y dw qcdgR ngafU.}B nfncU Y }hThcx}Y R nY{fL :
mXb[U U Y U f=}nB q?{A }aU }ZinR{A U|T nL~eUn= }T.hU U R dB : ... :
( ...). . . . :2* }gR hb oycf rk [. 3 !2+ 3kf o7yf }gR df3 6x (o;p
py+f 5yKf) ogdeT ogQ|_? : . ( ). .dTm ZadT |^= fQ fT c= 57. : 5 57
8 5 7 - : 8 - . 5 5 8 26 7 . 5 8 ( )- )- ( .: Resource Source :
zZdT .: . dT :TmT bYT mfZcw ~G oT maQ dT geZ= =15ylf qCZ6W'f T7yf
;*56l:x 22'f ;*12'k 6V 12'k}R w :gT KTphU dL p^RneU phj= eeUph_h]U
C {H {hI}ng?d nww{ Y { fY.hU n^fU R dU B{UdL dU }h?jU :ogT vz= ng_h
Y }h`x ne= phUU kx pYn_U ng[n[Bh= _h]U U Bn[U {bR nw}nfLu52Ck ;*
.ngU px}[U phUneU6? 15yk SJ 15yk5?p K:yk 5?p S:x2 5?p 1x2+k 5?p
1x2+k ::ow|Y og^gI X T mvzZX n@ dT e=: og^gT dT .): owm[T (ow|YT dT
. :T Q|_T mf^w= n@ dT a=: mYh o^G X .: mYh oGX X . :nb= dL } :mhm^H
bgTnhU nbU } w }I.pYnbU nh@U :cU j= ned_U _= }xeU Y nhUnB }_x ni
=nin= pi}bY eU UdL [U R g@ @nA.eU |w(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9
s9 ` 26 8 5 . 5 . 8 . : 5 : 5 5 8 . 8 ) 1( 58. - 7 8 BB BB BB . 5 .
8 : 5 20 6 . 8 5 8 s slsc u;m7 } . . 5 5 7 7 5 . : 5 5 8 5 5 5827:
mYh zX X .: z? mYh zX X . :Tm^T Q z? mYh zX m^dT ^ w= () bH :: zX X
.: zX |gP X .zG ngTmG o^mX gga= Q ogdeT ogQ|_T og^`eT odgaT c=
mevo?m@ Yw bY mvmdG mfgcK m`Tm f= mdS mfKhi dT.adT |mT Q ^YT:?^qlgf
G^dlgSk Tk 952f G^ @^p .eyklfx T^yf r f o7yf.52fx K?p ?^qlf (p h':x
:ngfxc p_hJ oA eU fjZfU pxL Y ngfeR ngjZi}hQ }B aU }U Y^_Y gU neU Y
pxLgR p]dY pUn? n_eU.ngfxc phahT ngfh= }aU }_:i1_f 95 2g f 2S:15ylf
rR y;kqR 3lZ 6Sf rJyf lff f:x :;fgf 15ylf dg 51 vSTk 6F+f Z oc;f *e
* `_+ R6kh_;lf Z vqk k1_f 59. 59 : 3 5 . 5 5 8 5 . 3 5 : 7 5 8 5 6
5 . 8 . 8 . 5 : 3 : 5 : y w 3 7 5 BB BB BB BB 6 BB BB 6 - 5 BBBB BB
BBBB BB BB - - z 5 5 60. - : . 5 : BB 7 BB 7 BB 5 5 BB BB . 7 5 . :
x . x. . x x. . x x . . x x . . x x . x . x . x . x : / :mfgcw mdgQ
X dc^X Rmh ogTmT |a`T |R tlf 6K^ o 62_f HS 5Y y+p 52v 2*yf 5yqCf rk
6;lf.yq: [Oqf 6?f tk rk 6gf . : . 5 7 8 5 . . 60(um sgm7b umjs sj)
umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 28 61. 61 : 5 BB BB BB BB - - - 8 )( 7 ) - 8 5 (.
5 8 ) - ( 8 5 5 8 :sl tms umsj j s9 : 7 29 5 29 ... mfQ|^h me m^=:
:o@cdT o? n@ mw|T n@ mf`geZ= bdw :mgdT mTogT mgdTcK ?dT mgdT c= vmT
Q d= xGzT mfh mgdTImeX T oQmm |gTm_T m^aedT |T.owzgcTogQT mgdTv Im
Q z?=mX mgX |= X o=mhmaI Q ogT mgdTmh}A T ae= |YRX z?= zX |gP
ogQ?ogQ? mgX geT gwX.|T ogh zXmXmgdcT ~g|T zZdT vS mG m[w v o{^TT)
w|A wdTmfgcK mh zd^w (QT% X |SiQ oK}T Q |HmXcK zd^= Tm^T Q oK}T
XoK}Tm |^= |HmX mX.ogc^T ow|dT .: :.T mw|cT deS geT |fh.ogQT m z@
62. - BBB 5 8 ) 1( BB BB BB BB BB 8 1000.000.000 . 5 : 7 2.508 BB
BB BB8 BB BB . 43.2 .mvmZX mfKh n@ mgdT w= () z?mdT @ mgdT zZX S
(T)X oeT% o{^T mgdT- ndU nU n]heU pe{U dU px{hdU cU- p=}U p=J- U `U
n_bfeU nhY ngi Une@`S o^Xm? zcdT ~aT medT oKGX Q mgdT X
:S.h.shender :zZdT.Tm^T Q mgdT X w= () bHn= hx nY w :T _Tngew nQ
pLeY Y cx.neU n= hT h@}hfU :%% 8 0.000086 . 5 6 5 8 : 5 5 30 7 8 .
30 7 8 .62(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 30X oeT% mgdT
Tmd?p=|L phRU nheUpUnY phRU nheUp=|_U }hUpUneU }hU.- wgh :- .- .- .
. .:
.%%%%mc#mTmgBodzTcTowzgc!bTogQ!mgB|AogGmgXogQ?mgXBmgBXowzgca=DPmgXX
nh w= () bH.|^T IT Q mgdT 63. 5 6 B BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB :
63. 5 : 5 5 - 5 : 5 8 7 . 5 : ... :mbT zK mw xmXzG z^= x mgdTmgdT
ogdS m xzG G xmgdT ah xncT mw xmgdT zh xmgdT c= xN N sl tms umsj j
s9 T ncwomXgdTo cXmbdT mgddTT ::mfeX |^T ITm mgX oX ? cK oTzT |HjdT
X zwz^T mev , , . . , , . . .: ( ) . :pxnU p=|_U nheU Y % pinB jZf
=}_U JU Rph}U ngi =nfY h.=}_U JU {A nB b :JUn= nheU pY }IkY f{f=
pnB }IkY U =}_U= pnB }IkY nheU.{H pRnT nI f_x :mdT XnahT neT phneU
n@nhApxnacU |w }eH ne Y.pYnbU [email protected] mgX c=. 5 21 7 : 31 6 6 5 !
! 5 6 5 7 )( )( 6 ( )( )( ( 6 7 . . 31 7 8 . 8 5 5 5 5 5 8 7 64. -
: 5 5 5 BB BBB BB BB BB BB BB BB 5 : : BB : : 5 5 5 5 6 5 ::A X
oTmdT mgdT X k Tm^T f= . . . ::mfeX o{^T ogmdT dT ngTmG mG z^=:|T
ngTmG m`S Q ( ) ( - ) . .): ogmdT oGmgT : ( TZdT ngS|T |gg_= .: mX
.:|g^T . :dY {= phdU pSnJ q_H}Y nhdY Y hdU n_Uqd A R o_cYR o_cY }Y
nhdY U[ SeU Y n_U dY n@nhAU }U nhY phd Y hdU. R o_cY }Y nhdY :rx{U
}U ohUnH nh= nY }U naT R dL {Ln}dU % =nbY % U %.{hdbU :L~eU bx
:oghmG o|TH}U Y hLi R{= nhinH R:nheU gH =nbYxU eT pYcdU R{x :nh_e@
U ni~U Y neU).(nheU {Hnh_eU dU R{x :hmT.~eU U nheU hU 5 : . 8 : 5 5
5 5 : 5 7 7 . 64(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 32 65. 8 BB BB
5 BB BBB 5 65. 8 8 9 33 . : 5 CC 6 : : 6 6 9 1. : . ( ) . :A L
nYd_eU Y {x~eUnYd_eU pcZ= _H hfUdL }_dU pH{eU pcY phU{Un[U }[eU
pfUn= ng_SY.pU cU px}ZU ph_h]U.geT |fh ogmX () bH(um sgm7b umjs sj)
umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 34 9 2. 5 5 : U () . : . . : . . () 8 : 8 : 5 1.
2. 5 .3 5 5 8 . 4. 7 5. 93 114 7.6 31.5 15 30 14.6 15.1 8.6 22.1 5
29 2 54 5.3 86.2 66. - .6 5 B 5 BB BB : 7 ! !66 81.6 % 114 . ! ! 5
. ! ! 52 . : . . . . . . .:#+ Qx6?k..6Clf lf rk oyqS $+ 12R Z dk7
Tk oxS.52fx K?p $+f D/f m .ky^ rk G^ 12.5 ( 26 ) 13.5 sl tms umsj j
s9 :}gi phnY dL }?k YL nfw:ngew hfU}B nL Y n]Y pheT na}U pi }U p@
nedcR }eU {i p@nx}U pL}H {i.}U }U }R qdSeU ^f nhSna nfw|w Y .nh=h?
}[Y h= phneU}wnbU R _hS nY nhSna nhS {L e . Rd_x nZi e_= hU{U
YyUn[e= } ox {S hfU nhe=nfw neT .}B pU{U}hU pw Y nhSna phSna ngew
phH:dL f {fQ }[Y h=nhSna pRnT {fQ }A. |fY }[Y Y pb=nU35 :i1_f 95 2
g f 2S:Z SKf 15ylf Qyq51Ckx o1Slf vqkx f.o;pf vlu lZ ^Kf 84 % 16 %
5 ! !. 35 7 8 . )( 6 5 . 8 : 5 5 5 6 : 5 8 67. 67( - - 8- ) 7 : 8 8
8 . : 7 5 7 . 5 : . 5 5 8 : 5 5 ) ( 6 xx : 7 5
/http://www.worldwaterday.org xxhttp://www.unesco.org/water
xxhttp://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health
xxhttp://www.unesco.org/water/wwd2006 2006
xxpdf.chapter6/http://www.un.org/ar/esa/hdr/pdf/hdr 06 xx 68. - 68
: 3 . 5 5 . 6 5 5 . 5 5 8 ) ( . 5 5 3 5 : . . . . . 5 . . : 5 : : y
7 5 . 6 w 3 - 5 z BBBBB BBB BBB BBB BBB5 BB BBBB 69. 69 : : 5 5 36
7 . 5 5 : ! ! : ! ! : x. . x . x x. x . x . x . . x. x . x . x x. .
x . x : / .m= X mfgcw mdgQ dc^X Rmh ogTmT |a`T |R15ykx o1Slf rk 28k
lb }f lfSf 1C^ %+gk?f lqf `_+x ~1C^ ylqf 56l: h rk ^Kfy;k TZ5x [Byk
hGZx qclk [gb h^ k2;lf.6_[f rk 2+fx ?Slfy+p wfx1 1C^ ey+x mfSf oc:
12R 117 Tk rcfx12'lf 6V ^Kf 51Ckx o1Slf ,C: TqCf rk 28lf.[gc }gRx
52p 6#b .(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 36 5 : ...... . 5 . 5
. 8 . 70. - : 5 5 7 8 8 . 6 - - 5 : 1. 2. 8 3. :70 8. 5 . . 5 . 7 .
7 . 8 sl tms usb s` umdj j ws9 : 7 8 ! ! . 5 . 5 6 8 5 37 7 8 . 8 8
5 6 37 / .: . U : . (Scrap ( . ( ) . . ;byf i. oyc r ^Sf dlgSk Tk
@^p.6Kllf 5+f -qlfx.kygSlf rk 28lf iygSf 952l pS: dqcl :[U f= n_eU
x }x. y]H cI n@ {i U nYnfU {x{Un= phfQ nhH}={eU nxUn= T n@nfU
ow|Un= phfQ phcx}Y.paU.cgH Q mh edT ogm[Q 71. 5 5 71 8 5 : ... 1. .
. . . : 2. 5 3. 4. : U :: mT Q z^dT oh .: Img@ ogdS .: mcT Q|_T RdT
.: z^dT ogdv . : medT .: mdT . pheT ng= {[bx :Img@ ogdS}ZbU R @eU
nU.ph :y]H Y nYnU }S neL R nw@ }H hUnc dL}?kx {h_=neT n_H na ? Y
nUnH L {_= feU }S ni hUnc Y {x~x bfU.{_edU ngfU }_U UnUn= :dL }]h
pY{beU {U phYnfU {U R x{_U nhdeLY }U nwnbR U.nhde_U d ngd] U(um
sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 38 r2Sfx -qlf r ^Sf k 5 5. 5 7 6.
7. 6 8. 7 8 6 . 6 . 6 72. - 5 5 5 ) 5( 6 39 5 : BB BB BB BB 1. 6 2.
BB BB BB BB8 3. BB BB 4. BB BB BB BBBBB BBB BB BB BBBB BB BB : sl
tms usb s` umdj j ws9 . 5 5 - 7 5 5 5 5 6 6 - . 5 8 5 . 5 5 - . 5 8
- 7239 : / :cw mX reG Tm^Tm m^dT h w= ow|A @.Tm^Tm m^dT v w= () bH
. . : .: ..m`G`T |G 73. 40 7 5 7 40 7 2011 7 8 . 73 5 7 ) 6( 40 5 .
:-(I gcX) mK Tm^T Q m^dT mh () z?dTm^T mh oTzT mh oedT zT z^dTm`G`T
phcx}Y {eU nxU nhUx}}HU pgST}geedTzwzT|bT nhbx}R f@ [email protected]
geological survey, world mineral production, London 2012 :zZdT: . .
mfQ|^= fQ .|^T ITm m^dT v w= () bH :oA =nbeU {Un= nfh_YY pU T ni
pxeU pfUcU eUn_U niU pi {U.{_Y(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 `
40 ph_ZU h[U }`eU ph_ZU h[U nhbx}R f@ nhU}H ph_ZU h[U nhU}H x}U
nBnT {fgU 1. .2 3. 5 4. 7 7 .5 7 7 6. . 5 74. - 5 5 . 7 7 41 7 5 .
5 7 : 1. 2011 2. 3. . 5 8 5 7 : . 5 8 1. 5 2. . 5 3. . 5 .... 4. sl
tms usb s` umdj j ws9 .zwzT mA : 7 7 7 7 7 1. . 2. . 5 3. 6 6 5 8 7
.7441 : : , ( , ) ( ) ( , ). , ) . ) . : , ( ) ( , ). ( ). ;bygf
'qk 6R fx1 2y .dlgSk @^p ..;f Y6S hvZ : , ( ) ( ) ( , ) ( , ) . : .
( ) ( ) . . :rUnU ~T}eU nhinxY ni R Un_U Y dL }ZL.{x{U :n@ni Un_U
rUn? }`eU.naHadU :Tnhw nxnb= Y naHaU c@ ~T}x U|U nihUR B{x ph=H}U
[U R{eH ngew nLnf[U Y {x{L.naU aH {heU :Y =}_U JU ni d=) (U ) n}U.
nL i~U Y (J U 75. . 5 5 . 75 5 5 5 42 7 5 42 7 . 5 : 5 : 5 . : . .
. . ..... . . . . . . . :phU{U nYd_eU pcZ= _HA nYd_eU Y {x~eUR hHU
nY{H.pLnf[U :R x}eeU hZ cex:B Y n_eU L rUp}aeU o}U pehS {x{ x.feU
neH dLn_x}ZU hhibU { xR }eeU A e U.feU neH.HnhU }bH x(um sgm7b umjs
sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 42 : 5 . 7 . 5 . . 5 5 7 42 7 5 . 5 8 . 76. -
: 5 5 5 5 8 : 1. 7 2. 3. 7 . . 5 7 . 7 sl tms usb s` umdj j ws9 .|T
|G :Y }hT R }U nbZY B{:ngfY nLnf[Ux.phLnf[U nhU.heU x.nhU nJ x 5 43
7 5 . 5 43 7 2012 2008 7 ) 3( :- 5 1. 2. 2008 2012 3. 2008 2012 5
4. . 5 7 .44 43 7 5 44 7 5 8 7643: : ..gZ`T X Y oRmT mZX |^h m^X
m^= : , .: ( - ) .w/gX| T (-) |`T A |^T IT Q mT |T mh () z? oTzT nY
}~U px_U }_U }]S qxcU nhhU }[Y }`eU (f@ neI) U neL pf]dH |^T IT
Tmd? J . z@dT |^T mZR |w|aT |^T zaeT ze :zZdT . :oA =nbeU {Un=
nfh_Yph=}L pU cU }U ni piR =}_U JU ni Une@ Y.(-) YnL 77. 7 5 1807
.77 5 7 ) 7(44 . :- 5 BB BB .1 BB BB 2. BB 3. 4. B B . ihA Y }U cR
}= }= nZT pfH nhfh@}R px R Un_U.phcx}Y {eU nxUn=|^T IT Q ^gT m_T |T
a@ () bH : , . , , , )^gT m_T a@ v reG oamT ow|T @ . (
:%%gG-|^Tme!aw|Q-|^Tme!Q ^gT m_T mh () bH.|^T IT(um sgm7b umjs sj)
umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 44 . 5 44 7 . . 5 . . 45 7 5 78. - : 5 .. 5 45 7
5 5 . : 5 5 5 5 45 7 . 8 5 : 5 sl tms usb s` umdj j ws9 .|`T RT . 5
. 5 45 7 : 5 5 . 7 46 7 5 . : 7 . 7845 : . : . . ( ). . :fx f _2B
12'lf ^Kf 51Ck rk 22R aqu^Jx 58'fx 2lfx )6fx l?f h#k vgR 1lR
rcl.....E5f Zy'f 56+ff 'lf 12*x 12'lf ^Kgf z6. Qyp 6b3 -.vZ i2/;Z
12'lf ^Kf 51Ck i2/: g_;lf dS^y k -6Ck6Sf rJyf Z k2/: 12'lf ^Kf 51Ck
6#b k -.d 6;Z ::m_cT g`T |YXnY R phh}H nY wpUn_Y ni e pSn]UneZU nQ
bA Y _h]U n`U}x{[ ? Y }]S R }Uy]H q {eeU oh=ni }Lpf]dH nY Y T U
}U.neL ::ow|`T oRmTphefU pdL R dL e_ px} gR pxn[SphLnf[U vZfeU
h`ZcZ ngi neT nw}hQ pxnUhcdgeU nhA R geU ~Unax gU p A }U hYjU.phYhU
gnd]e= 79. 5 . 6 79 . 0.4 % . 8 . 5 7 7 5 : 5 7 46 . 5 5 ( ): mw|T
oRmI . :nx}U pSnJ nY{H phew RR ngY{Hn= new {Y.=}_U nffJ= beU . .
gcX // // ///.oh|`K}T m|fS oX mh = :() bH/(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8
ume s9 s9 ` 46 . 5 5 46 7 5 . 5 5 5 7 46 5 5 5 . 7 46 7 5 ) 5( 6 5
. 80. - 5 47 7 5 7 . :- 5 BB BB BB 5 B BB BB BB 5 . . 5 5 . sl tms
usb s` umdj j ws9 .ogmX|fbT oRmT zgT= 8 6 . )( 47 7 5 . 7 . 5 . 5 5
5 5 47 7 . 5 . 5 8047: ogmX|fbT oRmT () .: ogdYT oRmT / / / // / .(
). Desert Tech |ZX Q ogdYT oRmT zgTT mdw|bT oX . 81. 5 B BB BB B BB
BB 7 81. 47 7 5 5 . : 5 5 5 BB BB : owgT ocbT .: gT RT ( ...). . .
. d = {[bx :gT RTphU nfncU Y {eeU pSn]U.phihU ngfY phnfU H.mQ|=mT
mh :}[Y R nR}nU ni ~x_= hceU nxeT {fgU~x{U ni {x nhbx}R n_H Y }hc=
S n_Hj= hU.}U(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 48 . 5 5 : . 7 .
7 : 5 1. 2. . . 7 82. - : 5 BB B BB BB BB 7 . 5 48 7 5 7 5 8 BB . 5
BB BB BB B BB BB BBBB 5 5 5 : 7 5 . 5 6 . 5 5 . 5 7 . 5 5 . . 7 . 5
82phw Se= pin_H fcex}_U {eU {x{U pSn]Upx}[eU phh}H p]UnY R phdbeU
nL}ZeUpheZU pSn]U nx}U pSnJd p]U |w Sni ?[aUn= Y Y nL}ZeUa R nghdL
bhd_ oThttp://www.nrea.gov.eg/arabic1.html.49 : . . . . .:?^qlgf
G^952f G^ Z ak7x dlgSk @^p }ky^ rk G^ ^Kf.52fx K?p Z ?^qlf (p
h':xsl tms usb s` umdj j ws9 :.= haUn=:i1_f 9 5 2g f 2S:vRyp 15ylf
hc?lqgf :: [g/lfk Y 6 ShvZ 1C^1C^ lqf 1yC_lfvky_kx vkyv[kk x 83. .
49 7 5 5 7 . 83. 5 6 . 7 8 5 5 5 5 6 . . http://www.nrea.gov.eg/ 5
: 5 .arabicI.htmI 8 6 6 8 . :. 5 5 7 7 5 :. 5 . 5 : 5 5 84. - pYj=
nL |fY eUn_U n[S }exzxnU ngR}L U nY H Y phUnYdL }? Un= ngU nT neY
n[Sx{_U nY R neH |`U }Rp@nU }gK nfw Y pAnhU pLnf[UeU pxefU ]U
Un@nhA }hR nwneH ph_h]U phhUphghR}U ph|`U nfeU Y ncU.nghR pYnbU nh@
A ax ne= nghef84 85. mR nTmT bw _ew z@T owmfh Q.mf=mcX owmZR ogdeT
f`X xw x.mfgTmG owmZR ogdeT mgg=|G zw xA mXc^dT mZX X cw xo`cX ImeX
Q owmZR oYh ogde=ogK}T ogdecT v|T T Q w zw xga= Q owmZR ogdeT | rew
xza= cK owmZR ogdeT rX| | gaw xogdeT mh Q owzT mg?TebT | gaw xITm
og@mgT ogdecT ogcaX ow [w xogdeT Q og|^T zT ^ m= gaw xGmgT |aG g
oR^T rew x5185 : cK.owmZR ogdeT ogdv |Yw x.|^T ITm.|^T ITm.mZR
T.zT.owmZR.|^T.ogKmeZT.owmZR ogdeT 86. - 86 : 3 5 . 5 3 5 : . 8 . .
. . .. - - - : 5 : : y - 7 5 )( 6 w 3 - 6 8 - - z 5 87. 87 : . x x
. . x . x . x . x . x . x . x . x . x : / deT g |`T mX mfgQ dc^X
Rmh ogTmT m^T |R.owmZR ogdeT mZR.1C^ lqf glR (p 2* yu ~1C^ ylqfmZR
deT owmZR ogdeT : ::owmZR ogdeT K mZR deT f`X cw: mZR deT .: owmZR
ogdeTm . : :R qhU phYnfU U pdcZYnei efU }Y U ng@nAphLne@ H phefdU
ng@nAahcU dHn= pxn[S .ecU(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 52 :
/ ... 5 5 8 52 7 5 . 5 BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB 6. 8 5 8 5 8 7
5 6 5 7 8 8 6 7 8 . 6 5 88. - 88u:s`8 umjk8 ums } 53mZR deT . .
.owmZR ogdeT . . . . . : . : ::mfhi owmZR ogdeT = . . . . . .
:owmZR ogdeT ogg=|G}]U nHU ]U d f_dU pU ng_ ox U.ZfeU phefU U BBB
BB BB BB BB B BB5 BB BB BB BB5 BB BB BB BB5 BB BB8 BB BB BB BB BB
BB BBBB BB BB BBBB BB BBBB BB BBBB BB BB : 7 )) . 5 B BBBB BB BB BB
)) . BB BB )) . : 5 8 : . 5 8 - - 5 7 5 8 5 7 5 5 8 . 7 5 8 . 5 5
89. 8 7 : 5 7 1. 89. 7 2. . 5 5 3.. 6 5 BB BB BBB BB 8 5 BB BB 5 BB
5 8 BB BB . 6 7 :: : :{= pxn[S phefU ]B nfU:eeU nhJ pRnT pTnZY
Yi{eU eeU pU{U nHkY~A phdw ne^feU.phHnhUpb=nU n_U R x nY15ylfSKf1C^
lqf ky_k15ylf6?f ... . () ( - - ...) . mw|T oRmIocXm^T zwmdT (um
sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 54elf 955yKlf yfyqcfx ) ( 5 5 5 :
5 5 8 5 7 ( : 90. - 90u:s`8 umjk8 ums } :World Bank p[[eU nTU {A wg
U {eU Y RY hU B{U fcex phefUn= }_U UnU SeU BdL phefU nL}ZY L
Rhttp://www.albankaldawli.org/55 . .: :1C^ lqf ^ySk:Un_U Y51 ^ySk
:: ^ySk Rl ^ySk 1C^ ^ySk ( ) . () : . . . (). . ( ). :}baU pRncY
phh}H {e_ohUnH L{U {LneU dLB Y }h`[U xnZedU phefUe_ pxef phi{Y
nh_e@ eL}U phef ox{U dLneU eeU p_ phfgeUnL}ZeU e_dU hZfpRnfeU r=
}h`[UnaU {U phUkeU ph@niL{U }eH }_x neT .}hbaU}nU R } }hbaU
nb]dU{f[U {_x ox}bU beUw Y }[Y R phefdU Lne@{LnY xe= g U ngU.}h`[U
nL}ZeU 1945 5 5 1944 . BB ) 5 BB BB 5 5 BB BB BBB . 5 BB BB BB B BB
BB BB8 8 5 1. 2. 3. 5 8 4. . BBB BB BB BB 5. . 7 7 6. ) ( 5 5 7 5 5
91. 91 . . . U . . . . . .lqf ^ySk }gR gWf f: Z ak7 @^p: . :vf:x
1C^ lqf '6:LFylqf 2Skpc;f.ogeQ oTmdK6yKmgSf$+fxlgSf(um sgm7b umjs
sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 56b6?foxSfxfx2frk 2+f1ylf 62C%5/gf i/fr;++f
qfL5:;f1C^lqff1751CfTg;f rkk2/fxilulqfRl :px}[eU phh}H p]U {gdL nbU
U pY{eU phefdU.phY pUn]U }baU 8 : 8 BB . : . : 5 5 BB BB BB BB BB
BB BB5 BBB 8 . 5 : BBB BBB B BB BBBB BB - . 5 5 8 5 6 56 - 7 5 6 .
8 5 5 ..... 1. 2. 92. - 92u:s`8 umjk8 ums } 57 . ( ..) . . .% }`C%
WYpx_U %% nfUnY %% }_U% U% i%qxcU % 5L% }~!Sph=}L% Y :~c} U fU
:dc^T qTpY{beU Un_U {d= nghdLnhincY he@ }ned_U d_U pY{B R
pAneUnH{dU pYU Y {b} ngU cex U U.YbU snfUn=|Zd T |S :{x{@ pdA}e=
}ex Un_UnY R px{A nhfb }R= A nYd_eU bi n[dT Un_U j= _aUn= }_Zi ni{=
nfi.}h` px}S y.owdT neTm |HmdT og?mT mdGT og|^T zT maG :() bH |S
og|^T zcT oK}T oKmeZT mT |_T m^T m= :K m |w|a= :zZdT BB BB 6 BB BB
BBB 3. 5 6 6 8 BB BB6 2014 5 BBB BB BB BB . . : 1. 2. :. 5. ) ( 5 .
: 8 5 5 . 5 8 ( ( 5 (( 8 8 8 . : 58 7 5 93. 93 : ( /) ogT ogeT |wT
|_dTm m |YX . . . . :efU hxn[S _= }xgR ohL hU ~hY incU`H dL ~aeU
Yn_Uw nghef pU{U Y }?n_eeU _@ dL nbU bUnY{b }T n_eY U .ph@ni }T.|wT
z^ R few oaeX(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 58 1. 5 2. 5 3. .
5 4. . 5 5 7 BB 7 7 7 7 . 8 -- 5 5 BB B BB BB BBBB BBB BBB6: 1. 2.
7 7 8 8 5 5 8 7 8 7 6 . 94. - 94u:s`8 umjk8 ums } h= }aU w :mT
}gdT.pU{dU U n[U pehS59 . :T jw mT dT |wzZ= . . . . . . :U {U Y h[U
{_~Q ngn nx qLn]Hngn q`d= rhA Un_U H nL nhdY i. nL L % nx~= :{[
px}[eU nY}U i _=phi{Y n_Hj= {U _= U? ]dU nghf@ dL {x~ ngd=}`=
pY{beU {U |w b{h_ ngnYnB ~hT} ngha[p^wn= n_Hj= }[Y U nw}x{[ h=
}ed_Y Y phbU |w Sni .]dU.ngU dA Y Y }S:?^qlgf G^dlgSk @^p .hGZ 6R
~1C^ h_;lf b6?k 6R ]y:.52fx K?p Z ?^qlf (p h': m 952f G^ Z
ak7x:i1_f 95 2gf 2S:2* R58f lqf 2S~ 1C^ lqf ob5lqf 1yC_lf lZ . f x
1vZ2ukx R58f 8 5 BBB 8 6 : 8 .... BB BB BB BB BB . BB BBB 8 . 5 :
BB BB B BBBB BB BB B BB B BB 5 5 5 . 5 5 . 8 5 8 8 5 5 6 95. ( 5 )
5 95 . 5 :. 5 5 5 7 7 5 : 5 5 5 5 96. - 96 : 3 5 5 5 8 3 5 : ) - -
...( 7 . 8 . 5 . 8 . 5 . - ) (. 7 : 3 : - 5 : y 7 5 6 - 7 w 3 - - 8
- 5 - 6 5 z . .. 5 6 97. 97 : / :m= X mfgcw mdgQ dc^X Rmh ogTmT
|a`T |Ro6_f e. fk k7 2R mfSf 2vr6?Sfx ~1+f o6_f 2x r6?Sf~1C^ p'f
}gR u5;cSp2^x 'qlfx Tg;f 5S:S[5 $*4f [b T6 k7 t4u rR (prk 6#b Z ;6f
4Wf Tg;f rkrk oypS r4f 16Z 12R 17x ex2f.vyS?f 4Wf rk `_+ mfSf ex1
Y2uqu rkx Qy'f : nT |^= fQ . : x( ...). . x x . x . x . x . ( x). .
x . x . x x x x(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 60 / ... 5 5 5
8 60 7 5 BB 6 5 BB BB BB BB BB . ) ) BB BB BB ( 5( . 6 5 5 5 5 . 5
6 5 5 6 8 . 5 7 . 5 98. - 98umm um umjk8 s9 }R = {[bx :{_T X R o_ZU
Y }R cU |`UU e phRnT phLi phec= }R.p]Zi pehdH ph nhA61: :T Tm^T Q
{_T oX ?|= . . . . . . () . X Y TmeeG mX {v .ogTmT m`ZT Q gZ`T .1C^
lqf 5y+k u R58fey_ lf 56k 5Sf t4u Z d5 k: . . :phU{U nYd_eU pcZ=
pin_Hn=phL~U hneU w L r=pSn]U {hU R { U.phfbU |w ] U {U : h= Y dL
RnA.ngR~fogK 5 5 5 5 BB BB BB BB BB BB : BB 1. 5 : . .... 2. . : 8
8 BB BB BB : 5 . 2. 3. 1. : 80 % 1527 8 8 8 : - (. 5 - ) 8 1. ... 8
2. 99. 99 : . . . () mdT v ....T nG |^= : ogh RmeT vzcT |^T ITm
ogK}T |^=:cw mdT . . . . . . :phUne@ ph=}_U {U pAnY d.ncw nhdY UA
:U nhbU {A {_:ngfY phL~U.{R = mbfT = z`T. = mbfT :Y Un_U R }aU p[A
q_@}phx{ [= pL~eU ncw Y S U [UY % nhUnA pL~U `ni Un_U R pAnY.hneU
::ngfY {_Y nei pL~dUR ~T} :ogzT oK}T x{g px{eU JnfeU.|U naT hbUR
~T} :o`gbT oK}T x{e_ ncU }hT JnfeU}Y Y }T pL dL.pfU R{e_ :o^GT
ogdc^T oK}T xni R [U dL.px{U {H(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 `
62 8 ... 3. 8 7 63 7 5 BB BB BB BBBB BB BB BB BB 5 8 . 7 8 7 64 7 5
BBB BBBBB BB BB BB BB BB . 5 ... 7 . 61 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 - 5 ) ( ) (
7 5 100. - BB BB BB BB BB 7 ) - BB BB (. 80 % 8 8 % 40 8 8 7 5 6 5
8 :.(I Tm) m^T |^T IT ^ Q ogK}T gmdT mh :() z?ofSm`T oggeT mgT
ow|bT gmdT mgTaT og{_T T oTzT |ZX - |_dT *T mwG |^T - - |}T - - ~h=
Tmd?. 8 . 5 7 8 5 . 5 5 7 5 5 8 5 62 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 8 5 8 . 10063 U
. : mK Q gaT R T mh * . J z@dT |^T mZR |w|aT |^T zaeT ze :zZdT :cw
mX mT zT X reh ( ...) . , . , . , ( ).umm um umjk8 s9 101. 101 , .
( ) , . . ). ( .(I Tm) Xm^T ogK}T gmdT X og|^T T v = :() z?mw}T z^X
ogK}T T% hS{U U% (}x}cU S) nU }cU% nhUbU% pgTnaU% nhUJ z@dT |^T mZR
|w|aT |^T zaeT ze :zZdT : / ( ). . . ..m^X |^h m^= T gaT og|^T zT
mf^= T mGT |^= fQ :Y =}_U JU pehS q`d=nhdY phL~U ph|`U dUU|= w nL R
pehS L hdY . R U(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 64 7 7 BB BBB
BB BB 5 BBB 5 6 5 5 8 BB BB BBB BB BB : 37,4 7 2011 2009 . . ) ( 8
8 . 5 8 . 5 8 102. - 5 5 : 5 8 BBBB8 BB BB BB BB BB5 BB BB BB BB
...... BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB 6 5 : 5 BB 5 5 7 umm um umjk8 s9
{[bx :oXzdT ogK}T ogdeTedU p@nfU ng=phd= pL~dU ye U ph_h]U|B px}ZU
n@nhA|w dL naU Y efU RcY ngfY nx~U eU.phU w{ na U :phL~U phefU }cR
phew R {Tj pY{eU phax}U{bL |U peS }ekYpenL }hin@ x pfx{Y R. nL x}U
5 8 5 . 65 7 5 8 : 5 65 7 5 . 8 : 5 5 . 5 5 . 13 . 7 8 10265 : : .
. . . . . . . : Organic Agricultural .
:http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/SuccessStories/OrganicagricultureinUganda/tabid/29866/Default.aspx
103. 103: ( ) .ow|T @ Tm^T Q K|dT h |^= fQ.m= X mfgcw mdK n?
ogTmTTm^T Q mYT () bH . : ( ) ( ). :% ph_h]U L}eU }R}dU ph|`U n@nhA
YJU _= R phihUpfU |w a} hA R =}_UU Y T R % % U.}_U(um sgm7b umjs
sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 66m=mh BB 6 -- 5 5 BB 8 BB BB BB BB BB 5 7 5
66 5 7 7 6 5 BB : BB BB )- (. - 5 5 5 8 5 5 5 . 6 . . ..... 5 6 . 5
5 104. - BB BB BB8 8 6 5 BB BB BB BBBB . 8 BB BB BB BB BBBB : 30 )
( 7 5 1. 7 2. 7 3. umm um umjk8 s9 . : - ( - - 5 ) 5 : 7 5 234 191
5 2011 . 5 . 6 10467 : .mfQ|^= ZT @:(oTz^dT mYT) ~G|Tm |^= mhmQmT X
ohgT |[A |S v.ogeT mbw|X Q md ogTmdYT mbw|X Q:(mT owzdT mYT)
mhmQmTmm_cT ogeT ogTmdYT |I cK de=.mgaw|Q mR o@mX c T@ _=
owzdT:zeT|T mY@ nTmT Y= m=meT X oKdX.mT ImedT Q de=:ow|ZT m=meT:gKh
T ae=eT |gYS :|d^X m=mh .ogcZ`T mYK mYT X ogT@ m=mh 105. BB . 5 5 :
1. 105... 2. . . 5 5 . . B BB BB BB BB . . BB BB BB B BBB . 5 : . .
. . ( ).|^eT og|^T K|dT Q h m^X m^= .gZ`T X Y oghgT |T : . . . . :~
U pAneU q`d=JUn= }U Ln=ncw U =}_U. nL :ph=} dL L}eU phew }[b ngfcU
phIneU nfQ n_]SY {x{_dU (JY) Y {_ph_h]U nnfU px}U nihUJnfY ngd_@
neY ph]U px}]_U.hR}U pAnhdU |@.|ZX Q XmT og|=(um sgm7b umjs sj)
umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 68 . 5 8 5 . 7 8 8 5 5 . 5 7 8 8 5 5 . 8 8 5 .
106. - umm um umjk8 s9 . 5 5 10669 . . XmK A |^T ITm oghgT |T = :()
z?() |T zK () |T zK eT nb= Yn@ nfQ ~LnY = J z@dT mZR |w|aT |^T zaeT
ze:zZdT: mT zT X reh . - ,, . , , / . U , , , . :ph=}_U {U U Ungi
rhA nihU {L Rnb= {L Y % denfQ {L Y %R ~LneU {L Y %. nL R =}_U JU{L
R ~T}eU }[Y rhA =}_U JUn= YnU. nL R % de{L Y % nY[U degR U|= =}_U
JUn= =Y dL ~T}eU . nL ph=}_U {U BB 69 7 5 : 2011 2011 2009 BB 2011
2011 BB BB BB BB B BB BB 2009 2009 2011 BB : 5 5598.65 )( . 5 161.5
( 5 ) 8 5 5 2009 2011 8 : 8 . 8 107. BB BB ..... . 5 8 5 5 . 5 5 7
8 : ...1071. , , . , .cT X |^T IT mh ah nG |^= fQ . : . . . . . . .
: .hgT mh :hdY i =}_U JU sfx}?j nhU dU Y J% f= }[Y U. nL U ngfY `H
dL w :K|dT {Y _hJ eT L}eUR dL dL [dU}Y dL) nY{U nfeUdL dU }h?jU
(n[SpY{Y H R eU |w.ini eeU afU(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 `
70 . 7 5 2. . 3. . - 5 5 - - 8 6 . 8 5 5 8 8 . 5 108. - 5 5 5 : 5 B
BB BBBB B BB BB BB BB BB BB 5 5 : 7 5 1. 5 7 7 5 2. 5 3. 7 7 umm um
umjk8 s9 oghgT |T 1975 5 1917 5 . http://www.aoad.org ( 5 ) 5 . 7 5
1. 5 7 2. 7 . 10871 .mfQzv mX K|dT ngTmG |^= fQ : : {bU nf=pdYn_U
px}ZUnY RL}eU hwjngh_a rx{nHnhUhibUphefdU pRngUpY{eUL}edUsgfU neLR
TnZUeU phefpxL}Ung|haf {Lnhh}HeL ]Bnw|haf pHnfYeU
phefUpxL}U{HnhfbUY :px{UnYd_eU ^in_ZH{_= Y : . ( ) : .hiS L nYd_eU
Y {x~eUfcex pxL}U eU pxneAph=}_U pe^feU Se= pin_H.phL~U
phefdUhttp://www.aoad.org/ 109. BB 5 5 ) ( 5 109. 7 1. 7 2. 7 . (
BB BB 5 5 BB BB BB BB BB ( BB BB 5 . 5 5 5 BB ) ( : . : . . : ( ) :
. . . . R6f Ry ox1 _;f R6lf 51 f: 4[q m 3!2+ o T^y 3lZ w51 [bx
}R6lf lulq LK. )'p Z R6gf Ryfx 15 (k6 lu ki2;k hc? }R6lf 51x .: : (
....) .owK|T ImedT {L HY w :owK|T oTdTB pAnY {A R nihU[U cex U phfY
{Yn[S ihA ni dL dL}h?jU }eY pa[= ceY.ph_h]U eU dLogbdG oK}X(um
sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 72. 7 5 5 5 5 5 . 72 5 ( 5 ) 5 7 5
8 5 . 5 5 8 7 .72- 71 7 5 110. - umm um umjk8 s9 5 5 11073 . . U ,
, . :.|^T IT Q mdG mh () bH . . . :neH Y Un_U ni d=nL R J hdY i. 8
.. ( ) : ... 5 B BB BB BB BBBB BB BB BBBB BB 7 . : 5 5 73 7 5 1. 2.
5 .3 5 .4 5 .5 / . 5 6. 5 5 : 111. 111:cw mX ow|T X reh , .v ( ) .
nT |^= . nT |^= v . U . . . . . wg*y: eyJ Tk al: rk 6Sf rJyf %p :q
HS i2^ m df3 : +Fyk 5Sf t4u dk7 Tk @^p6Sf rJyf %p 17x cl;f x6#f lqf
*6_lf.ay [f }gR d+[B Z ?^qlf t4u (p h':x vqk . :Y }aU oh[i HY d=}@
dhT i neHi Un_U Y dL n_U ReU dL }@ dhT . nL R =}_U :}[Y R phceU ~eU
g~eU ni Y % f=.=}_U JUn= phceUmdG zg G(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume
s9 s9 ` 74 4.2 BB BB BB BB BB BB5 BB 5 BB 8 BB 5 5 5 7 BB . / 5 .
BBB BB BB BB BB B BB5 BB BB BB BB5 BB BB BB BB : 5 5 5 5 5 8 ....
1. 5 2. . 5 3. 8 5 : . 7 5 5 5 . 112. - umm um umjk8 s9 . 7 8
11275mfeG TmT bYT @%%%%%%%|_BmghmwXdgT5K~h=ow^TzTRmogdS Q mdGT og|T
zZdT og|^T zT odvmX () bH m^T mdG X |^T IT m ..... . . . . .:?^qlgf
G^@^p .Qy'f }gR G_gf yS?f hb V 4Wf rkZ ?^qlf (p h': m 952f G^ Z
ak7x dlgSk.52fx K?p:i1_f 952gf 2S:6 J^ RqCf lqflZ 1C^ lqfRqCf lqf
1yC_lfvlukx BB . 5 . 8 75 7 5 5 5 . 5 5 BBB BB BB BB 5 . 8 5 5 5 8
: : 5 8 5 5 5 ) ) 7 7( ( 5 ) ) 113. 5 5 7 ) ) 113 6 ) ) ) 5 . 5 5 5
( ( ) 5 . 5 : . 5 5 7 7 5 : 5 5 5 5 114. - 114 : 3 5 5 3 5 : 7 - -
. 8 5 . - - : : 5 : y 5 7 6 7 w 3 8 5 B BB BBBB BB BB BB BB BB z
BBBBB BBB BBB BBB BBB5 BB BBBB . . 115. 115 : : x . x . x . x . . x
x. . x . x . x . x . x . x : / .dc^X Rmh ggTmT wm^YT @ ( ( .(um
sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 76 / ... 5 5 76 5 5 . 5 6 5 )( 8 5
)( . 116. - 116umsk` umjk8 ws9 :pLnf[dU ph_h]U nYbeU Y phi{_Y nY w
:mT dT:Y {_Y w :oRmT mZX_h]U n`U aU }U{@ gY SeU :}gddT RdT77:h
owmZR ogdeT |ImR v KmeZT maT z^w . . . ( .....). .: . :RqCf qC
:RqB[[.RqBg_.phihA phL.{eU pSn]U.pLnf nhS nfURqB6/:RqBgy+i/f
1lfRqCf Z g.2fRqBR57RqBpy*RqBp2SkRqBbv:RqBpQypRqCf I?qf(qlfRqCf
m'*xDC.RqCf 'qk :: . |bT oKme: . ncZT zwzT oKme ff RqCf qB RqCf qC
: d:51 yF F ZZ2l: R58f 5ylf S :52fx K?p Z ex6f %6/: 5;f RqB ZyCf
y;qlf1yg'f X1 y+f r+J x1 p2Slf )k %6/: :Y nU eU x :oKmeZT}T U phU
ng.nQ ni n@nU peYncZT zwzT oKme 5 5 . BBB BB BB BB BB B BB5 BB BB
BB BB5 BB BB : 5 BB BB BB B BB BB 5 7 BB 7 : BB BB BB 5 . 6 : : . .
7 . 5 5 5 5 5 8 . 5 7 7 117. 117fQ .... . mfQ|^=.Tm^Tm ogKmeZT gTmR
() bH:cw mX ow|T X reh Power Belt ... . . :}Q {eU nxU {_n }Q n=nhU
n=(nhi}T nhH) nb=nH hRU.Un_U R phLnf[U hUnS w YowzT mKmeZT(um sgm7b
umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 78 5 5 5 6 7 BBBB 7 BB - . 5 5 5 5 8 B .
7 78 7 5 7 . . : : 5 5 2. 6 1. 4. 3. .5 .6 . 5 : .1 . 5 ..... 2. 90
% . 5 3. ..... 118. - BB 4. . BB : BB BB BB BB 5 BB B BB BB BB BB
BB BB BB 5 BB BB BB 7 BB . 5 5 umsk` umjk8 ws9 5 8 : . 5 ...... 5 .
- ) 5 5 7 79 5 7 - ( 8 - . 5 5 . ..... 11879SJ mV5 mfSf Z z6cf RqCf
mf^ rk of 2S.df3 Z dlgSk @^p ^Kf 51Clf u5_Zx g'f v+K: ...mwzT
ogXmeT zT Q oKmeZT R mX |^= fQ.....m^X |^h m^= mff?= T: . : . . . .
. . :nw{gI U phUneU pY }? {SpLnf[U dL nL Un_U}T pY{beU {U R phdxU|w
{S phYnfU {U Yn[U R nai U pY{U R % pf= p_f[eU{U R % phYnfU. nL
pY{beU :Y phYnfU {U oh[i aY pheUn_U p_f[eU n[U% U nL %. nL zhgT
|w|a= 119. BB .... 119. 5 : . . . 8 5 BB 8 . BB BB 2008 5 BB 8 .
mfQ|^= fQ ... 6c;Sf vy^x k fx1 Z RqCf i2_f r ^Sf k: : : . . . . . .
. :w : nhfU {_Y nT}ZUph[Z= e U nT}ZUhU R ngJnZi ne pdbYngn_hY {x~
}T hhf@. hdY L pxfU(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 80.dlgSk
@^p . 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 1. 5 2. 8 3. 4. 8 5 5. 5 6 5 120. - . 6 8 . 80
7 5 8 5 5 8 BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BBBB : 5 BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB
BB . : umsk` umjk8 ws9 5 : 5 .......... . 2. 1. . 5 .... 3. 4. 8 5.
. 7 6 6 6. 5 5 12081 : : . : . : .mfQzv v mX od]edT {v pGi= X |^=
fQ (): United Nations Industrial Development Organization : . . . .
.: ... ....: :p[[Y pUnT L nL :zghgTphefU Z {eU YU p_=npdYnZU peU_U
@ Y phLnf[U}baU Y {U phhU pY{HphefU x} ~x~_ U ngi neT{dU R pY{eU
phLnf[U}e U n[S phYnfU.phUnbi pdA}e=pe^feU L nYd_eU Y {x~eUdL B{U
fcex ng]Zi.http://www.unido.org :UnU SeU pehS h= }aU :oQm[dT
odgaT@ni nY~dY ngfU sfeU pSn]U n[Y nU eU).(...@ 121. http://www.
unido.org 5 BB BB 5 5 BB 5 121. 81 5 5 5 5 8 : : 7 1. BB BB BB ...
BBB BB 2. 2011 . : . . . ..|^T ITm ogcwT mKmeZT () bH :snfU Y }aU
oh[i HY d=nL R ph=}_U {U R Lnf[U UA % UA d= ei {_e= . nL Y pinbeUn=
:{U penS nhinxY {[qdA {x{dU pfeU ph=}_UR nheUnL phinU p}eU }`eU nL
naHaU niph@}H nLnf[U {AjT.ph]afU }hQ :pf= phdxU pLnf[U n]S wnHsnfdU
pfUn= pRnY pehbT %.deU(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 82 3. .
5 4. .. BB 5 5 5. . . 5 8 : 83 7 5 5 7 : 5 . 5 .1. 5 7 2. . 5 3.
122. - 8 5 . 5 5 8 5 . : : 8 ..... 1. 5 . : 5 6 5 . 8 umsk` umjk8
ws9 5 5 8 7 8 5 . 82 7 5 5 5 8 5 . 5 8 5 7 8 7 8 5 5 12283 : ( ). .
. .: . . . . : . . . :n_U dY qLn]HpheUnL pincY hdUo= U hfYU hf[
RnghR pUne_U pSn]U n[Y }R_= }hZ .pafY padc=R neH U n[eU{U d R hfYU
}wn[YnL nhdY i q`d=hfYU ni % UA Y nL nghR.eUn_U ni Y :n]S R hAnU {L
d=UA pLnf[U nY R ph=}_UR hAnU Une@ Y bR %.padeU pxn[S p]ZidcU {_U
pi nA {fLbU eY U hAndU {i =}_U Un_U R pdYn_UYnL U cU }R nfw n=nhU R
}R =nbY U.nhineU R 123. 5 5 123.83 82 7 BB BB BB BB BBB BBB BBB 6 8
BB BB BB BB 7 BB BB BB BB B BB BB BB 8 8 6 5 5 BB BB BB BB 5 8 : :
. . . . . . ( ). ......ogdecT og|^T od]edT mfh (od]edT {v mX |^=
v).wz^T ogKmeZT :dL e_ :|[T mKmeZTphefU phini n@nhA phd pxn[S
phLne@Y ph_h]U eU phUn= }n[eU Y naH A Bhdb eU }x{ {eUhdbdU {H nL
nxnafUh phAni Y dU YneY }B phAni Y pSn]U naTeU dL naU U kxn?n_i Y
{U U|T ph_h]U{H dL neL phR{U nQ.phU Y pbRY nh@Ufc): U ( : . . .
.http://www.aidmo.org/ : (um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 84 .
8 8 . 83 7 5 . 8 5 5 8 5 : 8 5 5 1. ( ) 5 2. 3. 4. 124. - 5. 5 84 5
5 BB BB 5 ) ...( 5 . 5 5 : 5 5 1. 2. 5 6 3. 4. umsk` umjk8 ws9
:i1_f 952gf 2S::;f *;f z6R lf 6Op}gR 6 6W rk 6Sfex2f HS w' 2
*;fv_y;x *;f lqf 6Sflu k Y 6 ShvZ px6cfvlq LK.x vRypx *;f85 : :- .
.- KmeZT ew dX .gT Q mwmdgS|T dX:?^qlgf G^dlgSk @^p .k2;lf lqf
Y2u6G/f RqCfZ ?^qlf (p h': m 952f G^ Z ak7x.52fx K?p . . 6 5
124http://www.aidmo.org http://www.unido.org 8 5 5 8 7 5 125. 125 :
5 7 .1 2. . 7 ....... 3. .4 . ..... 5. 6 6. 5 7. . 5 i ( ) 5 . 5 :
. 5 5 7 7 5 : 5 5 5 5 126. - 126 : 3 5 5 .. 3 5 : 7 5 5 5 8 5 5 5 .
. : 3 : 5 : y 7 5 5 5 6 7 . w 3 6 - 8 z . - . 127. / ... 5 5 BB BB
8 86 5 . 6 5 5 7 : 127. 5 : 5 : x . x . x. . x . x . x x . . x x x
x x x x x x : / :m= X mfgcw mdK n? ogTmT |a`T |Rf6: ]6 mOSf p6lf
8+f o 2+lf mkf 66_ 5%6/:x RqCf 5yKgf 'p i q: 4qk dx 6K/f E6S.qlf
6Wf }f ZF J?f rk 6_f `Jqlf rk m+[flk p6lf S?f 6F lk tlf Rypx b6 }gR
6 fyc;pyf 952x lfSf *;f vl^ rk 6#cf _Kqlf 2_[ 2^df4fx 6K/f 12vlf 6f
T^ylf rlF p6lf 8+f %51.p6lf 8+f 3_p 5x1 oygk y+p f6:CC. . : (um
sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 86 : 5 5 5 . 8 5 8 5 8 . 8 6 5 5 6
5 5 : 5 . / 128. - 128umsm umjk8 ^fY H :mKQzdT }gXpxn[S Yn_eU
cUpU{U R hehbeU h= U}B {U R hehbeU.pfH c nY nL phfY }R B87: .ogXzT
owmZR oYh o@mgT g oR^T dc^X X Rmh).(.... X eT aeT mT oKmeZTmS |A .
:(xmG gcdTm) ( ) XmK A Tm^T Q gmT zK = :() z?og@mgT gTmR gmT gmT%
Tmd? X eT z^T % Tmd? X eT z^T n= ngU heU nhH hcx}Y nhbx}R H }ZU
Une@. ogdTm^T o@mgT od]edT eT |w|aT :zZdT
http://www2.unwto.org/ar/annual-reports:cw mX reh mT zT |a .( ). nT
|^= v :Y }bUn= bx in@}eU ~@nUnhU}H neZ= {i~fxT pxx T pRneU {exn@}eU
Y i Y }TnihU Y nw {Lw {A {_x px}U nnfU.`dU pheUn_U SeU :}adU eUn_U
deU dLpAnhU nL pAnhUUn_U R pLnf qod[U nhU nLnf ph]Y.L~U nZfU nhi}cU
7 5 . 8 BB BB B BB5 8 5 8 BB BB7 BB8 BB . 5 : 5 5 5 8 .. 8 BBB BB 8
5 1. BBB BBB BBB... B BBBB BBB 2. . .3 5 5 5 : 5 - 7 : 8 . ) 2010 -
2013 ( 8 . 5 5 129. 129 , . , . {v v mX |^= fQ ..m^X |^h m^= mXadT:
:mfSf Z *;f 4'f ky_kSKf ky_lf5Gf -qlf T^ylf(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8
ume s9 s9 ` 885/5fx5ylfxS?f6?f ky_lfh:xh_qfrk56_:x:;felf 95 ..|wG
~ww|? ow|R BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BBBB BB BB B B BB BBBB ( 5 (
5 5 BB 5 5 . 5 . BB B 6 BB BB BB BB5 B BB :unwto.org/ar.www2 5 5 7
7 5 8 5 5 :. ..... 1. 2. 130. - umsm umjk8 B BB BB 5 13089zgcT cK
c@}T{T ImeX X mX|v.@mgT : ..*;f I?qf }gR g: 6 -qlgf oyc 2^.5Sf t4u
Z dlgSk @^p . p . ( ). BB BB BB BB BBBB BBB . 1. ) 2. 5 ( 5 .....
3. . 5 6 BB 6 BB BB B B BB5 BB BB BB B B BB B BB BBB 1. 5 8 6 .....
2. 5 : 8 . 8 5 6 . 5 ...... 8 5 131. 131 : . () . . ( ...). .: .
*;f Ilp o _;f yq;f Z:51 :fKf ~88R12* m ff 5yCf Ryl'k P* vqk E6Wf ;*
Qyq(um sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 90.vgR iy_ f *;f QypKf :fY
}bH {_i }aU R }[Y R HnhUhnU {L Snf U }hBpadeU {U Y nghU x{RU{L rhA
% {_e=ynH hdY hnUU {_U @} nefh= R ynH hdY}h?j Y ed_Y Y Sni.{U nxn[S
dL U|ZX m`T o@mgGmX o`gcA | meT mg^? m_X mwG |Z |X ow^T eT zdT( ) 5
5 : 1. 2. B BB BB BB 5 BBB BBB BBB BBB BB BB BB BB BB BBBB BB 6 5 B
. 5 B BB BB BB 5 . . 5 ..... 1. 2. 5 5 8 7 7 5 . . . 5 5 . 5 5 5
132. - BB BB . BBB BBB BB BB B BB BB BB BB BBBB . 5 8 8 5 5 8 8 5 7
7 5 BB : 5 : 7 7 5 : : 5 BBB BBB BB BB7 . : 7 :nei {A }h oUn]U
~x~LoT ngfY }`U oA pAnhUng]B R _ .[YnbY ngfLAnhU B{U nx~U phh}H
nhdY i U [hU. nL d= . 8 8 5 , 7 5 5 www.arab-tourismorg.org. : 5 1.
2. 8 3. . 7 4.13291 :pAnhU }x Une@ U nL B }[Y Rcx}Y nhdY ihf@ nhdY
dL {x~x nY Y % i e |i }[Y.YbU B{U Une@ .mfQzv mX mv|aX w pGi= X |^=
v.m^X |^h m^= og|^T o@mgT mX Q mvf? : . : . .
http://www.arab-tourismorg.org/ : vg lZ dlgSk @^p m ff 6_[f 6^ :fKf
~88R ; rkky_lf rk 22Sgf 6Sf rJyf ak rk mV6f }gR4 mfSf `Jqk6#b rk
oyc o wgu f *;fo *;f e'k Z fx4lf 1yv'f mV5x *;gfL_Z ;p 7x' lfSf *;f
rk wCp6Sf ex2f *;f ^ySk k d6 Z *;f b6*x :;f 56_: r ^Sf k 6Sf
ex2flfSfx 6Sf *;f I?qf lqf d*6_k k umsm umjk8 133. 5 6 7 6 5 . 7 5
7 91 ) ( BB BB BB BB . 8 8 BB 8 . 5 5 5 6 BB BB BB BB B BB BB BBBB
5 133 :AnhU h]U gaY }gKpheUn_U }U {_= y cZ=:ngfY nH {_U U phinUcZ=
phU{U}aU pT}A ] x.hT x}H.nhU {L {x~ x.pAnhU ncI f x :Y nLi AnhU h]U
{_xw efU h]U inZfdU phdbY HR pfh_Y pU R AnhUU od]x .{Y phfY }RpU{U
R phAnhU eU }[Ap]U {w {x{ @ YphAnhH phef hb phAnhUpe^fY p_x}H
:pY{eU pAnhU yd][Y }gK}S dL nf= nL Y rhApheUn_U pAnhU pe^fYpY{eU
pAnhU k SeUpbx}]= eU he@ Upxn[S n@nhA phd yhnaU Y phUneU phLne@}U
pRnbU dL qSU R.@UhU fU: : . : . . . . . . .m^= mfgTmG mX og@mgT
ogdeT zv mX |^= fQ.m^X |^h: : :mfeX oXzdT og@mgT ogdeT zv e= .(um
sgm7b umjs sj) umjk8 ume s9 s9 ` 92 7 : 5 . 7 1. 2. .... 8. 8 3. 7
8 5 . 92 7 5 5 : 5 8 134. - 5 6 8 BB 5 92 7 5 8 . 5 5 5 ) BB 7 BB (
. 5 umsm umjk8 nZi :oXzdT og@mgT ogdeTYncU bx phU dL Rnxb}x Lne@
n[S.pxne_eU phUn=. mK ogXaT mv}edT ogcT m= 5 : 5 5 . 6 . 6 5 6 7 8
8 6 7 7 5 13493 . . .... . .
