הרצאה 8 יסמין ויערה - 2005

רכות מידע – יסמין ויערהעמחשבים ומ יובל דן-גור

88הרצאה הרצאה 20052005יסמין ויערה - יסמין ויערה - 88הרצאה הרצאה 20052005יסמין ויערה - יסמין ויערה -

חלקI: ERP.

חלקII יישומי :AI.)בינה מלאכותית(

חלקIII.סיום הרצאת תקשורת ותקשוב :

חלקIV.השלמות חומרה :

חלקVדיווח/ים נושא/ים :..

בשיעור הבא – מבחן מסכם )לכולם יש שם וסיסמה לקושייהבתבנית הנכונה?(.

II: : ERPERP חלקחלקII : :ERPERP חלקחלק

ERPEnterprise Resource Planning

פרופ' שיזף רפאלי

מחשבים ומערכות מידע

Iחלק



?ERPמה עושה ה









? ERPמה עושה ה

ERP takes a different approach. There is only one information system in an enterprise, the ERP.

All applications access common data. Real events in the business initiate transactions. Accounting is done automatically by events in sales and production. Sales can see when products can be delivered. Production schedules are driven by sales. The whole system is designed to be real-time and not historical.




ERP embodies what are considered the "best business practices". A company implementing ERP adapts it operations to it to achieve its efficiencies and power.

The process of adapting procedures to the SAP model involves "Business Process Re-engineering" which is a logical analysis of the events and relationships that exist in an enterprise's operations.




Several layers: The Basis System + the heart of the system from a manager's viewpoint: the application modules.

•FI Financial Accounting.

•CO Controlling

•AM Asset Management

•PS Project System

•WF Workflow

•IS Industry Solutions

•HR Human Resources

•PM Plant Maintenance

•MM Materials Management

•QM Quality Management

•PP Production Planning

•SD Sales and Distribution






הרבה כסף...

Worldwide ERP Market

$-bil

2000 302001 352002 45

2003 58

2004 73

Source: www.infotechtrends.com

Approximately 65% of the Enterprise Resource Planning )ERP( market currently belongs to SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft, J.D. Edwards, and Baan



ERPשאלות על

How long will an ERP project take?ERP vendors tell you about a three or six month average implementation time —real transformational ERP efforts usually run between one to three years

What will ERP fix in my business?Integrate financial data.Standardize manufacturing processes. Standardize HR information. Will ERP fit the ways I do business?



ERPשאלות על

What does ERP really cost?Meta Group study of (TCO) of ERP, 63 companies surveyed -- the average TCO was $15 million (the highest was $300 million and lowest was $400,000). The TCO for a “heads-down” user over that period was a staggering $53,320.

When will I get payback from ERP—and how much will it be?Met Group found that it took eight months after the new system was in (31 months total) to see any benefits. But the median annual savings from the new ERP system was $1.6 million per year.



ERPשאלות על The Hidden Costs of ERP

1.Training 2.Integration and Testing 3.Data conversion 4.Data analysis 5.Consultants6.Replacing Your Best and Brightest 7.Implementation Teams Can Never Stop8.Waiting for ROI 9.Post-ERP Depression

AIAI יישומייישומי : :IIII חלקחלקAIAI יישומייישומי: : IIII חלקחלק

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פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי

ביה”ס למנהל עסקים, אונ’ חיפה

Artificial intelligence

• Goal– To develop computers that can act like

people in every way

• What do humans do?– Inwardly: think, react, emote

– Outwardly: move, see, feelcreate, innovate, invent, crack jokes

– Communicate among ourselves

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Developments by AI

• Decision support systems– Support decision-making by humans

• Expert systems– Make decision in place of an expert;

– Acts as an expert assistant to a non-expert user

• Neural nets

• Fuzzy logic

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מערכות מומחהExpert systems

• Application that acts as an expert

CAPTURES HUMAN EXPERTISE

IN LIMITED DOMAINS

OF KNOWLEDGE• It gives recommendations

– about customer credit– engineering problems– legal situations– sifting for the exception

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Expert System types (1)

• KNOWLEDGE BASE: Model of Human Knowledge

• RULE - BASED EXPERT SYSTEM : AI System Based on IF - THEN Statements (Bifurcation); Rule Base: Collection of IF - THEN Knowledge

• SEMANTIC NETS: Uses Property of INHERITANCE to Organize, Classify Interrelated Characteristics

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Expert System types (2)

• AI SHELL: Programming Environment of Expert System

• INFERENCE ENGINE: Search Through Rule Base

– FORWARD CHAINING: Uses Input; Searches Rules for Answer

– BACKWARD CHAINING: Begins with Hypothesis, Seeks Information Until Hypothesis Accepted or Rejected

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Expert Systems limitations

• Often Reduced to Problems of Classification

• Can be Large, Lengthy, Expensive

• Maintaining Knowledge Base Critical

• Many Managers Unwilling to Trust such Systems

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Top-down in ExSys

•

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Simple example

• If the animal hops and the object is tall, then the animal is a kangaroo.

• If the animal is gray and large, then the animal is an elephant

• The animal is tall. The animal is gray. The animal is large.

• Solve by back chaining: What is the animal?

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Parts of an expert system

• Inference engine– Knows which rules to execute

• Rule base– List of rules

• Fact base– Set of facts we provided

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Other points to be made (1/2)

• Symbolic processing– Forget bits, bytes, and data structures —

think of ‘symbols’

• Applicability– Rules are specific

– Inference engine is general

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Other points to be made (2/2)

• Expert system shell– Provides inference engine

– Helps create rule and fact base

– General tool for a wide variety of problems

– Gives user capability to answer:» How did you determine that answer?

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ES Examples online

• CLIPS: an ES shell made by NASA. Visit at:– http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/~clips/CLIPS.html

• Try JESS monkey-and-bananas online, at :– http://www.scs.ryerson.ca/~dgrimsha/java/c820a198/

• Try the whale expert system, at:– http://www.vvv.com/ai/demos/whale.html

• Winning AI financial and manufacturing applications:– http://www.brightware.com/company/awards/index.html

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רשתות נוירונים

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Neural Nets - back to biology

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רשתות נויורוניםNeural Nets

• Designed to simulate the brain

• Neurons, synapses

• Useful when– Problem is difficult

– An expert can’t say exactly how a decision is arrived at

– Past situations (descriptions and decisions) are available

• Ideal for massively parallel computers

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Neurons, Synapses, Axons, Dendrites

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And again...

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Credit decisions?

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יישומי רשתות נורוניםApplications of neural nets

• Character recognition

• Credit card fraud detection

• Petroleum exploration

• Financial forecasting

• Loan approval

• Missile guidance

• Parking a truck

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רשתות נוירונים לעומת מערכות מומחה

• Neural networks are flexible tools in a dynamic environment.

• Neural networks have the capacity to learn rapidly and change quickly

• Rule based systems are limited to the specific situation for which they were designed;

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רשתות נוירונים לעומת מערכות מומחה

– Expert systems are rule-based computer programs.

– Expert systems are good for applications with logical separators between decision-influencing factors.

– Since ES have explicit rules, it is easy to understand how their decisions are made.

– But expert systems are difficult to build because the rules don't always exist and the "expert" information is difficult to acquire.

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Fuzzy logic

• Regular logic– Answer is false or true (i.e., 0 or 1)

• Fuzzy logic– Answer ranges from 0 to 1 but can be

anywhere in between (i.e., means maybe yes, maybe no)

• Another “rule-based” development

• Closer to the way people think

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Fuzzy logic: example

• Think of “youngness”

• Not just “young” or “old”; there are degrees

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Applications of fuzzy logic

• Elevators

• Automobile cruise control

• Washing machines

• Camera auto-focus

?Fuzzy Logicבאיזו מידה יש יישום ניהולי ל

”Virtualityמומלץ לקרוא ולחשוב על “

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References מקורות

• Spielberg’s AI film and web site• Buchanan’s brief history of AI:

http://www.aaai.org/Pathfinder/bbhist.html

• John McCarthy’s “What is AI?”http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/whatisai.html

• AI Trends and Controversieshttp://www.computer.org/intelligent/articles/AI_controversies.htm

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The Internet and accompanying Technologies

Part 5

סיום הרצאת תקשורת סיום הרצאת תקשורת : : IIIIII חלקחלקותקשובותקשוב

סיום הרצאת תקשורת סיום הרצאת תקשורת : :IIIIII חלקחלקותקשובותקשוב

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Primary Uses שימושים עיקריים

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EDI

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Networks allow client/server computing

טכנולוגיית לקוח-שרת

Can distribute functions among machines Editing data fields Error checking Help screens Calculations Query processing

Terminal Host Display Host Client Server PC File server Stand-alone PC

Client Server

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CLIENT

• USER POINT - OF - ENTRY• COMPUTER / WORKSTATION / LAPTOP• USER INTERACTS WITH CLIENT• THRU GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

(GUI)• ENTER & RETRIEVE DATA• ANALYZE & REPORT

*

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SERVER

• COMPUTER SATISFIES USER’S NEEDS

• NOT VISIBLE TO USER

• PROCESSING

• ACCESS TO DATABASES

*

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INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER (ISP)

COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATION

WITH PERMANENT CONNECTION TO INTERNET

SELLS TEMPORARY CONNECTIONS TO SUBSCRIBERS

*

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CAPABILITYCAPABILITY FUNCTIONS SUPPORTEDFUNCTIONS SUPPORTED

E -MAILE -MAIL PERSON -TO-PERSON MESSAGING; DOCUMENT SHARINGPERSON -TO-PERSON MESSAGING; DOCUMENT SHARING

USERNET NEWSGROUPSUSERNET NEWSGROUPS ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARDSELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARDS

CHATTINGCHATTING INTERACTIVE CONVERSATIONSINTERACTIVE CONVERSATIONS

TELNETTELNET LOG ON ONE COMPUTER, WORK ON ANOTHERLOG ON ONE COMPUTER, WORK ON ANOTHER

GOPHERSGOPHERS LOCATE TEXT USING HIERARCHY OF MENUSLOCATE TEXT USING HIERARCHY OF MENUS

ARCHIEARCHIE SEARCH DATABASES FOR FILES AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOADINGSEARCH DATABASES FOR FILES AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOADING

WAISWAIS LOCATE FILES IN DATABASES USING KEYSLOCATE FILES IN DATABASES USING KEYS

FTPFTP TRANSFER FILES FROM COMPUTER TO COMPUTERTRANSFER FILES FROM COMPUTER TO COMPUTER

WORLD WIDE WEBWORLD WIDE WEB HYPERTEXT LINKS TO RETRIEVE/FORMAT/DISPLAY INFORMATIONHYPERTEXT LINKS TO RETRIEVE/FORMAT/DISPLAY INFORMATION

INTERNET CAPABILITIESINTERNET CAPABILITIES

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INTERNET ADDRESS

[email protected]

INDIVIDUAL OR INDIVIDUAL OR ORGANIZATION NAMEORGANIZATION NAME

HOST HOST COMPUTERCOMPUTER

LOCATIONLOCATION

DOMAINDOMAIN

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WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)

• STANDARDS TO STORE, RETRIEVE, FORMAT, DISPLAY INFORMATION

• CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE

• GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

• DYNAMIC LINKS TO OTHER DOCUMENTS (“hot links”)

• EXPLOSION IN BUSINESS USE

*

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WWW ADDRESS

http//www.datamation.com

GO TO WEBGO TO WEB

WEB SITE WEB SITE NAMENAME

TYPE OF TYPE OF ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION

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E-Commerce

Part 6

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ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

•DOING BUSINESS ELECTRONICALLY

•AUTOMATION OF BUSINESS - TO -BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS

*

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NEW BUSINESS MODELS ?

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E-Business on the Internet

• Business-to-consumer (B2C)– Amazon, Dell

• Business-to-business (B2B)– Freemarkets, CommerceOne

Verticalnet

• Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)– Ebay, QXL

• Consumer-to-Business (C2B)– Priceline, Accompany, LastMinute

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INTERNET BENEFITS TO ORGANIZATION

• REDUCES COMMUNICATION COSTS

• ENHANCES COMMUNICATION; COORDINATION

• ACCELERATES KNOWLEDGE DISTRIBUTION

• ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

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Intranet & Extranet

Part 7

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INTRANET

• INTERNAL NETWORK

• WWW TECHNOLOGY

• FIREWALL: Security System to Prevent Invasion of Private Networks

• OVERCOMES COMPUTER PLATFORM DIFFERENCES

• OFTEN INSTALLED ON EXISTING NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE

*

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Intranets

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EXTRANET

• PRIVATE INTRANET ACCESSIBLE TO SELECT OUTSIDERS

• LINK ORGANIZATION TO – IMPORTANT CLIENTS

– BUSINESS PARTNERS

– TOP EXECUTIVES & BOARD MEMBERS

*

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EXTRANET

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APPLICATIONS OF INTRANETS & EXTRANETS

Regular Progress Reports,

Minutes of Meetings,

Assignments

Group Collaboration

Access to Manuals, Directories, Data

Updates on Orders

Check new Products, Catalogs, Place Orders

Single Access Point

Training, Policy

*

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BENEFITS & LIMITATIONS OF INTRANETS & EXTRANETS

BENEFITS:

• Standard Documents Always Current, Available. Less Expensive than Paper

• Can Create, Coordinate New Documents

• Virtual Conferencing

• Project, Order Tracking Simplified

*

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BENEFITS & LIMITATIONS OF INTRANETS & EXTRANETS

LIMITATIONS:

• Can’t Replace Large TPS Programs (e.g.: Payroll; Accounting; Production / Operations; Marketing)

• Too Slow for High-Speed Data Transfer

• Not yet as Functional as Groupware

• Require Tight Security Control and Careful Management Planning

*

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Protocols and Standarts

Part 8

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PROTOCOL

RULES & PROCEDURES

TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION

BETWEEN COMPONENTS

IN A NETWORK

*

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CONNECTIVITY

Connectivity: MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING DEVICES TO PASS & SHARE INFORMATION WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION

OPEN SYSTEMS: Software Able to Function on Different Computer Platforms. Nonproprietary Operating Systems, Applications, Protocols

*

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CONNECTIVITY FOR NETWORKS

• REFERENCE MODEL: Generic Framework for Thinking About a Problem

• PROTOCOL: Statement of How Specific Task will be Performed

• STANDARD: Approved Reference Models & Protocols; Determined by Standard-setting Groups

*

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TCP / IP

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TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP)

REFERENCE MODEL DEVELOPED BY DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE IN 1972

1. APPLICATION: Provides Screen Presentations

2. TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL (TCP): Breaks Data into Datagrams

3. INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP): Breaks, Sends Datagrams as Smaller IP Packets; Can Repeat Transmission to Increase Reliability

*

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TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP)

4. NETWORK INTERFACE: Handles Addressing and Interface Between Computer & Network

5. PHYSICAL NET: Defines Electrical Transmission Characteristics for Sending Signal Along Networks to Destination

*

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OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT (OSI)

INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE MODEL

FOR LINKING DIFFERENT TYPES OF

COMPUTERS & NETWORKS. LAYERS:

1. PHYSICAL: Transmission of Data over Medium

2. DATA LINK: Packaging, Transfer of Packets; Error Checking

3. NETWORK: Routing Packets Over WAN

*

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OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT (OSI)

4. TRANSPORT: Ensures Reliable Data Delivery

5. SESSION: Establishes Communication Links on Network

6. PRESENTATION: Code Conversion for Data Presentation

7. APPLICATION: Specialized User Functions (e.g.: Operating System; File Transfer; e-mail)

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The End

סיום מבוא לחומרהסיום מבוא לחומרה VI:VI: חלקחלקסיום מבוא לחומרהסיום מבוא לחומרה :VI:VI חלקחלק


The Turing MachineThe Turing MachineThe Turing MachineThe Turing Machine

A device that could determine the truth of mathematical statements without human involvement by following a deterministic sequence of instructions.


HOW CHARACTERS ARE STOREDHOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED

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BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not BYTE: Group of bits for one character

– EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)

– ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)

PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors

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HOW CHARACTERS ARE STOREDHOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED


Processing – the heartProcessing – the heartProcessing – the heartProcessing – the heart


TYPES OF MEMORYTYPES OF MEMORYTYPES OF MEMORYTYPES OF MEMORY

RAM : Random Access Memory

– Dynamic: Changes thru processing– Static: Remains constant (power on)

ROM : Read Only Memory )preprogrammed(

– PROM: Program can be changed once– EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light– EEPROM: Electrically erasable

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITCENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

RAMRAM

PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORYPRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY

CONTROL UNITCONTROL UNITARITHMETIC/LOGICARITHMETIC/LOGIC

UNITUNIT

ROMROMCLOCKCLOCK


History of microprocessorsHistory of microprocessorsHistory of microprocessorsHistory of microprocessors

Intel:1971 - 40041974 - 80801982 - 802861989 - 4861993 - Pentium1995 - Pentium Pro1999 - Celeron

2000 transistors

250,000 transistors

5 million transistors

10 million - billions of transistors


E-CYCLE:

5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY TO STORAGE REGISTER

6. COMMAND ALU

7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION

8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR

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INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLEINSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE


Instruction )Fetch & Decode( Instruction )Fetch & Decode( and Execution Cycleand Execution Cycle

Instruction )Fetch & Decode( Instruction )Fetch & Decode( and Execution Cycleand Execution Cycle


Moore’s “LawMoore’s “Law””

Actually, more of an observation or prediction

In the late 1960s, Gordon Moore )co-founder of Intel( predicted that the number of transistors that could be placed on a single chip would double every year

Not quite right, more like every 18 months


Moore’s Law )2(Moore’s Law )2(Moore’s Law )2(Moore’s Law )2(


Advances in # of transistors Advances in # of transistors on a microprocessoron a microprocessor

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

# of transistors


Increasing MIPS each yearIncreasing MIPS each year

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

MIPS


Network Computers )NC(Network Computers )NC(

)Oracle and Sun(, Or… Net PC : Intel’s industry spec.

A massively pared-down computer that downloads both software and data from the network rather than storing locally.

“Thin Client” Java’s role TCO!!!


ProgramProgram

CPUCPUTASK 2TASK 2

CPUCPUTASK 3TASK 3

CPUCPUTASK 1TASK 1

SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSINGSEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSINGSEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSINGSEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING

SEQUENTIAL PARALLELSEQUENTIAL PARALLEL

TASK 1

RESULT

TASK 2

RESULT

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

RESULTRESULT


Purchasing secondary Purchasing secondary memorymemory

Purchasing secondary Purchasing secondary memorymemory


DATA PROCESSINGDATA PROCESSING

BATCH PROCESSING: transaction data stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions.

ON-LINE PROCESSING: transaction data entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access devices.

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CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE– ONE STANDARD– GREATER CONTROL

DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS– MORE FLEXIBILITY– FASTER RESPONSE

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CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTEDCENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED

The EndThe EndThe EndThe End