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Febrile convulsions
Meest frequente vorm van epilepsie bij kinderen
Koortsstuipen= Febriele convulsies
Is een vorm van (gegeneraliseerde) epilepsieleeftijdsgebondengenetisch bepaald : ‘genetic susceptibility’
Fetveit A, Assessment of febrile seizures in children, Eur J Paed 2007
Febrile seizures : Frequent !
Simple Self limiting Short duration Generalized (tonic/clonic) No recurrence within the next 24 h No postictal signs
Complex Longer duration New events within following 24 h; series of events Focal seizures Postictal signs
Management of febrile seizures
A febrile seizure is a seizure…
Treatment options comparable with epilepsy?
2 seizures or more should be considered as epilepsy and prophylactic treatment should be started
Versus
Febrile seizures are something special Provoked (fever, infection) Age specificity Benign outcome
= no prophylactic treatment necessary
Acute treatment: Benzodiazepines
working mechanism : + Gaba receptor
Fast acting: fast penetration in the brain
Short half-life
Sedative, hypotensive, respiratory depression
Lorazepam, diazepam, clonazepam
Prophylactic treatment?
recurrence risk ? prognostic factors recognizable
(sub)acute sequels of febrile seizures ? Limited
epilepsy after recurrent febrile seizures?
only in complex febrile seizures (?) epileptic syndromes including febrile
seizures
Prognosis after first febrile seizure
1. Recurrence risk (A.Berg, 2003) 30-40% recurrence Of these children, 50% will have 3 seizures Recurrences usually in first year after first seizure
Risk factors : Age at time of first seizure : younger age ++
+ Familial antecedents of febrile seizures lower temperature Complex febrile seizures Neurodevelopmental abnormalities
2. Neurological sequels
Normal developing child with febrile seizures: no increased risk for developmental abnormalities (Ellenberg 1986, Verity 1998)
Secondary brain damage only after 30 minutes of convulsions
Normal/Improved memory functions in children with a history of febrile seizures (Chang et al, 2001)
3. Risk for subsequent epilepsy
Overall increased risk :Age 5 : risk of epilepsy 2%Age 25 : risk of epilepsy 7%
In children with epilepsy:
13-19% had febrile seizures in the past
Risk factors:
Complex febrile seizures : 4-12% (partial epilepsy syndromes)
simple febrile seizures : 2% (generalized epilepsy syndromes)
Delayed neurodevelopment / brain abnormality : risk + 30%
Family history of epilepsy
Epileptic syndromes with febrile seizures
GEFS +
Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy: Dravet syndrome
HHE syndrome
Mesial-temporal sclerosis
Consequence of prolonged complex febrile seizure? Predisposing hippocampal factors? (van Landingham 1998)
Genetic predisposition (IL-1 metabolism Kanamoto,2000)
I Scheffer, S Berkovic, Brain 1997, 120:479-490
Generalized epilepsy and febrile seizures plus
GEFS+
Febrile seizures and MTS
MTS : 30% prolonged febrile seizures
MTS consequence of a prolonged seizure or status epilepticus Hippocampus in childhood vulnerable to
excitotoxic damage
But why unilateral MTS? Pre-existing hippocampal abnormality
Hypoxia, cortical malformations
Prevention of recurrences does not prevent epilepsy
Phenobarbital 3mg/kg/day
Long term negative cognitive effects
Sodium valproate 20 mg/kg/day
Not effective : Phenytoin, Carbamazepine
Other anti-epileptic drugs not tested
AED treatment : IS IT NECESSARY?
Oral Diazepam in fever episodes?
Rosman et al NEJM 1993 Verrotti et al, EJPN 2004
Oral 0,35 mg/kg every 8 hours for 24 hours or until fever is gone
Side effects can mask or mimic underlying brain infection
Febrile seizure can be the very first sign of a febrile disease
Antipyretics ?
Effective in lowering fever: systematic and rigorous antipyretics
Autret 1990 : in febrile episodes: Diazepam + aspirin versus Placebo + aspirin
Results :
overall rate of recurrence lower than in literature (18% versus 30-40%)
no differences between 2 groups (‘diazepam not effective’)
Consensus statements
Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health 1991
American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatrics 1999, 103:1307-1309
American Academy of Pediatrics
“ Based on the risks and benefits of the effective therapies, neither continuous nor intermittent anticonvulsant therapy is recommended for children with one or more febrile seizures.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recognizes that recurrent episodes of febrile seizures can create anxiety in some parents and their children, and, as such, appropriate education and emotional support should be provided.”