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4137501SHCJA{ : MAIOR : CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL ruSTICE,

M.A. (CRTMINOLOGY AND CRTMTNAL TSTrCE)

KEY WORDS : TAXI DRTVERS /PARTICIPATION IN CRIME PREVENTION

POL. LT. PAISAN THUMCHARATWONG : PARTICIPATION OF TAXI

DRIVERS IN CRIME PREVENTION, THESIS ADVISORS: NOP KANJANAGUNTI, 8.A.,

M.S., ruAN CHAISIJWAN,8.S., M.S., CHANKANIT K. SURIYAMANEE,8.A., M.A.,93 P.

ISBN 974-665-829-8

The objectives of this research are to study the participation of taxi drivers in crime

prevention. Personal factors, social factors and environmental factors, which relate to

participation in crime prevention and the problems and obstacles which discourage participation

in crime prevention were examined. The sample group was 334 taxi drivers. The data were

collected though questionnaires.

The research result reveals that the level of participation of taxi drivers in crime

prevention was high. Personal factors found to be significantly related (p<0.01) to participation

were taxi driversn experience of being a crime victim and age. Social and environmental factors

that had an influence on crime were found to be correlated with participation in crime

prevention at 0.01 statistical significance.

Based on the study, it is suggested that police should seek cooperation from taxi

drivers in crime prevention. This will help acknowledge the importance of the crime problem

and develop methods of crime prevention. Taxi drivers should be persuaded to cooperate more

with police in crime prevention. The result should be more effective crime prevention.

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rfiurarruqtdur ilrnudflri.rarruogsil$dl Harudl,n11r.unioflnfiuoix1 rflurirurJ:snoudrs fniryrnr:errrsirr"l ldvrururildnsr?rn:rvdc'ur4Ero{orsqrn::rururIfl unnon usifnisrnr:

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rflur,rdn nrirado rindsnruivrurfirjurflu'jr orutulflT:ilriruluqjrnnrornd'rn4elynrdrnruuas

lnnra r::roiarsd YlllYt',ltJ?rr8rn:ttj / l2

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il:ynr: 6o tfieornaru4Enrulu rravd'ufiERluuofl

drtilEnrutu uunoonldtfluatrmotrvrxfirivrsr (fi':nrunril) rrnsdtn4Eytrsietinur

(o^sr1o)

htdr qfl1n49tR1UUOn ItUROOn tnlilUd1[149tyt1':d{nilq

rlrAol#drusionr:r{rtn rinorrrgrivruiill{ncjilfiuil{dlrl4elnrutuunsarrilEnluiloR

oonrflu 3 GYlrrel do

1. drlfi Evrl{fi?fr1uRlvl (fl ofiovrr.rdrsnru)

2. artrr;m xo^orivr ur (fl o ffuvr rso^o1o)

3. ar rn r; m r r d.: n il (fl r iluyt r.Q n i o u n i?ua u dn lyt [ [?a do il )

rinorwqtinsrrirulrqjirn:rvrf'h fihiarnaqrfiurarruo;rdsridrirh{rfinorrrgr

n::illd dororffsarruqd:rutiu ororflu z:J:vnr: v6oE il:ynr: udrusin:fi

rrnnr:dns1d'u?r Eiro{orrqrn::rutuusiaydrufi arrur:ofi osuaoql#r#uo'rrrdon

Iuruurnrr:rfiorfiurfiudrn4Eqfo{orscgrnr:ilRrutdnr:dnulrsiasertrr{rdruriu nrrfindu99

fl o{ o 1 ssglR : :ru #ufi o r :arr ldd'r fi 6o (e: ros fium :fl:, 2522 : 5 I -53)

- I a _ _ _q I v , qy 4 s a I dl. n1ilt15Bfl tut[.:fl0{l9l?qnna Rlu tgtn1:flnu'llJo{ufl?s1R1:rn'tudl vtrufloro

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im u r n r un rn : r ru sr a o n ds n r r ru'hi ar ru r s n r o{ q n n a fi n v rJ irL sTaro s uhtir fi s uas doil ua s us {r

@uAp.tanquflo{:{nnavtnRatloov:J:vnouolsqrn:5il dsrfluarnnr:flnurnrldrudlnrufisr?vrur

2. drfinr:anluurirornrjruqnna fiornaqrJld'h d'ufiEflo,{o1srglR::rurfu Ins,Aoi

riaurfittnoflutrnnr:tren?rildrilr:ofiovsiodrusionr:nqdulunr:n:sfirfio d.rqnriruun

Inurnrrntornrjru rsiu nr:tduuur:-rn:rrudrurfruf,n'uqnnaoir.rl luudclornr:r€uuf d.:rfluAvv 4 I il v vp{nm t9 01RR1:flfl ulFrlUdRlT'tU?qA0ilyt'l{d{nil[rac?9Iu5::tJ

uilcnn':ilulng !il'l?yto'ta0il?tna dn.n. (oluqtin01uac{1uqel'frr1|) / l3

3. d'r fi n r : ar r l u ud r o.r : s r-r u ds n ru udr o r o n ri r e'[d'j r n ] : rfl^a fl o.r u'r vry r n r r u rfu^r^-..4-.^-.--...--.d-.^-r- d st v Iuoillfiu?Y'luilagfluoHnudo1un15ila'1.$d'l vtl{dR11tt[?a6oilvt1.:a9Iu5::u dn'tugltaysufu

m1{d{nil{o{qnna fitvrflurndorriruunnrrruIrlrur6urlunl:n:yfilfisr dqflue,radldiuoro

n lt flnu lvrlr dsnru uasimur::tl6ndau

6l r jo ct9 I"[u r : : er r ar nr q oi r I 1 fr ri r hfq n n a il : v no lo tsEUlR : : il fl o 6'ervr t.: dlnil uau

frttt'lprf;oru ril'jrftdvrfivraoioruqudurR rvr:rv0vrioul duuirrlq.ruoirdnuorsinlo or:ruoiunv

fraunfidluasxoonrurlugrlto.:qnn^flnru (personaliry) 1#fiuur}lruhJorrunqrnarq{{osdrnil

n6orlltflud.rnru oudr:vdurirl:Jqfnr::J:sRolrolsrurn::uTddru drnrnfiflnf,r,lonrauny

enrunr:nfdru:u

2.2 axlurltJ 1 uuo.t Rl tfl ot fruo rT flr't R: 5tJ

nr:hflnrtruililruuiodt'ilrrinnrrilclo.rr{r'jr "nr:flottiuolsrgrn:5il. riu riol#rfio

nrrrudueurtnvoarruqjruln?Iodiln?r niodr*t',cdrdr6'on:rruto,rnt#udavvirursunneirlfiu

--^Uf -l-4---o---- d s o gq yo o v v Ioon "[:Jtil

u'il r u ru fr rurnvuo1 rTil'f, ru rucJos {hirir d rfinnlrudlncir:fu dr ovrfi u'ldo1ndl

'fi r tio n e r ru t o r ri t d r n r : fl o c riu o r rcy r n: : ru tu d r : r orvqriil urfi rfi ua{os nr : fl o.: fiu orrqrn::ruInun:lrnre,rriil r'liu frmrtoftrnudunvrn:ryfi (suttrerland and Cressey) loirg In0l,zs+z;

'ldl#nerruril'luq,o{R1:flosfiuorrryrn::ru'ir "n?'nlvru'rurrufinsatinr{uri'rrvrrirfil#orrqr

R::rutn^odu' luqlatvfinr:rJfrgrJudlr ruudl nl:nen1:R:sfirfisrd'r,, riaur$nraa (Reckless)

t#netrururu{otnr:flortiuoruqrn::rurn^srduturaryfinr:udlr ililrufic nr:annr:n:yrir

fi'o'frrao.: riau grfi :vr o ourifru (Hubert Johnson) ruo vi rnr :fl or tiuorrqrn::ruosdorn:ou

nqrunolnr:flosfiunr:n:vdrnatrufiouird.u Isrelflunnru*u',u'lufiorrirh?flqurdAohi,fird,

n^t#rfisrdu luctilvfi irduuuud (whiseand) nururilodrrfufiovudnrdurh?nerilfluulunr:

floltiuotstulR::il Iourfiutusf nrf r:drnr:florfiuorsrgrn::rurflufion::rud.rrfiordulu

rl:u:J?urtt:gfir::ruttnvTilsu unvfriuorJiu6n'irflrynriiA'rArUiiqrcrotilfsdocrotrrrfi6o-!^---.d-.-- rl-+- -- g-,y t--4-. -r-^--, a r I r aiRl:gloiln'lo'uJvl?]os t:nonl:ljo{nuo'rs€Urfl::il eNuu ilnorrtgr-nUlil't{nu rsiu rov,lMofr

(Jeffery) ldri'ubJldritd'l "Rl:rt?uqilo'rsrg1n::il" uvru lucrfl{vfifinorvqr?nurrarunufii

1d1#r{r 6 rfi'qnrrru'l{rn u

lncra n::lnie'nd llult?u?:58tRttI / l4

----- ,e- 4 I @ @ € a I?r'lR0s?t015fli'lo{n?1ilt4lJ'lulo{fl't5rJo{tnilo1sru'lR::rJ 0'lRunollrqlayturo-lnrirr

ovrdudr dntrofunupi unctn:vfi 16'1#orrilfiilruiro{flr:florfruorsrgrn::il1iln?'uJnilru

oeirsttnu Iout#rrurufi{ "nluJv{sturrulunr:dosarTsrriurimnrhfil#orrqrn::rurfierdu. flir

tiu a'lunr:flosn'unr:n:sfirru'nfiriuhio^o'irrilunr:floqtYuorsq'rn5:il usirflunr:ur{'h

flcgnrorrrglRs:ru do,,u.nr'tufinor'rnrirraonndorfiur$nraafifio'h ..nr:fl0r6'uolsqrnr:il

-df--^^--- -s--4- q a o i 4 qrilunr:n:srirrfiougnffrnr:rR^oorwrg'rf'r::ru" luruilcfr ooriudu ruoqnr:florfiuorrrgrn::ru

lun:rrunruruodxn{rs du.rrurufr.rnr:n:vdr1o1 firflunr:aon6ofiudrorrcgrn::rufi1#rfioa o" rr^ d 3 A 4 il u e '

il50il=h{rfrncl-u'fr ds:rru6snr:flortiunr:n:vrirnsrfrrionr:ud'hfln:vrirfiorl#ndusYalxi

ldn:srirru^ooi 6'ru

4---- -24- !, .N e | 3 - atrlOn?1il?{u',lulto{R1:iJ0{nuolsEUln:Tilrln?lill4rurUrnrUUUrEiUil tlnOrrqrTnuri.g-.-.^s__-.d_-_rr-.,,_24' y,, i r a - t dvl[{uua'l:'llRU?nilfl1:flo{rnuols€U1n::illJ'l{vlrx{ t.liu u-1ruu (Newman) rtayfl1xiilruoj

(Pahner) 6{il6nrdutfiovtdr{r'firfionrrilcJo'rr{r'ir nr:florfiuorrrgrn::rJ luflarsd ror,hdo#lr 6 '

tagdc-Y.-{-.+ | u et v(Jeftery) tas tutflUn{n?'llJt[9lRo1{flOilf'l'l5n?Uqilo1Sqln:tilRilntsf,ornuorrrgrfl::ilrtVnJ

Iourodrvlof€ tadtra',uiuAssTeuurtunrrn?ilqilorsqrn5:il : deuuu fio druunr:riru{-JvUudq d'rttuufltsou:tJltdolt unv6'ruurnr:florfiuorrqrn::ilIeudnrnu?odoilrlnynr:rJY:r

r'lrlst^fl:ttt rodrvlofi 6o'jrfrrurLrlunr:nruqilo1scg1n::ruuurLriru{fiudr unvdruuunr:

ou:ruttfflt hildnr:fl slfiuorrqrn::ruusirfl unt5n?uEtJots6gln:;il nufl olfruo'l:rqlR::rJ.ei-.^Y^e,-- t)- 4r o i 4 et av - !ytttyt 0:{0ugtoiltilua?tnJuytcftilcr{ fl eoolriiinuatv dlu

I ) r v do.: i'sr ri r du ri o u o r rqr n : : il 0 s rfi q lilleifi frr 0 1 R o1fl €u 1 n : : ru rfi n du udr

2) o s do qrlu fi n r : n :I q ru In un : r oi on q sr^fl : : ru hi t.lin r: n au q ru n r s don

3 ) o y do,r uiu fi dn l?t u? a do ru ft o r rqr n : : ru o y rfi o tri lEid 6':o rrql n :4) oy doufl unr: ldafl ivr ulnr:tunr:ofi uruvlqfin: 5il01$6U1R5

s) n vrfl u nr :fl oq rTu fi rfi urirlddrur.?o uuavfi il :sfi nfi n rnrurnR'irnr:nsIilsilfo

nr:udhnufitn'rfit

ornnr:1#n?ril?rru1ulrornr:flor6'uolsrulR:5ild'{ncirec,ssrovlrdo# osrfiu'ld.jr

rflunt:1d'n?1ilfiu'lutornr:florriuorssurR::rJlunarrurruruodrurnu Isru'lil:rilnr:il:ru:J:rru uasnr:udlt{n:cfi rfiorfl unr:fl otrTuorrqrn::rud':u usi6o,irfion::runr:il:ru:J:rru

ttarnr:ufih{n:rrirr.l^rrrflunr:nuqilolsqrn::ru odr.r'l:finru frifin,t'rul,rururillunlrfi.,

llBrcvt9t?n g1a0 u?t]'tn u1a0tJfi aa dn.!. (o1ilq1inutuas{ruqn'frril) / l5

r6nrnruilru ilqr.rrfiorrrururd

fia'ir odrtl:6.rosriun'jrnr:flortiuorrrgrn::u rfiurfiurdo.rdnr:l#naruururufiunnsiNfi'u9.

cJordr?T{aoroejrrtfluuxnr:orrfinr:orr'ldornnr:tdnrruHilru{osdlre,fl5su?uR1:qai'r::ru

ttdtnqsu^:uofn (New York State DMsion of Criminal Justice services) dl:vq'ir "n?uflru.

u ru r sfrs n'on:::tsittt (fitaru fl os gos d'srfiu) fi d.r n iln oilauotsionr:n:srirfiofi rfi r,olcu

..--,,11' ,9' -- i tl, q-e ou j - C o - ^ 3 6"f]'l5lloilnu" tRU?'iloitRlJfl0ft::u10{tT.{nilqt{0qfl'ui1flan1:tRo{uflo{ilflgl=n::ilo1s6u1n:

Iost{run:n[letr{tflll?lJRr:mrqdrnil 6srinurunvanrunr:alsirq d.r16odr0sdriudquh?rfio

o'trsgtn::il ttaslounr:afuaqun:rutuo''tdoriol#rfinvrqst^n::illunr:ilfrrior'orrrungilillu4 | 6l I s r d9/ ll I o q r, ,t q 4 , rqlililou?10'lRR'l: tiln?lililil184,$nn1? nu{ltJfi1lfir:1cY'uJ1:nriirl0d'.:nrrilttflngirtodrs

dorouoqi6 fnottcgtivrurcrorlilu niu rl:vfu rfluruarurg:ai ldldrirdr nr:florfruolsqrn:rilsodqnunlrn?uqilo1rysu]nr:il tun?1il14rJ1u[9u?nu

rfi ur fiirdosdnr:fl os f,uorstulR: :lJ 14 ilrun's n?1ilvrululililfonr:rni uilnrrilio

f,tl dr n r : n: v ri r n^o fi trflrfi r, du,, * r fi n 1 : n ?url ilo 1s€ur n : :il il ilrudr n r: r{r'hJrfi ua{oqfiu

oleqlnt:ilnrsudsornfiorurgrn::rutdrfirrduud: 6'rrfu srucrosdr:eolxodx rqiu {ruaru

st::tn$olruflnorfivlrdRuavru'r?srJ o*.:qnfrorlrrflururn:nr:lunr:florfiu lurorsdnr:fiuqru

dua:urflunr:n?ilrlu odrtt:fisrrru {oldudrororfinduld'irodrsl:6sosrEun.irldrflunr:ol Arlndtoqnsuvl'lflouolsqln:;il uSoodx'[:tilunt:n:vvrrra,{oltrgln::rurfiordurrda drodruEiu nr:

'firqn{dorlmsu6onr:frtLqru{n:vrirru^or oroffsr'ld'jrrflunr:n:sfirrnfriornfiffn:srirfiqdu6n

firrirfiurflunr:flo.:fiuorrqrn:::rl#rfiprduluournnreiufru nrira6nriuudr rflunrdneur

usifirt#iliilror1,o{orsrurn::ruoqilunrrvfifrnnr:'ld 16ofinnn:sfirsiofi{nlrloufiqo

z.z.ttrutil"nqnfi rfi urffunr:fl osffuoruqrn::ruf neffia'lrl

nr: fl or tiuriurfl uru::niG (Means) lu n r:n orfl qfl rolstuln: :ru f,raerilrgurn?'nJ

flotfiuorryqrn::rulun:rrurruruodxn{rsfiuro{ n?'nJusrfloiNdrrvoqjfi'ir nr:floqfiun?ulu

,duonuoo'rrcJffoil6oannr:rfioorrq'rR::rJ drunr:n:uqrurflurdo.rfirfiororvrgrnrrudu,,d.

il r r s n d'rsi o il rgr r orrqt n : : il (Fear of crime) t o r :J : s ryr ryu ldd {i qn?6 vt d.r

lnora r:rrnia'Nd nufl'lu?r5gtnt5r| / l6

olRltu?fi?1ilfieilol Brantingham tlou Faust luil tgZO Leavell tlds Clark luil tgOS

,runio shan uns notn lufl rgza ldnrirrlidr nr:florfiuflryflro1sqmr:il d1il't:6trir'ldart

rru?m1{d?uriu ndrq rilnr:florrTul:nrioqrnrilro{rnilr:r nr:florfiurdu'irdfifio nr:

fl oltiulucfu[:n (Primaxy prevention) nr:fl oldulurrurfi cuo (Secondary prevention) unv

quainurqtnril:'rqnrut#gnqrourriu lflurdril#rfiarn:arqufluffhi'r{ruuvfr nr:flosfiu

lu,fuiiauq donr:flotfiufiuonrnfioornnr:flortiufidrnrur6oigldn:vriroqiudrlunarrfu

rravuoR0'rnrfuordoujrnrrruaulnTrJiiffdhuueiau:1u ,run{.ruo'',unr:afcrsrl:odrJ:rngl#

rrXursiufrrrjrtfluornr:cJesI:nfirfi'qduudr :rul:Jdsnr:n:ror{uuraruryor'grucJo{I:nlureiac

I:n unsosdorfi:suurn6urunr:lunr:fl:mdur,rrartrfigruto.:I:ndrnrilufluodNdd:u nr:

flosriulu#ufidrrun^s nr:florfiulurirufiruduo,o,fuiindouar,iuficordo nr:flortiuorn{

rJasdrfluI:nfidprrnuuriuouudr u6ooroovnrim6nriuiluardrrflunr:rduaurinurfrihul#nru

trsrldhflrflul:n6nfuros nr:flotfiuflrUfirorsrurn::rufirciu16u'rriu a',u',rofiorrirg:Juu:r

un v?f; n r : fl o c fiu I : n t u m'r { R'r r u}r vr riru r 1 dfirL n r : fl o s riu 6'q n a r r dT d'

0'1flllu?n?1ilfinclol Brantingham ttdu Faust lufl Wq ldnrirrl{'jr g:Jululunu

floltiuflrgrlotsrgln::ulu,fudfirnarog:Juru lufidosururudr Environmentat design,

Neiighborhood watch, General deference, Private securely tlnv Education about crime and crime

prevention

Environmental design t4ilruds rmnfinrii.:1 lunr:flolriuiltgrrorrqrn::ru rflr

llu'lulo{svtnfinrucirdfirnaor4rtr?ffn:vrirn^ntdu,o8odu (Prevention techniques dim at making

crime were deflation for the offender) uuoolo#udluilru:rildl nr:rflr:vurn:vft1#fitr

rJ:vrrru{ogjor#u (surveillance casper for reddest) n'l:d91{n?tufdnrJaoorfiulufiinuas

vrintlfiutor:J:vsrsul#ttuduaruoon1rJrurn0.rdu {re"fir,gs of safety were widespread) n'15

rrtrtnulunr:rJqna$rtornr:fioqjotfruld'drueionr:ruosuXu (The use Budding plans

conductive to visibility) n',rfirdouarc'jrsl#rfru{nouasRt:fir,dlurlunr:6onrJ:vql#u{,ru:r

nr:fl olfruturiufi arru (Tertiary prevention)

n r : fl o r fiu I : n l u rfu r,: n rfu du n r : hi'5n fi u fl o r rTu I : n : a l vir n r : l#ri r uu s d r n r :

risqn'sfTns.td'r rmrTnord'olfrnn an.l. loruqrinaruavrrugfirrlu) t t7

funs (tte addition liehts and locks) unvnr:firtniorrillua{uuvri}rdfiurssnuro.:rilaodrusio

R15[[URltUgttng0n6l (The making of property for case of identification fall within the realm of

environmental design)

Neighborhood watches and citizen patrol iltJlufr{ nt:tfl1:gll?g:gi{nagnt:frod1u.d ct A ! 4- - A d Aa

95?0flO.:[]IOUU'llJ [V'lOOOfl9tr?0rtOUnOUdOAdO{lqltA9r{flU[[Oenu [?rloltjiln'l:tTtil{an?]il

d 1 il 1 : n fl o { qil su l#rd u.r si o fr'u o 1 sEU 1 n : r il 1 #a Er #o u o o o a c

Education about crime and crime prevention oill ttdrn^0n::ilgi1{dl llo.t{luqa- ----& -- J | ! i y o s v qt

" J g ilr:5tJvn{ro'r€u'rvr{ila1uvr{ru?{uorJrflu?110{nuR'l:lJo{nuil€ul.t1o1sq1n::il tuflurr:n14{ilu

odrrrsiu fion::ruro.:rffrr#rfidr:?o nl:il:lngrhroudrrrhfidr:ro fl iileidildrtjorurirl#

:J:sryrsuann?rilil?raflfrrorrtyrn::run.r'hJlusTrdru vntdruflauas{1u:rryrf,ardHreiurds'r

riu f,1auau5'rsri'nrq{rieu1#frn:vrirfior 1d'asruiudrn?rilrfiu{eionr:n:vdrr'loroirerlrro.uyrail3 C , let ,i 9 v , ' e e

u n f, u 1 r?o s ru ri fi d? u ua rfl u ? fl o { n il n I : il o r riu t u du r t: n vil a^u

I u J aoq j I v ,I o

a r u fg u r a riu fi fi a'l u rfr u e { o c ri:J n r : fl o q fiu tu ciu u: n rfi fi o u fi il ? u{ I u grr r : :ru

dur fio firirusiaut#{orynfiuvlo?srfisrrYunrrruqilu:{riro{olr6g1R::il tuflnqriudilriauqru2'

tJot^n::ruoirl1 tser:{r{rfl?uEtJrrnuuri'lr duirl#rJ:vryrryuvir'lilarilr:neloilf:Jn?lil0ic6'uff

ld fi rfl u nr:ru ortiu6nudruar

ttnvturirutoir Private security rfu 6ficirurfiurrlorfiunr:flolfiuluciuu:nrufiou

tiu 6o ficfrurfiuadorlu;rJtornr:driildUurafofirirueiruru6ouriru{ruqArriruflr{ror€Ult14qrevl .aat{dl out{tljlJilt{n15 tuf't'l:lJufl?iluacuiltJ,$n't:Riytitn?tilflftlto,to'lsq1n:

n r : fl o r fiu fl 6U il'r o r sq r n : : ru 1 u rdo r du nf u riu,,, n,fr u rrio r firt :J : v rd u fl q u r n rr

dlnruodrln{rtt'lr.t d.rrJ:vtduilqyrlurirdtiorurfiurclo.:ri'ililrgnrorrqrR:rrJunsflqor^n::rud!!gvvt,i!,tretvtiiultiluodr{ttillJou nt:flosfluilrur4rlr46i1frilr{nf{60{fl0stiumrrdsnil (Social prevention)

fion::rnr:florfiuvn.:dqnruntrird lduri nr:ufiilcgurnr:'i'r{.:ril nr:urlfltgvr rR1:fl'rsrn'r:4---- ,- 2tert !, q , 3, a c,h 04 aflf]u'l R1:ttRlJiufiln?lilurnnu uofl0'rfluufl0fl:5utfia'luu{?,tu'lu5?tJEI{n1:trfl11iJtuil1ilqd

n::ilrdu{tuu Iqur#uhJfiartrqnr:rfr'nnqfin::rudrnrirr drfinarfirtri'ilsU14rors€U1ni5iluns

lngra r::rurf,arqd ltuyt?u?t:etRttu / l8

n?1il?r?roRd:siofl qrrolsqrn: : ilnn#osaounwrillilfi ?er edrrl:ff 6 nr:fl osfiufl qnrq! : do'lssg1n55illucTuu:nfr uon0'rR0vrilunr:lrururrufiosudnrduwq6n::ilriiu{ruuunsnqa

n5:ilo'lsryrn::rudrnri''.drrde n'l:sr'Erst'lr,nqor'n::ruo'rnrill:eruvirnr:ornrfl u{rfiurru(victimization) oroosrfl unuo',ondrfi nnnnrun:rondrsiofl qilrors€Um::larld

nr:fl o.:ti'uluqfufi aor (secondary prevention)

0tr]uil?n?1runnrol Brantingham uou Faust lutl tgzo ldnriral{'jr nr:flolfiulu2t9t d 4 --.--.d--..t!-c-4--o?--. .q o a tl c a I A1lJu filJltjo{ fl'1514u'lu'llJvl0sttl ton{lflRURrTt lunr:n:silrnintol{n:yfirn=n $danururrufrns

..^^-^..--^--4- *_.&_^_____.-r-_o^-J__- -_4___^-^,_^rt-g4__-_._--4--l- ____e{_,s q g : 4ttn:nlt!r{u5ou1JU{R1:n:svtltlauual fitoo1flna1?lottnuuilu-lir nr:florriulucIufrilil1u0-.1

n?'lild'lilltnroldtnilttaun:sr?unr:96r::rutunr:fiovriruuoil:vrduflrgnr trasfl't:n.lg

nvturfodruruflqutfirfluoqilutrnr#u'jr 'ldqndo.:uavuriuthrurnrloenfiuqlqfuro,r rv1:rs

R't:t{'ltrfl:nrtwsilrgmrtfln:sr[rfinriuld rf'rulrqjuro'ron'rrdldnrnnsrur$oriruruflqilrt.rrisgoaJdrvn?Hn:sytln9uudl rljufl an

oirl udagrJuurtunr:florfiulu,irtdauodfido grJulufir$rn.jr nr:rlorfruorn

anrunt:aifirfluoillunardu (situational prevention) nr:flosfiudsnriradfin*o nl:dtililelrJ:vrfiuilqu r (Identi&) l#un tatnf ouiudsrdu (Micro level) udrr{rdrnr:uvtrnuryludlc,

fl q r'r r riu l l#ldr.rn g :J ur u tu n r : fl o r tiu dr o ri'nd o c fi ur{o { fiun r : nl6 uu uila q rdoh an ry{

rtretdoilmrsflturllvlflo{qilsu nt:til6uuurJn.rurTlu^rqfin::rurolnuluqruru nr:rJiurJEurd

lzu:cuilRr:n5?0et:'ldonriotluqruril (surveillance) :arul:Jnolnr:r:Jde,uurjnqrdlc,firnr:ud

d r rirg d u l fi rfi u r {o r riu t6o r ddr 0 fi o n : : ru du u uo r fi riu'i r,i r riry ua v fi n r r ru firu r{u do d x uu lt .r ..-.-.y-, I q q 4 4 j^ 4 ^ iai a rrluuilauiln?1ilrflil'ludrununr:rlolriuluciuilrurnfrqo do fron::rufrfrfror3un,jr ..d1:?0

qlJSU " (Community policing)

d n z oqu vu (community poricing) i6 nr: fi ri un'h dr:roqrunufi',fl uef; or:fi doq

orfruErurut{rrurdarurrfioltilrgntiulnuns{r lournntynr:orfrsrfiourhu Neiehborhood) r{.r

rurudltilrgrrd.:nrirr oronrir':ld'iri6nr:fir€un'h rfir::nqunudrfluaf;zuasu.rrurv#unr:flor

riu ilqr,norrrgrn:: ru lu,ir ii ou o du r n fi qe o?r1 u#an r: fl on dufl rgr.r rorrcgrn:: rulu rfufi

uuodtduunrderuu:ru:6nr:1unr:flo.rriuluciufifldu,rarue6nr:drstTu usinr:flo{riulu,fu

dfifir?utttosir{'lilnrnnr:florfruluoiu{indorrofi'j', nr:flosfiuluciufiasqflunr:{lortiu

lJBt.tlgt',ln01au x?,t1'lnglasuuna dn.!. (o11q1in0'ilae{1ugn'!r5!) / l9

0lndnrr{fltgfi'ro'rssgrns:rufirJ:rnql#uXuodtfntruud'r ud:6rwursuu{rdrrfiunr:udtqr'flrgr,rrdsnri',rrfur

usinr:fl0{ri'uluriuiindoerilr:nflsqdu16'si{ueianrurorilcgrrfthirfinaflu

d a aao 9f e o iJ.r aart, o ad 4 r

frn rlytr il roqnS ?r tuRl:lJ o{rnil tilvrlJildo{?t0 ?unu ?rlr:Rt:uR?1 Specific

deterrence i6fi ao.rr6undt In"upu.itation

specific deterrence u6oor o ovt3 unld'irtflu nr:riru{ fu ft rfl u n: du^tflu r urufi IA 9A v YiUrrr o a h rq 9, o 6 6t I A

fi ?'ttJ vt u'l u'l il n 0 u u o { R u 9JT [a n : e m 1 fl 9'r trJ til n : v vt l n a tu g ll ulj u ou dl

ritu to"apu"itation u6ooroovtiun'irtfl unr:aen?1ildrilrro{o{{n:cfi rfio#u rflu

n r : fl o.r tiu il Eu 14 1 o r sru 1 n : : ru fi l#rfi q du il r 6 n 1 u o u t n n {r t fi d1 lor uo rdun r : n :r q ru ffn: v ri r

fisrusiasnulueirqlndr.rruduflurdn ?f;nr:nruq*rtirflutiftnriuundnaruuavrfluf:tomdn

cJosnr:aofiafl?'uJdrtJl:ntorfrn:vrirn'ofifi0 nr:tinrTt (Incarceration) dsrflui6nr:fiasfiofiu

nr:n:vdrruorrornn:vrirfi nfihfln:srirfinduru16nluEirstrnrduriuouEirsmdr

rfru?f;nr:n',totuqudrl flo{ Incapacitatior, 6n^o i6nr:firie,n'ir Intensive

supervision t to u electronic monitoring dl {i f,u o v trj zu o n ri r rlu ii d

2.3 rrlr?R?rrufi srrfienfruvrqufi nr:fi daudarurord:snuulsrsfi'a'lrJ

nr:fi ci:udaufl unr:ilsnvdra::r{vrl{d{nil rTnfr rirurfi sr{o.rfriiloroRqnnauas

n rj ru q n n n Io sfi o s fi nr : rfi ul{o s m r q dr uisrl n ua s o r: il otEr or q nn n u ds tu cn r u n r : ainrj ru d':i I v t dr gat| o A t r J q J oq9

r{aflo{R'rrrflu?1o{o{rfl41?rljur?rqr:'l r?1n:vyl'lr}tolJ::qn?lil{{?1il'rulJo{nqiluu RUvt{yt1 n4

rfi ornrrrufdniufi nvorfiu nrj ru dro (friuni, zszt)

rfis:d uavanlsrtda (Pearse and Stiefel, 1979: 4-8) 1d1#nrrruurursdtnr:firieud:n

ro.:il:vsrryu nr:fi rfrudrruror:J:vs'rru 14rJrrrfir nr:fi fi n{ruil:yrrn:uiorurunr:doruutir dt tt I UrrA q q v r

:sucr:arfr0,irururrflu{o$aruon ldru-runarruaril1:oluR1:n?uepJ vrivrurn:uasda'rilusr1{dl

nrildR1?sd{nilfirfluogj

?nrood (Reader, 1974: 39)'ld1#nrr:rvrrurstornr:frcfrudril{orrj:vrrvut{'jraf f t d dt r t v J - A 3 o, ,

nr:frrfrudril fiilrrJfr{ nr:firi:udrruilvnvdrc::nnrsdrnrufrr:aruyr'rnr:frci:uiaruroqflrmndtt!

qnnattavR1::Jd?u5?ufl o{nEil

lnma rsrroiarrd nun?u?rr8tRrtlr / 20

qflonri gfi rruf; Qs26: z+) ldofirrul{'ir"cr:sdrrYrgrornr:fi riaudailcroril:yryrsuJ 4 4{ S -6t 9, I Utg I d ! | e 6 o A I a arlu Hilruo={ nlErilnIonral#:J:cmvuldr{rrurftrfrudaruiur.rasoil uJr:o{sn{dl ourJfln

n:syrilillfi{fi'1il:vmruro.r" fl'r:d0sfior:ulirrdorlnoyfie.rnn:uflu6{d?#u ",flup.,urJ'm1R

nr:rfiudordoqfiuturio{rlro{n?rildornr:unsfiqnrrruornr:nJf,uuuilnr rrnun?lilrfiufioq9 o J gt d ^ ^A s A taoa-- - do d - - J'9lo{Ruuu0uno{ilil'lnllo0lJtflflnl:5t5il lfl:{n'l:tTlofl'l:]Jailn" (o1R:ilTtur , 2522) a{uu

nr:finrrrursr^oogouunvfiflqrrdrrfiuuionr:dornr:lunr:ril6uuuiln{dril6'u 6srflurfoqii

riold'tn^onr:firirudrrurornurirub,rqj uavrfluruqnrnfil#nuriauluqjd'ru:Jfrrifinr:#u1s d 4 taqat A I s A o r I vtouo'l0rljiln'r5a{ilouailn9?uunnn?lTonqilnu taun:{ ?1:oo'l00vnruvt'lr..r'luo{nfl:fi?ttvtuAaAdrefrsrafrour.rfr{rilud'ruvrurirt#u::qdqnr:r:JduuurJa.rfidornr:fild ilon0mduudanrjrudrnru

fldflff,lrr:ilqfl Qs2s) ffi'ldrvlarur6rulun:rrrrururornr:firfruirru'l{'ir fiillud{ n1:d91{

rJ:vnr^rJ'lnududrurouvirnr:frsurl#urirJ:ssrsu lun:vuruo',rdurjruioudqorJisslsu

dorfiri:ud:rulunr:riruuo ?'r,rruelu uavrirrfiunrrlurdoo#o:Jrs dufie.rnsionr:iliililq{GrnrI

n :r ru rfl u o qiua u o il'rn n fl oinr ?R rfl 'r

srno ssfi?nsrrTuri (2szz: 30-31) hflnrrrur#u'ir nr:firfrui'rufinnrnuuefiel

l. n ?1ildu10 uasnrrruvirs tirrnd:ruriu dsrfi n nrnn:ril du l0rraunrrrurixfrrra

drricg : :J:vnr: 6o

rirurlnnndsritrdqfiordorfiu narurflunrrrucuhuavnlruyi:.:risaadaruti'uzuosri'lu:eru

2. n r r ru rdo n go u r rn u n ?1 il hifi llrot o :' ur ;u ti fi o qi ei o an r u n r : affi rfl u o qjrfu nrdn

duh{v{rhJ{nr::rrun{il ?'r.:rre.nr unsnrffon:srirdrruriu

3. n r : er n n { l o i ur fiu fi o y nJ d uu uil a,r n {ru raio Eru su'hJtu fi svr xfi fi uJ : r : o il'r R 1 :I

d'prd-uloderuriufinvd'osqilrr:{rJ'rR}refinyrirtri'rfiqnlilFFrun:sfirnr:fiduo{eroiln:rrurtxu

soulro{nurirulnqjiirdu:{o{fr'ufirorrurrtul uuoo',odo'.r:firi'rudaruf,iororfioornuu?n?'nloAtnnoul rsu

- n?rildivrtrfi fi sionnilrdofioqnnndrrity uavdrfin6"firfi"i'r1#rJtrmrufi riru

d:rulufion::ruoir1 rsiu nr:f rrlft qrJ:vlovrf nr:a#xluadiur:

- n?1rf rn r.:h fr fr oioqn nofi rn r:wf:l fronfrofr rfr u: fi uarfi ruu il.: r4rlrfl:J:ssrsu

rfinnrrun:r1ofiovfia'ru:',lrudru dAol*ififio?'rilf,;flr1fiionarrrdruhodx16rurtlurufiov

n:srir uiu fflrqjoon:Jrncrou:s frrioufi riruu:r

riufi oivrsra-o !il rinardsuil na an.ru. lorrqrinolrrac{rugfiff r:rl) / 2l

a r r @ 4 A r hYds -6t o

n?1il14tJ1U1O{n1:ild?U5?rJU{:?tJ6l{ n'l:nqnnattasnEilnu tolJ tofl1d [ufl1:u'l

miflurn:eir{"1 fifioEilnldl#ffiorJ:ylsrydunvn:oilnqililirlU1r'r:trasd€rrriusirs"l n1ilnmsfi

rfluoqi lqufi oo^u :avfir{sruri Qs27) ldndmli'jt "nt:fidaud?ilno{il:sflrm fro nud

rl:sryrryuu$oqrururffnru1fian?lildrilr:n,uo{sruto{ lunt:ffsrnt:tlasn?uflxtnr:tdttncnr:v @t - o ia rr .l zt I S 41 o 4e - 6

R:s0luvttvtu'tfl:ilnsiJ00ufl15r{nomilog9rod{nil tTlolJ:v Iuru9oft'l:a'l:{1ltr?9lvl1{llfr:uSR0

lu n s d{ n il n'r il n ? 1 il 6 1 tfl u o d x a ru f,n 6'aG 1 u g r u v rrru r fi n ti'l n ru'

6dt0'rRn?lilnnriluen{6,| uooydEiln?1il?nJruflo{rnr:ftri:udrruld'ir rflutiorfir;nna

run v n ri u n u uX u fior do r tiu lu 16o r n r r ru do.: nr: ua v n r : til 6 uu urJ a s fi dos n r : ds fi nra n : vvrrl

Inusr:rsioeruro{uard?u:?rJ 0ilrfian'r:arfierJ6^rifiodrrlqodrrudu$io1#rfiornr:rdduu

urJnrsrrilddooo'.rrrfu leuilrilinurn:oirs1 iifi oqiilrl#b?rfi nrJ:vlusri

att IR:su?uRtttJd?t{:?lJ

n r : fi rf ru d r il { o'i q n n n 1u fi o n : : ru z uir 1 o r o fi riau d eru1u du sr o u1o,iurr ou n dsa g dug e

il:oflarutunoun rpr fnirrnr:ldurisfrurioduoousirq"l flo{fion::il'l{unnsirtriuoon'lilra

na'l?no

white (re82:z:z) ldnrilrli'jr nr:firirudrrurj:vnou'lrjfieu s fi6 fififirurr 6onr:

firiaudrrulunr:slefiuhirov'l:nr:riruavdrodt'l: fififiaor donr:ficiaudrrutduaavtunr:q a r6qa ihgr- c q

firuur nr:arfiorJ6-:ifrnr:qrrufr"tddeduln uavfrfifiarru fionr:ficiruiarutunr:uilrilunra

:J:vIuryffirfinornnr:rirrfiunu tioAoldr+iu,firu6n'irar:vtirrTrgzuornr:firi:ud:ruluil:snrr

fi + finr:riril'rilr^o'ritu'r fionr:ficiru:'ur1unr::J:sttJ^ug{aR'l:drtu^usrufifirolil

cohen uav uphoff (1980: tss) dsfinalilt#udoon#olfiu InsldurirrJ:cmnnr:fiI r U9,dl I A

cl?u:?tJ t?tljuil:emil no

"'1. nr:firfrudriltunr:frqfrult il:vnor'hlfiru g lTunou fio ?r?rudprfrulodrrfiu

n r: dn fr u t o ua v d'n fr u 1 o rJ q :io^n r :2. nr:firf'rud:ulunr::Jfrrifrnr: il:vnordrunr:dflldqudruvrinurn: nr:

r?ur:nasnr::J:vcrutonrrrudrrufro

3. nr:firi:udrrrluarnrJ:vlumftridrovrflunrnrJ:vlumivrrrdru{nq narJ:vlusri

m t dr n u u?o ff a il : v lumici'ru r; n n n

4. nr:fiei:udrrtunr:il:vrfiurun

lnnra m:ro$a'Nd ?t1l1t?u'l55un5tl| / 22

4 t nlr J ,r I e

o s nrire "t6'jrcjunoufi il:vvrsufr rf rudrru n?:0sr€ild{nsinr:fifl nr:duurilqnr

ruasd1u.rEflo.:iltgnr nr:ficirudrrtunr:rtuniltrasn'r:il6'rTfinr: ficiruiurlur.rnrJ:slssri

rrn vfi rirudrrutunr: il:vffi u na Olr'ru, zszz)

lugrJrornr:firi:uirru cary (rs76) ldurirlftflu s g:Juuu AUi6o

t. rfluarurfin

2. rfluaufin{r{rdur:J:vqrudra9ra63. rUildil1Snflil:01nr{u

4. rflun::runr:

s. rflu{rirnfoil:snru

uuoolodff,'ldmiuruiltor{firiaudrruoonrflu 3 uuu 6o {n:vrirnr: friuranr:n:sri rrravarnr:arsufirl:J n: :fi nr rud e:szq'l ldaqrJ uu rLcrornr:fi cirudaru l{ t o uuu do

1. nr:firi':ud,lrll:vqru

2. nr:firi:u:"rruoontQu

3. nr:firi'rudrrurflufrrirdr I v I4. fl1:rJd?u:?rJdrJRlufildr I q d5. f'r1:tJd?u:?tJdtlflluEldrtd9v6. RlsrJCI?U:?rJ[lJUflflnS?U

7. nr:firi:udulflufu?Inn

8. nr:fi rirud:rurfl uffiGuaio{rdn

s. nr:firirud:rurflufil#u:sqtu

to. nr:fi cirud'rruooniaqqrJn:ni

El ! r th I | 4 t r01Rn?'lufi u'lultnuRSvu?ufl,r:R'r:tJd?u5 ?tJ vlo0scrEil t0?lR1:ud?u:?rJ1,o{

rJ:snryurflunr:rflnIonral#rJ:vryrsu'ldr{srurfrnunril n?'rrJrrlrJr:n naonounr:ld-jatquAoa4rv.a4yt:?1|u'lfr:milog tunl:ilotu114:oo'ltuuR'l:t:o{911{dl ou0vtJr{aR:gvtuo{9tuloil qilsultag

drnru Inufiriru:'rxsirusinr:flnu116oufilqur nr:fieflrefinr:ufiflqur nr:fiofiulnuncrrrI t ra oaq a s t a I a JIrflu n1:t11:?tJlJAUn [Un0n::ilunv ]n:{R1:9t1{dl f'r1:919rst1tJruauauu:ulutt9.tn :?ilyt{fl1:

,,loAvl

:?tJ:lJ t'losolJ{'luvl{:sulJou'l(ln:u?{ t:

OAAutl|enn?ns1a0 ufi 1?n0'la0!r404 fln.u. (olyqlanurras{lilqfifi: zu) I 23

ifo {'etiifi ruasio nrtfi daudaui r u € q .r ! t q ree-9 a o I

n r : fr il : y e1 su o s do fr u h fi d r u d r ru tu n r : :J fr rifi un u Til ?'r^Fr so r lu fi o n : : r fu 1 fis

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dr u q n na ua s n d il nu ua v fl 0 ffum r dr u n r: sr^o si o do ar : dtrfl u n r : iu f{o4a d rn^o du o'ro o'l u

o ud90 g d tnyv lailon o{ilry t?{n?lil[?lu [?o{u no

t. ilrfitrmrqs:s$fi nunsd'rnn

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Iouqnnafifianrunrllmr{d{nilrrnvro:ugfiodr rsr{rdarulufion::ilsirs1 flo{ExJsurloun'iria s a ! 9t .y 4 cr / -----rlnnnfifiaarunruuxdrnrurraurfl:sgfioqr uonolRliuudr (drsfi.rlu fl:'lri, zszg) ldf,nur

uurisdrurouasnr:dnfiulo'[unr:ulrdrrudrru^un^on::ileil{"; nuoqununioililo l3 daurJ: d.r

narornr:flnury{u'jr nlrufuavnrrrutfiurrrrgtnnrsdrufi rirunnnlduuqrqnrvirfilil?n 9 ttut rj r @ - A a9d r et A It A a

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nt:{losfiuols€Uln::il lunornqumv{il14lun:" IoufiinqrJ:vaqr{lunr:iffu firnr:finstldn:rudsdnsilvnx'lild?ilfrocforil:sflrutunr:florfiuorrqrn::ru uaccitrc?illfirl:ssrru

d'rrufrofiuflosriuorvtgrn::ru1uqruru{orflurfiilu,odu tunr:dnsro9od*u.il il:vvrrufinurufnrrrur{rlouavtr{nr',urryururr.ldnvflorfiurTrJ0rnols€u'rR::rufirn^nduluqruvu naon0u

rf, l r# u n l ru d r rirg l u 16o r fi d'r u il : v sr ryu lu qru ru fi n rr ru d rru ru'o fiu rio qunu rdo fl s q fiu

n a t ru d :ru fi o fiu ln u fi n r : ri r utr do rdo u rh u tu a y urn rh u un v rfi n n r r il n : s il fn fl 9o u r{o_ g q ga r 4 v v a il on:v{ulfrnnnrrru: rrufroriuriuurs:rrynr:rfloflorfiuorsculnr:il il:vsrryum:rudsnt:

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(nr:flnst :ru'ldqtl fnnsr{rirrufinn::ruodrsu{rduilrnn'irnufifianruR'r}ryn{drnrudr

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n?1ilu1?u'rutunr:oqjorduoqjturi'uuo^u finrrrudlnffudriu:ydurornr:fia.rudrilcJor

il:ysrryu

oriusi a::nfi odro z eszg) ldflnu rr6oq nr:fi riau d'rrulunr:nruqilo1s€u1n:iil

to.:{rf,norfrulurqjriruffoc::ttqrrrnsil nE{ryry{ilillun5 nu'ir il:vsrn:firnufi:J:sanai vnr:airfiu:fiuorryEurR::il firirud'rrulun1En?ilfpJors6u'rR::ililrnn.irnrjrurJ:sryrn:fihjrnufi

rJ:vaunr:alrfi urriuorrqrRs:rJ uncil:vryrryufi fi narrudrufiuf6'urfiourhurlou

q n qu d ito fi ru aflad efi z) t d'i t'u fl il.j r il o o'g rL r r rJ : v R r : fi o : r ru dil rfiu f,si o n a r ru fi pr

rrf ulunr:rJq^:i6truflotdu:J:rr:J:rilorrruln::ilcrordr:rourr:1lla lduri orq orfin uasr cA @

u 5 y nil fl 15 flt rn u?fl lJ olsElJ'ln5 : il

ilullln'lnula0 ufi l?n0'lagufl aa dn.!. (o1ryqlin01[las{'nrqn!55il) / 3 I

riuffr, ffusr'il:vnr (2szo) 'ldrirnr:if,urdor nr:flnurnr:iuflsinrln:vororfiu{flo.1

tRuo:n:lurr,iriruirlvru naorsTu ftrirrfiur drrn{rn:rfr.rlux drmoduriruur ffrmio

un:rJgru rw'h ivr grfl u duu.u"rfi ft nlrudrd'cgr rnfi qn frfi iufl runosr{rrurfi d:uirrururn

fi n :r ru fn {r o n r'ro u'ro du

riqffu :snfi fi n: Qs32) ldfi nurfl ri'rrfi fi p'rnsionr: fi rirudrrulunr:fiorurqruvu9 | q Gl rY o 4 r9 @ | o s v

lto'1HOgO1flU [Ur1j9t?t{lj'lu09rfl::fiUltJO.: ?rUJlU09rfl::[VrltlJ5VVrlU OltROlJlitR:?U 0{14?9

d r dr 9o J quuvrq: ilu?r nr:ruuHurvr{uonuav ruqlrsu nr:tfluarurfinnrjrufion::rurr^noiofii{ri'r rlas

nr:ldiucirrar:rfisrr1ufion::rutuEruru ftnrrrudrurfruffiinr:frriruderutunr:fiwur ri:u

:vriunr:f,nuruavn?'uJflnrrrur{rtolugrJur:lnr::liur:qrurunqjrhuoruros'hifinarrudrur{u:i

tilnr:firf'rudrrulunr:fislurqrusu d.raos,nflordtlnnnr:flnulcJol ol:u'r isuR^o es26) d

nu'ir nr:rfluarur6nnrjruovfinrrrudrurffuddrnr:firfrudrrulufion::rutorgudt{ourrdnrdn

zuos{:Jnn:or

ilrfin ffun{oil3q Qfis) ldf,nsrrfo{ nr:firirudrrroril:vryrsutunr:florfiu

:J:ruil:rruorrqrn::rulurcrsri:Jpl^osourosanrfidr:roun:ura#'ru{:rq nuirnrudnuafroq

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n'iril:vsrsufi ruornrndnsaiile{dr:roludrun:r

rf ufrR: qa::arYvni (zslr) 16'dnu rrdoq nr:fi rf eudrilfl o.{or rfl dlin:fl gsfiufiu

rlltuuntfsutunr:florriuilqr.rroruqrfl::rJ turlnffw{ierun:ilg:r nyir nr:firirud'rilcro.r

orarafin:florfiurYurhuna16outunr:flo.:rTuorrryrn::ruoqllu:sdudr ludruro.:floffurirur 4 o t - , !, Ao v q 4o a t I r a q

qnnn nrjr nr:flnsrttaydlrildrmxdrnrurvirriufrfrn'rrrudrur{u:in'unr:frri:udrilodrlilfuo, q -aaA v I ct il q v v I I v A g q}t

?fln[Uyl1{dnnm:volJ 0.05 rf?u tu9llulJ00UVl1{d{nil v'llJ?'l nl:ilsYEilRUtTloui]lu nl: tl4

nrrrudrritgoioilqurorsqrn:Til ,,uro.lududndflordr:'rorvir#udftnrrrudrufiuf,tirnr:fr

ci:udaruodxfiriudrn'ryvrrrafisr'fi:sd'u o.os ornruanr:?f,urirlr?vr:ru'ir sirurriwrrdsnil

runvnr:1d'nrrrudrd'rgoioflqr.rrorvqrn::rufinrrrudrufiuftirnr:fiaeud:rulunr:flocfiu

olTGulR::rJ ti'uludlrn'':qvr^flraar drunr:qvr^flrl:{{'ru rracdrunr:qvr^nm:-neifiu

lngra r::roYatd nun'1il'l55uRr:l| /32

r A v I v a rl A dao I qR1:ttfl?{14'ln?'1il5?lJtJo0lnoldldlJn:lJo{lRuRUtl'luT'la[:ou miln1tll4u{vl1{d{nil

rnAililrndu rrnun?Trrusrirdrirorrrur{rlouriorararTn:florfiufiurlhuv{atfoul#uXu'irnr:lri'

n'rrrudrfitgoioilcynrorrrg',nrrurfu ovrirh1vr:rudsnarrurflutiltosortsuln::u unsu'uru?

m rr lu n r : fl o r fiu'[dr1 nt nr v

o rnnr:flnu rr ru?fru{rs dunoa:rj'lddr

r. il:sryrryufin'nrufn':rrur{r1o unsl#nrrruile,rurilfiovfloqfiuriuorou',"rg',orrud

rn^orduluqruru il:yryrryuluqurufin:rruierufioriuvitqruvurdoflorriuoucgrn::rutfluodrrd

"t lrrglo I a - A 9l a | 4 v

nf orur{.:h{rn-onrrruiriliioriurrs:rrynr:rfroflorriuorurXrR::rJ :J:vryrryun:rucr'rnr:do

enruu:ndo*rluqrumiifirfu doq:'rilfioriudmvrfinnafisionrrildailfiolunr:florfiuorrqr

R55IJ

z. ilofruiifinrasionr:firiruderuroril:r"'.r"utfuduoqifi:rfloffuvn{tortl urys nr:dnsru d lrtg j a4 rq Y A 4 A a

flu19n:oiln:? olsTt :1u to ttavfl']'uJUl?u1uvrolf,uog tuvlo{nu tlav0]Rn'l5f,Ru1l:0{R1:il

a:ud:rutun'r:n?ilrpJorsrulR::il{or{finorfiuluul,jrlru6'oa:: nu'ir :J:vryrn:firnsfi

rJ:varnr:afrfiu'rtirorrqrn::ru firi':uierulunr:n?ilrltJolsty'rn::rJrJ'rnn'ir:J:vnn:fi'[rirnu

fi il : s au nr : alrfi u riil o r sru r n ; : n

l. o rnnr: flnurfrsnrir ?vr grfl u dourarufi fi narru drrTryrurniiqe' rfli#ufl ril rnos

rulrrurfirfruderurrn finrrrfn{rorrloulodu n:rrudarfiofloraufinryru:ruirnqorararTn:lu

n r : u ffi ci r r o 1 sru'r R : : il a:r r fi n t#n : r ru i r ru ru^o rfl u o d x 6

:J:ysrruhitrfln'rrrud'rrufrorilr{rrarirfirir:rn tfiuou',0'toarmotrtuqjl s il:cnr:fio

t. drrilq0rnuqdnr:aftrorrir:rotor

z. a r ru q o r n il : s m su fl^er 14 ir 1 u n r : rJ g^rio^r r u cJ o s d r : r o

,g3. dllfi9]01nn?1iloouuoflo{r:vulJ:'r!trR1:rtauunaln:suq{q a r ia t@ o4. dlr?{q01nilflufi9rflo{lJ:cslsumilognila'r:?0

riarfi srinsrdu rmrinurdoufi na an.u. (ouqrinornarmugn'r::!) / 33

nr:iffun#{drfl unr:?f,srfirdr:an (survey Research) dltirnr:rfi u:eu:eru{oryalnu

wN4#4xilnfi 3

tduluaouo'ru #odriuuospirrfiunrrluofus,outo{nl:dg1{rndo.:fiolunr:tHu:eu:aru{orya

(urre srorru) fli6'uld'flnsrdun{rrruif,ufirfiurc?o{uas'ld},Tflurrniorfrodrnrimerilar oaao ju /4

: vtlj ulj?t? 0 uYl tgrflflH'lu'l

s.t il:wrn:rfl rfi il'ruuavnqiuffaodrt

r.r.t rj:srrn:rflrnrurs

il : s m n: rfl rn ru r s lduri {rJ : v n o r orfi n du : o ufi o diu fl'r o d fi dr fin o gilurr or

#:ucnrs rJ:vnoudruar.rn:aiufinei#loduritu,firtin u?fvrsirst ,firu:u +s urir dsftdruruff

dr:nrrffndiuffNdsdu 6ruru r,4s7 nu

s.r.z ncft.rfi':oeirr

rJ:vryrn:fi ririlrflnuriffuo#oif fiu fr:J:vnolordndr:nufi od$ufl.'on{onut

ludrfiorcrer#ruterorndruruflrJ:vnuuolrn{od, +s urir rrur{odu r,4s7 nu ffiffurirnuo

nrjrufrrodrrorrruifinr:rfunuo ,urod uav ruodunu(Krejcie & Morgan)(n:lisrrf niis:f.,zsqo)4 a @ t o | , a I a t lJlg t I

fr rfr rnnir orn iruru:J:vs1f'r5 1,500 :1 u nvdonnejrud:odt ld'fi ruaufiifr u 334 :rs

r.z rniodiodlflunr:?ffg

o 4 ae J : tas bsoe, a ,9 - 3 dt a 4ltun15flRU1?0Un:{tU fl?0U t9t tqrrtuilrToilnlil${cl5'l{tlae?If;[u1ltulJ'ltljuln:o.1uo

lunr:ffi u:'ru::ru{oryardodrrur?rn:rvr{

r.z.t nr:a#uuuudououJtta@tigo A -y J t u ri

ry? 0 u tea llu 1rfl 1: d: 1{ tt]J :J do:-r o 1tJ 91 1lJfl ugl ouao lilu

I t f o6 I t'o$

lngra r:tlofu:ld if;drrfiunrrifrs lra

4 Ai 9 v as J j' = 4 c3.2.I.I flnulvtlJvt?u?::srR5:lJvllRU?llo{RlJR'.l5?0Un5{lU [9lUflRUlltagn',l

lYol o aq a a ain ?lilr{il t0 01R9t 151 ?'l: d1: 9'.ln{1ufl1:?0 u lofl tl'l: ltas?vlulullutYl

rfi ur{orfiurdorrrfi uatiunr:fi rirudarulunr:fl orriuorrqrn::ru

3.z.l.z flnurnunru :srfi uuiiifruvrrrdsnilfl dnf rnnu^nlunr:ooRulJlJ6q?OU

3.2.1.3 ri rr unrdou rrnsd?ril:zuosritoriltuullrl dorJ0'rtJ fi 'ldornnr:vr:LA 9 o o Gr tdo

yt ? 1l ?: : 0r R : : u r14 0 cf 5 1 { t rlj lJ do lJ o'ttJ I tas R't 14 1l o n'l n'Iil t14 il a R g il e

n : ounqilrdofi rfi do.: nr:dnurt, lgoAyay

3.2.1.4 d:1{rlulJdounlil9t'lrJlJu90u rtn?illuulJdouo1ilmd:1{r:ulj:ou

3.z.z.r ri ru ii t rfl u ri r o rrurfi uT firl {o ryn rie bJ fi ru il o f,m x il : v mn :q lyt d e d av g idr r v r C

rfl:u$n0fl o.r9JlJ:unoilolfl1t1:J:orlvtfl Gr5il01,tlvtlilunqilfl ?0ul.: ctr{t

n s ldrfl u frr uil : 6a: s (Independent Variables) lu nr: f, nu riffu

3.2.2.2 rf ru ii z rfl ud rnrrufiurtirnrrruaultuavnr: irfilrXrrorytgln::il

dr rfl ufl n frudrudqnilro{unudR'rnrr?odoilfl o{ {rJ:vnouorfind:ra Av 9) iq . a r

: olrvtfrGrslJ 0 1{il tilu nqila ?o u'l{

3.2.2.3 riruii : rfl u{oryafi rfi urfiunr:fi rirud:rulunl:fl o{ fluCIlsqln::il

t o r frrJ : v n o u o r fi n dr : n uri n fi ir flr r fi rfl u n ejru frro tirs ds o v l#1fl u

6'r t til : q rxJ (Dependent variables) lu n r: fl nu riflu

3.2.2.4 riruii 4 rfl urirnrrurfi u:riu{orauorruufl o{dil:vnouorfir{dll:o

ufi nfi irL flrrfi rfl un{ruoirodr{crornr:fi cirudrrulunr:fl orfiuorrqr

I q99 a 4lt[6'l 1r4{vr : r qar'10l0r :'l0doiln?1iltli u{sr:(t (Content validiry) ttns

uu ydrudludol#uulaoil nrild'u.n:n iqlffi udsfi dornr:flnur

3.2.r.s d ruu aouolilrJrrrr{"lfl rliurJqs{ounudos udr6.rrirurudoufl 1il

lilvroaorn rc?oil nildo{r (pretest) ud'eudlttfieuq:oftfi onlru

ril il 1v?ril1unr:rfi r:?u rurdoryao?roio'hl

r.z.z fincotvuuudoilsril

ruljufloilnlrutlrilrflu + ri:u dld

R5:IJ

rioufi oivrordo rlil rinurdo!fr na an.l. louqrinorua:uuq6rrr!) / 35

4413.23 nltnOdOUtRtO{lJO

A a as !, ! tto- utrtoR r : vr o d o u rnis c fr o n r : ? fru n is fi ffi ffu 1 dri lu^u n 1 5 vt et doil d{ fi

3.2.3.r ilruru aornrrufi nitunt:er:?0douuavud'ltrJirLrJqs{ounudosorn

{vr : r q or pn^ l:J ri r n r : vr sr do u (Pretes0 fi u rlo q a o r n n rj ru rl : v rr n : dt

fidnusrvfiugrulnd'rfiurtTrnrjrurJ:vsrn:fid'otnr:flnur 6o tril:snororfindu:oufindiilflrslurrn6uuor,$rueu 30 nu lount:

rf ru frr o ti r I t ru I rit to^tg (Accidental Sampling)

3.2.3.2 rfi o tdur :L aou n r ru fi fi rn r : vr er dou R dll du ru r 6s ri r'l:Ja^rn : rs fr.r rrir

n rr ru rdoriu (Reliabiliry) rdo :J il rJ q r,,filn o', n rfu6q ri r hJ t'f,rfi u: ru

: aru{oryn o rnil:vmn:tfl ril rur ueiolil

3.3 n1:rfiur?ur?il{o{a

fri6'uld'ri rnr: rfi u :ru:eru{orya orn{rJ:vnor ordndu:nufi n6i$rt fltsluttn?Tau

flnrdrusruro{ Inuclon?'riloqrn:1sr{nrn{f,onr:u?fvr #t.:duriru6rfrn cun:aiufind lu

nr:il:varurrurTufrrJ:vno:Lordndu:nufinfiilflxfiqnrfionrflunriruoYrodt odsrioudrrfiu

nr:rfiu:::r::ru{orya friffu16'ofiu',ud',,ooor'tudrdtgtotnr:frnurif,uluo$odl#ncjrurJ:vm

n:rfl rurursldr{rlo uasif; nr:nourruudo:loruornrfu6rtdu:eu:rru{oryaornnrudorlolil

rfi o ri r'l:Jirn : rvr{si o l:J

3.4 n1:iltsil?aflauavn1:etnt'lv#{orya

rfio ffit'uldr6r :rrl:rrurloryadsnrirunr€ uu go uudao vfi rnr:n:?0n?'uraruq: ofrorstttyssolnlaad

ltlj :.1 do il n'lilvt {r 14 rJ a : ? il vr.{ lJ 1 [u il o do u ctil ilns'ru 9r { u

3.4.1 r::alrfin:af{oryurdutt.odoiln?'rlrdrJ:;:af nrrugndouniudrunsn?ril

rfluronnrvrtor{oryn

3.4.2 d ril uoracl fl tlruil : v'fi rn:i:.r drn f,i rtuilrf ollo'nl

3.4.3 ri rm u o: fia{oryanrr{fi onr:ar:rTa ft ffi t'uldfrorrirduuav r,irunrrrurfi u

vou orn {r : sr;nr'trfi udr unvfi rnr:at :fia (coaine Form)

'lnara rrrruoiarrd

3.s 46fifi1fr'lunrr?ffg

ffirirrfiunrridu r re

3.4.4 rfi o a s : fi'ar€ uu #osnd'r 6ui r: fia{o ryu d lfl tt riu fi n n slu rruuri rm f; n

(disketre) daurn6osnoun':rsrof:J:vil?n?{n lnuldl:J:un:rudrr$ngrldrrnil

n r :ifrum rs d{ n il nr an f SPS S-PC+ (Statistical Package for Social Sciences)

Saoao r n rlu6s fi rn r:Trn : r s r{{o rya oi o bJ

o As lJ 9o- 14961 9l aaC a s I I

lu nr:ifrun ir fi {?ffo 161,ff adsr rfr oo6urudnu ilvdorynror nrjuJ: r urn: uasill. v v I I a , -Jnln?lildilTtu5:vl4?l{sr?rrlj5 0{u

3.s.1 n1:dEilrr::uluEilduf6rornejrufreodrr duldnri flrffuilrqil:ss'tR:

rf,:u g fi 0uas d.:n:r naoo 0u n'r:fi rirud:ru1unr:fl orfruorrqrn::ruror{

il : s n o :r o rfi u riu : n ufi n 6iu flr{ In uldan^6n : : oll (Descriptive statistics)

lduri dsr:rriruiosns (Percentage) rirfrfirurnzunfio (trrteans) uasri'lujlIu{tuttilla:Slu (Standard Deviation : SD)

3. s .2 fl 'r : m a do il drJ il 6s l u rrn v n r r ern : r y rt'u r ri r n a r ru dru r{u f,: s u'i rr d:urJ :6 a : s u a v d: u il : n r u I o u 1 da fi sr^ rd'u o, r m a o il d rJ rl er's r ula fi sr^ dr s 6 q

(Inferential Statistics) t#afifinr:vrnaolfi (ttest) tdefiffirn:rsfn:rru

rurl : il : ru:vn'h'rn{rufiunrrruuil:il : runrulunr!ru (F-ratio) nr:irn:rsd

n?1iluil:il:ru (ANoVA)

ilucnslngla0 l|?tmngla0llfi oa fln.llt. (olxqliyrsrrds{ruqfirr Eu) | 37

unii 4

a er,

runR1:?itu

n l:d rrduonnnr:iffurdo{ "n?ril irruru^otsrnu du:n uudiu fftartr:arc (ufi n6il lu

nr:flosfiuil6U?ilorsqrn::ru flnurrqilrvrc,o#eu{?'r.rr" ldurirr,rnnr:ifrsoonrflu + rirudrfi

4. L floo'uriruqnnn

4.2 floffuvnrdrudsnru dqr:srdoru

4. 3 nr:fi rirudeilflosnuciu:ouff nd lunr:flostiuilrgurorrqrR:Err

4.4 n1:vrodoudruufrgru

a.r {lo6'sGi?uqnna (nffiN l)

4.r.1 nrjrudrodrrflurwsryrs #ouns 97.0 unsrr'rf,rfrr 9ounv :.0

4.t.2 nrjrudeoeirrfiorq zt-:0fl #osav 3r.z o'ulrt-+ofJ $ouav 40.3 o1tl41-s0fl

#osas 22.4 o'tqsr iJduhJ $ouns o.t

4.1.3 nrirudrodr.:fi:vrTunr:flnsr il.t-il.0 9ouas ss.t rJ.t-rJ.o $ouns gs.t ilrs.-

:Jea. gouav z.z uurdul louav z.a

4.r.4 nrjrudrodxrirLdocraurvXmr $ounv gg.4 uavfllaurn?ad $osds 0.6

4.r.s n{rd':odr.rfianrunmlan 9osns 19.8 eril:dudroqjdrerf,u $ouas os.g

eil:arrd:rrrrnriuoqj $ounv s.q uil'tutrarjrirr gouas z.a uurdul $ouns o.o

4.r.6 nrjrurTrodrrft:ruldeiorfioil 2,001-3,500 ulvr $oerav g.+ :ru'[d 3,501-5,000

urn #ounv g.+ :ruld 5,001-6,500 urm #oelas t+.4 :rs'ld 6,501-8,000 rl'lvl

gounv gs.o :ru'ld r,oo, ulrduhj fisrrflu$sunu 37.8

4.r.7 nq'rudrodrrfi:vuvnnrlunr:d:vnousrfrfl t-sil #ouav G7.4 xvuvLxal 6-10

fl gosas z0.g ivuvl')ar 1r-lsfl Ssunv 7.0 unusuusr?ar 15flduhj $ouas

4.7

lnara r::ruoia,lld nanrrif,s I n

4.1.8 nrjufraodrfi4firirruroqilunrnorviuoontfiwtufiournfiqn $ouns 63.4 R1n

nal{ $ouas 9.3 nq{tvrv'tur4run: $ouns g.o nrntnfro Sounv 7.s nrnns{u

oon 9ouas 7.5 uasRrnld $ouav r.g

4.r.g nrjrudrodrsfiarurfinlun:ornirdru?u 1-3 nu 9ouav 3s.6 6ruxu 4-6au' gouas ss.z ,firuru 7-g nu#ounv g.6 uasdru?u t0 nudubj Souav o.o

4.1.10 nrjru6'rodr'hirnuflnrflu,nduulnqln::ru $ouas s9.s tnunntflutilduurttgr

n::u gouns e: uurdul $ouav o.g

erln{ 1 riruauuasfrosav{ssnduoirodrr,$ rilunsrrililo ffudauq nna

{loffudaur;nna druau (gsn) Sosav (roo.o)

1.1 mfl

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sr "r:'rir f ,irueuuav{ouavrsrnrjruffaodr.r,f ruunsnilfloffudaurlnna (sio)

{loo'ucfauqnna tiruau (ml) $osas (1oo.o)

1.5 d0lunlTtdiltflr leor eru:audroqidaufru

r dru:dudruond'uoqj

. riruluddx.:,. o-u1

r.o :rs'ldf

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r 3,501-5,000lt'tvl

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r nrnptfio

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er'r rr{ 1 riruauuas$oemsrornqiruffaocir,r tfl rffi nsrrililoffuciauqn na (sio)

iloffudauqnna tiruau (gre) Yosas (too.o)

1.9 siruauffiIrf, nlunrounYa

I 1-3 nu

r 4-6 Ftu

r 7-g nuII to nufiubj

t.to nrrnnrflurndooruqrn::il

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118

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300

31

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4.2.r nrjrudaodxl#narrudrrTqoioilcynrorr€ulR:iil rurnfiqo $suas 53.6illn lsunv 35.6 ilrunnr gouny s.r #ou$oem s 2.4#oudqngounu 0.3

4.2.2 nrjruoTrodrr6osruldraar:o1$Eu1n::ilorndosir.r 1 rflurJ:vdr gouas se.o rflu

u,oofo $ouav 42.s ulur o9o guuus o.g hirnu gouas o.o

4.2.3 ncjrud'roeimsr^oorrJcir?dlrorstulR::ru ornnfsdou^ud gsuav t4.4 ivrq gouac

z+.0 lvr:frsri #ouav r r.o

4.2.4 nrjrudrotirs fi :sriunrrrudrurt'u f,ri:lflru urft fi dr:roluqruru rurnfi qn gouas

1.8 illn $ouas o.o:Jrunarr fouas st.zilsu$ouns z+.siloufrqn $ouac te.r

4.2.5 nrjrud'rodxst^ereioil:serurrutirrflrurlrfidr:ro rflurJ:s'fir $ouas o.o rflulr.r

o9s $uuu, 60.3 u1u r o9o guuu v 23.7#oururn $ouav rs.a

4.2.6 nrjrufrrodrrfinrrrufinr#usionr:td'irru?nr:ornrffrnrfifirfir:.rr 6rurn $ounv

a.s 6 Younv go.g ilrunarr 9ouav so.o #ou gounv g.o #oururn Youas +.s

ilufl fl 1ng'lau !ff 11n01aouiloa dn.u. (olsqlimsruas{luqfilrril) / 4l

4.2.7 nq'ru dao thr'ldr{rfunr:ou:nuiou1rdrrufi on::rlunr:fl oqtiufl qnrorrcgr

n::rurfluil:s{r gouny t.s rflurrnfs 9uun, 34.0 ulu "l ng{ iouas rz.r

doururn $ouav a.z lilrnu Sounv +s.o

4.2.s nrjrufirodrfi nerun^o r#ufiuuurfi ooirr 1 oiohJff

4.z.B.r nr:florriuilsur4'ror:rq1n::rurflufi.r6rrfluotir,:8sdtriuEruru rfiu

droodrfu Souns ge.+ rlXudru gouns :.e

4.2.8.2 n r : iu flri r': dr5 o 1 s6Ur n : : rurfl u ds 6 rrfl uo tj rr8s sio n r : fl o r fiu fl rXr r

olsqln::illudufinuoviru ufudruoeir& $ouay ze.g r#udau $ou

av 23.4hiuri1o $ouas o.s

4.2.8.3 n r : 1#{orynrirrar: uf on'r, d,r',r,,arfi uafirL {n:vfi rn rrru fi o rfl ud.r 6r

rfl u o ei r.:0r si o n r : fl o s du fl tg r.r r o r vq r n : r ru 1 dlu du fi or o r yi r u rfi u

druodxfu iouns at.t t#ud'ter $ouav zq.q lxiudto $ouac r.z lilrfi udruodrsu^r $ouas t.z

4.2.8.4 n r :dur fr o fr:lrflrnrfi dsir: ao 6n q ril or: rodun rfrn:yfi rnrrru ru^s,rfl udr' 6rrfluodxBrsionr:flor6'uiltgnrorrrgrn::ruldlududruoriru niu

dremthg^r Younv og.t rfiud:u gounc rs.r'hiuilh gouny r.z hir#u

dru#ouav o.o

4.2.8.s nr::'rrufi orfl ur ruruh?fi:lrffrrrirfi d r:rnlun:dfi fi nr:n:sfi rfinrfin

duluqunurfl u d{6rrfl uodrc&eionr:fl o.rdufl qil'rors6urR::uldlu

dufic,owiru uiudruodrs0s $osav so.s uXud:u $osas +z.o hiudlogounv o.: kiuiudrugosay o.o'hirfiud:uodr8s $ouav o.o

4.2.8. 6 n r : r{ru r r n n r n du ua s n : ? 0 sr i'm o { rfrr n rir d rfi r : a o rfl u fi ,:'fi r rfl u o d xA f_ I v at l4tq i i r d I t au{fl onl:ilo{nuiliul.t1ols€u1fl ::il ta tuiluytfl o{tvtlu r?tu9t?uoul{tu{

$ouav et.a tfiud:yu #osnv :o.o hiurito Souas r.z trirfiud:sodr0.r

fouas o.o

4.2.8.7 nr:aoqGfolglrn R1:st:?ttel:trlaufl'l:rflr:vft tuqrururo.:virurfl udo

'fi rrfl uodr&sionr:fl octiuilqr.rrorrqrn::ruldluduiinurviru rtlu

dluodNfu gouns or.s uXudru gouny g+.2'hiuillo #ouas 0.6 lilruXudrugouas 0.6 hiniud':uodrqOq fouay o.o

lnsra rrrroiartd nanui6o I +z

4.2.8.8 n1 : ffa ou : :J u6ol#n:rruflnrrrur{r1o tunr:fl orfiufl rgurorrrX'rR::rr

uriil :smruluqruvu rowirurfl u dt 6rrfl uodrfu sionr:fl ssfiuiltgur

o'rs€u1n: :il ld'luffluiicrorviru uXudasodNft gouav oo.srfi udrs

#ouav rs.g'lriuiltr $osas g.o lilnXudru9ouas o.o

sn:'lr z siruaurav{osasqrosncjrufiaodrs tflrffinnrilitofreriruff.rnruuardqraodou

ifofi'udaur;nna oiruru (sgl) {osas (too.o)

2.1

I

I

t

I

I

nr:lt{n ururir irqoioilqilroruql Rr:flj

il]nilqo

il1n

ilrunax

rloer

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t tflu:J:sdr-9r rflurrrnir

r uluto9o

r ohirnu

2.3

I

I

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2.4

T

I

I

I

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ilriqdofiild

irqsettYttYtflu

n a rru#rufiu#ffu rffr nr?r d ei r : a olu q ru ruj

rJ'rf'rilqa

ulf'l

rJrunnrs

llouttA

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187

r42

3

2

48

247

39

179

ll9

27

8

I

6

20

17l

83

54

53.6

35.6

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2.4

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42.5

0.9

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74.0

I1.6

1.8

6.0

5t.2

24.9

16.1

uStrno?no'ln0 ilil't?1t0'taoilil9a dn.ll. (o1ryq1indltns{uqafrru) / 43

er1:'r{ 2 ,fruruuavsosas{ornqir.rsr'aodr.r druunsrrilr:fofft eiruff{nuuurdou."dou tsiol

rlloo'uaiauqnna tiru:u (rgn) $osas (1oo.o)

2.5

2.6

2.7

A I I V I I40R1 t9t9t9tO1r:v fl 1lt.t'tufllrlo 1fi ill nn1:?odttc

nJuu:901drl

nJlJlJ1{n:{lJ

ulu1n:{rI

UOUUlR

^ c r t'-grv a Y Y a"n?lilnot?rugroR'H t9r:llutRl:o'rRtolfi illnnlt?0

9TJlR

AFI

ilrunarrIuouI

uoutJ'tf)

ttv 4 Y | 6 ORl:t6ul:lJRl:ou:tJ14tot6ul:?tJRo Rf :lJ tl.l

'/vetRr : uo.r RlfiJ qfi r o rucur n::il4to

rljlfiJ5s01drJmlfil'l{n:{

,uludlni{IuoutJlflhttiltnu

lvtaaActvArvnqiruffaodr'rfi narr.rfi orrfi ufi'uuua6ooirq6loio'hJfi

grvstoriodtrARltuo{Rullarillotuatl R::iltuud{o'ttuiloul{g{ovqofl]firilqiluudgra

r14U9?UOUl{U{

d9ttflxI9r?u

2.8

2

196

77

59

15

103

r69

32

15

5

113

4T

T4

1,61,

322

12

0.6

60.3

23.7

15.4

4.s

30.8

50.6

9.6

4.5

1.5

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12.3

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96.4

3.6

luera m:iuo:-a:ld nanrciffo I 44

entl{ z qiruauuav$osavmsnq'rufraodrs tiruunnrruiloffsdruff.rnruilasfr{uaodsil (sio)

iloffuciauqnna ,iruau (rse) Sosas (too.o)

2.8.2

2.8.3

2.8.5

v lrl 6l a o .tl f anrr:il g6|,r?dr:olrqrnrf ililud{olrul{oul{g{llllvet

9r o Rt ruo{Rl{uot?t"tolu an R:f tJdttrAoo

ll4u9t?uou1{u{d9

lfiua?uhrtotuttll t0

atvy I a X i v oRr: til,uoual|'t?fl't:?ffi oRl:utulvlldlRt ?RUR:sn'l

AolAoGrtdruvqcFr9rlundir0iluu ogr{s{9toR1:tJo{Ruilqr/|rorTqr

R':IJd',ra

n4un?uau1{u{d9

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brd I t Atutilila?uoul,ttud

| 4 u lt ct A o A tl y oRlf 5?lJlJORillOrilillnnl:?o9t9t9t1tJ nufi 1fl nsyn'l

n?rilfi n rfl ufisdliluodr.rdssionr:fl osffuilann

oluqrn:frJdsr'rA

rt4lJO?UOUl{U{

dt)t?luo?uu | .qt:Jttu t0

tord IttJt?,til91?u

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d ufl uodr.rdrsionr mlosffurlqmror 5 qr R::rId',ra

tflil9r?uoul{u{d9

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226

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{loffucfauqnna ,$ruau (ssl) Sosas (roo.o)

nr:nhnaonanflu ilaun:?oertrcro{tfftilf1fi rflu

anRt:floQofl{tCI

t r#udrsodr0rr rfiudru

' 'hiurilo

' hirdudauodr0qr

2.t.7 nr:eoodorq!ila Rrin:?oernuavRrafl rtsflslu

qru rurfl udsdrrfl u scir.rd.rsionr:fl o.rffurlqnr

oluqln::ilI u1ud:e,odr{8r

' r#udrs

' 'hiur.ilo

' 'lrirfiudaer

. 'hiuXud:uodm0s

225

103

4

2

2t2

116

2

2

2

67.6

34.6

1.2

0.6

63.5

34.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

il0rrnq?n glas l|?t:l'!n0laglJfl qa an.ru. (orrqrinoruavlrugor'rrsr) I 45

er'nr{zciruauuas{osavilorndrufrrodr.rdruunsrrilr:foo-setru#sRiluasfi rurodsil(sio)

4.3 nr:fi ciaudarurornuffu:oufi nfilun'r:fl ssffurllqnroruq'rn:ril losmrnfiA4olrnJln::il rfiol,u (9r"r:1{ 3)

4.3.r viruosr{rlrJrfiurqlostirrnqnr:oifirfiodu r#udruodrr8r gouns ts.r rfiudau

$ouas zr.r hiurilo gounv :+.2 'lriuludru gounv rs.g hintud:uodrr8r

9ouav tz.a

4.3.2 viruu{sr?rsrfiurfrrrr.irfidr:rovTufi r#ud':uodrr0r iouay e t.o r#ud:u $ou

os 33.s kiurjlo $ounv +.4'hiuXudruotirfu #ouns o.z

4.3.3 viruuffirmolti:Ldorurayu (niu :runr:imq) fiarrur:afiprsiofiurfrril#rfidr:'ro

ldfr'ufi r#udruodr.r0s Younv :s.+ rfiudru $osns as.o triuilln gouas to.o

hiuiudru #ounv z.q lilrfiud:e,odrq8r gouav o.o

luara r:rroia:ld nanrrif,o l +o

4.3.4 viruarrur:noodlrilqnl:nftdotirsuriudr rfiudauodr& $ouay zt.t rfiudeu

$ouav :z.o'hiurilo iooay ao.o trirrxud':u $oc,as e.g lilr#ud'ruodrr8s $ou

4.8

ns 0.6

4.3.s viruarrur:ooo'ilrdruu^giln::euravnr:ugirn'ruclo.rnugrsld nludruotirr8r

louav n.a uludrs $ouns zr.o'hiuriln $ouav sz.z kiuludlu 9ouay s.o

hirdud'ruoehr6r iouav o.o

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odx0.: #oemr u.t tfiud'tu$ouay zs.r 'liluiltn gouas +s.+'lilrfiudau $ou

ns 4.8 hir#udeuodr.:0r gouas r.o

4.3.7 viruarrur:nt#rurvuarornufrsld r#ud'ruodrrfu $ouay tz.g tfrudts $ou

av z6.s hiudlo gouas +e.z lilrfiudru gouas z.z hiuXudauodr& gouas

4.3.8 virurdrutoosrflunsrul#tiuvrrq{rurhdof,r:ro rfiudruedr.r8r $ouns n.o

rfiud:s flosny re.s lxiuilh #ouny tz.z hiu?udrs 9ounv s.r hiuXudru

odrr0.r lsuav z.s

4.3.s vi r u arru r:n r{r: sr'rorry{1m::rufi rfi n du lddausi'rror r# udruodNfu gouas

7.3 rrXudeu louav s.z hiurito #ounr go.z hirrxudru 9ouas g+.+ hir#u

dauotir.:0s {auav zz.q

4.3.r0 vi r u8u dtrflnrrrudrruff orfi orflrr rhfi d r:r o gorcr o uXudroo drcOs gouas +0.+

rfiudru $ounv as.+ ldudln iouav r+.+ trirfiudau $ouas o.o hirfiudau

odr.:8r 9ounv t.z

risrfioinurdo lnrifl srdsuilsa dn.!. (olrqlinoruarfluqn'rr5il) / 4?

er'r:r{ s ciruauilasfrosoyRr:fi ciaudrilc,o{tnuffil:oufi nd lunr:fl osffu{fqvrroruq'rn::ilqaodI9tE fi 1RilOlUq1RlTiltRnl,il

iloffuciaurlnna tf,ruau 1rs4 {osav (too.o)

3.1

I

3.2

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rir uo v r{r'[rJ rds a {or ffunrq n m Bid tfi n fi udyri

rilu9r?uot'tl{u{d9

lilua?u

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trir#udautnrd g t AItJ 114 U Fl ? UO U'l'll U.ll

| 'Y v v Y A o v dn ru[o{tr.l 9l RU lo lfi illnfl I : ?o nun

dll'All4u9r?uou'l{u{

cfylt4u9t?u

hiudlouf d g I AttJtl4u9r?uou1{u{

I ty - A r a -inrilu'f{n{Enilfloil?auu (tuu fl gnlt?1lq)n

m il r rs A n eio ffu rdrurir fi ci r:r o'ldflufide)ri

tl4UO',lUOU'l{U{

d9)tfiuo?u

hiur.ilo

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tnrd I I AtiltiluFl?uou'l{u{

rhuarrur:oon6irtilqn1:o?ldodrsrniurirdgta

n4uFt?rJoul{u{d9

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3.3

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lunra r::ruo$arrd nnnr:if,s I +s

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iloffuciauqnna oiruau (rsl) flssas (roo.o)

3.5 ilrucrr.nrsootilrdnnfi giln:ror unsnr:usirnts

c, os n u #r s'l ds dr.r rniuri rdiltA

l14lt9t?UOU'l{lUil

d9)tfiu9r?u

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riruarrur:aoodrdrufi gilnr:artoror?fi uav

g "rt{Tr r?n{ u,u o.r au{r g'ld

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3.6

3.7

t

42

72

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94

165

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iluty|fl ?Yt01as lJil1?n01a01luna dn.!. (ouqlan0llas{'uqaf tzr!) | 49

enrr{ 3 dru:uuavsosavnr:ficieuiarurorauflutsufi nd lunr:flosffuitquroruqrR:flt

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{loffucfaur;nna druau (src) {osav (roo.o)

l.s riruarilr:Bnir:sYuoruqlnf :fJfi rfi ofi t ltitias

9ruro{

. uXud'lusdN0r

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r 'hiur.ilo

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25

18

102

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75

135

t45

48

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22.4

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er1:r{ a uanr{orynnr:r:Jisurfiurln?'riluansirrnr:ficirudailcloqnudr:erufin6lunt:flotfiu

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A:lUnslouFl tlrlf, N e SD T-test

o',rs,ntflutudu 'hirner

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289

31

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763.r27

9852.209

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316

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178

140

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33.980

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135.080

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drrcr:orryrgrn::rurflurJ:vdrlsru?irudoivrgrurnfiqn ludrunatrudrufrudfiurdrufirfidr:rr

eirulnqlfi n'rrufrrufi'udlu:vdilrhunarq fi nr:6osiorJ:seruqrun'urflrnrirfi dr:aoluEruru

lu:sdurJrunaxrfluriruluqj fin'rrrufiouXusionr:uFnr:tortflrudrddr::olu:sdrLrhu

Rn'l{

lu d'r u n ar r 6or oi r s 1 rfi urtiu o r sql n : : il frrTl : o iu ffrt fi n nu uX u dr ulu : c du

or,,uu,odo +.es (16ru sl drfrnoqllu:sdrr#udrururnfiqor

e.r.g frarnjtfflflunr:iffer

t ffiutkdtffi (ndependent variables) 'ldrrri nrg o1q doluntflRl:dtJ:d

:vdrnr:flnur :ru'ld fldu1 qfidrrurrfiru'$ruruaufrnlun:ounfr nr:

s, n,fl u,udoolsruln::il frsu n fi siordru rhfi rfl r: ro nr:iuflilqil 1o1$€U1

R::ru nr:tv1n'rrudrrirgsisnr:ud'[$ilrgmrorrq'rR::lr

z frauilm1tJ (depend.ent variables) lduri nt:firiauderuzuol{rJ:vnousrfrvtvJe9tlJ:OUl.I9l:Uitl{

risr fi-sr?n ords ilfi 1ifl ordsuu n a an.r. loruqrinnuas{rugn'rr:n) / 6l

druirnr:fi ci:ud'lrulunr:fl oqriuotflGuln::ilfl o{nudil:auudill dt{ rlil'il n

nyuuurfl6u:sdll 3.61 dst'orrflu:voirrurn Ieunsuflstuqtilrffrrrhfidr:aofrufifinvuuuqtfi

qe : o{r a{ilrlduri udun qtir duu runufi arilr: nfi osistiurdrrrirdrfi r: roldviufi rras0u6l#I a A tt ,tA

n?1il: ?utJollJots'lt4 lJ'lvl: o{1lo

6.23 nltnoffOudlnJngru

A d I Y irag a9, S qY .l01nR1:arn :1u14 UAVil 5Uil?Afl nfl OHnVI l91 01nfl 15?0U l9l U t$R1:Ylaf,outt:JlJvl

1t - tesO trns R'l : vt et doil n ? til rtd : il : eu (f-test) ar ru r : o aqil ltffd'tfi4 A o q Y,' - -.-o.--s- --r--- d

n1: 9t Rrlurl4rloollrfu1n::il :s9lJo1tl fl15 lfi n?1ud1n6u9loo1sq1n::il un?1il

drur{u ffitLnr:ldnerru irrufi olunr:fl o{fiilo1fl Euln: :il

rirudnuatvnt:sr^osrtilrit'lar:{oryaolstg'lRT:il :vdunr:flnst :sFTil:luld :suv

renrlunr:il:cRouo'rfifl il:smmrordefifiqflru narrufrrufiuf,tirrflrnrlrfidr:ao nr:finsio

:J:saruqrutTu16'rmrirddr:'ro narrufiqtlXusionr:u?nr:tort{rutlrfidr:ro ttavnrtfid?il

or:ru6o:'rrufion::rulunr:florriuolsqrn::il 'hifinrrrudrufrudrirLnr:firirudrrulunr:flot

tiuorrqrn::ru

9, av6.3 llOtflUOllUUOlRRl5?OU

p{n r rnnr :io'er n r :?tn :rsdrJ :vil ?a fl a dfior^fi :J : rn g n rnnr: t6t{o 4n t rnn{rud'l

odr.rfirfluflriu:osudi::flx1urzusrfi'rucrlr druaufrifiu 334 :'ru ffifiutorauotrusolnRl:I

?0u9ilu

r. ruanr:frnurnvrduld'jrufinrjudrodrs dtrfl u{dr :n uudiuflxci'ruluqiovhi

firJ:sarnr:ailunr:flnrflu116ooruryrn::rufiorril usi6'n:rfidunuornnejrud'rodrsiifi6'n:rqs

fis#ounv g.r dsfiil'irrfludun:tuoiofr:J:vnouorfinqt?oniundu:oi:rffN ril:rstfluorfiufi

dorh?uinr:oeir.:'hifivrxrf,onuasohi,$rtYonnrlunt:lfir?nr: drrfur{tr#rfifirurfiotnr:

r(silu ril rn: nr:lunr:urluavfl osfi'uorr€urn::ilfi rfi prdurrnsororfi oduluoillnel

2. rio duu r rJ : s n r: n uar fi fil rfl u dr ti6 fi offdu: cr uudiu ffrs,f ru :uru rnlfinrrr

drdqtirorsqrn::il naonfirfrrirudrrulunr:florfiuorurglR::rJ duiu'irtflutioiiatf.tii'u'to

,duou,r',odoruraryuldr{rrurfirvrlrvr tunr:ffqfir:runr:ivtgnioqudYuu$tnrofruoirtl

lnma r::roiarld aqil uar{orcuouusornnr:if,o / 62

rdodsnrrilrndu usidsdnfifi$ur'lduri:s6'rn?rildtJfiudlrasviaunfitosffdu:nuildiufi{

siorflril drii d r: r o nrL'j r fi rfi us:v d'rilrunnrufl urieutuqj dsffi 6'urfi u'irdrufrutnlilrtav

fisun6siordrurhfidr:ro r.irosrfluiloffuiifi6vm^nnuavfinrrrudurfruf,otirr0tsionr:firirudr:l

lu nr: fl o s fruo1ssu1R:: t tlu ds n u

3. na nr:irn:rvr{{oryadrunr:fi riruderu drui6r,rrri."odu dlru'h {dl:o uud$u

ffrrfi ci:uirrulu:sduurn usirfl u:srTuurnfi rioururmxfisu t{odtfl uiiuofi fi nrrrudr6'qodrl8s

gav{du:nousif,:l{rr rinrilufriinrLuXurrqnr:alriouufsrurnn'irfrrJ:vnouorfil'rdu ffiffurriu.irurnfinr::or:sritrfl{{r:niuflr.rri'r'}rJtrfln:silfnuavtfnartd'lufiootirlrdrud fiosrirl#

.l - la q q ,l 9t srl, ---ded--e^^-t-.---4-vr 1{rRrmJo1crarun:vrfi frnunrnlunI: fl orrTuilqr rfi 6fi qo6nnrjrumul

4. n r n {o du vr r il : s n r : r uos 6o n r : r{r d r ru o u : lr nf o n^o n : : ru lu n r : fl o r fiu o r vrg r

n: :ruror fldu: n uu dil ffr s n u'jr fi nrjruii t{r$unr:flnou:uludsr:rrirufi ofi 'tu'to frofr rfi ur

Souav r.s ,virrfu luomrvdfrdhirnuldiunr:?lnou:ruraufiqrun dra6fiiidu*ud,,Xudlo.,

fi n r : rfi ru fi n n : : ru u$o nr* ru n r :fil n o r : ru n rj ru ffiu : n Io e, n r : il : v ar u'r r u hJ frt o r rin : fi fr du : n irL

{rdsfio

s. lu:susunrsflfir,iruur 16'rfiprfi:runr:ivrquargueiuffurnqgrusir{'t rdosiru

dsnrururndu uavnrnfiil:rnqfiofrtd:nl#nuu uavfrdr:ouudiuflrsldr{trurfiuvrurvrodrte^l

sionr:1#{oryaurirffrnri''iiofirrrorf,io6'onr:tiuflrgurldodxvirlvTu rravaofl?'trtlutr:{tqto{

ilcyuriirfindulurLrrn:fi ffif,ur#u'irrfJulonradudii;gr nr:t{rrurafiuar4uodtoirffihiL

lv?nr:vri'sililennttluto{R'tn[oflsuodrsrdua

e.n rlotauo uuvrirnYu tr u? fi'tl n9s sio'!il

n r : fl n u r dr u n r : fi ri: u i ur l u ikg u r o r rry n : : il lu dr n ru riu rfl u a*s id d t firXfu rn : r v

rfiu:{osri:rfiisuravyrindfiucroril:ssrsulnern:r {rTu:auudirffr'rdriildnrirrrurnd:riNdu,lrrflurtrnnniifidrudrd'cyuasfifrnsnrulunr:qiruruf;oflotrTuflrgntfitfiodu rtfoororfisrdu

rfiomrnIeffi ::ilryrficlororfilr6'oqduvrrqtrj&nfi riqqonryoueirq 1 fi ornrdosionr::J:vnou

o1rycg'rR:riltu4ndr.rnnr ffiffurfiu'ir nr:finr:dnurfiunrirud'lodrtfiqYu:ouudYtffrtturilsl

6u r tt?n:ounqrufienE{rvrlr{ unsil?ruar.yra rn:rsodrsriouiiqe,fi'lde.ralundisr?vrurfinvrflu

nr:n:u{utlv?{lTrLldn:uurinluilqurdlnrudlsruarrur:nfi rirudront6otd

w"*"46"-:riorfi ninsr6'u $ilrinsriioufr oa dn.il. (olflqlinurttavlruqfitttx) / 63

u:iot'luRtil

lnnluilnsl

A t I ! -4_ 6t q_.9, 9l _ __.

n::offi:rJU qcucuqilf. (2527). n?rild?ililorlo{qilrillilor5ilo{RilorilqrR::iltun?{tnililr{lun:.

ivrsrfinuf,rJiqqrd,:nruflder:rJr4r.isuqn^n e{tfltirlolstglemmtav{1uqfir::il nats

frqnruorasrfrtnsilquuflldnf fil'n^qivrsrdu ruurinurduilfrqa.

n::rfinl ,nN6. es24). nrriiciaudaumql:surrudiiflasisnr:fiomrniugfio: finsrnronsntd

fnrsnrrar:fi eiruorir#rr drmoar?u'fr:ru ffsmiorqua:rrmfi. ivrsrfirnruf,rJ?sgq't

fiailarasr:xtr,rr:iarfisr arrrfifl urd{nru riorfininurdu ruurinurdutnun:aranf.

v o caa or- tu-,d!{^---t--^--41--.J^^9^.^^-v .--- --u-- 9t q !lJ?rUsu ?{fluetR:. (2s32). rJoi'r,fififlasionr:f;iciauiarulunr:rflorilrqililuitosqforfiulumornqj

rhu ffo s::t rutfi oc, fi nsrtnnrv n:fin{rhuffoat:tnnil:vnru o.Ul.lR??tl

o.uunq?. in sr u^u u fiJFq rg r fr a rJ ar ao : ilnriilfi sr ar { rfiH u r dsn ru :iarfi'nim urdu

ililrimendutnsfl:sraflf.

is:y rn?rge6. es42).nr:ficiruiarulunrrflotffuoruqrn::rutssarurfinsnroseinrru?urtdau

drua: fi nsrrqilrcn:darurfi nanrssrfnrru?mr:dausf, rualutilsrffirnioruunr$.

?vr urfi r,{u f,dr n ruorasr: l fl rrinrfi sr art risrortrgrin urttnrtru qfit::ru ria1fi n

ivrurdu ruurinurdsrufroa.

finnll qrgrJm. (2s30). ito6'uursil:ro'rtdfiflusionr:rnrficiauderulufiont:iln'htRltf,nurflot

fianrhnYerioulurilsrdudoiluuu.o o.rfior o.riru. iruru^iluf,:J?rgqrfiarJnraor:

il rn r rior fi n ar t r fior u r dl n il riar.il^srin ur fru ru m rin s r du tn s sr : cr ast f.

ris#u dunsrrJ:ynr. es20). nr:6lnurnr:Yufls?nqn:vorcrt6lus{o$nun:nt'lundriruft'lnu

naorfiu uuoqtYa#rs riruarjsn:vfislnu fi'.rmiorun:rJgru. ivruru^ilufil?rgrgrfinrJ

srrcfl :ililrfilfisr arzurfrsrurdrnru riar,il^erimurdu turimsrdunun: granf.

lnara n::roiaxd urrflT{Rru / 64

rr?uvrf f,uvr:rfiuei. (2s24). {toflsfifiamnrsnueionarrudarufls:vudr.r{rdur,rsffurdrnrhd

drtao: f, nsrtqursn:dfrrduvrrulumnnqunflilfiluni. ootsfrsnrugrdfl fq ln:snr:

orrqrimuruavuu qfi t::ru ruvl rim urduilfi'na

rTso: fiuqafi0fr56. Qszs).6n?nsrfi'a'1il. nEttnnruil'llrtli: ililriilurdutnsn:orcnf.

rl:v#u rfluruaru:g:oi. eszs). Rl:n?ilqilorsqrntrilolRdn'r?vtt?odor.lr uffnnqufirnsillet:Rl:.

ronar:nr:finurigrJ:vorauarenf duduii tl, anrtiutiatfisrfrnruruiur:sresrf.

rl:vfu rfluuarug:af. (2531). oruqrR:rildugruffun:su?unmqfitt:ru. nq{tvtv{il14'turlt: fl1t

lIutITl:sun:.

- ods

ilrru qr::olru{fla. (zszlr. nrdidaudarursqJ:vrruulunrtrfsxul. nq{ttYtlltJt4'lltrtt: f,nn-Ienr

alR1:V'ltJ11.

rJ:vraig ru$ild. es24). rru{1ilnrrffruruur{lqlrrnrrtlo{ffuuavil:tudtlilolrqrR::il.

RE{rvtilu?r1iln:: nt:ritrc?runr:ifiu drfinflunarvn::runr:in'u[il1m6 R:vvl:?'{t

in urqr efl frvr n Iu In6un v nr : n dw ru.

ilru^nd ffuvrf'flr6q.tr.et.yt. (2535). nr:iiciauderumril:vsrrulunrrflssffuuavilnurlnruorrqr

n::r.l'lutcrgrYufisrroucro{aorfir,ir:?ountu'tar?aacf:rs. ?muru^iluf,il?qqrf,nil

ercn:ilfl rfilfin artrfifl urdsnru riilfinifl urdu ilurifl urdutnsn:sranf.

qinrri 1ofiruG. zsz6). ilflnnr:fiflilrqiluuuaunr:fisruruuun. nq{ttvrulJt4lun:: #rtduriau

6rfio lvruorltn:rvr{lfl u.

?:rnir fium:R:. Q522).d1r14Elro'io1s€[1flrru: vrqufiuavuu?aofirfise{ol. ar:artfiomu?urt

srssr{. (nrh st-st).

lngra tr:mia'Nd urrsrrlnrr / 66

qnqud ilofiruaiad n.n.o. (2s32). narrufinrfiu{o{il:suruu{finorfiulun{rlruffnattmor

Rtr{rnflil?trunt rdsaffunr:rJfiffi .rlufl osffurJmurJtriloltqrn::ucro$irtaount

urafl fl.n.2530. fl!.ttvtlldt: ivrurfiuuf,rJ5tgtgrlvr ililrinurfiurRsslsdldeli.

o::n.10fi fi ssrn:. eszg).narudarufiorolaurfi nrru:ruinqoraraffn:rniuJ:sms'lns tunr:uds

r?rqlouq'tn::ilt. fi!{tytudt: notydtnrumanfrrarilqsuflaef In:snr:orryqrivrurAAOA

rlnu{lutl9lt::il tl14l?vlu1nuililoa.

o 15 tu r: r1o. (25 3 0). rur4uuffrufiufl unr:rixru. n q{ tvl 1,{ "l : ru 6'q a n r:fi'rur{.

Brown, E.J. (1953). Who Take Part in Rural Organization. Report 107. State Collage:

Pensylvania State Collage Press.

Brantingham, P.J. and F.L. Faust. (L976). A Conceptual Model of Crime Prevention gCrime and

DetinquencY" ., 248-296.

Cary, L.J. (1976). Community Development as Process. Missouri: University of Missouri Press

Columbia.

Cohen, J.M. and N.T. Uphoff. (1980). Wortd DevelopmenL '?articipation's Place in Rural

Development: Seeking Clarity Through Specificity".

Jeffery, C.R (1971). Crime Pervention Trough Environmental Design, Beverly l{ill: Sage. Lee,

A. Crime Free. Batimore: Penquin Books.

Kaufinan, H.F. (1949). Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletine. Participation in Organization

Activities in Selected Kentucky Localities".

riarfi crinsrdu unrinurdsilfi na do.!. (oltqlinornarlrugnfutr!) / 6?

Levaell, H.R. and E.G. Clake. (1965). Preventive Medicine for the Doctor in IIis Community: An

Epidemiological Approach. Third Edition. New York McGraw-Hill.

pearse, Andrew and Stiefel, Mathias. (L979). "Inquity in participation a Research Approoach" In

IINRISD Participation Programme. Geneva

Reeder, Willaim W. (1974). "Some Aspects of the Informal Social Participation of Families in New

York state cornell university". unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation.

Smit, H.C., and J.H. Wakeley. (1972\. Psychology of Industrial Behaviour. Tokyo: McGraw-Hill.

Whiteo A.T. (1982). The Community Participation: A Discussion of the Agreement. New York:

United Nation Children's Fund.

lngra r::uoia'xd R'lRFtu?R / 68

rior fi oin ards !fi rin ordsrlil's a en.u. (orsqrifl arnarlrugfitr:r) / 69

lruudouolfJ

6o{ nr:fi daudar.lto{nuffu:ot udYuffrqaltl:ols tufi ndl

lunr:flo{ffuortqrn::ru

mil?er R. {loffudauqnna

1. nrfl O ufl O srs

2. olrJ...................3

3. nr:frnsr

O trildiunr:f,nsr O rj.r -:J.a

O rJ.: - rj.o O il.t - il.g

O ru.+ - ru.0 O :dl rj:r. I rjaa.

4. f,l3ful

O qvrn O n?ad O 6anru

O du1 1:vq)........

5. dnluRlTldlJ:fl

O lao O aru:audroqideuriu O aru:arrdlrunfilroqi

O rfirslndr9t O 6ur (:s:{)........tnrr j r 46. :'lu-[prtn4ufl01F10u..................u'lvl

7. :cusnartunr:il:snouorfivldu:4ttff n6i.............11..........'..r6ouao a8. 4il4'llultotJ'Ontnrnuoo Onrnnsiuoontfiultrfio Onrnnart

O nrnnviuoon O nrnld O nqltnnrufllun:.ois. fruauarurfrnfrorffulun:ounYr................nuI 4 9d

10. vr'rurnurilurJlflur41uornnr:il:vnoilorrculR::tt t,t6otnstnrfluttrduolsrulRs::Juio'hi

O'hirnu O rnu'firutu........'..'......o90

O dur (:sU)........

'lnara r:tuoiarqd nmflu?R / 70

mrJ?er 1t. floffsYrrqdrufrtnruuasflnlilr?nffoil

l. viruhflnrrudrrTqoiofl q?t'to1ssu1R:rilfi rfioldu*lrnrloutfi ullo

O rurnfiqn O rtrn O:Jrunar't

O rlou O rioui'iqo

z. rJ nfi vi rufi onrilcirrar:o'lrtu'lR: :il 0 rndooirrl rhtnio hi

O rflurJ:sdr O rflulxn9.r O ulut n9s

O dounfs O hjrau C dur (:u:l)........

3. viruilfilfsst^osrtttdtrdt:o1s€U1n::ruorndorJ:vmmlorurniiqo tr6onrfius t {o)

O rnrisdofirur{ O ivrq O lvr:vTsri

O dur 1:v:q)........

4. virufi nrrudllfruffiirdrr,rrhddr:rotuTil$ucto{tviruoqilu:vduln

O rurnfiqor O ltn O rJtunarq

O rleu O riouiiqo

s. virurns'ld6osioil:carutrufiutffrnrhfi dr:rnrurnrlosrfi uslel

O rflurJ:sdr O rflulr.ro#r O urut oft

O rlouxnn O du1 1:grtr)........

6. rdovirudrrfludo.rfiqeiofrrlrdrurhfidr:ao viru'ldirnr:u?nr:Ei'ltttm6oornt{rurirfidr:ro

odrr'l:

Odrurn OA Orjrunnrs

O #ou O dur (:rr{)........

7. yirurnur{riunr:or:ruu6ot{rd':rufion::rulunt:flosfiuilqurolstgtR::tJtoturirulruoir.rlA-& ahrn0q1ilfi:o uJ

O rflurJ:sdr O,ilulrrn9t O urul n9r

O rlosrurn O'lrirnu O dur (:s4)........

rierfi nin urd's tu rinsrd'tllfr eta an.u. (orrqrinornaalruqn'tttx) / ?t

8. vi ru r#udrufiutru'lnarrufi edNt siolilfilaiohiotjrt'[:

cTonaril

q'CDq

@

c!acF!F

(raC

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ErJSU

8.1

o 9r 4 +i o 4----! A t

n1:5uflfl 1?d1:O1StUlR::tJtlJUd{fl ltljUOel'l{U.:SlOf'|1:

fl orfiuilcgn'ro1scu1R: :ruludufi qlotviru

8.2

nr: tflrlorynrirrat:u6onr:dturvtrarfi u:ril frn:srirfi n

rfl udsdrrfl uodrqtr^reionr:fl ottiufl ryilro1lu€u1n:5il1u

dudnuori,u

8.3

nr:d:rufi oriurdrnritfi d r:anGnnr:Jet: roduu r frn:vfi rnrrru

fi o rfl u dq6rrfl uotjrt0ssionr: fl ottiufl txrrotwqrn: :rutdlu8a r

Y'll.tYlflO{Vl'lU

8.4

nr: d'rrfiorfl uyr urul#fiu t{ru rirfi dr:rnlun:fi fi fi nr:

n:cfi rfi erfi urduluErururfl ufi'r{rrfl uodrlfu siont:fl osfiu

fl q r r or rtg rn : : ru ldtudu dn u o vil,

8.5

nr: r{rutron'ln{uttasn:ao n:r{o.:tflrn rirfi dr: r oluqrurudl A o dt , A I q @ ell - ..qYq-.

til u d{,[ 1riluou't.t u{nont:lJ o{nililaJil 10lsq1n5 : il tg tui: ,liluvtflo{Yl'lu

8.6

n r : ao o dor q [ [n R 1 5 er : ? n er :'l l tas R t : rfl r : v ft tuqilTu lt o it

vi r u rfl u a^s 6 r rfl u o d r t8r si o n r : fl o t 6'u fl rg n r o r uq r n : : ru'[d

ludufiqrorviru

8.7

nr: ffooil:ut6ol#nrrrfnnrur{rlolunr:fl osfiufl rym r

olsr1rR:5ilurirJ:vryruuluqrurutosviru rfl uotjrq6caio

n r : fl o rfiu fl ru il rorsq 1 n : : ru ldtu du fi I ol vi ru

8.8

lnnra t::loiartd R'nnilm / i2

fiil?o n. nrddaud?Nm{nuffu:oufi ndtunr:flotffurllqtnoruqlR::N

sit uuvtit }J : otcirnio{l t4 u 1 u / lu "io.tiin

rru ttx u ns riu vi ru rurn fi qor

?flI?et it. rlsrauouuvdul tdtfil

u rnfi orrqrn::rurfiordu dlvirurl:vaunurfi u16ooqilurr'rqnrroiriudru

viruovrJfr rio^srrru{onarru{rqrir.rdrurnfi ourfi ustel

{onarn

Glce'(FG(-6

Ge

o7rGGFr

D@aF

G15"'(FD@a=

l. viru ovrilrt:Jrfi ua{orfiilruqnr:uifi rfi ndu

2. vi ruudtruqfrurffrvr ritiddr:ro rf,ufi

3..9-A

yr 1u uf, {rlfi Enilfl oil?asu (rEiu : tunr:in q) darrur: n6'srsio

tiu rfirn rirddr: r o'ldviu fi

4. virudrrur:nootdrtnognr:afldotjrtrnjuEr

5. yi r u a r ru r: n o or 6 r d rr u^ gil n : : ar t ta s nr : usi s n r ull ot n u #r uld

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rirufi srinurdu rurinordtlrufr sra anr.n. loruqrinuruaanuqfit: zu) t 7 6

E}GCUTIVE ST]MMARY

Introduction

1. Ration and Importance of Problem

Crime is one of the important problems which government must solve, ib tendency is

more violent and higher, affect to the disaster of people's security and assets, including economic

and social crisis of the nation that is effect to people's mind which lead to unpeaceful virtuous

people's life who are not confident is their safety life caused rnany ways of lost, draining stability of

development counfty.

It is government authority to save and confrol crime problem which mainly emphasis

in prevention and police is the government organization to respond the people's safety and assets, in

other word, police's authority is preventing and suppressing crime.

To achieve target and having the most effective in crime prevention and suppression, it

derives from people's cooperation. Emphasizing on people's participation, and having role in

prevention crime, encouraging their safety life.

ln the past, we emphasis in crime suppression more than prevention and study crime

generate from the past, indicating the study of criminal himself, but the fact is, sources of crime

problem have many elements such as injured person, criminal and environment so one and group

should study the cooperation in preventing crime of oneself.

Royal Thai Police Headquarters comrnanded to every trnit relate with community and

mass associative process, in part of the members of crime information project because presently

economics and social crisis has changed drastically. Royal Thai Police Headquarters want every

operating unit to seek the people's cooperation to increase crime prevention and suppression

efficient, also people's security of lives and assets including the service and Royal Thai Police

Headquarters believe that People's acknowledgment and having chance to suggest solving means to

police, it will help the police to solve the right problem and reduce any tendency which is not good

lneia rr:roia:rd Executive Summary / 77

for police's vision, proceeding '?articipation of taxi drivers in crime prevention" and letting every

function which relates with Royal Thai Police Headquarters to be an executor.

The taxi drivers are percon who drive taxi cores to service people by take them to the

other places and receive fare. Drivers will, neither hope in any benefit nor remunerate in prevention

and reliving harm nor the da:nage which happens to people's life or assets or state's, as well as

other natural calamity. In part correlate with crime prevention, the crime information members

participate in accordance with the performing of associative community police, having participate

with police performance supporting project in crime prevention. The participation of taxi drivers in

crime prevention (it is an important 'hir g) and benefit in increasing the effective in crime

prevention of police act.

Huaylarang Distict one of the important area in Bangkok From the reason mentioned

above, the researcher responds in safety of people's life and assets, interested in studying the

participation of taxi drivers in crime prevention which study from ta:ri drivers in Huaylarang

Disfrict, taking this research to use as guideline in amending, improving the execution for taxi

drivers or general public to participate in crime prevention more than it does, which effest to further

people's collective advantage.

2. Research Objectives

The objectives of this study are to study the participation of taxi drivers in crime

prevention and acknowledge problem, obstruction and advise in preventing crime by participation

of taxi drivers.

3. Sampling

334 taxj drivers in Huaykwang were chosen as a sample group for the study. The data

were collected through questionnaires.

riru fi-nin srds uil rin na'utra n a en.l. lorrqrinoruavnuqn'r:sil) / ?8

4. The Factors of Research

4.I Independmtfactors consist of:

4.IJ Personal background factors of crime informations such as gender

age, education, marriage status, income, religion, social status, and a

number of members in familY.

4.I.2 Social background factors such as being a crime victfun, emphasis on

crime problem, tracking down the crime movement, police's

behavior, police's act, and acknowledgment of crime infomrations.

4.2 Dependentfactor is having contibution tani drivers in crime prevention.

5. Concept and Researching Diagram

Personal factors

O Gender

O Age

O Education

O Religion

O lncome

O Social status

O Numberofmember in family

Social factors and environment

factors

O Being criminal victim

O Emphasizing to criminal victim

O Tracking down criminal

movement

O Police's behavior

O Police's act

O Acknowledgment of crime

information

Having participation

of crime prevention

lnma r::roiarld Executive Summry / 79

6. Hypothesis of Research

Personal background of taxi drivers and social factors are the carxies of the different in

approaches in crime prevention of taxi drivers.

7. The ExPected Result

Ta:<i drivers are moderate level for participating in crime prevention in Bangkok.

A summary of Abstract

The research result shows that the level of participation of taxi drivers is high Personal

factors, found to be significantly related (p < 0.01) to participation, \rere crime victim and age.

The social factors emphases on crime problem were found to be correlated with participation in

crime prevention at 0.01 statistical significance. From the research results, It can be seen that

emphasis on crime problem and crime victim relate to participation in crime prevention.

Researching Procedures

The survey is to collect data for using the questions as a studying tool before

constructing a tool in collecting file. Researcher has studied the results, academic documents,

concepts and relating theories including social research method regulation, gtvi"g efficient tools.

Target Citizen and SamPling GrouP

Tareet Citizen

Taxi drivers in Huaylarang District in Bangkok.

SamplingGroup

1. Size of sampling group in this study is detennined by considering the result of the

study which derives from sampling group, when refers to populations, it is the most reliable and

has least error. The size of sampling group is indicated by using table of Krejcie & Morgan from

1,500 populations and estimates the random sampling error at statistical significant of 0.01. The

size of the sampling group should not be lower than 306 persons, this study uses sampling group

rior fi-erinsrds uil rim urdu!?r-nn an.u. (oryqrinoruauqugfit:trt) / 80

of 334 persons because it will have the least mistake and have a reliable analysis, and trustftrl

conclusion refers to populations.

2. Random of sampling group in this research uses a simple rardom sampling by

randomly plucking taxi drivers from sample group is used as sampling unit to this study.

Researching Tool

A set of questionnaires developed used as a tool for collecting infonnations. The

questionnaires were based on literature reviews. Structure of questionnaires can be separated in 3

parts shown as follows.

1. The first part is the question in regard to personal data and social factor of

sampling group such as gender, age, career, income education residing period in

community, social status, being crime victim, emphasis on crime problem, tracking

down crime movement, police's behavior, police's act, and acknowledgment of

crime information.

2. The second part is the question relating to crime confiibution of taxi drivers to

crime prevention-

3. The last part is the question about problem, obstruction, and advise of sarrpling

group to participate in crime prevention.

Data Collection

The Author mentioned the purposes and important of the study, in the beginning of this

chapter. The objective of each question and characteristic of the correct Etnswer brought the

questionnaires to the sampling group, which found in Huaylsrang area. According to the random

sampling group, each questionnaire were carefully verified when the sampling group completed

the questions.

I

t

lncra r::losartd Executive Summary / 8l

Processing

When the data were already collected, data were reorganized then analyzed to get

answers in accordance with the specification of research and hypothetical testing, having stages as

follows:

1. Data editor, fairs person who checks the perfect, correct and unique data.

2. To make the manual, by executing code which specified case identification for all

questionnaires, detennining answer data code and executing code in coding form.

3. To record data which are executed code into diskette by computer then carry on

analysis data.

Analysis of Data

This study analyzedthe data by computer, using built-in statistic program (SPSS/PC+)

and choosing statistic in agreement with a level of variable measurement and hypothetical research

as follows:

t. The characteristic descriptive summarize of sampling Broup, for example; personal

factors and social factors, including the participation of taxi drivers in crime

prevention, using descriptive statistics (percentage, mean, standard deviation, etc.).

Hypothetical testing, using analytical statistics as follow: lnferential statistics such

as T-test, F-ratio and ANOVA

The study of the participation of taxi drivers in crime prevention was done by applying

questionnaires to 334 taxi drivers in Huaylarang area. This result of analysis data of sarnpling

group can estimate and extend the research result as follow:

Research Results

t. General characteristic of sampling group. Tw<i drivers in Huaylavangare , mostly

aged 31-40 years old, range of income over 8,001 baht, having primary educationn

spent 1-5 years for carrier, mostly came from north-east. Taxi drivers mostly pay

all attention to crime problems; follow up crime information, which happened in

community, also racking crime moving, and police's act.

I

a

I

2.

I

I

tI

risfi n?nurdu ur,t rinsrdorrTna an.r. lorrgrinouravuuqfirsru) / 82

Participation of taxi drivers in crime prevenlioz. Study results were found that the

level of taxi drivers, participating in crime prevention was high most of sampling

group was unceriain to involve in crime event. But they agreed to oall police or

contact with radio media, which connected to police immediately. Most sampling

group were able to recall the event in the past, dressing of criminal, weapon and

vehicle. Most of sarnpling group was less incomeo having range over 8,000 baht

per month. They were not capable to contribute in crime prevention because lack

of financial support, security equipment, and vehiole.

Discussion

Taxi driven who were different in personal factor, having difference in crime

prevention as well. The results were found that taxi drivers who had different in personal factor,

being different in crime prevention. Sampling group who finished primary school level, having

participation in crime prevention. This is because most of sampling group haS primary education

55.1 percent and most of them have low income. The chance to study in environment that risk to

occur crime is higher, tracking down crime movement always so paying attention to crime

problem which occur in community and having more time to participate in crime prevention.

5.1 Personal Factor

The study indicated that most members in the sampling group are male with

intemrediate education. Most of them are Buddhist and manied, the rests are single. The average

income was 7,797.L9 baht with 5.12 year-experience in uxi driving. Most members were from

Northeast and never experienced in crime scene.

5.2 Social and Environment Factors

Most taxi drivers were the most who concemed the crime problem. This may be

beoause taxi-driving career is more risky than others. Sheffe found that people who concemed in

crime problem, the most, were the most contribution in crime prevention.

Radio tansmitting was found to be the most useful crime information broadcasting for

tori drivers.

I

tlt,

hnra rr:miaxd Executive Summary /83

The relation ship between local police and taxi drivers is moderate. This needs an

urgent improvement so that police can as well receive more crime informationns from taxi drivers

who work on the steet at most of the time.

5.3 Participation of taxi drivers in crime prevention

From the survey information, uncertainties of taxi drivers were also found to have a

great influence on crime reporting. This is because taxi drivers are not confident whether or not

they will act involved or be accused to the crime scene if they reported to police. Thus, they

preferred to report to the radio media who would then forward the report to the police.

Furthermore, uncertainly can be further extended to memory of eyewitness. This needs

to improve by educating the drivers how to monitor and memorize any obvious marks, scars, and

characteristic of criminal.

Although, most taxi drivers are rlady to be eyewitness but they refused to stop the

crime on the scene spot alone.

5.4 Evaluation of Assumptions

The older taxi drivers pay more attention to crime prevention than the younger ones.

This may due to the older taxi drivers have more bad experience in crime scene, and they may

even used to be a victim in the crime scene. Therefore the older ones contribute to the crime

prevention more than the younger ones.

Not only do they participate more to the prevention, they also care for social problem

ocsurred where they live as well as people in the same career.

4v

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