LI NI U

MC LC

LI NI U...1Phn I. Tng quan v vn s dng in hin nay Vit Nam1. Nhu cu s dng in hin nay nc ta v s cn thit c mt nng lng thay th ...3 2. Cc ngun in nng v thc trng cc ngun in nng nc ta hin nay

2.1. Cc ngun in nng hin nay ..4

2.2. Thc trng cc ngun in nng hin nay ........7Phn II. H thng cung cp in nng lng mt tri cho h gia nh1. My nc nng nng lng mt tri ....102. Thit b chng ct nc bng nng lng mt tri ....11Phn III. Tnh kh dng ca ti1. iu kin pht trin nc ta.....132. Li ch v mt hn ch ca ti ...........13Phn IV. Kinh doanh in

1. Gii thiu chung v th trng in .........................................................................142. Cc m hnh kinh doanh in Vit Nam153. Thc trng th trng in lc Vit Nam

3.1. Sn xut v phn phi in nng17 3.2. Phng thc t chc Vit Nam hin nay17 4. Phng hng xy dng m hnh th trng in lc ti Vit Nam 4.1. nh hng pht trin hot ng sn xut kinh doanh in nng ............18 4.2. M hnh th trng in Vit Nam.185. Kt lun v kin ngh..19Phn V. Ti liu tham kho

LI NI U Hin nay, vn v in nng ang l mt bi ton kh khi Vit Nam c coi l " rng vng bin bc". Nhng thc t, ngun thy in ang dn cn kit, than , khong sn b khai thc qu mc... Bn cnh th nhu cu s dng in ca nc ta ang ngy cng gia tng, iu ny khin cc chuyn gia cn n mt nng lng thay th: l ngun nng lng mt tri Sau thi gian tm ti di s hng dn ca TS. L Vit Tin, em hon thnh bn bo co ca mnh vi nhng ni dung chnh sau:

1.Tng quan v vn s dng in hin nay Vit Nam

2. H thng cung cp in nng

3. Tnh kh dng ca ti

4. Kinh doanh in

Do thi gian cn hn ch v kin thc cn thiu st nn bn bo co s c nhiu sai st. V vy, em mong thy c ch dy em c th hon thin thm.

Em chn thnh cm n!

H ni, thng 12 nm 2013 Sinh vin: inh Th Thoa MSSV: 20114166 Lp: Qun tr kinh doanh- k57Phn I. Tng quan v vn s dng in hin nay nc ta 1. Nhu cu s dng in hin nay nc ta v s cn thit c mt nng lng thay th

Nhng nm qua, chng trnh tit kim nng lng ni chung v tit kim in ni ring nc ta mi ch bc u c nghin cu, trin khai. EVN ch ng ra cc k hoch c th hng nm. Mc tiu hao nhin liu v t l in dng cho sn xut in (cn gi l in t dng) lun thp hn ch tiu k hoch nh nc giao. T l in dng truyn ti v phn phi in (tn tht in nng) lin tc thc hin thp hn ch tiu k hoch nh nc giao v c mc gim ng k t 24,0% (1993) xung 12,09% (2004). EVN t mc tiu gim t l in dng truyn ti v phn phi in t 0,20,3 %/ nm n nm 2010 t l in dng truyn ti v phn phi in ca ton EVN gim xung di 10%. Nhn sang mt s nc trong khu vc, t l in dng truyn ti v phn phi in nm 2000 ti Philipinnes 12%, n 23%, Bangladet 30%.

Tuy nhin, thc trng nc ta vn cn hin tng s dng in kh lng ph, nht l khu vc cng cng, tr s c quan, chiu sng qung co, chiu sng bn hng; nhiu ng ph, in chiu sng sut m vi sng qu mc cn thit; nhiu phng lm vic bung rm v bt n, khng tn dng nh sng t nhin; n qung co b tr qu nhiu v phn ln dng bng n trn si t. nhiu thnh ph ln, n trang tr c treo trn cy, s lng n nhiu lm sng rc c khong khng gian. Nhiu ni mc n ng xm bng bng dy tc nng sng 100-300W, hiu sut chiu sng ca bng n km, nh sng khng u, ch sng ch ti, gy lng ph in. C nhiu nguyn nhn dn n s dng in lng ph, cha hp l, nh: thiu cc tiu chun trong xy dng (chiu sng, thng gi, iu ha khng kh,...) ph hp vi iu kin kh hu ca Vit Nam; thiu vn u t, thay i thit b, cng ngh mi c hiu sut cao, nht l thay cc loi n trn si t bng n compact hay n ng hunh quang; cha to c thi quen s dng in tit kim; thiu cc quy nh v chnh sch c th trong vic khuyn khch s dng cc thit b gia nh (bp in, t lnh, iu ha...) tit kim in, c hiu sut cao v cha lm tt cng tc qun l th trng nhm chng cc loi hng nhp lu c cht lng xu, tiu th in ln; chnh sch gi in cha tht s thc y h dng in sinh hot thc hin tit kim in, nht l vi h gia nh c mc thu nhp kh; hot ng tuyn truyn tit kim in cha thng xuyn v hnh thc cha phong ph; cha thc hin cc bin php v hnh chnh chng lng ph in (x pht hnh chnh, giao nh mc s dng in v thc hin cp ngn sch chi cho in tiu dng cc cng s nh nc theo nh mc giao). Hin nay Vit Nam c t l in dng cho nh sng sinh hot chim t l 41,7%. Trong khi t l ny cc nc chim 15-23%. Vn Nam - Trung Quc: 12-13%, Hn Quc: 14,4%, i Loan: 21,7%, Thi Lan: 22%, Ba Lan: 22,5%. T l in dng cho nh sng sinh hot cao l mt yu t chnh gy mt cn i ca h thng in trong gi cao im ti, nh hng xu n hiu qu u t h thng in. in s dng cho chiu sng chim mt t trng ln v ngy cng gia tng l do kh nng tip cn vi ngun in quc gia ngy cng m rng trong c nc, do i sng dn c ngy cng c nng cao v qu trnh th ha ngy cng mnh m. Chnh v vy trong Ch th tit kim in ca Th tng Chnh ph c bit nhn mnh n cc yu cu, bin php tit kim in nng trong chiu sng trong c quan cng s, chiu sng th v chiu sng trong sinh hot.

mt s nc, ng trc tnh trng thiu in, chnh quyn a phng p dng cc bin php mnh nhm tp trung in cho sn xut, hn ch s dng in lng ph.

- Ti Trung Quc, in thiu nghim trng, hu ht cc tnh, thnh ph ln Trung Quc u phi tit gim in, nh: TP Bc kinh c 5.000 x nghip phi ngh lun phin do ct in. Cc gii php hn ch tnh hnh thiu in ca Trung Quc l phn u t t l tit kim in t nht l 8% trong ton x hi, i vi cc cng trnh xy dng th t l ny l 10%. Ti tnh Vn Nam - Trung Quc, tuy c t l in nh sng sinh hot 12% nhng vn quy nh hn ch s dng my iu ho nhit .

- Ti Thi Lan, Th tng ku gi s hp tc ca ngi dn trong chin dch tt bt n khng cn thit trong vng 5 pht t 20h45 mi ngy, ngoi ra ngi dn nn tt my iu ha nhit 1 gi/ngy trong gi n tra v cc h dn tt mt bng n trong 1gi/ngy, Thi Lan s tit kim c 620 triu bath/nm (tng ng 246 t ng Vit Nam).

- Ti th Jakarta (Indonesia), Cng ty in lc quc gia cng ang ku gi ngi dn tt bt t nht 2 bng n trong gi cao im t 17gi - 22gi.

- Nht Bn pht ng chng trnh tit kim l nhn vin n mcmt m hn khi i lm hn ch bt iu ha. nc ta, qua kho st cho thy vic dng in cn nhiu lng ph. Trong thng 5/2005, min Bc thiu in nghim trng, bnh vin, trng hc b ct in, mt s nh my khng c in sn xut, cng nhn xy dng in lm vic thu m ng dy 500kV kp ng in tng thm cng sut chi vin cho min Bc. Trong khi nhiu c quan, nh hng, khch sn dng in trang tr, qung co mi 5 gi chiu bt n qung co sng c khong tri, nhiu h gia nh dng in qu ln, tin in thanh ton t 5-12 triu ng/thng. Cc c quan i bo kp thi phn nh nhng bi vit, nhng on phim trong chng trnh thi s v s lng ph in.

n lc chng ta phi t vn c tnh cp bch v tp trung cng tc thc hnh tit kim v chng lng ph in nng.2.Cc ngun in nng v thc trng ngun in nng2.1. Cc ngun in nng Vo cui th k th 18, than tr thnh mt trong nhng ti nguyn thin nhin c nhu cu ln nht. Kt qu din tin theo thi gian l s cng nghip ha quy m ln, th ha v di ng ha, c bit chu u v Bc M. S vn chuyn con ngi, hng ha v cc ngun nng lng tr nn hiu qu hn v d dng hn, v th gii ngy mt lin kt cht ch hn. Mt nhc im ln ca s t than v l c trng ca cc thnh ph cng nghip l s nhim khng kh do b hng, bi, tro, kh thi v nhng lng ln cht kh nh knh CO2. X hi nng lng cao

Trong th k 20, du m tr thnh ngun nng lng quan trng nht. Trn ht thy, n ng vai tr l nhin liu cho cc ng c t trong cch mng ha ngnh giao thng, sn xut v cuc sng hng ngy. Tiu chun sng ngy cng cao ca hng triu con ngi l da trn s tiu th nng lng ang mnh dn. Cc x hi nng lng cao xut hin.

Cc b lu in

Trong mt tng lai trong x hi ph thuc nhiu hn vo nng lng gi v nng lng mt tri, cng ngh pin ci tin d tr nng lng di dng nng lng ha hc c th phn phi dng in duy tr khi tri lng gi hoc nh sng mt tri khng c. c s dng trong cc xe in, pin c th np nhin liu li trong vi pht ti cc trm dch v c bit cung cp cht in phn lng cho php s dn in.

Cht kh sinh khi

Sinh khi l mt ngun nng lng c sn mi vng min c th gip gim pht thi CO2. N l ngun d tr carbon v c th hi phc ch yu thch hp cho vic sn xut cc nhin liu cp ngun cho xe hi, chng hn. Cc nhin liu tng hp c li th l tinh khit hn v thn thin mi trng hn so vi cc sn phm gc du m.Mang la mt tri v vi Tri tMc tiu ca nghin cu nhit hch ht nhn l t ti trn Tri t cc loi phn ng to ra sc mnh v song ca Mt tri. Mt gram sn phm t s nhit hch ca hai ht nhn nguyn t nh c th pht ra nng lng nhiu bng 11 tn than . i hi nhit hn 100 triu Celsius, cc phn ng nhit hch phi c cha trong t trng.

2.2.Thc trng cc ngun in nng Thy in nh: Vi thy in nh, thi gian qua khai thc khong 50% tim nng, cc ngun cn li cc vng su, vng xa, khu vc khng thun li, gi khai thc cao. Theo cc bo co nh gi gn y nht th hin nay c trn 1.000 a im c xc nh c tim nng pht trin thy in nh, quy m t 100kW ti 30MW vi tng cng sut t trn 7.000MW, cc v tr ny tp trung ch yu vng ni pha Bc, Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn.

Nng lng gi: c nh gi l quc gia c tim nng pht trin nng lng gi nhng hin ti s liu v nng lng gi ca Vit Nam cha c h thng y bi cn thiu iu tra v o c. S liu nh gi v tim nng nng lng gi c s dao ng ln. Theo cc bo co th tim nng nng lng gi ca Vit Nam tp trung nhiu nht.

Tim nng ca nng lng ti to Vit Nam rt a dng, phong ph nhng cha c kho st v nh gi y - nh Minh ha Nng lng sinh khi:L mt nc nng nghip, Vit Nam c tim nng rt ln v ngun nng lng sinh khi. Kh nng khai thc bn vng ngun sinh khi cho sn xut nng lng Vit Nam t khong 150 triu tn mi nm. Vic sn xut nhin liu sinh hc c th im v sn xut thng mi. Trong sn xut in t nng lng sinh khi, mt s d n tiu biu ti Vit Nam l cng ngh ng pht nhit in t b ma v tru. Nng lng mt tri:V nng lng mt tri dng sn xut in hin nay ch yu l ngun in pin mt tri c lp t khu vc nng thn, min ni, hi o. Cc h thng pin mt tri c mt cc tnh, thnh trong c nc. Nng lng mt tri c s dng ch yu cho cc mc ch nh: un nc nng, Pht in v cc ng dng khc nh sy, nu n... Vi tng s gi nng cao ln n trn 2.500 gi/nm, tng lng bc x trung bnh hng nm vo khong 230-250 kcal/cm2 theo hng tng dn v pha Nam l iu kin tt cho pht trin cc cng ngh nng lng mt tri. Nng lng a nhit:Mc d ngun a nhit cha c iu tra v tnh ton k. Tuy nhin, vi s liu iu tra v nh gi gn y nht cho thy tim nng in a nhit Vit Nam c th khai thc n trn 300MW. Khu vc c kh nng khai thc hiu qu l min Trung.

Nh vy, hin ti nc ta c 5 loi nng lng ti to c khai thc sn xut in. Theo thng k cha y , tng cng sut lp t khong 1.215 MW. Cc ngun nng lng ti to ang c khai thc l: thu in nh (1000 MW), sinh khi (152 MW), rc thi sinh hot (8 MW), mt tri (3 MW) v gi (52 MW), c th trong bng sau:

STTLoi ngunCng sut (MW)

1Thy in nh1.000

2Gi52

3Mt tri3

4Sinh khi152

5Rc thi sinh hot8

Tng cng1.215

Thc trng khai thc nng lng ti to cn rt nh so vi tim nng chim khong 3,4%. Trong khi theo Quy hoch in VII, ch tiu t ra l tng t l in nng sn xut t cc ngun NLMT chim 3,5% nm 2010 ln 4,5% v 6% vo nm 2020 v 2030. Vi bi cnh hin nay v d bo trong thi gian ti cn c gii php c th nng mc pht trin nng lng ti to cao hn. V nhin liu sinh hc, Chnh ph ra mc tiu t sn lng hng nm 100 nghn tn xng E5 v 50 nghn tn B5 vo nm 2010 tng ng vi 0.4% tng nhu cu xng du d kin ca c nc; 1.8 triu tn xng etanol v du thc vt hay 5% nhu cu xng vo nm 2025. Xng E5 l loi xng cha 5% xng sinh hc trong tng th tc; B5 l du cha 5% du sinh hc trong tng th tch. c th t c cc mc tiu ny, Chnh ph a ra nhiu u i i vi cc nh u t. Cc nh my nng lng ti to s nhn c u i u t, u i v biu gi in v u i thu. Cc nh u t c th hng cc u i khc nh min thu nhp khu v min thu s dng t trong mt khong thi gian.

II. H THNG CUNG CP IN NNG LNG MT TRI CHO H GIA NH Nng lng mt tri( ngun nng lng ca tng lai) l ngun nng lng

phong ph nht, di do nht trong tt c cc ngun nng lng c sn trong t

nhin. Chnh v vy vic s dng ngun nng lng ny nhm phc v cho cuc

sng ca con ngi ngy mt ph bin rng ri trong x hi nhm thay th cc

ngun nng lng truyn thng nh :than ,u m . . .Trong s ta c th nu

ra mt s thit b h thng sau y:1. My nc nng nng lng mt tri

Bnh nc nng lnh tr ln quen thuc vi mi ngi chng ta hin nay.Cng

vi l s pht trin ca my nc nng nng lng mt tri.Trong s ta c

th ly mt vi v d c th sau y v thit b ca mt s hng sn xut my nc

nng nng lng mt tri :My nc nng nng lng mt tri Sunflower ca tp on TN I

THNH vi mt s thng s k thut nh: Cu to:

-Rut & v bnh: Rut bn trong v v bn ngoi c ch to bng nguyn

liu INOX SUS 304 siu bn. m bo gi nhit, v sinh an ton.- ng chn khng: c cu to c bit,b mt ng c trng 12 lp, gia l chn khng, c kh nng hp th nhit t 93%, ph hp vi mi ngun

nc

Hnh 2.1:ng chn khng

-Lp bo n: L vt liu cch nhit, c ch to bng PU,dy 50mm, bao quanh rut bnh, c kh nng gi nhit m bo duy tr nhit ca nc nng trong bnh lun n nh trong thi gian di.- B chng r in ELCB: khi c s c v in (r in,chp in...) th h thng ny s ngt ngun in gip an ton cho sn phm v ngi s dng.

- B n nhit kp (RLE): Vi chc nng ng ngt mch in ti nhit quy nh gip cho bnh hot ng n nh, tit kim in. Khi bnh vt qu nhit quy nh, rle mao dn khng hot ng th r le an ton s ngt h thng m bo an ton.

Nguyn l hot ng: Khi nh sng chiu vo cc ng chn khng, vi tnh nng hp th nh nng mt tri, cc ng ny s chuyn ho quang nng thnh nhit nng, trong khi vi nguyn l t trng ca nc lnh ln hn t trng canc nng hnh thnh nn mt vng tun hon t nhin, lin tc nc lnh i xung,nc nngi ln, qu trnh din bin hot ng khng ngng khin cho nhit trong bnh lin tc tng. Thit b h tr:dng p ng nhu cu ngunnc nnglin tc ngay c khi thi tit xu, c nh km vi 1 thanh magie chng bm bn.

2. Thit b chng ct nc bng nng lng mt tri- Cu to nguyn l hot ng ca thit b. Trn tri t ca chng ta, nhng ni c nhiu nng th thng nhng ni nc ung b khan him. Bi vy nng lng mt tri c s dng t rt lu thu nc ung bng phng php chng ct t ngun nc bn hoc nhim mn. C rt nhiu thit b khc nhau c nghin cu v s dng cho mc ch ny, mt trong nhng h thng chng ct nc dng nng lng mt tri n gin c m t nh hnh 2.2: Hnh 2.2:H thng chng ct nc bng NLMT Nc bn hoc nc mn c a vo khay di v c un nng bi s hp th nng lng mt tri.. B mt hp th nhn nhit bc x mt tri v truyn nhit cho nc. Khi nhit tng, s chuyn ng ca cc phn t nc tr nn rt mnh v chng c th tch ra khi b mt mt thong v s lng tng dn. i lu ca khng kh pha trn b mt mang theo hi nc v ta c qu trnh bay hi. S bc ln ca dng khng kh cha y hi m, s lm mt ca b mt tm ph bi khng kh i lu bn ngoi lm cho cc phn t nc ngng t li v chy xung mng cha gc di. t hiu qu ngng t cao th nc phi c ngng t bn di tm ph.Tm ph c dc ln cho cc git nc chy xung d dng. iu cho thy rng mi thi im khong phn na b mt tm ph cha y cc git nc. Qu trnh ngng t ca nc di tm ph c th l qu trnh ngng git hay ngng mng, iu ny ph thuc vo quan h gia sc cng b mt ca nc v tm ph. Hin nay ngi ta thng dng tm ph l knh thun li cho qu trnh ngng git. Ngi ta thy rng vng kh hu nhit i, h thng chng ct nc c th sn xut ra mt lng nc ngng tng ng vi lng ma 0,5cm/ngy. By gi chng ta biu din qu trnh i lu ny nh to bi 2 dng khng kh mi dng c lu lng khi lng tng ng l m (kg/h), mt dng th chuyn ng ln cn mt dng th chuyn ng xung di. Ni nng ca mi n v khi lng khng kh c nhit T l cT, nu xem c tnh ca khng kh y nh l kh l tng th c l nhit dung ring ca khng kh. Dng kh nng ri khi b mt pha di mang ni nng mc mcT, cn dng kh lnh mang ni nng mc cmT1. Nh vy dng nhit trao i gia cc b mt bi nhng dng ny l : q = mc (T- T1). T 2 cng thc trn ta c: mc=k hay m=k/c

By gi chng ta gi s rng dng khng kh i lu chuyn ng tng t v

cng tc khi chng cha y hi m. S gi thit ny rt ph bin khi phn tch

qu trnh truyn cht nhng ch c th ng khi qu trnh truyn cht xy ra vi tc nh. Hn na chng ta c th cho rng khi khng kh ri khi mi b mt mang tng lng hi nc ph hp cn bng vi nhit tng ng ca b mt, trng thi cn bng th trong mt n v thi gian c bao nhiu phn t nc ri khi b mt mt thong th cng c by nhiu phn t nc quay tr li. Sau s tp trung ca cc phn t lng hay hi nc trong khng kh gn b mt mt thong cng t n gi tr cn bng v gi l m tng i, w. m tng i l khi lng ca hi nc trong 1kg khng kh, w ph thuc nhiu vo nhit . Tip theo, nu ta miu t qu trnh i lu bi s chuyn ng ng thi ca 2 dng khng kh, mi mt dng c lu lng m trn mt n v din tch, lng nc vn chuyn ra ngoi s l mw v lng nc vo trong l mw1. Vy lng nc i ra m(w w1), y cng chnh l lng nc c sn xut ra bi thit b lc nc trong mt n v din tch b mt, Mc ch ca vic thit k mt thit b chng ct nc l lm sao cho nhit lng dng cho nc bay hi Qbh l ln nht. Qu trnh truyn nng lng bc x mt tri c hp th n b mt ngng xy ra bi hi nc, v qu trnh ny t l thun vi nc ngng thu c. Hn na tt c cc phn nng lng khc truyn t y n phn xung quanh phi hn ch cng nhiu cng tt.III. Tnh kh dng ca ti

1. .iu kin pht trin Vit Nam hin nay Ti Vit Nam, trong khi cc ngun nng lng truyn thng nh than , du m ang dn cn kit, gi thnh cao, ngun cung khng n nh, nhiu ngun nng lng thay th ang c cc nh khoa hc quan tm, c bit l ngun nng lng mt tri. Vi nhng li th l mt trong nhng nc nm trong gii phn b nh nng mt tri nhiu nht trong nm trn bn bc x mt tri ca th gii, tuy nhin, di b bin di hn 3.000km, c hng nghn o hin c c dn sinh sng nhng nhiu ni khng th a in li n c. Cho nn s dng nng lng mt tri nh mt ngun nng lng ti ch thay th cho cc dng nng lng truyn thng, p ng nhu cu ca cc vng dn c ny l mt k sch c ngha v mt kinh t, an ninh quc phng.2. Li ch v mt hn ch ca ti

Theo cc nh khoa hc, nu pht trin tt in mt tri s gp phn y nhanh chng trnh in kh ha nng thn. T nhng nm 1990, khi nhiu thn xm ngoi thnh cha c li in quc gia, Phn vin Vt l TP H Ch Minh trin khai cc sn phm t in mt tri. Ti mt s huyn nh: Bnh Chnh, Cn Gi, C Chi, in mt tri c s dng kh nhiu trong mt s nh vn ho, bnh vin c bit, cng trnh in mt tri trn o Thing Ling, x Cn Go, huyn Cn Gi cung cp in cho 50% s h dn sng trn cc o.

Nm 1995, hn 180 nh dn v mt s cng trnh cng cng ti bun Chm, x Eahsol, huyn Eahleo tnh k Lk s dng in mt tri. Gn y, d n pht in ghp gia pin mt tri v thu in nh, cng sut 125kW c lp t ti x Trang, huyn Mang Yang, tnh Gia Lai, v d n pht in lai ghp gia pin mt tri v ng c gi vi cng sut 9kW t ti lng Kongu 2, huyn k H, tnh Kon Tum, do Vin Nng lng (EVN) thc hin, gp phn cung cp in cho khu vc ng bo dn tc thiu s. Bn cnh , Vit Nam cng ang trin khai nhiu chng trnh tit kim nng lng trong c bit ch trng pht trin m hnh bnh un nc nng bng nng lng mt tri. V mt cng ngh th vic thit k, ch to thit b s dng nng lng mt tri khng phi l cng ngh qu cao. Vi trnh khoa hc cng ngh hin nay, nc ta hon ton c th nghin cu v sn xut ra nhng thit b ph hp vi iu kin ca t nc. Tuy nhin, vic pht trin h thng sn phm bng nng lng mt tri, c bit l cc thit b un nc nng ang gp mt s thch thc kh khn nh: cha c chin lc, chnh sch v tit kim nng lng; s h tr ca Nh nc v u t nghin cu v pht trin cng nh u t v kinh ph, trang thit b k thut cho sn xut, ng dng cc sn phm nng lng mt tri cn hn ch; gi thnh ca thit b nng lng mt tri cn kh cao cha ph hp vi mc thu nhp ca ngi dn ni chung; cch lp t, vn hnh thit b cha c ph bin rng ri n ngi tiu dng

IV. Kinh doanh in

1. Gii thiu chung v th trng in.

Th trng in v ang pht trin rng ri trn th gii, th trng in khng ch dng li phm vi lnh th ca mt quc gia m c nhng th trng in lin quc gia, trao i, mua bn in gia cc nc trong mt khu vc. Hin nay, c rt nhiu th trng in vn hnh thnh cng ti M, Chu u Cc nc trong khu vc ng Nam nh Singapore. Philipine, Thi Lan, c nhng bc i tch cc trog vic xy dng th trng cnh tranh ca mi nc tin ti vic hnh thnh th trng in khu vc ASEAN trong tng lai.

Mc ch hnh thnh th trng in Vit Nam: Tng bc pht trin th trng in lc cnh tranh mt cch n nh, xa b bao cp trong ngnh in, tng cng quyn la chn nh cung cp in cho khch hng s dng. Thu ht vn u t t mi thnh phn kinh t trong v ngoi nc tham gia hot ng in lc, gim dn u t ca Nh nc cho ngnh in.

Tng cng hiu qu hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca ngnh in, gim p lc tng gi in.

m bo cung cp in n nh, tin cy v cht lng ngy cng cao.

m bo pht trin ngnh in bn vng.

in nng l mt loi hng ha c bit. Qu trnh kinh doanh in nng bao gm 3 khu lin hon: Sn xut, truyn ti, phn phi in nng, t khu sn xut n khu tiu th khng qua 1 khu thng mi trung gian no. in nng c sn xut ra khi kh nng tiu th v c im ca h thng in bt k thi im no cng c s cn bng gia cng sut pht ra v cng sut tiu th( khng tn ng).

Ngnh in hin ang nm trong xu th a dng ha cc thnh phn kinh t tham gia hot ng in lc cng vi nhu cu v lin kt v hi nhp khu vc. Phng thc qun l c quyn nh nc ca hot ng sn xut kinh doanh in hin nay cn nhiu bt cp. Vic nghin cu a ra m hnh qun l th trng in lc nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh t trong u t, pht trin, qun l v vn hnh h thng in, ng thi xem xt vn gi in v cht lng dch v in cng nh huy ng cc ngun ti chnh mi cho nhu cu pht trin in lc l rt cn thit v ph hp vi iu kin pht trin ca nn kinh t th trng.2. Cc m hnh t chc kinh doanh in nng

Cng vi nhng tin b ca khoa hc k thut v qun l, kt hp vi s pht trin ca mt s hc thuyt kinh t mi to iu kin nhiu cng ty in lc nghin cu xy dng, pht trin cc m hnh kinh doanh mi thay th cho m hnh truyn thng trc y, nh m hnh truyn ti h, m hnh th trng pht in cnh tranh, m hnh cnh tranh bn bun bn l Tuy nhin, ta c th chia lm 4 th trng c bn sau: th trng in c quyn, th trng in cnh tranh pht in nhng ch c mt i l mua bun, th trng cnh tranh hon ton, th trng cnh tranh pht in v cnh tranh bn bun.

- M hnh th trng in c quyn: l m hnh ch c mt cng ty nm gi ton b cc khu ca qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh in nng t sn xut, truyn ti n phn phi cho khch hng tiu th.

Hnh 2.1: M hnh th trng in c quyn- M hnh th trng in cnh tranh pht in nhng ch c mt i l mua bun: l m hnh ch c mt ngi mua duy nht t nhiu nh my pht in. Ton b in nng sn xut ra phi bn cho i l mua bun v i l ny thc hin chc nng phn phi c quyn cho khch hng tiu th.

Hnh 2.2: M hnh Th trng in cnh tranh pht in c mt i l mua bun- M hnh th trng cnh tranh pht in v cnh tranh bn bun: L m hnh m cc cng ty phn phi c th mua in t nhiu cng ty bn bun khc nhau tuy nhin vn c quyn trong khu phn phi cho khch hng dung in.

Hnh 2.3. M hnh Th trng cnh tranh pht in v cnh tranh bn bun

IPP: Nh my in c lp CT PP: Cng ty phn phi KH: Khch hng- M hnh th trng in cnh tranh hon ton: l m hnh m tt c cc khch hng u c quyn la chn nh cung cp in ch khng bt buc phi mua qua cc nh phn phi c quyn. Gi c y hon ton c xc nh da trn mi quan h cung cu in nng

Hnh 2.4. M hnh Th trng cnh tranh hon ton

Trn c s nghin cu nhng m hnh th trng in lc c cc nc trn th gii p dng, thc hin nh gi nhng iu kin c bn ca th trng in lc Vit Nam hin ti t thc hin ch trng ca ng v Nh nc trong thi gian n theo l: Tng bc hnh thnh th trng in cnh tranh trong nc, a dng ho phng thc u t v kinh doanh in, khuyn khch nhiu thnh phn kinh t tham gia, khng bin c quyn nh nc thnh c quyn doanh nghip. Nh nc ch gi c quyn khu truyn ti in, xy dng v vn hnh cc nh my thu in ln, cc nh my in nguyn t.3.Thc trng th trng in lc Vit Nam

3.1. Sn xut v phn phi in nng

V ngun in: Hin ti tng cng sut lp t ca cc nh my in bao gm thy in, nhit in, tuabin kh, diesel l 8.749 MW vi cng sut kh dng 8.454 MW tp trung ch yu vo cc nh my thuc Tng cng ty in lc Vit Nam, cc nh my in c lp ch chim khong t 3-5 tng cng sut. V li in: EVN tp rtung vo vic ci to, nng cp h thng li in truyn ti, li in phn phi bng rt nhiu ngun vn khc nhau, c bit l cc ngun vn vay t nc ngoi nh: Ngn hng th gii(WB), ngn hng pht trin Chu (ADB) Tuy nhin, mt k thut th tnh lin kt ca h thng li in truyn ti cha cao, khi mt phn t b s c s nh hng chung ti ton b h thng li in.

3.2. Phng thc t chc Vit Nam hin nay.

M hnh qun l Vit Nam hin nay vn ang thc hin theo m hnh nh nc c quyn. Hot ng kinh doanh vn cha tch bch gia kinh doanh v hot ng cng ch ca cng ty phn phi in. Ngy 31-7, B Cng Thng ban hnh Thng t s 19/2013/TT-BCT Quy nh v gi bn in v hng dn thc hin. Theo , biu gi mi p dng k t ngy 1-8-2013, gi bn in bnh qun l 1.508,85 /kWh (cha bao gm thu gi tr gia tng). Gi in cho tng loi khch hng c tnh trn c s ph cn bin di hn v do Chnh Ph quy nh p dng thng nht trong c nc. Gi in vn cn mang nng tnh b cho gia cc nhm khch hng.

4. Phng hng xy dng m hnh th trng in lc ti Vit Nam4.1. nh hng pht trin hot ng sn xut kinh doanh in nng

V ngun in, tp trung xy dng cc nh my thu in ti hu ht nhng ni c kh nng xy dng. Bn cnh , s pht trin cc nh my nhit in vi t l thch hp (nm 2010 nhit in than phn u t 4.400 MW, nhit in kh l 7.000 MW). Chin lc cng khng nh u t, kho st nghin cu cc iu kin cn thit c th xy dng nh my in nguyn t u tin Vit Nam vi cng sut khong 2.000 MW d kin a vo vn hnh sau nm 2015. Trong giai on 2010, bn cnh vic nhp khu in t Lo vi cng sut khong 2.000 MW theo hip nh k kt, nc ta cn xem xt vic nhp khu in t Campuchia, Trung Quc.

V li in, s pht trin nhanh h thng truyn ti 220, 500 kV nhm nng cao tin cy v gim tn tht in nng trn li truyn ti; pht trin li in 110kV thnh li in cung cp trc tip cho ph ti.

V c cu b my t chc ca EVN, thc hin n ca Chnh ph v vic th im thnh lp tp on in lc, EVN tip tc y nhanh qu trnh c phn ho cc n v trc thuc trong c cc nh my in, cng ty phn phi in nng phc v cho vic pht trin th trng in. Pht trin m rng a ngnh ngh tp trung ch yu vo cc lnh vc: sn xut, truyn ti in, vin thng in lc, v th trng ti chnh in lc.

4.2. M hnh th trng in lc Vit Nam

Qua tham kho mt s m hnh qun l kinh doanh in nng ca cc nc trn th gii gn lin vi vic xem xt thc trng m hnh qun l c quyn nh nc cng nh hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ngnh in Vit Nam. Vi nhng nh hng pht trin ca ngnh in trong thi gian ti cn thit phi xy dng mt m hnh qun l ph hp nhm p ng c yu cu pht trin th trng in lc v nng cao hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh. C th xem xt bin ng ca tng i tng tham gia vo th trng in trong giai on 2005-2010 xy dng m hnh hp l, c th nh sau:

- i vi EVN: do c th ca ngnh in Vit Nam trong iu kin hin nay l mc cung kh c th p ng c cu in nng trong giai on ny. EVN cn ch ng iu tit cc ngun pht m bo cn bng h thng, do vy c th tr thnh ngi mua duy nht ca cc nh my in.

- i vi cc nh my in: tng bc thc hin c phn ho cc nh my in, chuyn cc nh my in thuc EVN thnh cc nh my in c lp. Cc nh my in ch bn in trc tip cho EVN thng qua cho gi cnh tranh. Tuy nhin trong iu kin pht trin hn ca h thng li in, cc khch hng ln cng c th mua trc tip t cc nh my in.

- i vi cc cng ty truyn ti: vi bn cht l c quyn t nhin, do vy Nh nc vn nm gi thc hin cc hot ng truyn ti in t ngi mua duy nht (EVN) n cc cng ty in lc.

- i vi cc cng ty phn phi in nng: thc hin chuyn i tr thnh n v c lp vi EVN di hnh thc Cng ty m - Cng ty con. Do vic chuyn i th trng in thc t khng nh hng nhiu n hot ng ca cc cng ty phn phi in do vy vn gi nguyn chc nng kinh doanh l c quyn phn phi in nng cho khch hng.

- Do cn m bo tnh ph hp ca mt s hot ng c quyn trong m hnh nh: EVN c quyn mua in t cc nh my in c lp, c quyn bn in cho cc cng ty phn phi in nng, cc cng ty phn phi c quyn bn in cho khch hng cui cng do vy cn thit phi c mt c quan ng ra kim sot hot ng ny vi t cch hon ton c lp.

- i vi khch hng: Tip tc chu mua in t mt cng ty phn phi in duy nht trong phm vi a l do bi cc c s h tng ca ngnh in trong giai on ny c th cha p ng c yu cu ca khch hng mua in trc tip t nh sn xut theo m hnh ca th trng in cnh tranh hon ton. Tuy nhin i vi cc khch hng c ph ti ln c th mua in trc tip t cc nh my in hoc thng qua li truyn ti ca EVN.5. Kt lun v kin ngh

Da trn nhng c im tnh hnh hot ng ca ngnh in hin nay p dng thnh cng m hnh th trng in lc ny trong thi gian ti, m bo nng cao hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh, hiu qu u t, cht lng v tin cy in nng v pha Nh nc cng nh EVN cn phi xem xt nhng mt sau:

V pha Nh nc:

- Cn ban hnh kp thi h thng cc vn bn di lut lin quan hng dn cc hot ng in lc.

- Phn nh ranh gii gia chc nng iu tit v chc nng qun l nh nc khng b phn tn, chng cho.

- Tch phn hot ng cng ch ra khi hot ng kinh doanh ca cc cng ty phn phi in.

- Quy nh r c ch gi bn in ph hp.

V pha ngnh in:

- Thc hin u t mi cng nh bo dng cc cng trnh ngun in, li in nhm m bo cht lng, tin cy v an ton cung cp in, p ng yu cu tng trng ca ph ti.

- m bo mc cng sut d phng cn thit khong 20-30% cng sut cao im.

- Hon thin h thng thng tin lin lc, a vo vn hnh mng vin thng in lc, hon chnh h thng iu khin t xa (SCADA).- Xy dng i ng cn b qun l, cn b k thut p ng yu cu pht trin, c bit trong lnh vc qun l iu h thng in. Ngoi vic pht trin th trng in gp phn pht trin th trng in Vit Nam vn xa trn trng quc t th vic s dng cc thit b bng nng lng mt tri cng cn c lu v tnh sch, bo v mi trng, tit kim in v cc ngun ti nguyn ang dn cn kit do qu trnh s dng in. Trong s dng my nc nng nng lng mt tri l mt gii php, my nc nng nng lng mt tri c u im l hot ng trn c s hon thin nguyn l chuyn nng lng nh sng mt tri thnh nhit nng, to ra nc nng phc v cho cc sinh hot trong cuc sng ca con ngi m khng cn n in nng. Vy thay v phi tr mt khon chi ph c nc nng sinh hot theo nhng cch truyn thng th vi thit b ny, ngi tiu dng ch cn u t mt ln l c th s dng nc nng min ph.

Tuy nhin, hin nhiu ngi vn cn e ngi khi cho rng chi ph lp t mt my nc nng nng lng mt tri tng i cao so vi cc loi bnh nc nng lnh bng in. gii p vng mc ny, bn hy lm mt php tnh n gin: + Gi thnh lp t mt my nc nng nng lng mt tri khong 6 triu ng. Gi bnh nng lnh khong 2,5 triu ng. Lng in tiu th t 215L nc nng t 30C ln 60C dung cho mi ngy:

P= Q/3600 = mc(t2-t1)/3600

= 215 x 4200 x(60-30)/3600

= 7,525Kw

+ Lng in tiu th thc t (hao ph in ca cc thit b khang 20%):

7,525 x 100/80= 9,406 Kw

+ Bin ph sinh hot phi tr: 9,406 x 2500 = 23.500/ ngy = 705.000/ thng

nh ph u t 3 my nc nng bng in: 3 x 3.000.000/ my = 9.000.000

Chi ph sinh hat nc nng bng in sau mt nm = Bin ph in tiu th + nh ph u t ban u = 705.000 x 12 thng + 9.000.000 = 17.460.000

T php tnh n gin trn, c th thy mc d s tin u t ban u cho my nc nng nng lng mt tri cao hn so vi bnh nng lnh bng in nhng sau 12 thng s dng bnh nng lnh bng in tn hn rt nhiu so vi my nc nng nng lng mt tri. Sau thi gian s l li ch kinh t ngi tiu dng c hng m khng phi tn km thm mt loi chi ph no khc.

V c vn hnh da vo 100% l ngun nng lng t nhin nn ngoi li ch v kinh t, sn phm cn an ton cho ngi s dng bi loi b nguy c chy n hay chp in. ng thi, sn phm cn bo v mi trng xanh - sch, gp phn m bo sc khe, s tin li v thoi mi cho ngi s dng.

V. Ti liu tham khohttp://www.dientaisinh.com/danh-muc/26/he-thong-dien-nang-luong-mat-troi-tiet-kiem-dien#sthash.vfPfcy4l.dpuf

http://360.thuvienvatly.com/bai-viet/vat-ly-ung-dung/679-cac-nguon-nang-luong-tu-qua-khu-den-tuong-lai http://www.baomoi.com/May-nuoc-nong-nang-luong-mat-troi-Dai-Thanh/136/12423647.epi http://350.org.vn/mot-cai-nhin-ve-nguon-nang-luong-mat-troi/ http://maynangluongmattroicaocap.wordpress.com/2013/04/06/nguyen-ly-hoat-dong-may-nuoc-nong-nang-luong-mat-troi-dai-thanh/

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