RIP - I Kolokvijum-sva Predavanja

8/13/2019 RIP - I Kolokvijum-sva Predavanja

1/90

2013.


2/90

2

...................................................................................................................................................3

......................................................................................................................................3

...........................................................................................4

.......................................................................................................................................5..................................................................................................................................5

..................................................................................................................................6

(Form factor) .............................................................7

................................................................................................................7

..............................................................................................9

............................................................................................................9

.......................................................................... 10

.......................................................................................................... 11

- . ................................................................. 12

.................................................................................... 12

BIOS ............................................................................................................................ 13

CMOS.......................................................................................................................... 13

-......................................................................................................................................... 14

............................................................................................................................... 15


3/90

3

(Personal computer - PC)

.

,

.

, : (),

().

- ,

.

,

.

-

(CPU) (RAM).

- . ,

,

.

: , , .

.

:

PDF.

:

1. .2.

(.Adobe Reader).

3. , (RAM). , CPU

.

4. CPU . Adobe Reader.

5. Adobe Reader, PDF RAM. , , CPU ,

.


4/90

4

,

( 1.1): , , .

1.1

, , ,

.

, CPU( )

RAM

, CD, DVD,...

1.2

1.2

.

,

.


5/90

5

(

1.2, ).

.

.

1.3

1.3

:

1. .2. . 110V,

220V.

, .

3. / .4. . ,

. .

.5. SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachmnet)

. . SATA

.

6. , TX . 20 24- 3.3V, 5V 12V

. 1 .

7. (Molex) . 5V 12V (PATA , .).

,

, , ,

.

.

.

.

,


6/90

6

.

, .

.

?

.

,

.

.

,

( 1.2, ). , ,

. ,

.

( 1.4).

1.4 ,

.

(Printed Circuit Board - PCB)

, , ,

. , , ,

.

(slot).

- , , , ,


7/90

7

.

(Form factor)

. ,

, , ,

.

. (Advanced

Technology) je 1995. , (Advanced Technology eXtended)

.

.

.

1 .

20 24 . 1.5

20 .

1.5 (20 )

24 e, 4

12V

.

1.6 20 24 .

+3.3V, +5V, -5V, +12V, -12V,

+5VSB, PS-ON (Power Switch On) PW-OK ( power good

PG).


8/90

8

1.6

20 24

12V . +12V

.

,

.

,

. ,

.

1.7 12V

1.8

.

1.8


9/90

9

(CPU) ( 1.9).

()

() .

.

,

.

.

1.9

, .

.

, (socket)

.

.

1.10

,

, .

(slot) .

,


10/90

10

. :

, , .

, PCI, AGP, PCIe.

() .

.

, , , , , , ...

.

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) 20

.

( Windows)

.

(AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port). PCI, AGP

. PCIAGP

.

, PCI

Express, PCIe.

1.11 PCI ExpressAGP () ()

(Random Access Memory - RAM). RAM

, . 1.12

.

, ,

,

.


11/90

11

1.12 RAM

.

.

DIMM (Dual inline Memory Module ) RIMM (Rambus In-line Memory Module) .

64 128 . DIMM

168, 184 240 RIMM 184.

a , 4

. 6

4 DIMM DDR2, 2 DIMM DDR3 ( 1.13).

1.13

CD, DVD, SSD (Solid State Disk).

(PATA) (SATA).

.

1.14 (SATA)

(PATA)


12/90

12

PATA , .

. 40

( , CD, DVD, ...).

master,

slave. (jumper) .

1.15 ( )

master

-

. , , ,

. ,

.

1.16

. (Light-Emitting Diode)

.

: , , , ... . PS/2 ,

( ) RS232 USB (Universal Serial

Bus). USB ,

.

USB , ,

.


13/90

13

(R-45) .

/ .

,

. .

1.17

BIOS

Basic Input/Output System(BIOS)

.

. BIOS

, .

BIOS

flash .

CMOS

CMOS

.

Setup

.

, . ,

BIOS ,

.

BIOS

.

, .

, . ,

. CMOS .

.


14/90

14

1.18 CMOS

-

. ,

. - (chipset). -

.

1.19 a .

:

1. (North bridge) Memory Controler Hub- MCH 2. (South bridge) Input/OutpuControler Hub - ICH.

:

, , (AGP PCIe)

1.19

( ) .

.

/

. ( ,


15/90

15

, ...), PCI, PCIe USB

.

,

.

,

, 1.20.

1.20 CPU

,

.

,

,

.

.

Setup

,

.

.

.

.

. / ,

.

. , .

,

. Setup ,

, .


16/90

2013.


17/90


18/90

3

.

, ,

: , -.

,

.

(memory controller chip - MCC)

(RAM) .

() USB ,

.

.

.

, Input/Output

Controller Hub (ICH) Fusion Controller Hub (FCH) ( ).

.

(byte) B. (binary digit)

b. ,

,

. (KB),

(MB) (GB).

1 = 1 0 (b)

8 = 1 (B)

1 = 210 = 1024 (K)

1 (KB) = 1024 B

1 = 220

= 1,048,576(M)

1 = 1024KB = 1,048,576 B

1 = 230

= 1,073,741,824 (G)

1 = 1024 MB=1,048,576 KB=1,073,741,824 B

1 = 240

= 1,099,511,627,776 (T)

1 = 1024 GB =1,048,576 MB=1,073,741,824 KB=1,099,511,627,776 B


19/90

4

.

:

1. R(Read Only Memory) ( ) ,

2. RAM (Random Access Memory) .

ROM

ROM , RAM, . ROM , ,

:

1. ROM (nonvolatile storage), ()

.

2. ROM , , . ,

flash ROM .

ROM :

,

ROM.

PROM

PROM (Programmable ROM)

, 2.1. ,

(One Time Programmable). ,

. ,

PROM .

. (IS)

.

2.1 PROM


20/90

5

EPROM

, . EPROM (rasable PROM. ( 2.2), () .

EPROMa . PROM, .

2.2PROM,

EEPROM

EPROM (Electonically rasable PROM), E2PROM, . , , . ,

. , EPROM,

. . , .

Flash ROM

ROM Flash ROM. Flash ROMje EPROM , . 512 , .

BIOS

,

. , RAM, , , USB .

Basic Input/Output Services (BIOS)

(device driver).

?

,

, ,


21/90

6

.

, , , .

, RAM , RAM

,

.

( ) , .

flash ROM, ROM

: , ,

, , USB, .

flash ROM BIOS. firmware

ROM, BIOS

. flash ROM 2 MB,

BIOS 64 .

BIOS . ,

,

. RM, ,

, .

CMOS (complementary metal-oxide

semiconductor) . CMOS

, BIOS

( ,

RAM, ...). (Interrupt request line- IRQ).

, , (real time clock),

.

CMOS , CMOS .

CMOS 64 KB,

128

. ,

.CMOS je RAM , , , -

. CMOS (

1) , .


22/90

7

Power -On Self Test(POST)

Flash ROM BIOS POST (power-on self test).

POST

. , POST

,

. ,

.

, ,

.

,

, PG (power good)

PWR-OK (power OK). -, PG,

system reset .

,

jump address. ,

flashROM

POST .

(POST). , BIOS. BIOS

BIOS .

BIOS ( , CD, ...).

CMOS

.

CMOS

( , CD, ...)

.

BIOS:

flash ROM BIOS

. , ,

. BIOS ,

!

:

()

BIOS.

,

flash ROM.

, flash ROM (dual/quad system)

,

.


23/90


24/90

9

SR , DR

2.3 SRAM

DR

,

DR,

. ,

(DR) SR. .

(Cashe)

- ,

, ,

, DR

SR .

, (SR) ,

, DR . .

,

(DR) . ,

, ,

,

. ,

,

. (

)

.

, ,

,

. .

, L1 ,

.

. (L1 instruction L1 I )

, (L1 data L1 D )

.


25/90


26/90

11

. ,

.

. 30, 72

. SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module).

(), ,

. SIMM 256

KB 16MB ( 30 o), 1 128 B ( 72 ).

DIMM (Dual In Line Memory Module).

,

. 168.

DIMM SDRAM (Syncronous DRAM),

.

64 , .

2.5. SDRAM

+3,3V.

2.5DDRSDRAM

2.5 . SPD

(Serial Presence Detect) , .

,

.

DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM)

. DDR

. DDR

, ( ),

. DDR 184

. +2,5V .

DDR 64 1 GB.

, DDR2,

DDR3.

DDR , 2,5V 184

(), DDR2 1,8V (

) 240 . DDR2


27/90

12

DDR ,

. DDR DDR2

, DDR2 ,

e , ,

. ,

( ).

DDR2 30%

DDR .

2.6DDR2SDRAM

DDR3

,

30% DDR2. 1,5V. ,

240 , DDR2 DDR3 .

2.7DDR3 SDRAM

2.8 DDR2 DDR3.

2.8 DDR2 DDR3SDRAM

: DDR4 .


28/90

1

2013.


29/90

2

...................................................................................................................................................3

......................................................................................................3

.....................................................................................................................4

....................................................................................................................................................6 .............................................................................................................................6

...............................................................................................................................7

......................................................................................................................7

-pipeline........................................................................................................7

( Hyper-Threading) ............................................................8

CISC RISC.............................................................................................................9

64- ..............................................................................................................................9

:x86 x64 .........................................................................................................9

....................................................................................................................... 10

........................................................................................................................ 11

................................................................................................................ 12

........................................................................................ 13

.............................................................................................. 13


30/90


31/90

4

, ,

(overflow) .

. ,

, , , ...

, , . , , .

, ,

( ),

(general purpose registers) :

A, BX, C DX. .

(register size word size). 64-

64 .

.

(internal data bus). 8086, , 16

16 .

64 128 .

3.1

, - , .

.

. , ,

. ( )

.


32/90

5

,

( 3.2):

1. (External Data Bus - EDB)2. a a (Address Bus)3. (Control Bus)

3.2

,

.

(. RAM).

()

.

.

RM RAM,

. .

(RAM) / .

,

RAM

(DB). ()

.

RAM ,

(address space) , .

, , 8086 20 ,

220B=1 MB.

(Control Bus)

,

, .

(CLK),

READ/WRITE (r/w),


33/90

6

(IRQ),

(RESET) .

.

.

(clock signal, CLK)

.

( 3.3).

3.3

,

(clock cycle).

(square wave)

( 3.4)

3.4

(clock chip),

.

,

.

CLK .

,

, .

, .

. , , 200 MHz. 2.4 GHz, 12

.

.

.

, (DIP switches).

CPUID


34/90

7

(CPU identifier) .

.

, :

1. (Fetch) 2. (Decode) 3. (Execute) (, ...)4. (Write/Store)

.

.

,

. .

.

-pipeline

.

. (pipeline)

.

,

, ,

, ( 3.5 3.6).

3.5

3.6

4 ,

.

, 20

. , .

,


35/90

8

.

.

, ,

.

RAM,

. (wait states). , ,

( 2). ,

, RAM

. ,

L1 (level 1), .

.

,

, L2 (level 2). L1 ,

. L2

.

, RAM

front side bus L2

backside bus ( 3.7). L3 (level 3),

, .

3.7

( Hyper-Threading)

,

(threads)

.

. ,

, Pentium 4, Hyper-

Threading. Hyper-Threading

.

, -

.

,

.

Pentium 4,


36/90

9

Core i7, Windows7

.

CISC RISC

.

. :

CISC - Complex Instruction Set Computer. .

RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computer. , ,

.

.

x86 CISC .

RISC ,

.

. CISC RISC.

64-

. .

16 32 64 .

,

64.

64- , 64-

Windows7 Windows8 64- .

32- , 32-

Windows XP 32- .

64-

4 GB, 32 -

. 64- 264 RAM

, 224

.

.

: x86 x64

x86 .

, , Core 2 Duo,

80386. 64-,

, .

.

x64 , ,

. 32- x86, x32.

64- x64. ,


37/90

10

, x64 32 -

.

. ,

.

,

. ,

() ,

(socket) .

, : LGA (land grid array) PGA

(pin grid array). LGA ( 3.8) ()

. PGA ( 3.9)

. PGA

, 2004. LGA 775

, LGA

SocketH3 (LGA1150).

PGA (Socket 3 Socket 3+).

LGA PGA ,

.

3.8 LGA

,

.

3.9 GA


38/90

11

, ,

.

.

,

.

, .

.

()

( 3.10).

,

.

.

, .

,

.

(heat sink compound)

. ,

,

.

.

3.10

+12V, .

() ,

.

.

, .

.

. ,

. NTC

. NTC ,

,

.

3.11

() ().


39/90

12

3.11

.

( )

.

.

:

3.12 .

3.12

,

.

. ,

.

. ,

.

,

100.

( 4 GHz 2002. )

.

() ,

.


40/90

13

(core) .

(dual core) , ,

RAM. , ,

.

.

.

,

, .

Core i7 - : L1 64

KB, L2 256 KB L3 8 MB. L1 32 KB: L1 D

L1 I . L1 L2 , L3

.

, oj

RAM.

,

- (multicore processing). - Hyper-Threading,

.

- , , ,

-

.

(integrated

memory controller IMC),

.

. IMC L2 / L3 .

IMC RAM

.

() .

(

).

.

(graphics processing unit - GPU)

. GPU ( 3.13)

,

.


41/90

14

3.13

,

. HD Graphics Core i3/i5/i7

GPU L2 / L3

. GPU, (ccelerated

rocessing Unit - APU),

. , GPU ,

,

.


42/90


43/90

2

...................................................................................................................................................3

HDD..................................................................................................................................4

HDD..................................................................................................................................4

..........................................................................................................................6 HDD...................................................................................................................7

.............................................................................................................8

......................................................................................................9

...................................................................................................................................9

............................................................................................................................ 11

........................................................................................................... 11

........................................................................................................................................ 12

.............................................................................................................................. 12

-1 ........................................................................................................................................ 12

-2 ........................................................................................................................................ 13

ATA-3 ....................................................................................................................................... 14

ATA-4 ....................................................................................................................................... 14

ATA-5 ....................................................................................................................................... 14

ATA-6 ....................................................................................................................................... 14

Serial ATA.................................................................................................................................. 14

eSATA....................................................................................................................................... 15

SCSI................................................................................................................................. 16

........................................................................................... 18

SAS............................................................................................................................................ 18

RAID................................................................................................................................................. 18

RAID0 (Disk Striping) ............................................................................. 18

RAID 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 19

RAID 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 20

RAID 3 4..................................................................................................................................... 20

RAID5 .......................................................................................................................................... 20

RAID6 .......................................................................................................................................... 21


44/90

3

(RAM)

.

, ,

, . , RAM

,

.

(Hard Disk Drive - HDD) je e

,

.

. ,

HDD.

, ,

, . , HDD

: RAM, BIOS .

HDD (Flopy disk, CD, DVD,

,...) . : , .

HDD (nonvolatilestorage),

.

.

. ,

.

, ,

.

(backup)

.

, ,

, .

:

HDD ,

- SDD (Solide State Disk).


45/90

4

HDD

HDD, ,

.

HDD

HDD, :

1. (Platters) - : , ( 4.1).

,

,

. ,

HDD. 3.5 ,

2.5 , 1.8

.

. ,

3500 15000

( rpm - revolutions per minute).

4.1

2. (spindle) . .

3. (Read/Write Heads). .

, , , HDD .

,

.

,

(

). HDD ,

.

.

. :

.


46/90

5

4.2

4. (Actuator arms) .

,

( 4.2).

4.3 HDD

5. ( 4.3). HDD, :

,

(voice coil motor).

.

.

.

. ,

.

6. HDD .

HDD 4.4.


47/90

6

4.4 HDD

HDD

( 4.5).

HDD!

4.5

,

.

(track).

,

( 4.6). ,

,

. .

, ,

, ( 4.7).


48/90

7

.

HDD.

.

.

.

. , ,

512 ( 4.6).

HDD. 512

,

(ECC).

571 . HDD

(sector per track).

.

4.6 HDD

,

CHS (Cilinder, Head, Sector per track).

BIOS HDD.

4.7 :

HDD

HDD

.

, .


49/90

8

,

HDD.

: ,

. ,

, ,

, , , . HDD,

, :

(ECC rror

corecting code)

HDD HDD , BIOS, RAM

.

HDD (disk buffer)

. RAM

,

HDD.

, , ,

,

. HDD

. HDD

.

. ,

.

, , ,

.

,

, ,

.

, ,

, .

.

, ,

,

. ,


50/90

9

, ,

, ,

, ,

. .

.

. ,

, BIOS HDD.

, .

HDD.

HDD. ,

HDD .

.

. HDD

. , .

,

.

.

HDD .

HDD

. .

, ,

. :

, . .

:

. (long seeks). , . .

(seek

time).

HDD,

.

, ,

.


51/90

10

, N S .

, .

,

.

( )

. . .

.

,

.

. ,

, .

HDD . HDD

. ,

.

,

. ,

,

, .

.

,

. ,

.

, ,

. ,

. ,

( 4.8).

,

.

.

4.8 HDD


52/90


53/90

12

.

,

. ,

,

.

, .

.

/ .

,

.

,

, .

, , ,

.

(magnetoresistance) .

,

.

HDD

- , ,

, , . .

:

1. (dvanced echnology ttachment) IDE(Integrated DriveEelectronics).

2. SCSI(Small Computer System Interface).

:

(),

(seri al ATA).

.

-1

80286 , HDD

BIOS. BIOS je HDD

504. ,

.


54/90


55/90


56/90

15

.

.

.

SATA SATA (HDD, CD, DVD, ...) SATA host bus adapter (HBA).

SATA

(4.13)

4.13SATA

,

. ( 80 ),

.

1m, .

.

SSD

ini-SATA mSATA.

SATA , master slave.

SATA .

SATA ,

.

SATA .

( ) .

SATA 1.0 1.5Gb/s, SATA 2.0 3 Gb/s, SATA 3.0 6 Gb/s.

SATA , , ,

(Widows Vista ) BIOS

.

eSATA

External SATA (eSATA) SATA

. eSATA

, ( 4.14).


57/90

16

4.14SATA

SATA 2

. ,

USB3.0 5 Gb/s. SATA

.

( USB )

SATA (Power eSATA).

Power over eSATA, Power eSATA, eSATA/USB Combo, eSATA USB

Hybrid Port (EUHP), 4.15.

4.15SATA

USB eSATA eSATAp

. eSATA

eSATAp ,

eSATAp .

4.16 SATA SATA

SCSI

small computer systeminterface (SCSI) ( ). SCSI

(chain).

(SCSIID) .

,

.


58/90

17

Kao , SCSI . ,

,

.

SCSI , (host

adapter) SCSI .

, .SCSI . SCSI

, (

) SCSI 50 (

68- ).

( 4.17).

4.17 SCSI

SCSI

SCSI . SCSI 15

, ( 4.18).

4.18 SCSI


59/90

18

SCSI SCSI

SCSI ID. SCSI ID 0

15, ,

SCSI . SCSI

.

()

SCSI .

.

SAS

. SAS - Serial Attached SCSI. SAS

.

65.535 /

.

10 m, 6 Gb/s.

(SAS ID)

.

RAID

,

RAID (Redundant Array

of Independent Disks). .

. RAID

RAID

.

, , RAID .

(UNIX, Linux, Mac OS, Win XP, Vista, Win7, ...)

RAID . ,

.

, .

RAID , HDD,

. HDD

,

.

ATA, SATA, SCSI, SS.

RAID 0 6.

RAID0 (Disk St r ipi ng)

.

.

.


60/90

19

. 4.19

( ).

,

. .

4.19 RAID0

RAID 1

/ (Disk Mirroring/Duplexing).

, .

.

. RAID1

,

100 GB

100 GB. RAID 1 4.20.

4.20 RAID1 , mirroring


61/90

20

,

(duplexing)

( 4.21).

4.21 RAID1 ,

RAID 2

aa

.

SCSI

.

RAID 3 4

(n n-1) .

n- .

.

RAID3 RAID4 .

4.22.

4.22 RAID3

RAID 3 RAID4

RAID5 .

RAID5

(Disk Striping with Distributed Parity). ()

RAID5 ( 4.23).

. RAID5

.


62/90


63/90

1

HDD

SSD

2013.


64/90

2

HDD .......................................................................................................................3

(low-level format) .....................................................................3

HDD ............................................................................................................3

Master Boot Record....................................................................................................................4 ........................................................................................................................6

.................................................................................................................7

(high-level format) ......................................................................................7

FAT.............................................................................................................................................8

FAT 32 .........................................................................................................................................9

NTFS......................................................................................................................................... 10

FAT64 ....................................................................................................................................... 11

SSD - Solid-State Drives..................................................................................................................... 11

.............................................................................................................................. 13

CD-ROM........................................................................................................................................ 13

CD-R............................................................................................................................................. 14

CD-RW.......................................................................................................................................... 15

DVD.............................................................................................................................................. 15

Blu-ray.......................................................................................................................................... 16


65/90

3

HDD

HDD ,

.

:

1. (low-level format) HDD!

2. o 3. a(high-level format)

(low-level forma t)

.

. HDD

.

HDD

. , ,

, . ,

, .

.

HDD .

HDD

.

, , .

, HDD ,

(Multiple Zone Recording,

). .

HDD

HDD HDD

. HDD

HDD. HDD

. , HDD

.

HDD , . , HDD 1

, 250 , 750 .

() HDD, .

,

. . Windows

, C:, D: .

,


66/90


67/90

5

5.1 MBR (master boot record):

MBR :

(extended partitions).

, boot

(directory management structure) .

MBR.

, MBR : D:

E: F: ( 5.2)

5.2

.

(logical drives). , .

, 5.3. e e, ju Extended

Partition Boot Records EPBR .

EPBR .

.

. , MBR

.

. MBR

. : , ,

, ...

( ) .

.


68/90

6

5.3

, ,

(. Grand Unified Bootloader),

.

Windows 2000

.

(volume). ,

MBR , .

RAID.

,

. , , Windows

XP ProfessionalWindows 7 Professional, Ultimate, Enterprise.

HDD Windows 7

Disk Management .

.

HDD, 5.4.

5.4


69/90

7

:

Simple, Spanned, Striped, Mirrored,

RAID 5.

Simple

HDD. ,

. .

Spanned ,

HDD ().

HDD

.

Striped RAID0 .

, HDD.

HDD

.

M irrored RAID1 . HDD,

.

.

RAID5 , , RAID5 .

. .

HDD HDD,

.

Windows

. , (hidden partition).

. BIOS .

.

(high -level format) ()

() .

Windows FDISK

Disk Management.

( ),

(file system)

.

.


70/90

8

.

. ,

.

Windows ,

:

FAT

NTFSFAT

HDD (512 ).

512 ,

.

.

512 , .

, .

.

() FAT (file allocat ion table). FAT ,

( 5.5) (

0000 FFFF). 16

216

=64 K= 65,536 .

0000 00

0001 0001

0002 0002

0003 0003

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

FFF FFF

5.5 FAT 16,

FAT16, 16 . FAT

.

0000. , ,

, 0000 (

MBR ).

,

.

FFF7, . (bad sectors)

. FAT,

.

, ,

0000, FFF7.

FAT 16 64 K ,

64 K 512 = 32 . FAT 16


71/90

9

HDD 10 MB.

, . ,

FAT 16, HDD,

.

:

.

5.6

( 5.6)

() FAT (

). ,

. ( )

, 16 ,

64 K. .

65536

. .

, FAT16

2 GB. 5.1

.

4 128 MB

8 256 MB

16 512 MB

32 1 GB

64 2 G

5.1 FAT16

, ,

,

.

FAT 32

Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2 , FAT 32,

. FAT 32, 32 ,


72/90

10

. 4 K

32 K. FAT 32 2 B.

FAT 32

4 GB.

4 16 GB8 16 GB

16 32 GB

32 32 GB

64 2 G

5.2 FAT32

NTFS

New Technology File System (NTFS) je Windows

. Windows NT,

. NTFS, , FAT MFT

(master file table) .

:

MFT , . NTFS

, CL (Access Control List)

. ,

, .

,

.

NTFS

.

NTFS , 16 .

16 (260 B).

NTFS , , HDD.

FAT 32, NTFS

.


73/90

11

FAT64

FAT32

: 2TB 4 GB.

FAT64 . FAT 64 64

16 ,

64ZB (260B - zettabytes). FAT64

NTFS , . FAT64

, NTFS

, Windows 7 8

.

SSD - Solid-State Drives

Solid-State Drives (SSD)

solid-state . SSD HDD,

, (

5.7). HDD, SSD , , ,

.

5.7 HDD SSD

SSD NAND

. , SSD R ,

,

.

SSD .

SSD ( 5.8)

SSD .

:

()- SSD. . . .


74/90

12

5.8 SSD

SSD DRAM ,

HDD. SSD

.

.

SSD ( 1.8, 2.5 3.5 ),

.SSD

: PATA, SATA, eSATA, SCSI, USB.

SSD mini-PCI Express

. SSD HDD, .

SSD , .

SSD!

, , HDD,

. ,

SSD . , , SSD.


75/90

13

CD, DVD Blu-ray .

CD 700 MB :

CD-ROM (read onlymemory), CD-R (recordable) CD-RW (rewritable).

CD-ROM

CD-ROM 12 cm,

.

- (pit) ( 5.9).

5.9 CD-ROM:

CD-ROM

( 5.10) .

0.5m 1.6m.

5.10 CD-ROM:

300.000 ,

. CD

( 500 200 rpm)

(constant linear velocity - CLV).

.

150 KB/s.

,

. CD : 2x, 3x, 4x, ..., 64,

.

12x, (constant angular velocity - CAV)

CLV.


76/90

14

5.11. CD

- , 780 nm

.

. , ,

.

, .

. ,

. , ,

.

5.11 CD:

CD-R

CD-R (compact disk recordable)

. CD-ROM. ,

- ,

.

: .

.

,

. 30

nm ( 5.12).

,

, . ,

, CD-ROM .


77/90


78/90


79/90

2013.


80/90

2

...................................................................................................................................................3

........................................................................................5

PCI..................................................................................................................................................5

GP................................................................................................................................................6

PCIe................................................................................................................................................6

...........................................................................................................7

GPU................................................................................................................................................8

...........................................................................................................................8

BIOS................................................................................................................................................9

............................................................................................................... 10

. .............................................................................................. 10

VGA.............................................................................................................................................. 11

DVI............................................................................................................................................... 11


81/90

3

(CPU) .

, , .

:

, , ,

- .

, ,

.

( 6.1). ,

.

6.1 : (), ()

,

:

, RAM , ,

, .

.

(CRT)

CRT .

.

ASCII . 256 ASCII

(pixel), BIOS.

() BIOS ,

. .

.

24 , 80 .

256 ,

, .

RAM ( RAM).


82/90

4

ASCII ( ),

24 80 :

80 24 8 = 15,360 b= 1920

( ,

, .) 8 . ,

RAM ( 4 KB).

, (graphics video card).

,

256

.

(),

.

320 200, 320 200

, .

(320 ) (200

).

(320200=64.000 ).

640 480, 800 600, 1024 768, 1280 960, 1280 1024, 1600 1200.

( 1280 1024)

( aspect rat io) 4:3,

(CRT) . (wide-

screen) 16:9 16:10.

1366 768 1920 1080.

( ) ,

, 320 200, :

320 200 = 64,000 b8000

.

, .

()

. ,

( 6.1).

( ) (color depth) 2.

:4, 16, 32, ... RAM

.

,

24 (224

= 16.700.000).

Windows , 32

(true color), .


83/90

5

24 , 8 (

) , .

2 1

4 2

16 4

256 8

65.536 16

16.700.000 24

6.1

.

.

VGA (video graphics array) ,

16 640 480 .

, ,

VGA .

, o

(SVGA, XGA, WXGA, HDTV 1080p, WQXGA, ...)

RAM

.

:

( ) ( ) ( [b])

1024 768 16 1.5

RAM , 24

2.25 RAM . ,

.

,

,

(). , ,

. PCI . , AGP

, PCIe.

PCI

PCI 32 ,

33 MHz () 132 MB/s.

,

. , PCI

. , 800 600, 75

( CRT ) 24 (3 ),


84/90

6

: 800 600 3 75/ = 103 MB/s.

(132 MB/s), PCI

.

GP

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

- (point to point). AGP . AGP

( 6.2).

6.2AGP ( )

AGP 64 , 66 MHz. AGP

. , AGP

, .

,

, .

RAM , AGP

RAM (system memory access).

AGP

AGP 1, 2, 4, 8.

AGP8 2133 MB/s ( 6.1).

(MH ) (MB/ s)

AG 1 66 266

AG 2 133 533

AG 4 266 1.066

AG 8 533 2.133

6.2AGP:

PCIe

AGP ,

PCIe (PCI

Express) . PCIe

AGP.PCIe

PCIe1.0 2.5 Gb/s, PCIe2.0 5 Gb/s

PCIe3.0 8Gb/s (lane).

, PCIe 16, 16 .

PCIe PCIe16 ( 6.3).


85/90


86/90

8

GPU

GPU (graphics processing unit)

(CPU)

.

.GPU ,

. ,

CPU.

, NVIDIA, AMD, Intel

. NVIDIA AMD

, Intel .

GPU PU ,

GPU .

,

+12 V. GPU,

.

. PU, GPU , ,

.

.

.

.

.

.

CRT , ,

RAMDAC (RAM Digital to Analog Convertor), 6.5.

RAMDAC ,

, . RAMDAC

,

(refresh rates), .

.

CRT 75 Hz .

RAMDAC GPU . LCD, LED

RAMDAC. LCD, LED ,

RAMDAC ,

.

.

, ,

: ,

().


87/90

9

6.5 :

RAM GPU,

, 32- 64, 128, 256, 384 512

. 32 64 ,

GPU.

(PU) GPU.

,

.

RAM,

(VRAM, SGRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3

SDRAM, DDR4 SDRAM, DDR5 SDRAM).

,

,

. , ( DDR) !

.

256 512 MB GB. GPU

(3D), .

.

GPU

(CPU) GPU.

, GPU

.

,

.

BIOS

, BIOS

. BIOS


88/90

10

.

, HDD

() .

, .

, BIOS .

(BIOS ),

.

,

(driver) .

.

. ,

.

.

()

( 6.6):

VGA

DVI DisplayPort

, , :

RCA BNC Mini-DIN HDMI

6.4 .

6.6


89/90


90/90

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